Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Functional dyspepsia is a common and benign gastrointestinal disorder that presents similarly to other conditions, making it difficult to diagnose. This condition is characterized by symptoms such as epigastric pain or burning, early satiety, and postprandial fullness, without any structural abnormalities detected via imaging or endoscopy. Functional dyspepsia affects over 20% of the population and is diagnosed based on symptom-based Rome IV Criteria. […] Diagnosis is based on the Rome IV criteria, which define functional dyspepsia as the presence of one or more symptoms, such as epigastric pain, burning, early satiety, and postprandial fullness, and in the absence of structural disease detectable by imaging or endoscopy. These symptoms may be severe enough to interfere with daily activities.

• #2 Functional Dyspepsia: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/functional-gastrointestinal-disorders/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is a condition with symptoms of stomach pain, burning, fullness, bloating, or inability to eat a typical meal. With functional dyspepsia, no evidence of structural disease is seen on tests. […] The signs and symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be sporadic. However, to make the diagnosis, you must have consecutive symptoms for at least three months with the time of onset at least six months prior to diagnosis. […] Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include: bothersome epigastric pain in the upper abdomen, just under the ribcage; bothersome epigastric burning in the upper abdomen, just under the ribcage; bothersome fullness after eating, which can affect even usual activities; inability to eat a regular-sized meal; feeling full quickly; bloating; nausea but without vomiting. […] Functional dyspepsia may have changes in symptoms, including pain and fullness related to eating.

• #3 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as at least one month of epigastric discomfort without evidence of organic disease found during an upper endoscopy, and it accounts for 70% of dyspepsia. Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include postprandial fullness, early satiety, and epigastric pain or burning. […] A cross-sectional study using the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia estimated the prevalence to be 12% in the United States, making it the most common cause of dyspepsia. […] A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals, such as caffeine, were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia.

• #4 Functional dyspepsia | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/functional-dyspepsia

  Studies suggest that 10% to 30% of adults and 3% to 27% of children worldwide are affected by functional dyspepsia. The consequences for patients are far from negligible: two-thirds of those affected by functional dyspepsia suffer from persistent and irregular symptoms that can affect their quality of life and well-being. […] Increasingly clear is the role played by diet in triggering functional dyspepsia symptoms. The culprits? Above all, fatty foods. But they’re not alone. Carbohydrate-containing foods, milk and dairy products, citrus fruits, spicy foods, coffee, and alcohol have also been implicated. […] Functional dyspepsia patients generally report lower levels of physical activity. This is unfortunate since it appears that sport can actually reduce symptoms, and improve transit and gas evacuation in people suffering from bloating.

• #5 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Functional dyspepsia is a common and benign gastrointestinal disorder that presents similarly to other conditions, making it difficult to diagnose. This condition is characterized by symptoms such as epigastric pain or burning, early satiety, and postprandial fullness, without any structural abnormalities detected via imaging or endoscopy. Functional dyspepsia affects over 20% of the population and is diagnosed based on symptom-based Rome IV Criteria. […] Diagnosis is based on the Rome IV criteria, which define functional dyspepsia as the presence of one or more symptoms, such as epigastric pain, burning, early satiety, and postprandial fullness, and in the absence of structural disease detectable by imaging or endoscopy. These symptoms may be severe enough to interfere with daily activities.

• #6 Functional Dyspepsia: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/functional-gastrointestinal-disorders/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is a condition with symptoms of stomach pain, burning, fullness, bloating, or inability to eat a typical meal. With functional dyspepsia, no evidence of structural disease is seen on tests. […] The signs and symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be sporadic. However, to make the diagnosis, you must have consecutive symptoms for at least three months with the time of onset at least six months prior to diagnosis. […] Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include: bothersome epigastric pain in the upper abdomen, just under the ribcage; bothersome epigastric burning in the upper abdomen, just under the ribcage; bothersome fullness after eating, which can affect even usual activities; inability to eat a regular-sized meal; feeling full quickly; bloating; nausea but without vomiting. […] Functional dyspepsia may have changes in symptoms, including pain and fullness related to eating.

• #7 Functional dyspepsia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375709

  Functional dyspepsia is a term used to describe a lingering upset stomach that has no obvious cause. Functional dyspepsia is common. It is a constant condition, but symptoms don’t happen all the time. Symptoms are like those of an ulcer. They include pain or discomfort in the upper belly, bloating, belching and nausea. […] Symptoms of functional dyspepsia may include: Pain or burning in the stomach, bloating, excessive belching or nausea after eating. An early feeling of fullness when eating. The feeling of fullness also is called satiety. Stomach pain that happens unrelated to meals or goes away when eating. […] Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you experience constant symptoms that worry you.

• #8 Functional Dyspepsia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22248-functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is chronic indigestion with no identifiable cause. Dyspepsia is another word for indigestion a pattern of symptoms that occur together after eating and while youre digesting. Functional means that your dyspepsia symptoms cant be explained by the usual physical causes. […] Typical symptoms of dyspepsia include burning stomach pain, over-fullness and bloating. These symptoms resemble peptic ulcer disease or GERD. But after testing, only a fraction of people with dyspepsia are diagnosed with these conditions. The rest are diagnosed with functional dyspepsia. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms typically include: Upper abdominal pain. Pain in your upper abdomen is called epigastric pain. This region (your epigastrium) is home to digestive organs like your stomach, pancreas, duodenum and liver. Bloated stomach. You may feel uncomfortable pressure or fullness in your belly after eating. Bloating is closely connected to gas and gas pain and a feeling of stretching or distension. Fullness and loss of appetite. You may feel full very quickly during or after eating (early satiety), even when you havent eaten a lot. In some cases, you may lose your appetite before eating. A burning sensation. Heartburn, a burning pain in your chest, is common with indigestion. Its usually related to acid reflux in your esophagus. You may also feel burning in your stomach. […] Functional dyspepsia is a chronic condition that comes and goes throughout their lives. It may take some trial and error to figure out which therapies and habits improve your symptoms. While you may find some relief, it may never go away completely. But it doesnt cause serious harm.

• #9 Functional Dyspepsia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22248-functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is chronic indigestion with no identifiable cause. Dyspepsia is another word for indigestion a pattern of symptoms that occur together after eating and while youre digesting. Functional means that your dyspepsia symptoms cant be explained by the usual physical causes. […] Typical symptoms of dyspepsia include burning stomach pain, over-fullness and bloating. These symptoms resemble peptic ulcer disease or GERD. But after testing, only a fraction of people with dyspepsia are diagnosed with these conditions. The rest are diagnosed with functional dyspepsia. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms typically include: Upper abdominal pain. Pain in your upper abdomen is called epigastric pain. This region (your epigastrium) is home to digestive organs like your stomach, pancreas, duodenum and liver. Bloated stomach. You may feel uncomfortable pressure or fullness in your belly after eating. Bloating is closely connected to gas and gas pain and a feeling of stretching or distension. Fullness and loss of appetite. You may feel full very quickly during or after eating (early satiety), even when you havent eaten a lot. In some cases, you may lose your appetite before eating. A burning sensation. Heartburn, a burning pain in your chest, is common with indigestion. Its usually related to acid reflux in your esophagus. You may also feel burning in your stomach. […] Functional dyspepsia is a chronic condition that comes and goes throughout their lives. It may take some trial and error to figure out which therapies and habits improve your symptoms. While you may find some relief, it may never go away completely. But it doesnt cause serious harm.

• #10 Functional Dyspepsia: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/functional-gastrointestinal-disorders/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is a condition with symptoms of stomach pain, burning, fullness, bloating, or inability to eat a typical meal. With functional dyspepsia, no evidence of structural disease is seen on tests. […] The signs and symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be sporadic. However, to make the diagnosis, you must have consecutive symptoms for at least three months with the time of onset at least six months prior to diagnosis. […] Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include: bothersome epigastric pain in the upper abdomen, just under the ribcage; bothersome epigastric burning in the upper abdomen, just under the ribcage; bothersome fullness after eating, which can affect even usual activities; inability to eat a regular-sized meal; feeling full quickly; bloating; nausea but without vomiting. […] Functional dyspepsia may have changes in symptoms, including pain and fullness related to eating.

• #11 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia symptoms include: Upper belly (abdominal) pain that ranges from mild to severe and might feel like burning […] Feeling sick (nausea) […] Belching (burping) […] Bloating […] An uncomfortable feeling of being full after eating regular-sized meals. […] Some people with functional dyspepsia may experience heartburn (pain under the breastbone). […] Some people experience pain soon after eating (this symptom is called post-prandial distress syndrome). […] Others may experience symptoms unrelated to food. […] Functional dyspepsia can cause severe symptoms in some people. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms can change. Sometimes symptoms happen less often and sometimes more frequently. […] Most people’s symptoms become better over time and with treatment. However, a small number of individuals might continue to have dyspepsia long term.

• #12 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia symptoms include: Upper belly (abdominal) pain that ranges from mild to severe and might feel like burning […] Feeling sick (nausea) […] Belching (burping) […] Bloating […] An uncomfortable feeling of being full after eating regular-sized meals. […] Some people with functional dyspepsia may experience heartburn (pain under the breastbone). […] Some people experience pain soon after eating (this symptom is called post-prandial distress syndrome). […] Others may experience symptoms unrelated to food. […] Functional dyspepsia can cause severe symptoms in some people. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms can change. Sometimes symptoms happen less often and sometimes more frequently. […] Most people’s symptoms become better over time and with treatment. However, a small number of individuals might continue to have dyspepsia long term.

• #13 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia symptoms include: Upper belly (abdominal) pain that ranges from mild to severe and might feel like burning […] Feeling sick (nausea) […] Belching (burping) […] Bloating […] An uncomfortable feeling of being full after eating regular-sized meals. […] Some people with functional dyspepsia may experience heartburn (pain under the breastbone). […] Some people experience pain soon after eating (this symptom is called post-prandial distress syndrome). […] Others may experience symptoms unrelated to food. […] Functional dyspepsia can cause severe symptoms in some people. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms can change. Sometimes symptoms happen less often and sometimes more frequently. […] Most people’s symptoms become better over time and with treatment. However, a small number of individuals might continue to have dyspepsia long term.

• #14 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/february-2020/functional-dyspepsia-a-review-of-the-symptoms-evaluation-and-treatment-options/

  Despite the Rome IV definition, diagnosis of functional dyspepsia often remains challenging due to the inherent heterogeneity in symptoms as well as the significant overlap in symptoms with other disorders, such as gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] One study demonstrated that more than 50% of patients with functional dyspepsia with a normal pH study reported heartburn and regurgitation. […] In a study published by the National Institutes of Health Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium, patients with functional dyspepsia and idiopathic gastroparesis were essentially clinically indistinguishable. […] Other studies have demonstrated that more than 25% of patients who were diagnosed with functional dyspepsia had delayed gastric emptying, and 86% of patients with idiopathic gastroparesis met functional dyspepsia symptom criteria.

• #15 Functional dyspepsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed based on clinical criteria and symptoms. Functional dyspepsia is further classified into two subtypes, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). Postprandial distress syndrome is marked by dyspeptic symptoms brought on by meals, such as postprandial fullness and early satiety and accounts for 69% of patients with functional dyspepsia. Epigastric pain syndrome is characterized by burning or pain in the stomach that may not always happen after eating and accounts for 7% of patients. 25% of patients have overlapping PDS and EPS.

• #16 Functional dyspepsia—symptoms, definitions and validity of the Rome III criteria | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrgastro.2013.14

  Dyspepsia refers to a heterogeneous group of symptoms that are localized in the epigastric region. Typical dyspeptic symptoms include postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain and epigastric burning, but other upper gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, belching or abdominal bloating often occur. Functional dyspepsia is defined as the presence of dyspeptic symptoms in the absence of an organic cause that readily explains them. […] The Rome III consensus proposed the subdivision of functional dyspepsia into postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), characterized by postprandial fullness and early satiation, and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS), characterized by epigastric pain or burning. […] Patients with PDS typically report postprandial fullness and early satiation, whereas those with EPS are more likely to experience epigastric pain and burning. […] Currently, it is unknown whether patients with PDS and EPS need to be treated differently; randomized controlled trials are required to test treatment response by subgroup.

• #17 Functional dyspepsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed based on clinical criteria and symptoms. Functional dyspepsia is further classified into two subtypes, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). Postprandial distress syndrome is marked by dyspeptic symptoms brought on by meals, such as postprandial fullness and early satiety and accounts for 69% of patients with functional dyspepsia. Epigastric pain syndrome is characterized by burning or pain in the stomach that may not always happen after eating and accounts for 7% of patients. 25% of patients have overlapping PDS and EPS.

• #18 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  Functional dyspepsia is more complex than we think and therapeutic development seems to be stagnant for some years now. Management guidelines are different based on prokinetic availability; always consider H. pylori eradication as a first choice. They suggest subdividing the patient into 2 groups (epigastric pain or postprandial distress); however, it is very frequent that the patient suffers both (up to 50%). Therefore my recommendation is to consider the fact that symptoms are the key to establishing a treatment plan, because they can explain whether the patient is hypersensitive and requires a tricyclic, if the patient has gastric relaxation or emptying issues where a prokinetic would be ideal, or if acid is casual and an anti-secretor would be the best option. Even though we must consider that the best option is probably the combination of 2 or more medications based on the symptoms.

• #19 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Typical symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be divided into 3 subtypesepigastric pain syndrome, PDS, and an overlap between the 2 syndromes. Symptoms can be acute or chronic. Patients should be asked about the severity and duration of symptoms. Symptom-based criteria are used to confirm the diagnosis. Any abnormal or progressive symptoms should be considered in the differential diagnoses. […] Functional dyspepsia is characterized by a relapsing and remitting course, with periods of symptom relief interspersed with flare-ups. While lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes psychotherapy can provide significant relief for some patients, others may experience persistent symptoms over an extended period. Studies indicate that approximately half of individuals diagnosed with functional dyspepsia continue to experience symptoms up to a year after diagnosis.

• #20 Functional dyspepsia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375709

  Functional dyspepsia is a term used to describe a lingering upset stomach that has no obvious cause. Functional dyspepsia is common. It is a constant condition, but symptoms don’t happen all the time. Symptoms are like those of an ulcer. They include pain or discomfort in the upper belly, bloating, belching and nausea. […] Symptoms of functional dyspepsia may include: Pain or burning in the stomach, bloating, excessive belching or nausea after eating. An early feeling of fullness when eating. The feeling of fullness also is called satiety. Stomach pain that happens unrelated to meals or goes away when eating. […] Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you experience constant symptoms that worry you.

• #21 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055

  In the general population, two studies have observed dyspepsia is not associated with any reduction of life expectancy confirming FD is a benign diagnosis. […] Ten years follow-up data from a population-based endoscopy study has provided a clearer picture of the prognosis of FD; only a minority resolve (20%), others develop a new FGID with or without GERD (37%) and the remainder (43%) have persistent dyspepsia.

• #22 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Although functional dyspepsia is not associated with increased mortality, it does cause significant physical and mental distress, impacting the patients quality of life. Patients with functional dyspepsia often score higher on psychometric tests for symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatization. Approximately 10% to 25% of patients report that the social impact of their symptoms is significant enough to seek medical attention, resulting in increased healthcare visits, significant health impairment, and a decline in overall quality of life.

• #23 Functional dyspepsia: How to manage the burn and the bloat | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/5/301

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety, or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper endoscopy such as peptic ulcer disease to explain these symptoms. It is common, affecting up to 30% of the global population, but it often goes undiagnosed for years. There are 2 subtypes: epigastric pain syndrome (burning and pain) and postprandial distress syndrome (bloating and satiety). […] Although symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be managed, it is a lifelong medical condition that can wax and wane over time. The aim of treatment is to improve quality of life by decreasing or eliminating symptoms. […] Importantly, functional dyspepsia has not been shown to affect long-term survival.

• #24 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Although functional dyspepsia is not associated with increased mortality, it does cause significant physical and mental distress, impacting the patients quality of life. Patients with functional dyspepsia often score higher on psychometric tests for symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatization. Approximately 10% to 25% of patients report that the social impact of their symptoms is significant enough to seek medical attention, resulting in increased healthcare visits, significant health impairment, and a decline in overall quality of life.

• #25 Functional dyspepsia | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/functional-dyspepsia

  Studies suggest that 10% to 30% of adults and 3% to 27% of children worldwide are affected by functional dyspepsia. The consequences for patients are far from negligible: two-thirds of those affected by functional dyspepsia suffer from persistent and irregular symptoms that can affect their quality of life and well-being. […] Increasingly clear is the role played by diet in triggering functional dyspepsia symptoms. The culprits? Above all, fatty foods. But they’re not alone. Carbohydrate-containing foods, milk and dairy products, citrus fruits, spicy foods, coffee, and alcohol have also been implicated. […] Functional dyspepsia patients generally report lower levels of physical activity. This is unfortunate since it appears that sport can actually reduce symptoms, and improve transit and gas evacuation in people suffering from bloating.

• #26 Dyspepsia Symptoms, Causes, Diet and Treatments – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia is a chronic improper functioning of the upper digestive tract with no observable abnormalities to explain chronic symptoms. […] Some possible causes of functional dyspepsia include food allergies, inflammation of the stomach or duodenum, excessive acid secretion, medication side effects, psychological factors, or an infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). […] Some research has shown that there may be a genetic predisposition to functional dyspepsia. […] About 40 percent of people with functional dyspepsia have displayed an impaired accommodation or an inability for their stomachs to relax as they should in response to consuming food. […] Classic symptoms of indigestion (dyspepsia) include abdominal pain, acidic taste in the mouth, bloating/a full feeling in the stomach region, belching and gas, burning sensation in the stomach or upper abdomen, diarrhea but not always, growling stomach, nausea, and vomiting. […] Most often, sufferers describe indigestion as an uncomfortable fullness in the stomach accompanied by pain in the upper abdomen or chest. […] For most people, indigestion symptoms come on during or right after eating.

• #27 Functional dyspepsia | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/functional-dyspepsia

  Studies suggest that 10% to 30% of adults and 3% to 27% of children worldwide are affected by functional dyspepsia. The consequences for patients are far from negligible: two-thirds of those affected by functional dyspepsia suffer from persistent and irregular symptoms that can affect their quality of life and well-being. […] Increasingly clear is the role played by diet in triggering functional dyspepsia symptoms. The culprits? Above all, fatty foods. But they’re not alone. Carbohydrate-containing foods, milk and dairy products, citrus fruits, spicy foods, coffee, and alcohol have also been implicated. […] Functional dyspepsia patients generally report lower levels of physical activity. This is unfortunate since it appears that sport can actually reduce symptoms, and improve transit and gas evacuation in people suffering from bloating.

• #28 Functional dyspepsia | Content for the lay public | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/functional-dyspepsia

  Obesity is associated with many gastrointestinal symptoms, including functional dyspepsia. Several hypotheses have been put forward: for example, in obese people, the oral and gut receptors responsible for alerting the body to the presence of fats may be altered, amplifying the gastrointestinal effects in these patients, making them more sensitive to dietary fats. […] Since the 1980s, it has been known that the stomach, although highly acidic, is not sterile. It even harbors a community of microorganisms, including the bacterium H. pylori. However, infection by H. pylori appears to lead to the onset and progression of functional dyspepsia: patients with a history of H. pylori infection have a higher risk of developing functional dyspepsia. […] In functional dyspepsia patients, studies have found, for example: a higher abundance of Firmicutes, streptococcus (associated with symptoms in the upper stomach), Bifidobacterium and Clostridium; a lower abundance of Prevotella (accompanied by more symptoms of discomfort after eating).

• #29 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as at least one month of epigastric discomfort without evidence of organic disease found during an upper endoscopy, and it accounts for 70% of dyspepsia. Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include postprandial fullness, early satiety, and epigastric pain or burning. […] A cross-sectional study using the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia estimated the prevalence to be 12% in the United States, making it the most common cause of dyspepsia. […] A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals, such as caffeine, were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia.

• #30 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia symptoms include: Upper belly (abdominal) pain that ranges from mild to severe and might feel like burning […] Feeling sick (nausea) […] Belching (burping) […] Bloating […] An uncomfortable feeling of being full after eating regular-sized meals. […] Some people with functional dyspepsia may experience heartburn (pain under the breastbone). […] Some people experience pain soon after eating (this symptom is called post-prandial distress syndrome). […] Others may experience symptoms unrelated to food. […] Functional dyspepsia can cause severe symptoms in some people. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms can change. Sometimes symptoms happen less often and sometimes more frequently. […] Most people’s symptoms become better over time and with treatment. However, a small number of individuals might continue to have dyspepsia long term.

• #31 Dyspepsia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163484

  Dyspepsia, the medical term for indigestion, refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often after eating or drinking. […] Common symptoms include bloating, discomfort, feeling too full, nausea, and gas. […] A doctor will diagnose dyspepsia if a person has one or more of the following symptoms: pain relating to the digestive system, a burning sensation in the digestive tract, feeling too full after eating, feeling full too quickly while eating. […] A person may also experience bloating and nausea. […] A person can have symptoms even if they have not eaten a large amount. […] If there is no identifiable structural or metabolic cause, a doctor will diagnose functional dyspepsia. […] Dyspepsia can also be a symptom of a wide range of health conditions, including: GERD, anxiety or depression, gallbladder inflammation, gastritis, gastroparesis, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, peptic ulcer disease, stomach cancer, medications, such as antibiotics and NSAIDs.

• #32 Functional Dyspepsia: What Is It and How Can You Manage It? | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/functional-dyspepsia-what-is-it-and-how-can-you-manage-it

  Triggers for functional dyspepsia can vary among people and identifying personal triggers can help manage and reduce symptom episodes. Consulting with a healthcare professional is essential for a thorough evaluation, exact diagnosis and personalized management plan for functional dyspepsia. […] While functional dyspepsia can be bothersome, several strategies can help manage its symptoms and improve your quality of life. Here are some approaches you can consider: Dietary modifications: Paying attention to your eating habits and making dietary changes can significantly alleviate symptoms. Go for smaller, more frequent meals and avoid foods that trigger your symptoms. […] Stress reduction techniques: Stress can exacerbate digestive symptoms. Stress-reducing activities such as exercise, deep breathing, meditation and hobbies can help manage functional dyspepsia. […] Medications: In some cases, over-the-counter medications such as antacids or acid reducers can provide temporary relief. […] Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective in managing functional dyspepsia. […] Regular exercise: Regular physical activity can promote better digestion and reduce symptoms. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise, such as walking or swimming, a few days a week. […] Functional dyspepsia can be challenging to manage, but the right approach can minimize the impact on your daily life. By making dietary modifications, reducing stress and seeking appropriate medical support, you can effectively manage the symptoms and improve your digestive health.

• #33 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia symptoms include: Upper belly (abdominal) pain that ranges from mild to severe and might feel like burning […] Feeling sick (nausea) […] Belching (burping) […] Bloating […] An uncomfortable feeling of being full after eating regular-sized meals. […] Some people with functional dyspepsia may experience heartburn (pain under the breastbone). […] Some people experience pain soon after eating (this symptom is called post-prandial distress syndrome). […] Others may experience symptoms unrelated to food. […] Functional dyspepsia can cause severe symptoms in some people. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms can change. Sometimes symptoms happen less often and sometimes more frequently. […] Most people’s symptoms become better over time and with treatment. However, a small number of individuals might continue to have dyspepsia long term.

• #34 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/functionaldyspepsia/comments/182gs5a/functional_dyspepsia_101/

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the more common chronic upper gastrointestinal disorders without a known structural or organic cause. Symptoms may include but aren’t limited to pain, abdominal discomfort, bloating, nausea/vomiting, belching, indigestion, reflux or heartburn, and early satiety (fullness). These symptoms may be episodic, varying in intensity and frequency. […] A form of FD that predominately involves symptoms similar to that of gastroparesis, such as early satiety, nausea/vomiting, abnormal gastric emptying, bloating, and impaired gastric accommodation (inability of the stomach to relax to expand once food is ingested). These symptoms are often more likely to worsen after eating meals. […] A form of FD that predominately involves symptoms similar to stomach (peptic) ulcers, such as gnawing or aching pain, indigestion, and a burning sensation in the upper abdomen. Nausea, bloating, and belching may also occur.

• #35 Functional Dyspepsia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22248-functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is chronic indigestion with no identifiable cause. Dyspepsia is another word for indigestion a pattern of symptoms that occur together after eating and while youre digesting. Functional means that your dyspepsia symptoms cant be explained by the usual physical causes. […] Typical symptoms of dyspepsia include burning stomach pain, over-fullness and bloating. These symptoms resemble peptic ulcer disease or GERD. But after testing, only a fraction of people with dyspepsia are diagnosed with these conditions. The rest are diagnosed with functional dyspepsia. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms typically include: Upper abdominal pain. Pain in your upper abdomen is called epigastric pain. This region (your epigastrium) is home to digestive organs like your stomach, pancreas, duodenum and liver. Bloated stomach. You may feel uncomfortable pressure or fullness in your belly after eating. Bloating is closely connected to gas and gas pain and a feeling of stretching or distension. Fullness and loss of appetite. You may feel full very quickly during or after eating (early satiety), even when you havent eaten a lot. In some cases, you may lose your appetite before eating. A burning sensation. Heartburn, a burning pain in your chest, is common with indigestion. Its usually related to acid reflux in your esophagus. You may also feel burning in your stomach. […] Functional dyspepsia is a chronic condition that comes and goes throughout their lives. It may take some trial and error to figure out which therapies and habits improve your symptoms. While you may find some relief, it may never go away completely. But it doesnt cause serious harm.

• #36 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Typical symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be divided into 3 subtypesepigastric pain syndrome, PDS, and an overlap between the 2 syndromes. Symptoms can be acute or chronic. Patients should be asked about the severity and duration of symptoms. Symptom-based criteria are used to confirm the diagnosis. Any abnormal or progressive symptoms should be considered in the differential diagnoses. […] Functional dyspepsia is characterized by a relapsing and remitting course, with periods of symptom relief interspersed with flare-ups. While lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes psychotherapy can provide significant relief for some patients, others may experience persistent symptoms over an extended period. Studies indicate that approximately half of individuals diagnosed with functional dyspepsia continue to experience symptoms up to a year after diagnosis.

• #37 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/functionaldyspepsia/comments/182gs5a/functional_dyspepsia_101/

  According to the Cleveland Clinic: „Among those who seek medical care for their functional dyspepsia, only 20% report permanent relief. How long does functional dyspepsia last? For most people, it’s a chronic condition that comes and goes indefinitely, depending on many factors. […] The good news is that FD is not a dangerous or progressive condition. It should get better at least at times, and it shouldn’t get worse.”

• #38 Functional dyspepsia: How to manage the burn and the bloat | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/5/301

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety, or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper endoscopy such as peptic ulcer disease to explain these symptoms. It is common, affecting up to 30% of the global population, but it often goes undiagnosed for years. There are 2 subtypes: epigastric pain syndrome (burning and pain) and postprandial distress syndrome (bloating and satiety). […] Although symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be managed, it is a lifelong medical condition that can wax and wane over time. The aim of treatment is to improve quality of life by decreasing or eliminating symptoms. […] Importantly, functional dyspepsia has not been shown to affect long-term survival.

• #39 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Although functional dyspepsia is not associated with increased mortality, it does cause significant physical and mental distress, impacting the patients quality of life. Patients with functional dyspepsia often score higher on psychometric tests for symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatization. Approximately 10% to 25% of patients report that the social impact of their symptoms is significant enough to seek medical attention, resulting in increased healthcare visits, significant health impairment, and a decline in overall quality of life.

• #40 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Functional dyspepsia is the medical term for a condition that causes an upset stomach or pain or discomfort in the upper belly, near the ribs. Functional dyspepsia often comes back over time. Doctors are not able to find a cause for functional dyspepsia in most people. […] The most common symptoms of functional dyspepsia include: Upset stomach, Discomfort or pain in the belly, Bloating, Feeling full quickly when eating. Some people also have nausea, vomiting, a lack of appetite, or weight loss. […] Functional dyspepsia occasionally begins with acute gastroenteritis, usually due to a bacterial or viral infection. Dyspepsia can persist long after the infection subsides, perhaps caused by a change in the bacteria that normally live in the gastrointestinal tract. […] If you test positive for H. pylori, talk to your doctor or nurse to see if you should be treated. In functional dyspepsia, treating H. pylori sometimes helps to reduce symptoms.

• #41 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Typical symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be divided into 3 subtypesepigastric pain syndrome, PDS, and an overlap between the 2 syndromes. Symptoms can be acute or chronic. Patients should be asked about the severity and duration of symptoms. Symptom-based criteria are used to confirm the diagnosis. Any abnormal or progressive symptoms should be considered in the differential diagnoses. […] Functional dyspepsia is characterized by a relapsing and remitting course, with periods of symptom relief interspersed with flare-ups. While lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes psychotherapy can provide significant relief for some patients, others may experience persistent symptoms over an extended period. Studies indicate that approximately half of individuals diagnosed with functional dyspepsia continue to experience symptoms up to a year after diagnosis.

• #42 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/functionaldyspepsia/comments/182gs5a/functional_dyspepsia_101/

  The process of FD is considered a diagnosis of exclusion. […] If symptoms persist despite normal testing, a diagnosis of FD is made. […] Modern medical research indicates that FD is a complex disorder that could involve multiple causes, including abnormal gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, altered gut-brain interactions, psychological factors, food allergies or intolerances, and immune system dysfunction. […] There’s a high overlap between functional dyspepsia and IBS, with many individuals experiencing symptoms of both conditions. […] Gastroparesis (GP) is a condition that affects the ability of muscular contractions to effectively propel food through your digestive tract. […] Functional dyspepsia and GERD can coexist or have overlapping symptoms such as upper abdominal discomfort and heartburn.

• #43 Dyspepsia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163484

  Dyspepsia, the medical term for indigestion, refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often after eating or drinking. […] Common symptoms include bloating, discomfort, feeling too full, nausea, and gas. […] A doctor will diagnose dyspepsia if a person has one or more of the following symptoms: pain relating to the digestive system, a burning sensation in the digestive tract, feeling too full after eating, feeling full too quickly while eating. […] A person may also experience bloating and nausea. […] A person can have symptoms even if they have not eaten a large amount. […] If there is no identifiable structural or metabolic cause, a doctor will diagnose functional dyspepsia. […] Dyspepsia can also be a symptom of a wide range of health conditions, including: GERD, anxiety or depression, gallbladder inflammation, gastritis, gastroparesis, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, peptic ulcer disease, stomach cancer, medications, such as antibiotics and NSAIDs.

• #44 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/february-2020/functional-dyspepsia-a-review-of-the-symptoms-evaluation-and-treatment-options/

  Despite the Rome IV definition, diagnosis of functional dyspepsia often remains challenging due to the inherent heterogeneity in symptoms as well as the significant overlap in symptoms with other disorders, such as gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] One study demonstrated that more than 50% of patients with functional dyspepsia with a normal pH study reported heartburn and regurgitation. […] In a study published by the National Institutes of Health Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium, patients with functional dyspepsia and idiopathic gastroparesis were essentially clinically indistinguishable. […] Other studies have demonstrated that more than 25% of patients who were diagnosed with functional dyspepsia had delayed gastric emptying, and 86% of patients with idiopathic gastroparesis met functional dyspepsia symptom criteria.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-021-01843-7

  The second major feature of the revised guidelines is the drug treatment options have been changed to reflect the latest evidence. […] Many studies have shown a clear correlation between severity of symptoms and negative impact on QOL. […] FD and gastroparesis are different disorders, but they are thought to overlap often. […] Multiple factors contribute to the pathophysiology of FD. […] Disturbances of gastric accommodation, gastric emptying and gastroduodenal motility are involved in the pathogenesis of FD. […] Visceral hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of FD. […] The presence of gastric acid is thought to be a cause of FD. […] Psychosocial factors contribute to FD symptoms. […] The number of reports of combination therapy is increasing, but further evidence is needed. […] FD sometimes recurs, but recurrence is not associated with an increased mortality. […] Irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic constipation, and other disorders often overlap with FD.

• #46 Evaluation of dyspepsia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/769

  Dyspepsia has been shown to have a significant negative impact on quality of life. The impact relates to changes in sleep, diet, and interference with work and leisure activities. Women who have experienced emotional or physical abuse appear to be particularly vulnerable to developing functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] There is much overlap between functional dyspepsia and IBS. Patients who have both disorders have a substantially greater symptom burden and are more likely to consult a physician.

• #47 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/february-2020/functional-dyspepsia-a-review-of-the-symptoms-evaluation-and-treatment-options/

  Despite the Rome IV definition, diagnosis of functional dyspepsia often remains challenging due to the inherent heterogeneity in symptoms as well as the significant overlap in symptoms with other disorders, such as gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. […] One study demonstrated that more than 50% of patients with functional dyspepsia with a normal pH study reported heartburn and regurgitation. […] In a study published by the National Institutes of Health Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium, patients with functional dyspepsia and idiopathic gastroparesis were essentially clinically indistinguishable. […] Other studies have demonstrated that more than 25% of patients who were diagnosed with functional dyspepsia had delayed gastric emptying, and 86% of patients with idiopathic gastroparesis met functional dyspepsia symptom criteria.

• #48 Understanding Functional Dyspepsia | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-functional-dyspepsia

  Symptoms of functional dyspepsia have lasted for 3 months or more and can include: Feeling full too quickly, Burping a lot, A burning feeling in the middle of your chest, Pain that doesn’t get better after a bowel movement or passing gas, Upset stomach (nausea) or vomiting after eating, Feeling bloated, Loss of appetite. […] You may also have symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These can include ongoing constipation or diarrhea.

• #49 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Functional dyspepsia is the medical term for a condition that causes an upset stomach or pain or discomfort in the upper belly, near the ribs. Functional dyspepsia often comes back over time. Doctors are not able to find a cause for functional dyspepsia in most people. […] The most common symptoms of functional dyspepsia include: upset stomach, discomfort or pain in the belly, bloating, feeling full quickly when eating. Some people also have nausea, vomiting, a lack of appetite, or weight loss. […] When to seek help — If you have any of the following, call your doctor or nurse: vomiting that will not stop, vomiting blood, if you are losing weight or have no appetite, bloody or dark-colored, tarry bowel movements, pain or difficulty with swallowing. […] Functional dyspepsia occasionally begins with acute gastroenteritis, usually due to a bacterial or viral infection. Dyspepsia can persist long after the infection subsides, perhaps caused by a change in the bacteria that normally live in the gastrointestinal tract.

• #50 Dyspepsia: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163484

  Dyspepsia is common during pregnancy, especially in the last trimester. […] Many people experience mild dyspepsia from time to time and manage it with lifestyle changes or OTC medication. […] However, anyone who has frequent indigestion or worsening symptoms should seek medical help. […] A doctor will ask the person about their symptoms, their personal and family medical history, any other health conditions and medications that they are taking, their dietary habits. […] In very rare cases, severe and persistent indigestion can lead to complications.

• #51 Functional Dyspepsia | Gastro MD

  https://gastro-md.com/specialties/stomach-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Low-Dose Antidepressants. Traditionally known for their mood-elevating properties, antidepressants may also positively affect the symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] There are several ways you can try managing functional dyspepsia without medication: Portion Control. Portion control is crucial to functional dyspepsia management. […] Reduce Stress. Just as stress can impact other ailments, it can affect the symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] See your doctor as soon as possible if you experience these abnormal symptoms: Shortness of breath. Tarry bowel movements. Unexplained weight loss. Intense pain in your arms, jaw, or neck. Bloody vomit. Jaundice. Iron deficiency or anemia.

• #52 What Causes Indigestion (Dyspepsia)? – Symptoms | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/indigestion-dyspepsia/

  Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, is a common condition. It can happen when your body has trouble digesting food. It occurs in your gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract is a group of organs that plays a part in digestion. Anyone can get indigestion. You can get it on occasion, or it can be an ongoing problem. The symptoms and causes vary by case. If there is no known cause for indigestion, it is referred to as functional dyspepsia. […] Indigestion can feel like a stomachache. You can have a range of symptoms including: Pain or discomfort in your chest or stomach, Heartburn, Burping, Bloating, Gurgling stomach and/or gas, Nausea and/or vomiting. […] Talk to your doctor if symptoms continue for more than two weeks. Seek medical care right away if your symptoms are severe, such as: Shortness of breath, Trouble swallowing, Ongoing vomiting, Throwing up blood, Sudden pain in chest, arm, neck, or jaw, Cold sweats, Thick, black, or bloody stool.

• #53 Functional dyspepsia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375709

  Functional dyspepsia is a term used to describe a lingering upset stomach that has no obvious cause. Functional dyspepsia is common. It is a constant condition, but symptoms don’t happen all the time. Symptoms are like those of an ulcer. They include pain or discomfort in the upper belly, bloating, belching and nausea. […] Symptoms of functional dyspepsia may include: Pain or burning in the stomach, bloating, excessive belching or nausea after eating. An early feeling of fullness when eating. The feeling of fullness also is called satiety. Stomach pain that happens unrelated to meals or goes away when eating. […] Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you experience constant symptoms that worry you.

• #54

  https://www.nuhs.edu.sg/patient-care/find-a-condition/dyspepsia

  Dyspepsia is a recurrent or persistent pain or discomfort that is primarily experienced in the upper abdomen. The most common type of Dyspepsia is „Functional” (or „non-ulcer”) Dyspepsia. Functional Dyspepsia occurs without an identifiable cause such as ulcer. […] Common symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia include: Indigestion, Bloating, An early sense of fullness with food, Abdominal pain, Nausea and vomiting. […] Seek medical help when you have: Prolonged symptoms, Symptoms not resolved by medication, Associated symptoms of weight loss, black tarry stools (melena) or vomiting blood. […] Better understanding of the condition and its underlying cause, such as anxiety, may help focus on the appropriate therapy. Lifestyle changes such as avoiding certain food which trigger the symptoms (often fatty, spicy and greasy foods). Medications such as H.pylori eradication therapy (if such an infection is found in the stomach), may help some patients. Other medications to reduce stomach acid production may be beneficial. Some antidepressant medications when used in low doses have been very effective for pain symptoms. Some complementary and alternative medicine remedies have been suggested as beneficial, but more research is required before they can be recommended.

• #55 Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0201/ot1.html

  Mrs. C. is experiencing symptoms of pressure and pain in her stomach. They are present every day and worsen after eating, leaving her feeling full and queasy. She complains of having the urge to vomit, but she does not. […] The symptoms do not improve with heartburn medication or any of the other medications she is taking. […] Functional dyspepsia is a diagnosis of exclusion. Symptoms must be present for at least six months, and must include one of the following: early satiety, epigastric burning, and postprandial fullness. […] Functional dyspepsia does not affect mortality, but significantly reduces quality of life. […] Pathophysiologic mechanisms are believed to include motor function disturbances and heightened visceral sensation. […] Treatment of functional dyspepsia is nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic. Nonpharmacologic approaches include dietary modification, such as limiting dietary fat, avoiding meals too late in the day, and eating smaller meals. […] Pharmacologic treatments may be beneficial. There may be a small positive impact on symptoms with H. pylori eradication (number needed to treat = 14), but this should be initiated only with proven infection. […] Antidepressants were shown to be of benefit in one systematic review.

• #56 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Although functional dyspepsia is not associated with increased mortality, it does cause significant physical and mental distress, impacting the patients quality of life. Patients with functional dyspepsia often score higher on psychometric tests for symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatization. Approximately 10% to 25% of patients report that the social impact of their symptoms is significant enough to seek medical attention, resulting in increased healthcare visits, significant health impairment, and a decline in overall quality of life.

• #57 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. […] Symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease overlap with FD more than expected by chance; a subset has pathological acid reflux. […] One of the most exciting observations in FD has been the consistent finding of increased duodenal eosinophilia, notably in PDS. […] Postinfectious gastroenteritis is a risk factor for FD. […] Therapeutic options remain limited and provide only symptomatic benefit in most cases. Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD—Helicobacter pylori eradication. […] FD impacts on quality of life and impaired quality of life is associated with symptom severity and comorbid depression.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-021-01843-7

  The second major feature of the revised guidelines is the drug treatment options have been changed to reflect the latest evidence. […] Many studies have shown a clear correlation between severity of symptoms and negative impact on QOL. […] FD and gastroparesis are different disorders, but they are thought to overlap often. […] Multiple factors contribute to the pathophysiology of FD. […] Disturbances of gastric accommodation, gastric emptying and gastroduodenal motility are involved in the pathogenesis of FD. […] Visceral hypersensitivity is involved in the pathogenesis of FD. […] The presence of gastric acid is thought to be a cause of FD. […] Psychosocial factors contribute to FD symptoms. […] The number of reports of combination therapy is increasing, but further evidence is needed. […] FD sometimes recurs, but recurrence is not associated with an increased mortality. […] Irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic constipation, and other disorders often overlap with FD.

• #59 Functional Dyspepsia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/gut-health/functional-dyspepsia/

  Research shows that about half of the people diagnosed with functional dyspepsia still have symptoms a year after their diagnosis. […] Patients with functional dyspepsia reported a similar quality of life as those with peptic ulcer disease, but their overall well-being was significantly worse than individuals without any stomach-related ailments.

• #60 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  People with functional dyspepsia often have mood problems, like anxiety or depression. Treating the underlying depression or anxiety can improve symptoms of abdominal pain. […] If you have mood problems, such as anxiety or depression, your doctor or nurse might recommend that you see a mental health specialist (eg, social worker, psychologist, counselor). Dealing with emotional issues can help you to feel better, both physically and mentally. […] Some people feel less pain after making changes in what they eat. This might include: avoiding fatty foods (which can slow the emptying of the stomach), eating small, frequent meals, avoiding foods that make you feel worse, avoiding too much alcohol. […] If you test positive for H. pylori, talk to your doctor or nurse to see if you should be treated. In functional dyspepsia, treating H. pylori sometimes helps to reduce symptoms.

• #61 Functional Dyspepsia: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/digestive-health/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is a type of indigestion that has no obvious cause. It can cause bloating, nausea, and a burning sensation in the stomach. […] The signs and symptoms of functional dyspepsia may be acute or chronic. They can vary based on the subtype. Symptoms may also relapse and remit, which means they may flare up and then subside. […] You may experience: bloating, a burning sensation in the stomach, nausea and vomiting, a feeling of persistence of food in the stomach, a feeling of fullness after eating a small meal. […] Some people with functional dyspepsia may experience a remission of their symptoms, while others can experience persistent symptoms. […] Persistent functional dyspepsia may cause anxiety and depression in some people. However, medical and psychological therapies can help reduce these symptoms.

• #62 Functional dyspepsia – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/functional-dyspepsia.html

  The largest group (70%) have early satiety or postprandial fullness, termed postprandial distress syndrome. […] The other group experience ulcer-like pain or burning, termed epigastric pain syndrome. […] Early satiety is a prevalent symptom in population-based surveys (511%). […] Correctly diagnosing functional dyspepsia is important to guide appropriate therapy and reduce unnecessary procedures or treatments. […] Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome often overlap with those of functional dyspepsia, with epigastric pain and postprandial fullness often occurring with lower abdominal pain and bloating. […] Functional dyspepsia has been considered an idiopathic disorder but this view is changing. […] In some cases, functional dyspepsia develops after acute infectious gastroenteritis, suggesting acute intestinal inflammation may play a role.

• #63 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  People with functional dyspepsia often have mood problems, like anxiety or depression. Treating the underlying depression or anxiety can improve symptoms of abdominal pain. […] If you have mood problems, such as anxiety or depression, your doctor or nurse might recommend that you see a mental health specialist (eg, social worker, psychologist, counselor). Dealing with emotional issues can help you to feel better, both physically and mentally. […] Some people feel less pain after making changes in what they eat. This might include: avoiding fatty foods (which can slow the emptying of the stomach), eating small, frequent meals, avoiding foods that make you feel worse, avoiding too much alcohol. […] If you test positive for H. pylori, talk to your doctor or nurse to see if you should be treated. In functional dyspepsia, treating H. pylori sometimes helps to reduce symptoms.

• #64 Functional dyspepsia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Some medicines may help manage symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. […] Having an empty stomach sometimes contributes to functional dyspepsia. […] Some foods may trigger functional dyspepsia. […] A combination of peppermint and caraway oils may offer some benefit for functional dyspepsia. […] A Japanese herbal remedy called rikkunshito also may be helpful. Researchers found it improved belly pain, heartburn and bloating better than placebo.

• #65 Functional dyspepsia: How to manage the burn and the bloat | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/5/301

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety, or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper endoscopy such as peptic ulcer disease to explain these symptoms. It is common, affecting up to 30% of the global population, but it often goes undiagnosed for years. There are 2 subtypes: epigastric pain syndrome (burning and pain) and postprandial distress syndrome (bloating and satiety). […] Although symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be managed, it is a lifelong medical condition that can wax and wane over time. The aim of treatment is to improve quality of life by decreasing or eliminating symptoms. […] Importantly, functional dyspepsia has not been shown to affect long-term survival.

• #66 Functional Dyspepsia: What Is It and How Can You Manage It? | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/functional-dyspepsia-what-is-it-and-how-can-you-manage-it

  Triggers for functional dyspepsia can vary among people and identifying personal triggers can help manage and reduce symptom episodes. Consulting with a healthcare professional is essential for a thorough evaluation, exact diagnosis and personalized management plan for functional dyspepsia. […] While functional dyspepsia can be bothersome, several strategies can help manage its symptoms and improve your quality of life. Here are some approaches you can consider: Dietary modifications: Paying attention to your eating habits and making dietary changes can significantly alleviate symptoms. Go for smaller, more frequent meals and avoid foods that trigger your symptoms. […] Stress reduction techniques: Stress can exacerbate digestive symptoms. Stress-reducing activities such as exercise, deep breathing, meditation and hobbies can help manage functional dyspepsia. […] Medications: In some cases, over-the-counter medications such as antacids or acid reducers can provide temporary relief. […] Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective in managing functional dyspepsia. […] Regular exercise: Regular physical activity can promote better digestion and reduce symptoms. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise, such as walking or swimming, a few days a week. […] Functional dyspepsia can be challenging to manage, but the right approach can minimize the impact on your daily life. By making dietary modifications, reducing stress and seeking appropriate medical support, you can effectively manage the symptoms and improve your digestive health.

• #67 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. A meta-analysis found standard daily dosages of PPIs taken over two to eight weeks to be superior to placebo for the reduction of functional dyspepsia symptoms (NNT = 14). […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms (NNT = 6; 95% CI, 4 to 16). […] For patients who have functional dyspepsia with postprandial distress syndrome, which is characterized by meal-related symptoms, prokinetic agents can reduce symptoms. A review of 29 trials comparing prokinetics (predominantly cisapride) to placebo found a significant reduction in global symptoms of functional dyspepsia (NNT = 7).

• #68 Functional dyspepsia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Some medicines may help manage symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. […] Having an empty stomach sometimes contributes to functional dyspepsia. […] Some foods may trigger functional dyspepsia. […] A combination of peppermint and caraway oils may offer some benefit for functional dyspepsia. […] A Japanese herbal remedy called rikkunshito also may be helpful. Researchers found it improved belly pain, heartburn and bloating better than placebo.

• #69 Functional dyspepsia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Some medicines may help manage symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. […] Having an empty stomach sometimes contributes to functional dyspepsia. […] Some foods may trigger functional dyspepsia. […] A combination of peppermint and caraway oils may offer some benefit for functional dyspepsia. […] A Japanese herbal remedy called rikkunshito also may be helpful. Researchers found it improved belly pain, heartburn and bloating better than placebo.

• #70 Indigestion: Symptoms, Causes & How to Find Relief

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/7316-indigestion-dyspepsia

  If you have functional dyspepsia, it can take some trial and error to discover the treatment plan that works for you. Since functional disorders are based in your nervous system, typical medications may not work. But medications that target your nerves, combined with mind-body therapies, have a better chance of succeeding.

• #71 Functional Dyspepsia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22248-functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is chronic indigestion with no identifiable cause. Dyspepsia is another word for indigestion a pattern of symptoms that occur together after eating and while youre digesting. Functional means that your dyspepsia symptoms cant be explained by the usual physical causes. […] Typical symptoms of dyspepsia include burning stomach pain, over-fullness and bloating. These symptoms resemble peptic ulcer disease or GERD. But after testing, only a fraction of people with dyspepsia are diagnosed with these conditions. The rest are diagnosed with functional dyspepsia. […] Functional dyspepsia symptoms typically include: Upper abdominal pain. Pain in your upper abdomen is called epigastric pain. This region (your epigastrium) is home to digestive organs like your stomach, pancreas, duodenum and liver. Bloated stomach. You may feel uncomfortable pressure or fullness in your belly after eating. Bloating is closely connected to gas and gas pain and a feeling of stretching or distension. Fullness and loss of appetite. You may feel full very quickly during or after eating (early satiety), even when you havent eaten a lot. In some cases, you may lose your appetite before eating. A burning sensation. Heartburn, a burning pain in your chest, is common with indigestion. Its usually related to acid reflux in your esophagus. You may also feel burning in your stomach. […] Functional dyspepsia is a chronic condition that comes and goes throughout their lives. It may take some trial and error to figure out which therapies and habits improve your symptoms. While you may find some relief, it may never go away completely. But it doesnt cause serious harm.

• #72 Functional dyspepsia: How to manage the burn and the bloat | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/5/301

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety, or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper endoscopy such as peptic ulcer disease to explain these symptoms. It is common, affecting up to 30% of the global population, but it often goes undiagnosed for years. There are 2 subtypes: epigastric pain syndrome (burning and pain) and postprandial distress syndrome (bloating and satiety). […] Although symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be managed, it is a lifelong medical condition that can wax and wane over time. The aim of treatment is to improve quality of life by decreasing or eliminating symptoms. […] Importantly, functional dyspepsia has not been shown to affect long-term survival.

• #73 Functional Dyspepsia (Non-ulcer Dyspepsia)

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/dyspepsia-indigestion/non-ulcer-dyspepsia-functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia (non-ulcer dyspepsia) causes pain and sometimes other symptoms in your upper tummy (abdomen). The cause is often not clear. […] Functional dyspepsia is sometimes called non-ulcer dyspepsia. It is characterised by recurring or persistent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, feeling full quickly after eating, and nausea. […] Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include upper abdominal pain, which might feel like burning, feeling sick (nausea), feeling bloated, feeling full after eating regular sized meals, and burping (belching). […] Most people’s symptoms improve with treatment and become better over time. A small number of people have long term dyspepsia. In cases where the symptoms do not settle, referral to a specialist clinic may be helpful.

• #74 Symptoms of functional dyspepsia | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia cannot be fully cured, but its symptoms can be successfully managed through lifestyle changes, medication, or a combination of the two. Most people manage their symptoms well with lifestyle changes and medications. Treating Helicobacter pylori (if present in the stomach) may significantly reduce the symptoms. The symptoms of the condition can be variable, and may eventually occur much less frequently or go away completely. […] Functional dyspepsia is a persistent condition that is not associated with any serious complications, such as stomach ulcers or stomach cancer. Most people find their symptoms will come and go over time, depending on factors such as stress, lifestyle changes or other triggers. Most will also be able to manage their symptoms effectively, and some people may find that the symptoms eventually go away completely.

• #75 Functional Dyspepsia (Non-ulcer Dyspepsia)

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/dyspepsia-indigestion/non-ulcer-dyspepsia-functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia (non-ulcer dyspepsia) causes pain and sometimes other symptoms in your upper tummy (abdomen). The cause is often not clear. […] Functional dyspepsia is sometimes called non-ulcer dyspepsia. It is characterised by recurring or persistent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, feeling full quickly after eating, and nausea. […] Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include upper abdominal pain, which might feel like burning, feeling sick (nausea), feeling bloated, feeling full after eating regular sized meals, and burping (belching). […] Most people’s symptoms improve with treatment and become better over time. A small number of people have long term dyspepsia. In cases where the symptoms do not settle, referral to a specialist clinic may be helpful.

• #76 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/functionaldyspepsia/comments/182gs5a/functional_dyspepsia_101/

  According to the Cleveland Clinic: „Among those who seek medical care for their functional dyspepsia, only 20% report permanent relief. How long does functional dyspepsia last? For most people, it’s a chronic condition that comes and goes indefinitely, depending on many factors. […] The good news is that FD is not a dangerous or progressive condition. It should get better at least at times, and it shouldn’t get worse.”

• #77 Functional Dyspepsia: What Is It and How Can You Manage It? | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/functional-dyspepsia-what-is-it-and-how-can-you-manage-it

  Triggers for functional dyspepsia can vary among people and identifying personal triggers can help manage and reduce symptom episodes. Consulting with a healthcare professional is essential for a thorough evaluation, exact diagnosis and personalized management plan for functional dyspepsia. […] While functional dyspepsia can be bothersome, several strategies can help manage its symptoms and improve your quality of life. Here are some approaches you can consider: Dietary modifications: Paying attention to your eating habits and making dietary changes can significantly alleviate symptoms. Go for smaller, more frequent meals and avoid foods that trigger your symptoms. […] Stress reduction techniques: Stress can exacerbate digestive symptoms. Stress-reducing activities such as exercise, deep breathing, meditation and hobbies can help manage functional dyspepsia. […] Medications: In some cases, over-the-counter medications such as antacids or acid reducers can provide temporary relief. […] Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective in managing functional dyspepsia. […] Regular exercise: Regular physical activity can promote better digestion and reduce symptoms. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise, such as walking or swimming, a few days a week. […] Functional dyspepsia can be challenging to manage, but the right approach can minimize the impact on your daily life. By making dietary modifications, reducing stress and seeking appropriate medical support, you can effectively manage the symptoms and improve your digestive health.

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