Czynnościowa dyspepsja
Epidemiologia

Czynnościowa dyspepsja (FD) jest powszechnym zaburzeniem czynnościowym górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego, charakteryzującym się przewlekłymi lub nawracającymi objawami żołądkowo-dwunastniczymi bez obecności zmian organicznych. Globalna częstość występowania FD wynosi około 8,4% (95% CI 7,4-9,5%), z wyraźnym spadkiem w latach 1990-2020 (z 12,4% do 7,3%). Częstość ta różni się w zależności od regionu geograficznego i zastosowanych kryteriów diagnostycznych Rome, osiągając najwyższe wartości przy Rome I (11,9%) i najniższe przy Rome IV (6,8%). W krajach zachodnich, takich jak USA, częstość występowania wynosi 12% (Rome IV), podczas gdy w Azji waha się od 5% do 30%, z wyższą częstością u kobiet (np. w Korei Południowej 12,4% u kobiet vs 7,8% u mężczyzn). Czynniki ryzyka obejmują płeć żeńską, wiek, infekcję Helicobacter pylori, ostre zapalenie żołądka i jelit, choroby współistniejące (np. nadciśnienie, cukrzyca), styl życia (palenie, alkohol, NLPZ), nieprawidłowy BMI oraz czynniki psychologiczne, takie jak stres i depresja.

  1. Epidemiologia czynnościowej dyspepsji
    1. Globalne rozpowszechnienie czynnościowej dyspepsji
    2. Różnice geograficzne w występowaniu czynnościowej dyspepsji
    3. Zróżnicowanie wg płci i wieku
  2. Czynniki ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji
    1. Czynniki demograficzne i socjoekonomiczne
    2. Czynniki zdrowotne i styl życia
    3. Czynniki psychologiczne
  3. Nadzór nad czynnościową dyspepsją
    1. Wyzwania diagnostyczne
    2. Obciążenie ekonomiczne i wykorzystanie opieki zdrowotnej
    3. Współwystępowanie z innymi zaburzeniami
    4. Monitoring trendów epidemiologicznych
    5. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia czynnościowej dyspepsji

Czynnościowa dyspepsja (FD) jest jednym z najczęstszych zaburzeń czynnościowych górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego, które znacząco wpływa na jakość życia pacjentów. Schorzenie to charakteryzuje się przewlekłymi lub nawracającymi objawami z obszaru żołądkowo-dwunastniczego przy braku organicznych zmian, które mogłyby łatwo wyjaśnić występujące dolegliwości.12 Czynnościowa dyspepsja stanowi poważne obciążenie zarówno społeczne jak i ekonomiczne na całym świecie, a jej rzeczywista częstość występowania różni się w zależności od przyjętych kryteriów diagnostycznych, lokalizacji geograficznej oraz innych czynników demograficznych.3

Globalne rozpowszechnienie czynnościowej dyspepsji

Według danych epidemiologicznych, globalna częstość występowania niezbadanej dyspepsji (UD) waha się między 7% a 45%, w zależności od zastosowanej definicji i lokalizacji geograficznej.45 W przypadku czynnościowej dyspepsji, globalne rozpowszechnienie szacuje się na poziomie od 5% do 29,2%.67 Metaanaliza 44 badań obejmujących 256 915 uczestników z 40 krajów wykazała łączną globalną częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji na poziomie 8,4% (95% CI 7,4-9,5%).8 W zależności od zastosowanych kryteriów Rome, częstość ta była najwyższa dla kryteriów Rome I (11,9%; 95% CI 5,1-25,4) i najniższa dla Rome IV (6,8%; 95% CI 5,8-7,9).9

Globalna metaanaliza wykazała również stopniowy spadek częstości występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji w latach 1990-2020, z 12,4% (95% CI 8,2-18,3) w latach 1990-2002 do 7,3% (95% CI 6,1-8,7) w latach 2013-2020.10 W najnowszym badaniu epidemiologicznym z udziałem ponad 73 000 dorosłych z 33 krajów, przeprowadzonym w 2021 roku, częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji oszacowano na 7,2%.1112

Różnice geograficzne w występowaniu czynnościowej dyspepsji

Rozpowszechnienie czynnościowej dyspepsji wykazuje znaczne różnice geograficzne. W krajach zachodnich, w tym w Stanach Zjednoczonych, częstość występowania jest wyższa i wynosi od 10% do 40%.1314 Badanie przeprowadzone w USA, Kanadzie i Wielkiej Brytanii wykazało, że częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji według kryteriów Rome IV była znacząco wyższa w USA (12%) niż w Kanadzie (8%) i Wielkiej Brytanii (8%).15

W krajach azjatyckich częstość występowania niezbadanej dyspepsji i czynnościowej dyspepsji waha się od 5% do 30%.16 W Korei Południowej w populacji poddanej badaniom przesiewowym częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji wynosiła 10,3%.17 W Japonii częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji waha się od 11% do 17% u pacjentów zgłaszających się na badania kontrolne oraz od 45% do 53% u pacjentów poszukujących opieki medycznej z powodu objawów z górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego.18

Interesujące jest, że kraje rozwijające się wykazują wyższą częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji (9,1%) niż kraje rozwinięte (8,0%).19 W niektórych badaniach różnica ta jest jeszcze bardziej wyraźna – w krajach o niskich i średnich dochodach częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji oszacowano na 37,9% [6,2%-44,2%], w porównaniu do 10% [8%-12%] w krajach o wysokich dochodach.20

Zróżnicowanie wg płci i wieku

Dane epidemiologiczne konsekwentnie wskazują, że czynnościowa dyspepsja występuje częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn.2122 W metaanalizie wykazano, że częstość występowania była wyższa u kobiet niż u mężczyzn (9,0% vs 7,0%), niezależnie od zastosowanej definicji.23 W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Korei częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji u kobiet (12,4%) była wyższa niż u mężczyzn (7,8%).24 Stosunek kobiet do mężczyzn w występowaniu tego schorzenia wynosi od 1,4 do 2,7:1.25

Wiek również wpływa na częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji. W niektórych badaniach obserwuje się wyższą częstość występowania u osób starszych. W badaniu koreańskim częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji wynosiła 11,3% u osób w wieku 60 lat i starszych, co było nieco wyższe niż u osób poniżej 60 roku życia (9,9%).26 Inne badanie wykazało, że częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji znacząco wzrasta wraz z wiekiem, osiągając 48,3% u osób powyżej 60 roku życia.27 Jednak niektóre badania wskazują, że czynnościowa dyspepsja jest częstsza u młodszych dorosłych, a jej częstość występowania stopniowo maleje wraz z wiekiem.28

Czynniki ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji

Identyfikacja czynników ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji jest ważna dla lepszego zrozumienia jej patofizjologii oraz opracowania strategii profilaktycznych i terapeutycznych. Czynniki ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji różnią się od czynników ryzyka dyspepsji organicznej i ogólnej niezbadanej dyspepsji.2930

Czynniki demograficzne i socjoekonomiczne

Płeć żeńska jest konsekwentnie identyfikowana jako istotny czynnik ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji.313233 Różnice te mogą wynikać z wrodzonych, specyficznych dla płci różnic w funkcjonowaniu przewodu pokarmowego.3435

Poziom wykształcenia jest kolejnym czynnikiem socjoekonomicznym powiązanym z czynnościową dyspepsją. W badaniu koreańskim wykazano, że wykształcenie poniżej poziomu college’u było czynnikiem ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji, szczególnie u pacjentów płci męskiej.3637

Typ zawodu również może wpływać na ryzyko czynnościowej dyspepsji. Badania wykazały, że częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji znacząco wzrasta wśród osób pracujących w dziedzinach informatyki, technologii, inżynierii komputerowej, nauczania i ekonomii domowej.38

Czynniki zdrowotne i styl życia

Infekcja Helicobacter pylori jest szeroko dyskutowanym czynnikiem ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji. Metaanaliza badań populacyjnych wykazała, że ryzyko dyspepsji było zwiększone u osób z infekcją Helicobacter pylori.3940 Jednak związek między infekcją H. pylori a czynnościową dyspepsją jest złożony, a niektóre badania nie wykazały różnic w częstości występowania i nasileniu dyspepsji między osobami zakażonymi a niezakażonymi.41

Ostre zapalenie żołądka i jelit jest dobrze udokumentowanym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju czynnościowej dyspepsji. Częstość występowania poinfekcyjnej czynnościowej dyspepsji u dorosłych wynosi około 10-13%. Metaanaliza sześciu badań wykazała, że osoby z epizodem ostrego zapalenia żołądka i jelit były bardziej narażone na rozwój czynnościowej dyspepsji po ponad sześciu miesiącach obserwacji niż osoby bez wcześniejszego ostrego zapalenia żołądka i jelit (iloraz szans 2,54, 95% CI 1,76-3,65).4243

Współistnienie chorób przewlekłych również zwiększa ryzyko czynnościowej dyspepsji. Badania wykazały, że częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji była znacząco wyższa u osób z określonymi chorobami współistniejącymi, takimi jak nadciśnienie tętnicze wymagające leczenia farmakologicznego, cukrzyca, choroby autoimmunologiczne, bóle głowy lub migreny, anemia, alergie na pewne substancje, astma, choroba niedokrwienna serca oraz endometrioza.44

Czynniki związane ze stylem życia, takie jak palenie tytoniu, konsumpcja alkoholu i używanie niesteroidowych leków przeciwzapalnych (NLPZ), są również powiązane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem czynnościowej dyspepsji.4546 Badania wykazały, że palacze są bardziej narażeni na rozwój choroby, niezależnie od tego, ile palą, a nawet jeśli rzucili palenie.47

Masa ciała jest kolejnym czynnikiem związanym z czynnościową dyspepsją. Nieprawidłowy BMI (zarówno zbyt niski, jak i zbyt wysoki) był powiązany ze zwiększonym ryzykiem czynnościowej dyspepsji.4849 W niektórych badaniach otyłość była ważnym czynnikiem związanym z dyspepsją.5051

Czynniki dietetyczne, takie jak żywność bogata w tłuszcze, pszenicę, FODMAP (fermentujące oligosacharydy, disacharydy, monosacharydy i poliole) oraz naturalnie występujące związki chemiczne, takie jak kofeina, były związane z objawami czynnościowej dyspepsji.52 Jednak inne badania nie wykazały znaczącego związku między czynnikami dietetycznymi a czynnościową dyspepsją.53

Czynniki psychologiczne

Czynniki psychologiczne odgrywają ważną rolę w rozwoju czynnościowej dyspepsji. Zaburzenia psychologiczne są konsekwentnie identyfikowane jako istotny czynnik ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji.5455 Badania wykazały, że silny stres jest znaczącym czynnikiem ryzyka czynnościowej dyspepsji.5657

Związek między czynnościową dyspepsją a depresją jest dobrze udokumentowany. Badania wykazały, że czynnościowa dyspepsja wpływa na jakość życia, a upośledzona jakość życia jest związana z nasileniem objawów i współistniejącą depresją.58 W jednym z badań wykazano, że wyższy odsetek pacjentów z zaburzeniami czynnościowymi przewodu pokarmowego był diagnozowany z depresją, podczas gdy żaden uczestnik bez tych zaburzeń nie miał pozytywnego wyniku w kierunku depresji.59

Historia nadużyć jest częstsza u kobiet z czynnościową dyspepsją, a wczesne dzieciństwo jest krytycznym okresem dla rozwoju pewnych obwodów mózgowych, które kontrolują stres i nocycepcję. Dlatego ważne jest, aby ocenić pacjentów z czynnościową dyspepsją pod kątem historii nadużyć, szczególnie w przypadku kobiet.60

Nadzór nad czynnościową dyspepsją

Nadzór nad czynnościową dyspepsją jest istotny ze względu na jej wysoką częstość występowania, znaczący wpływ na jakość życia pacjentów oraz związane z nią obciążenie ekonomiczne. Skuteczny nadzór wymaga dokładnego diagnozowania, monitorowania trendów epidemiologicznych oraz oceny skuteczności interwencji terapeutycznych.61

Wyzwania diagnostyczne

Diagnoza czynnościowej dyspepsji stanowi znaczące wyzwanie kliniczne, ponieważ jest to rozpoznanie z wykluczenia, wymagające wykluczenia organicznych przyczyn objawów. Diagnoza opiera się na historii pacjenta i wykluczeniu innych chorób o podobnej prezentacji.62 Według kryteriów diagnostycznych Rome IV, pacjenci z czynnościową dyspepsją muszą mieć jeden lub więcej z następujących objawów: uciążliwe poposiłkowe uczucie pełności, wczesne nasycenie, ból w nadbrzuszu lub pieczenie w nadbrzuszu, bez dowodów na strukturalne zmiany (w tym w górnej endoskopii), które mogłyby wyjaśnić objawy.63

Badania pokazują, że czynnościowa dyspepsja jest niedostatecznie diagnozowana w praktyce klinicznej. W hrabstwie Olmsted w Stanach Zjednoczonych tylko 12,5% pacjentów z objawami czynnościowej dyspepsji otrzymało diagnozę czynnościowej dyspepsji.64 Pacjenci z dyspepsją są często błędnie diagnozowani jako mający chorobę refluksową przełyku, a tylko 12,5% otrzymuje początkową diagnozę czynnościowej dyspepsji.65

Wytyczne American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) i Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) z 2017 roku zalecają wykonanie górnej endoskopii u wszystkich pacjentów w wieku 60 lat lub starszych, którzy zgłaszają się z co najmniej miesięcznymi objawami dyspepsji.66 Jednak endoskopia nie uspokaja pacjentów z czynnościową dyspepsją ani nie poprawia oceny jakości życia.67

Obciążenie ekonomiczne i wykorzystanie opieki zdrowotnej

Czynnościowa dyspepsja wiąże się ze znacznym obciążeniem ekonomicznym zarówno dla pacjentów, jak i dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej. Ze względu na to, że jest to stan wysoce rozpowszechniony i przewlekły, koszty bezpośrednie i pośrednie czynnościowej dyspepsji są ogromne. Ekstrapolując dane dotyczące pacjentów z czynnościową dyspepsją na populację USA, obliczono, że w 2009 roku koszty czynnościowej dyspepsji wyniosły 18,4 miliarda dolarów.6869

Częstość konsultacji z lekarzem z powodu czynnościowej dyspepsji wynosi około 40%.70 Jednak odsetek osób z dyspepsją, które szukają opieki medycznej, waha się od 14% do 66% i różni się w zależności od kraju oraz rasy/pochodzenia etnicznego.71

Badania wykazały, że pacjenci z czynnościową dyspepsją mają wyższe wykorzystanie zasobów opieki zdrowotnej niż osoby bez dyspepsji. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Arabii Saudyjskiej tylko 42% uczestników z objawami czynnościowej dyspepsji szukało zasobów opieki zdrowotnej, a 22% otrzymało leczenie (głównie inhibitory pompy protonowej i prokinetyki, które nie są skuteczne dla wszystkich podtypów).72

Współwystępowanie z innymi zaburzeniami

Czynnościowa dyspepsja często współwystępuje z innymi zaburzeniami czynnościowymi przewodu pokarmowego, co stwarza dodatkowe wyzwania dla nadzoru i leczenia. Częstość występowania zespołu jelita drażliwego (IBS) wśród pacjentów z dyspepsją wynosiła 44% w jednym z badań.73 Wyższa częstość występowania była obserwowana w wariantach nakładających się, ponad 2/3 pacjentów z dyspepsją, a niższa (mniej niż 1/5) w IBS z zespołem bólu nadbrzusza (EPS). W badaniach populacyjnych szacowana częstość występowania IBS wśród pacjentów z dyspepsją wahała się między 13% a 29%.74

Badania wykazały również, że częstość występowania IBS jest 8-krotnie wyższa u osób z czynnościową dyspepsją, co sugeruje, że IBS i czynnościowa dyspepsja mają wspólny proces progresji choroby.75

Monitoring trendów epidemiologicznych

Monitorowanie trendów epidemiologicznych czynnościowej dyspepsji jest kluczowe dla zrozumienia zmian w jej częstości występowania i czynnikach ryzyka. Badania wykazały stopniowy spadek częstości występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji na całym świecie w latach 1990-2020.7677

Zmiany w kryteriach diagnostycznych również wpływają na obserwowaną częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji. Przejście z kryteriów Rome III na Rome IV doprowadziło do zmniejszenia nakładających się pacjentów z zespołem bólu poposiłkowego (PDS) i zespołem bólu nadbrzusza (EPS) z 43% do 17% oraz zwiększenia pacjentów z PDS z 38% do 64%.78

Ważnym aspektem nadzoru jest również monitorowanie skuteczności różnych schematów leczenia. Według wytycznych ACG, strategia testowania i leczenia zakażenia Helicobacter pylori u wszystkich pacjentów poniżej 60 roku życia jest bezpieczną i skuteczną opcją przed leczeniem z tłumieniem kwasu.79 Głównym elementem tłumienia kwasu są dwie klasy leków: inhibitory pompy protonowej (PPI) i antagoniści receptora histaminowego H2.80

W Japonii zmieniono opcje leczenia farmakologicznego w celu odzwierciedlenia najnowszych dowodów. Pacjenci nieodpowiadający na te schematy leczenia są uważani za oporną czynnościową dyspepsję.81

Region geograficzny Częstość występowania czynnościowej dyspepsji Kryteria diagnostyczne Uwagi
Globalna częstość 8,4% (95% CI 7,4-9,5) Różne kryteria Rome Stopniowy spadek w latach 1990-2020
Kraje zachodnie 10-40% Różne kryteria Wyższe wskaźniki niż w Azji
USA 12% Rome IV Wyższe niż w Kanadzie i UK
Kanada 8% Rome IV Porównywalna z UK
Wielka Brytania 8% Rome IV Porównywalna z Kanadą
Kraje azjatyckie 5-30% Różne kryteria Niższe wskaźniki niż w krajach zachodnich
Korea Południowa 10,3% Badania przesiewowe Wyższe u kobiet (12,4%) niż u mężczyzn (7,8%)
Japonia 11-17% (badania kontrolne)
45-53% (objawy)		 Różne kryteria Duża różnica w zależności od populacji
Kraje rozwijające się 9,1-37,9% Różne kryteria Wyższe niż w krajach rozwiniętych (8,0-10%)
Sudan 44,3% – Najwyższa odnotowana częstość
Egipt 41,4% – Druga najwyższa odnotowana częstość
Algieria 25,7% – Najniższa częstość w badaniu afrykańskim

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  1. 18.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia—a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder—varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Functional dyspepsia is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, affecting over 20% of the population. […] The diagnosis of functional dyspepsia is confirmed based on the patient’s history and the exclusion of other diseases with similar presentations.
  • #2 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i17/2661.htm
    Dyspepsia refers to group of upper gastrointestinal symptoms that occur commonly in adults. Dyspepsia is known to result from organic causes, but the majority of patients suffer from non-ulcer or functional dyspepsia. Epidemiological data from population-based studies of various geographical locations have been reviewed, as they provide more realistic information. […] Globally, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) varies between 7%- 45%, depending on definition used and geographical location, whilst the prevalence of FD has been noted to vary between 11%-29.2%. Risk factors for FD have been shown to include females and underlying psychological disturbances, whilst environmental/ lifestyle habits such as poor socio-economic status, smoking, increased caffeine intake and ingestion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear to be more relevant to UD. It is clear that dyspepsia and FD in particular are common conditions globally, affecting most populations, regardless of location.
  • #3 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, and FD imposes social and economic burden worldwide. […] The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence and risk factors of FD in health check-up population in tertiary centers in Korea. […] A total of 1714 subjects without organic disease were enrolled. The mean ( SD) age was 51.5 ( 12.7) years, and 917 patients (53.5%) were female. […] The prevalence of FD was 10.3% (176/1714), and the subtypes of postprandial distress syndrome alone, epigastric pain syndrome alone, and postprandial distress syndrome-epigastric pain syndrome overlap were 4.8%, 3.0%, and 2.5%, respectively. […] The prevalence of FD was 10.3% in the health check-up population in Korea. Female sex and education below college level were risk factors for FD.
  • #4 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4130971/
    Dyspepsia refers to group of upper gastrointestinal symptoms that occur commonly in adults. […] Epidemiological data from population-based studies of various geographical locations have been reviewed, as they provide more realistic information. […] Globally, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) varies between 7%- 45%, depending on definition used and geographical location, whilst the prevalence of FD has been noted to vary between 11%-29.2%. […] It is clear that dyspepsia and FD in particular are common conditions globally, affecting most populations, regardless of location. […] The true prevalence of FD globally is estimated between 11.5%-29.2% (including symptoms of reflux). […] Epidemiologically, it appears that risk factors for FD are different to that of organic dyspepsia and even general UD.
  • #5 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i17/2661.htm
    Dyspepsia refers to group of upper gastrointestinal symptoms that occur commonly in adults. Dyspepsia is known to result from organic causes, but the majority of patients suffer from non-ulcer or functional dyspepsia. Epidemiological data from population-based studies of various geographical locations have been reviewed, as they provide more realistic information. […] Globally, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) varies between 7%- 45%, depending on definition used and geographical location, whilst the prevalence of FD has been noted to vary between 11%-29.2%. Risk factors for FD have been shown to include females and underlying psychological disturbances, whilst environmental/ lifestyle habits such as poor socio-economic status, smoking, increased caffeine intake and ingestion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear to be more relevant to UD. It is clear that dyspepsia and FD in particular are common conditions globally, affecting most populations, regardless of location.
  • #6 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4130971/
    Dyspepsia refers to group of upper gastrointestinal symptoms that occur commonly in adults. […] Epidemiological data from population-based studies of various geographical locations have been reviewed, as they provide more realistic information. […] Globally, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) varies between 7%- 45%, depending on definition used and geographical location, whilst the prevalence of FD has been noted to vary between 11%-29.2%. […] It is clear that dyspepsia and FD in particular are common conditions globally, affecting most populations, regardless of location. […] The true prevalence of FD globally is estimated between 11.5%-29.2% (including symptoms of reflux). […] Epidemiologically, it appears that risk factors for FD are different to that of organic dyspepsia and even general UD.
  • #7 Functional dyspepsia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-dyspepsia-in-adults
    Functional dyspepsia in adults […] The prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia worldwide is up to 20 percent and varies according to the definition used. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia ranges from 5 to 16 percent worldwide. A 2021 global epidemiology study involving over 73,000 adults in 33 countries identified a prevalence of 7.2 percent for functional dyspepsia. Similarly, in a subsequent analysis of 44 studies including 256,915 participants from 40 countries, the pooled global prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 8.4 percent (95% CI 7.4-9.5 percent). Global prevalence declined slightly from 1990 to 2020 and varied depending on country, economic status, geographic region, and diagnostic criteria used. […] Several factors are modestly associated with an increased risk of dyspepsia, including female sex, smoking, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, elevated body mass index, acute gastroenteritis, and specific psychiatric comorbidities. […] The association between acute gastroenteritis and the subsequent development of functional dyspepsia is well established. The prevalence of postinfectious functional dyspepsia in adults is approximately 10 to 13 percent. In a meta-analysis of six studies, individuals with an episode of acute gastroenteritis were more likely to develop functional dyspepsia after more than six months of follow-up than those without prior acute gastroenteritis (odds ratio 2.54, 95% CI 1.76-3.65).
  • #8 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3
    Although functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastroduodenal disorder with a high socioeconomic burden, little is known about its global prevalence. […] The overall global pooled prevalence of FD was 8.4% (95% CI 7.4-9.5). […] The prevalence was the highest in Rome I (11.9%; 95% CI 5.1-25.4) and lowest in Rome IV (6.8%; 95% CI 5.8-7.9). […] Developing countries showed a higher prevalence than developed countries (9.1% versus 8.0%), and prevalence was higher in women, irrespective of the definition used (9.0% versus 7.0%). […] The pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 1990 to 2020 (12.4% [95% CI 8.2-18.3] in 1990-2002 versus 7.3% [95% CI 6.1-8.7] in 2013-2020). […] The prevalence of FD differs by country, economic status, geographical region, and sex, and the global prevalence has been gradually declining.
  • #9 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3
    Although functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastroduodenal disorder with a high socioeconomic burden, little is known about its global prevalence. […] The overall global pooled prevalence of FD was 8.4% (95% CI 7.4-9.5). […] The prevalence was the highest in Rome I (11.9%; 95% CI 5.1-25.4) and lowest in Rome IV (6.8%; 95% CI 5.8-7.9). […] Developing countries showed a higher prevalence than developed countries (9.1% versus 8.0%), and prevalence was higher in women, irrespective of the definition used (9.0% versus 7.0%). […] The pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 1990 to 2020 (12.4% [95% CI 8.2-18.3] in 1990-2002 versus 7.3% [95% CI 6.1-8.7] in 2013-2020). […] The prevalence of FD differs by country, economic status, geographical region, and sex, and the global prevalence has been gradually declining.
  • #10 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3
    Although functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastroduodenal disorder with a high socioeconomic burden, little is known about its global prevalence. […] The overall global pooled prevalence of FD was 8.4% (95% CI 7.4-9.5). […] The prevalence was the highest in Rome I (11.9%; 95% CI 5.1-25.4) and lowest in Rome IV (6.8%; 95% CI 5.8-7.9). […] Developing countries showed a higher prevalence than developed countries (9.1% versus 8.0%), and prevalence was higher in women, irrespective of the definition used (9.0% versus 7.0%). […] The pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 1990 to 2020 (12.4% [95% CI 8.2-18.3] in 1990-2002 versus 7.3% [95% CI 6.1-8.7] in 2013-2020). […] The prevalence of FD differs by country, economic status, geographical region, and sex, and the global prevalence has been gradually declining.
  • #11 Functional dyspepsia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-dyspepsia-in-adults
    Functional dyspepsia in adults […] The prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia worldwide is up to 20 percent and varies according to the definition used. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia ranges from 5 to 16 percent worldwide. A 2021 global epidemiology study involving over 73,000 adults in 33 countries identified a prevalence of 7.2 percent for functional dyspepsia. Similarly, in a subsequent analysis of 44 studies including 256,915 participants from 40 countries, the pooled global prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 8.4 percent (95% CI 7.4-9.5 percent). Global prevalence declined slightly from 1990 to 2020 and varied depending on country, economic status, geographic region, and diagnostic criteria used. […] Several factors are modestly associated with an increased risk of dyspepsia, including female sex, smoking, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, elevated body mass index, acute gastroenteritis, and specific psychiatric comorbidities. […] The association between acute gastroenteritis and the subsequent development of functional dyspepsia is well established. The prevalence of postinfectious functional dyspepsia in adults is approximately 10 to 13 percent. In a meta-analysis of six studies, individuals with an episode of acute gastroenteritis were more likely to develop functional dyspepsia after more than six months of follow-up than those without prior acute gastroenteritis (odds ratio 2.54, 95% CI 1.76-3.65).
  • #12 Functional dyspepsia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-dyspepsia-in-adults/print
    EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia ranges from 5 to 16 percent worldwide. A 2021 global epidemiology study involving over 73,000 adults in 33 countries identified a prevalence of 7.2 percent for functional dyspepsia. Similarly, in a subsequent analysis of 44 studies including 256,915 participants from 40 countries, the pooled global prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 8.4 percent (95% CI 7.4-9.5 percent). Global prevalence declined slightly from 1990 to 2020 and varied depending on country, economic status, geographic region, and diagnostic criteria used. […] Several factors are modestly associated with an increased risk of dyspepsia, including female sex, smoking, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, elevated body mass index, acute gastroenteritis, and specific psychiatric comorbidities.
  • #13 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia—a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder—varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Functional dyspepsia is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, affecting over 20% of the population. […] The diagnosis of functional dyspepsia is confirmed based on the patient’s history and the exclusion of other diseases with similar presentations.
  • #14 Functional Dyspepsia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20802
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia, a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder, varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Various factors can cause symptoms of functional dyspepsia, including disturbed gastric motility, such as inadequate fundic accommodation or delayed gastric emptying, and disordered gastric sensation, such as hypersensitivity to gas and bloating. Additionally, gastric and duodenal inflammation can contribute to these symptoms. A genetic predisposition for functional dyspepsia is likely but less evident than in other functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Psychiatric comorbidity and psychopathological states may also contribute to functional dyspepsia, although they are not specific to the condition and are less pronounced than in IBS.
  • #15 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associations for symptom-based Rome IV functional dyspepsia in adults in the USA, Canada, and the UK: a cross-sectional population-based study | ID: kw52jf32w | Carolina Digit
    https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/kw52jf32w?locale=en
    Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associations for symptom-based Rome IV functional dyspepsia in adults in the USA, Canada, and the UK: a cross-sectional population-based study […] The population prevalence, clinical characteristics, and associations for Rome IV functional dyspepsia are not known. […] We aimed to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and associations for symptom-based Rome IV functional dyspepsia in adults across the USA, Canada, and the UK. […] Rome IV functional dyspepsia was significantly more prevalent in the USA (232 [12%] of 1949) than in Canada (167 [8%] of 1988) and the UK (152 [8%] of 1994; p00001). […] Approximately 10% of the adult population fulfils symptom-based criteria for Rome IV functional dyspepsia and incurs considerable associated health impairment.
  • #16 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia—a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder—varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Functional dyspepsia is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, affecting over 20% of the population. […] The diagnosis of functional dyspepsia is confirmed based on the patient’s history and the exclusion of other diseases with similar presentations.
  • #17 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, and FD imposes social and economic burden worldwide. […] The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence and risk factors of FD in health check-up population in tertiary centers in Korea. […] A total of 1714 subjects without organic disease were enrolled. The mean ( SD) age was 51.5 ( 12.7) years, and 917 patients (53.5%) were female. […] The prevalence of FD was 10.3% (176/1714), and the subtypes of postprandial distress syndrome alone, epigastric pain syndrome alone, and postprandial distress syndrome-epigastric pain syndrome overlap were 4.8%, 3.0%, and 2.5%, respectively. […] The prevalence of FD was 10.3% in the health check-up population in Korea. Female sex and education below college level were risk factors for FD.
  • #18
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-021-01843-7
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a disorder that presents with chronic dyspepsia, which is not only very common but also highly affects quality of life of the patients. […] The prevalence of FD in Japanese patients ranges from 11 to 17% in patients who appear for medical checkups and from 45 to 53% in patients who seek medical care because of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Because of the absence of reliable data, it is difficult to determine whether the prevalence of FD is increasing in Japan. […] Although the mechanism by which H. pylori infection affects gastro-duodenal pathophysiology remain unclear, eradication treatment for H. pylori improves dyspeptic symptoms in a subset of FD patients. […] The revised guidelines have two major features. The first is the new position of endoscopy in the flow of FD diagnosis. […] The second major feature of the revised guidelines is the drug treatment options have been changed to reflect the latest evidence. […] The patients not responding to these treatment regimens are regarded as refractory FD.
  • #19 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3
    Although functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastroduodenal disorder with a high socioeconomic burden, little is known about its global prevalence. […] The overall global pooled prevalence of FD was 8.4% (95% CI 7.4-9.5). […] The prevalence was the highest in Rome I (11.9%; 95% CI 5.1-25.4) and lowest in Rome IV (6.8%; 95% CI 5.8-7.9). […] Developing countries showed a higher prevalence than developed countries (9.1% versus 8.0%), and prevalence was higher in women, irrespective of the definition used (9.0% versus 7.0%). […] The pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 1990 to 2020 (12.4% [95% CI 8.2-18.3] in 1990-2002 versus 7.3% [95% CI 6.1-8.7] in 2013-2020). […] The prevalence of FD differs by country, economic status, geographical region, and sex, and the global prevalence has been gradually declining.
  • #20
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx
    Dyspepsia is one of the most common chronic digestive diseases, which is due to underlying organic causes that can be detected, or causes that cannot be detected called functional dyspepsia (FD). […] Our study concluded that the prevalence of FD is much higher in low- and middle-income countries 37.9% [6.2%44.2%], compared to high-income countries 10% [8%12%]. Moreover, there are many risk factors, including modifiable ones, such as severe stress, chronic fatigue, smoking, abnormal BMI, insufficient or too many hours of sleep, and previous infection with Covid-19, and non-modifiable ones such as advanced age, chronic diseases, and female sex. […] The average prevalence of FD was 37.9% [6.2%44.2%], with a higher rate among the Afro-Caribbean race 47.9%. Sudan obtained the highest prevalence 44.3%, then Egypt 41.4%, while the lowest prevalence was in Algeria 25.7%.
  • #21 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia—a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder—varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Functional dyspepsia is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, affecting over 20% of the population. […] The diagnosis of functional dyspepsia is confirmed based on the patient’s history and the exclusion of other diseases with similar presentations.
  • #22 Functional Dyspepsia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20802
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia, a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder, varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Various factors can cause symptoms of functional dyspepsia, including disturbed gastric motility, such as inadequate fundic accommodation or delayed gastric emptying, and disordered gastric sensation, such as hypersensitivity to gas and bloating. Additionally, gastric and duodenal inflammation can contribute to these symptoms. A genetic predisposition for functional dyspepsia is likely but less evident than in other functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Psychiatric comorbidity and psychopathological states may also contribute to functional dyspepsia, although they are not specific to the condition and are less pronounced than in IBS.
  • #23 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3
    Although functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastroduodenal disorder with a high socioeconomic burden, little is known about its global prevalence. […] The overall global pooled prevalence of FD was 8.4% (95% CI 7.4-9.5). […] The prevalence was the highest in Rome I (11.9%; 95% CI 5.1-25.4) and lowest in Rome IV (6.8%; 95% CI 5.8-7.9). […] Developing countries showed a higher prevalence than developed countries (9.1% versus 8.0%), and prevalence was higher in women, irrespective of the definition used (9.0% versus 7.0%). […] The pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 1990 to 2020 (12.4% [95% CI 8.2-18.3] in 1990-2002 versus 7.3% [95% CI 6.1-8.7] in 2013-2020). […] The prevalence of FD differs by country, economic status, geographical region, and sex, and the global prevalence has been gradually declining.
  • #24 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068
    The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of FD was 10.3%. […] The prevalence of FD in females (12.4%) was higher than in males (7.8%), and was 11.3% in individuals aged 60 years, slightly higher than those aged below 60 (9.9%). […] Risk factors varied slightly according to these groups in that female gender and education below college level were risk factors for FD. […] In particular, education below college level was associated with FD in male patients, and female sex correlated with elderly FD patients (age 60 years). […] The prevalence of FD varied depending on where the studies were conducted. […] The differences in FD prevalence may be due to the severity of dyspeptic symptoms of patients visiting tertiary hospitals compared with patients undergoing health check-ups.
  • #25 Functional Dyspepsia: A Narrative Review With a Focus on Sex-Gender Differences
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20026
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is among the most common gastrointestinal disorders affecting quality of life (QoL). […] Large population-based studies have reported an FD prevalence of 10-30% worldwide. […] The reported prevalence of FD varies considerably depending on the diagnostic criteria, geographic area in which the population is based, gender, and age. […] A systematic review by the Rome Working Team summarized the available prevalence data for dyspepsia in men and women but reported that the prevalence is heterogeneous. […] In the study, women-to-men ratio was 1.4-2.7:1. […] A meta-analysis by Ford et al for UD also showed a slightly higher prevalence in women than in men (25.3% vs 21.9%) with significant interstudy heterogeneity. […] In addition, a recent population based large-scale study of patients with Rome IV criteria using online questionnaires in the United States (US), the United Kingdom, and Canada, women at all ages showed a significantly higher prevalence of FD than men, except for those older than 65 years.
  • #26 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068
    The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of FD was 10.3%. […] The prevalence of FD in females (12.4%) was higher than in males (7.8%), and was 11.3% in individuals aged 60 years, slightly higher than those aged below 60 (9.9%). […] Risk factors varied slightly according to these groups in that female gender and education below college level were risk factors for FD. […] In particular, education below college level was associated with FD in male patients, and female sex correlated with elderly FD patients (age 60 years). […] The prevalence of FD varied depending on where the studies were conducted. […] The differences in FD prevalence may be due to the severity of dyspeptic symptoms of patients visiting tertiary hospitals compared with patients undergoing health check-ups.
  • #27
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx
    Our study is the first to investigate the prevalence of the disease in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria and Pakistan, and it is the first to determine the prevalence among Caucasians in general. […] The prevalence of FD increased significantly with age, reaching 48.3% at age more than 60 years. […] The prevalence of FD was significantly higher in participants with certain co-morbidities (Hypertension requiring medication, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, headache or migraine, anemia, allergies to certain substances, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and endometriosis). […] The prevalence of FD significantly increased among participants who work in the fields of Informatics, technology, computer engineer, teaching, and home economics. […] By talking about smoking status and daily diet, smokers were more likely to have the disease regardless how much they smoke and even if they quit smoking. […] Our study shows a significant increase in FD prevalence in the participants with high stress compared to moderate and low stress. […] The high FD prevalence (25.2%) demonstrates this is a major chronic digestive disease burden in developing countries that needs focused attention.
  • #28 Functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis: are they distinct disorders, a spectrum of diseases or one disease? | eGastroenterology
    https://egastroenterology.bmj.com/content/3/1/e100119
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is the most common gastroduodenal disorder, but the prevalence varies across geographical locations with prevalence rates of 7.2% in Australia, US 10.1%, UK 6.6%, Egypt 12.3% and China 5.9% as reported in the Global Epidemiology (Internet) Study applying Rome IV criteria. Women have higher FD rates compared with men, with an OR of 1.6 (95% CI 1.5 to 1.7). The majority of the affected individuals are young adults and the prevalence decreases steadily with increasing age. […] GP is a rare disorder based on diagnosis rates in clinical practice, but it is possible the disorder is under-diagnosed owing to lack of availability of GE scintigraphy. Furthermore, as the syndrome is vaguely defined, there is great uncertainty around any prevalence estimates. In the US population, using the Optum clinformatics data mart (a large US national admin health insurance database), the overall standardised prevalence of GP was 267.7 (95% CI 264.8 to 270.7) per 100000 US adults, whereas prevalence of definite GP (delayed GE with persistence of symptoms for more than 3 months) was 21.5 (95% CI 20.6 to 22.4) per 100000 persons. In Olmsted County in Minnesota, US, the age-adjusted prevalence of definite GP per 100000 persons, was 9.6 (95% CI 1.8 to 17.4) for men and 37.8 (95% CI 23.3 to 52.4) for women. In the UK, the overall prevalence of GP in general practice was 13.8 (95% CI 12.6 to 15.1) per 100000 persons in 2016.
  • #29 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4130971/
    Dyspepsia refers to group of upper gastrointestinal symptoms that occur commonly in adults. […] Epidemiological data from population-based studies of various geographical locations have been reviewed, as they provide more realistic information. […] Globally, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) varies between 7%- 45%, depending on definition used and geographical location, whilst the prevalence of FD has been noted to vary between 11%-29.2%. […] It is clear that dyspepsia and FD in particular are common conditions globally, affecting most populations, regardless of location. […] The true prevalence of FD globally is estimated between 11.5%-29.2% (including symptoms of reflux). […] Epidemiologically, it appears that risk factors for FD are different to that of organic dyspepsia and even general UD.
  • #30 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i17/2661.htm
    The true prevalence of FD globally is estimated between 11.5%-29.2% (including symptoms of reflux). Epidemiologically, it appears that risk factors for FD are different to that of organic dyspepsia and even general UD. Where this has been studied in some detail, female gender and underlying psychological disturbances have been shown to be important factors in FD.
  • #31 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4130971/
    Where this has been studied in some detail, female gender and underlying psychological disturbances have been shown to be important factors in FD. […] The varying prevalence of UD in different populations, some even in similar geographical locations, appear to be related to the different definitions of dyspepsia used by investigators of individual surveys.
  • #32 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068
    The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of FD was 10.3%. […] The prevalence of FD in females (12.4%) was higher than in males (7.8%), and was 11.3% in individuals aged 60 years, slightly higher than those aged below 60 (9.9%). […] Risk factors varied slightly according to these groups in that female gender and education below college level were risk factors for FD. […] In particular, education below college level was associated with FD in male patients, and female sex correlated with elderly FD patients (age 60 years). […] The prevalence of FD varied depending on where the studies were conducted. […] The differences in FD prevalence may be due to the severity of dyspeptic symptoms of patients visiting tertiary hospitals compared with patients undergoing health check-ups.
  • #33 Functional Dyspepsia: A Narrative Review With a Focus on Sex-Gender Differences
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20026
    Investigating factors associated with FD is important because it can reduce unnecessary treatment and reduce the economic costs incurred by FD patients. […] Several studies suggested that female sex, a low body mass index (BMI), old age, Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, use of aspirin or NSAIDs, and low education level are risk factors for FD. […] An abuse history is more common in women with FD and early childhood is a critical period for the development of certain brain circuits that control stress and nociception. […] Therefore, it is important to assess patients with FD for a past history of abuse in especially in case of women.
  • #34 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia—a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder—varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Functional dyspepsia is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, affecting over 20% of the population. […] The diagnosis of functional dyspepsia is confirmed based on the patient’s history and the exclusion of other diseases with similar presentations.
  • #35 Functional Dyspepsia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20802
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia, a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder, varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Various factors can cause symptoms of functional dyspepsia, including disturbed gastric motility, such as inadequate fundic accommodation or delayed gastric emptying, and disordered gastric sensation, such as hypersensitivity to gas and bloating. Additionally, gastric and duodenal inflammation can contribute to these symptoms. A genetic predisposition for functional dyspepsia is likely but less evident than in other functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Psychiatric comorbidity and psychopathological states may also contribute to functional dyspepsia, although they are not specific to the condition and are less pronounced than in IBS.
  • #36 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068
    The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of FD was 10.3%. […] The prevalence of FD in females (12.4%) was higher than in males (7.8%), and was 11.3% in individuals aged 60 years, slightly higher than those aged below 60 (9.9%). […] Risk factors varied slightly according to these groups in that female gender and education below college level were risk factors for FD. […] In particular, education below college level was associated with FD in male patients, and female sex correlated with elderly FD patients (age 60 years). […] The prevalence of FD varied depending on where the studies were conducted. […] The differences in FD prevalence may be due to the severity of dyspeptic symptoms of patients visiting tertiary hospitals compared with patients undergoing health check-ups.
  • #37 Functional Dyspepsia: A Narrative Review With a Focus on Sex-Gender Differences
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20026
    Investigating factors associated with FD is important because it can reduce unnecessary treatment and reduce the economic costs incurred by FD patients. […] Several studies suggested that female sex, a low body mass index (BMI), old age, Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, use of aspirin or NSAIDs, and low education level are risk factors for FD. […] An abuse history is more common in women with FD and early childhood is a critical period for the development of certain brain circuits that control stress and nociception. […] Therefore, it is important to assess patients with FD for a past history of abuse in especially in case of women.
  • #38
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx
    Our study is the first to investigate the prevalence of the disease in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria and Pakistan, and it is the first to determine the prevalence among Caucasians in general. […] The prevalence of FD increased significantly with age, reaching 48.3% at age more than 60 years. […] The prevalence of FD was significantly higher in participants with certain co-morbidities (Hypertension requiring medication, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, headache or migraine, anemia, allergies to certain substances, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and endometriosis). […] The prevalence of FD significantly increased among participants who work in the fields of Informatics, technology, computer engineer, teaching, and home economics. […] By talking about smoking status and daily diet, smokers were more likely to have the disease regardless how much they smoke and even if they quit smoking. […] Our study shows a significant increase in FD prevalence in the participants with high stress compared to moderate and low stress. […] The high FD prevalence (25.2%) demonstrates this is a major chronic digestive disease burden in developing countries that needs focused attention.
  • #39 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. Epidemiologically, there are two clinically distinct FD syndromes (although these often overlap clinically): postprandial distress syndrome (PDS; comprising early satiety or meal-related fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome. […] In 100 population-based studies comprising over 312,000 subjects, the pooled prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia was 21% (95% confidence interval, 18% to 24%); the risk of dyspepsia was increased in females and those with Helicobacter pylori infection, smokers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. […] In Olmsted County in the United States, evidence has emerged that FD is underdiagnosed in clinical practice; only 12.5% with FD symptoms received an FD diagnosis.
  • #40 Functional dyspepsia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-dyspepsia-in-adults
    Functional dyspepsia in adults […] The prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia worldwide is up to 20 percent and varies according to the definition used. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia ranges from 5 to 16 percent worldwide. A 2021 global epidemiology study involving over 73,000 adults in 33 countries identified a prevalence of 7.2 percent for functional dyspepsia. Similarly, in a subsequent analysis of 44 studies including 256,915 participants from 40 countries, the pooled global prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 8.4 percent (95% CI 7.4-9.5 percent). Global prevalence declined slightly from 1990 to 2020 and varied depending on country, economic status, geographic region, and diagnostic criteria used. […] Several factors are modestly associated with an increased risk of dyspepsia, including female sex, smoking, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, elevated body mass index, acute gastroenteritis, and specific psychiatric comorbidities. […] The association between acute gastroenteritis and the subsequent development of functional dyspepsia is well established. The prevalence of postinfectious functional dyspepsia in adults is approximately 10 to 13 percent. In a meta-analysis of six studies, individuals with an episode of acute gastroenteritis were more likely to develop functional dyspepsia after more than six months of follow-up than those without prior acute gastroenteritis (odds ratio 2.54, 95% CI 1.76-3.65).
  • #41
    https://benthamscience.com/public/chapter/6141
    Dyspepsia comprises a group of symptoms including epigastric pain, burning, postprandial fullness and early satiation. Its prevalence in general population ranges from 10 to 40%. Functional dyspepsia prevalence estimates are 5-12%. […] The relationship between Helicobacter pylori and functional dyspepsia is complicated. There are no differences between infected and uninfected patients in prevalence and severity of dyspepsia. […] According to the Maastricht IV guidelines, eradication therapy is considered appropriate for patients that have a confirmed Helicobacter pylori infection and a diagnosis of functional dyspepsia (recommendation grade: A).
  • #42 Functional dyspepsia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-dyspepsia-in-adults
    Functional dyspepsia in adults […] The prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia worldwide is up to 20 percent and varies according to the definition used. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia ranges from 5 to 16 percent worldwide. A 2021 global epidemiology study involving over 73,000 adults in 33 countries identified a prevalence of 7.2 percent for functional dyspepsia. Similarly, in a subsequent analysis of 44 studies including 256,915 participants from 40 countries, the pooled global prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 8.4 percent (95% CI 7.4-9.5 percent). Global prevalence declined slightly from 1990 to 2020 and varied depending on country, economic status, geographic region, and diagnostic criteria used. […] Several factors are modestly associated with an increased risk of dyspepsia, including female sex, smoking, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, elevated body mass index, acute gastroenteritis, and specific psychiatric comorbidities. […] The association between acute gastroenteritis and the subsequent development of functional dyspepsia is well established. The prevalence of postinfectious functional dyspepsia in adults is approximately 10 to 13 percent. In a meta-analysis of six studies, individuals with an episode of acute gastroenteritis were more likely to develop functional dyspepsia after more than six months of follow-up than those without prior acute gastroenteritis (odds ratio 2.54, 95% CI 1.76-3.65).
  • #43 Functional dyspepsia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-dyspepsia-in-adults/print
    The association between acute gastroenteritis and the subsequent development of functional dyspepsia is well established. The prevalence of postinfectious functional dyspepsia in adults is approximately 10 to 13 percent. In a meta-analysis of six studies, individuals with an episode of acute gastroenteritis were more likely to develop functional dyspepsia after more than six months of follow-up than those without prior acute gastroenteritis (odds ratio 2.54, 95% CI 1.76-3.65).
  • #44
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx
    Our study is the first to investigate the prevalence of the disease in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria and Pakistan, and it is the first to determine the prevalence among Caucasians in general. […] The prevalence of FD increased significantly with age, reaching 48.3% at age more than 60 years. […] The prevalence of FD was significantly higher in participants with certain co-morbidities (Hypertension requiring medication, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, headache or migraine, anemia, allergies to certain substances, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and endometriosis). […] The prevalence of FD significantly increased among participants who work in the fields of Informatics, technology, computer engineer, teaching, and home economics. […] By talking about smoking status and daily diet, smokers were more likely to have the disease regardless how much they smoke and even if they quit smoking. […] Our study shows a significant increase in FD prevalence in the participants with high stress compared to moderate and low stress. […] The high FD prevalence (25.2%) demonstrates this is a major chronic digestive disease burden in developing countries that needs focused attention.
  • #45 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. Epidemiologically, there are two clinically distinct FD syndromes (although these often overlap clinically): postprandial distress syndrome (PDS; comprising early satiety or meal-related fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome. […] In 100 population-based studies comprising over 312,000 subjects, the pooled prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia was 21% (95% confidence interval, 18% to 24%); the risk of dyspepsia was increased in females and those with Helicobacter pylori infection, smokers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. […] In Olmsted County in the United States, evidence has emerged that FD is underdiagnosed in clinical practice; only 12.5% with FD symptoms received an FD diagnosis.
  • #46 Functional dyspepsia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-dyspepsia-in-adults
    Functional dyspepsia in adults […] The prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia worldwide is up to 20 percent and varies according to the definition used. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia ranges from 5 to 16 percent worldwide. A 2021 global epidemiology study involving over 73,000 adults in 33 countries identified a prevalence of 7.2 percent for functional dyspepsia. Similarly, in a subsequent analysis of 44 studies including 256,915 participants from 40 countries, the pooled global prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 8.4 percent (95% CI 7.4-9.5 percent). Global prevalence declined slightly from 1990 to 2020 and varied depending on country, economic status, geographic region, and diagnostic criteria used. […] Several factors are modestly associated with an increased risk of dyspepsia, including female sex, smoking, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, elevated body mass index, acute gastroenteritis, and specific psychiatric comorbidities. […] The association between acute gastroenteritis and the subsequent development of functional dyspepsia is well established. The prevalence of postinfectious functional dyspepsia in adults is approximately 10 to 13 percent. In a meta-analysis of six studies, individuals with an episode of acute gastroenteritis were more likely to develop functional dyspepsia after more than six months of follow-up than those without prior acute gastroenteritis (odds ratio 2.54, 95% CI 1.76-3.65).
  • #47
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx
    Our study is the first to investigate the prevalence of the disease in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria and Pakistan, and it is the first to determine the prevalence among Caucasians in general. […] The prevalence of FD increased significantly with age, reaching 48.3% at age more than 60 years. […] The prevalence of FD was significantly higher in participants with certain co-morbidities (Hypertension requiring medication, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, headache or migraine, anemia, allergies to certain substances, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and endometriosis). […] The prevalence of FD significantly increased among participants who work in the fields of Informatics, technology, computer engineer, teaching, and home economics. […] By talking about smoking status and daily diet, smokers were more likely to have the disease regardless how much they smoke and even if they quit smoking. […] Our study shows a significant increase in FD prevalence in the participants with high stress compared to moderate and low stress. […] The high FD prevalence (25.2%) demonstrates this is a major chronic digestive disease burden in developing countries that needs focused attention.
  • #48
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx
    Dyspepsia is one of the most common chronic digestive diseases, which is due to underlying organic causes that can be detected, or causes that cannot be detected called functional dyspepsia (FD). […] Our study concluded that the prevalence of FD is much higher in low- and middle-income countries 37.9% [6.2%44.2%], compared to high-income countries 10% [8%12%]. Moreover, there are many risk factors, including modifiable ones, such as severe stress, chronic fatigue, smoking, abnormal BMI, insufficient or too many hours of sleep, and previous infection with Covid-19, and non-modifiable ones such as advanced age, chronic diseases, and female sex. […] The average prevalence of FD was 37.9% [6.2%44.2%], with a higher rate among the Afro-Caribbean race 47.9%. Sudan obtained the highest prevalence 44.3%, then Egypt 41.4%, while the lowest prevalence was in Algeria 25.7%.
  • #49 Functional Dyspepsia: A Narrative Review With a Focus on Sex-Gender Differences
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20026
    Investigating factors associated with FD is important because it can reduce unnecessary treatment and reduce the economic costs incurred by FD patients. […] Several studies suggested that female sex, a low body mass index (BMI), old age, Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, use of aspirin or NSAIDs, and low education level are risk factors for FD. […] An abuse history is more common in women with FD and early childhood is a critical period for the development of certain brain circuits that control stress and nociception. […] Therefore, it is important to assess patients with FD for a past history of abuse in especially in case of women.
  • #50 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia: A Population-Based Study | Aydın | The Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Digestive Endoscopy
    https://www.ina-jghe.com/index.php/jghe/article/view/974/824
    Functional dyspepsia is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders and affects more than 20% of the population. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 16.9% according to Rome IV criteria and most of the patients were female. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 16.9% (n=59). […] Daily tee consumption, body mass index, and family history were found as social factors related to functional dyspepsia. […] Obesity was an important factor related to dyspepsia. Dyspeptic symptoms must investigate especially in obese female patients.
  • #51 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia: A Population-Based Study · 研飞ivySCI
    https://www.ivysci.com/articles/8118377__Prevalence_and_Risk_Factors_of_Functional_Dyspepsia_A_PopulationBased_Study
    Functional dyspepsia is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders and affects more than 20% of the population. […] The prevalence of functional dyspepsia was 16.9% according to Rome IV criteria and most of the patients were female. […] Daily tee consumption, body mass index, and family history were found as social factors related to functional dyspepsia. […] Obesity was an important factor related to dyspepsia.
  • #52 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html
    A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals such as caffeine were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] A test and treat strategy for Helicobacter pylori for all patients younger than 60 years is a safe and effective option before treatment with acid suppression. […] The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms. […] The ACG does not recommend the routine use of complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of functional dyspepsia but states that these alternatives can be considered for patients who are motivated.
  • #53
    https://www.tropicalgastro.com/articles/33/1/clinical-and-life-style-variables-in-functional.html
    In conclusion, similar to other reports from the West, demographic characteristics, social habits like smoking and alcohol failed to show any significant association with functional dyspepsia in our study. Dietary factors hitherto unexplored by other workers also do not appear to influence the consequences and type of dyspepsia a patient develops.
  • #54 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4130971/
    Where this has been studied in some detail, female gender and underlying psychological disturbances have been shown to be important factors in FD. […] The varying prevalence of UD in different populations, some even in similar geographical locations, appear to be related to the different definitions of dyspepsia used by investigators of individual surveys.
  • #55 Epidemiology of functional dyspepsia: A global perspective
    https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i17/2661.htm
    The true prevalence of FD globally is estimated between 11.5%-29.2% (including symptoms of reflux). Epidemiologically, it appears that risk factors for FD are different to that of organic dyspepsia and even general UD. Where this has been studied in some detail, female gender and underlying psychological disturbances have been shown to be important factors in FD.
  • #56
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx
    Dyspepsia is one of the most common chronic digestive diseases, which is due to underlying organic causes that can be detected, or causes that cannot be detected called functional dyspepsia (FD). […] Our study concluded that the prevalence of FD is much higher in low- and middle-income countries 37.9% [6.2%44.2%], compared to high-income countries 10% [8%12%]. Moreover, there are many risk factors, including modifiable ones, such as severe stress, chronic fatigue, smoking, abnormal BMI, insufficient or too many hours of sleep, and previous infection with Covid-19, and non-modifiable ones such as advanced age, chronic diseases, and female sex. […] The average prevalence of FD was 37.9% [6.2%44.2%], with a higher rate among the Afro-Caribbean race 47.9%. Sudan obtained the highest prevalence 44.3%, then Egypt 41.4%, while the lowest prevalence was in Algeria 25.7%.
  • #57
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10060/the_prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_functional.13.aspx
    Our study is the first to investigate the prevalence of the disease in countries such as Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria and Pakistan, and it is the first to determine the prevalence among Caucasians in general. […] The prevalence of FD increased significantly with age, reaching 48.3% at age more than 60 years. […] The prevalence of FD was significantly higher in participants with certain co-morbidities (Hypertension requiring medication, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases, headache or migraine, anemia, allergies to certain substances, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and endometriosis). […] The prevalence of FD significantly increased among participants who work in the fields of Informatics, technology, computer engineer, teaching, and home economics. […] By talking about smoking status and daily diet, smokers were more likely to have the disease regardless how much they smoke and even if they quit smoking. […] Our study shows a significant increase in FD prevalence in the participants with high stress compared to moderate and low stress. […] The high FD prevalence (25.2%) demonstrates this is a major chronic digestive disease burden in developing countries that needs focused attention.
  • #58 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055
    FD impacts on quality of life and impaired quality of life is associated with symptom severity and comorbid depression. […] The direct and indirect costs of FD because it is a highly prevalent and chronic condition are enormous. Extrapolating data on FD patients to the U.S. population, it has been calculated in 2009 the costs of FD were $18.4 billion, and other independent data support these high cost figures. […] However, there is no mortality associated with dyspepsia symptoms in the general population indicating FD once diagnosed is a benign disorder and repeat EGD usually unhelpful.
  • #59 Epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders using ROME III adult questionnaire, a population based cross sectional study in Karachi—Pakistan | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268403
    In our population, Functional Dyspepsia was followed by functional heartburn and functional bloating. […] Amongst all the participants diagnosed with functional dyspepsia, we had a relatively small proportion of people who fulfilled the criteria for PPD and EPS. […] Despite being considered as one of most common FGIDs worldwide previously, recent studies have been reporting a relatively low prevalence of IBS in recent times. […] Our result on overlapping FGIDs is slightly higher compared to data from South China (50.3%), Japan (56.4%) and Korea (51%). […] A higher proportion of patients with any FGID were diagnosed with depression, whereas there was no participant without FGID to screen positive for depression.
  • #60 Functional Dyspepsia: A Narrative Review With a Focus on Sex-Gender Differences
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm20026
    Investigating factors associated with FD is important because it can reduce unnecessary treatment and reduce the economic costs incurred by FD patients. […] Several studies suggested that female sex, a low body mass index (BMI), old age, Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, use of aspirin or NSAIDs, and low education level are risk factors for FD. […] An abuse history is more common in women with FD and early childhood is a critical period for the development of certain brain circuits that control stress and nociception. […] Therefore, it is important to assess patients with FD for a past history of abuse in especially in case of women.
  • #61 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Dyspepsia in Health Check-up Population: A Nationwide Multicenter Prospective Study
    https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm18068
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders, and is defined as a chronic disease with persistent upper gastrointestinal symptoms without any explanatory organic or metabolic causes. […] Large population-based studies revealed that the prevalence of FD ranges from 10% to 30% worldwide. […] In Korea, the prevalence of FD is estimated at 8.1-37.0%. […] Clinical awareness of the factors associated with FD contributes to medical care. […] Several studies investigating the risk factors of FD suggested that old age, female sex, low body mass index, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), low level of education, and so forth as risk factors for FD. […] The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of FD according to age and sex-specific differences in a health check-up population in tertiary centers in Korea.
  • #62 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/
    Functional gastrointestinal disorders affect almost 40% of people worldwide. The prevalence of functional dyspepsia—a type of functional gastrointestinal disorder—varies worldwide, with higher rates of 10 to 40% in Western countries, including the United States. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 11%. In Asian countries, the prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia is 5% to 30%. Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than in men. This difference is due to inherent sex-specific differences in gastrointestinal function. […] Functional dyspepsia is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, affecting over 20% of the population. […] The diagnosis of functional dyspepsia is confirmed based on the patient’s history and the exclusion of other diseases with similar presentations.
  • #63 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. Epidemiologically, there are two clinically distinct FD syndromes (although these often overlap clinically): postprandial distress syndrome (PDS; comprising early satiety or meal-related fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome. […] In 100 population-based studies comprising over 312,000 subjects, the pooled prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia was 21% (95% confidence interval, 18% to 24%); the risk of dyspepsia was increased in females and those with Helicobacter pylori infection, smokers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. […] In Olmsted County in the United States, evidence has emerged that FD is underdiagnosed in clinical practice; only 12.5% with FD symptoms received an FD diagnosis.
  • #64 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. Epidemiologically, there are two clinically distinct FD syndromes (although these often overlap clinically): postprandial distress syndrome (PDS; comprising early satiety or meal-related fullness) and epigastric pain syndrome. […] In 100 population-based studies comprising over 312,000 subjects, the pooled prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia was 21% (95% confidence interval, 18% to 24%); the risk of dyspepsia was increased in females and those with Helicobacter pylori infection, smokers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. […] In Olmsted County in the United States, evidence has emerged that FD is underdiagnosed in clinical practice; only 12.5% with FD symptoms received an FD diagnosis.
  • #65 Effects of the Rome IV Criteria to Functional Dyspepsia Symptoms in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
    https://www.kjg.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.4166/kjg.2020.110
    More than half the respondents with FD symptoms according to the Rome IV criteria resided in the central and eastern regions of the SA, while less than one-fifth were from each of the remaining geographical regions. In addition, the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia had a significantly higher frequency of the PDS subtype (11%) than the other regions (western – 5%, northern – 6%, and southern – 6%). […] This survey showed that responders with FD symptoms had more healthcare use than the non-dyspeptic controls. Only 42% of the participants sought healthcare resources, and 22% received treatment (mostly proton pump inhibitors and prokinetics that are not effective for all subtypes). Dyspeptic patients are usually misdiagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease, with only 12.5% receiving an initial FD diagnosis.
  • #66 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html
    Functional dyspepsia is defined as at least one month of epigastric discomfort without evidence of organic disease found during an upper endoscopy, and it accounts for 70% of dyspepsia. […] Dyspepsia affects up to 30% of the general population in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, with 70% of these patients having functional dyspepsia. […] A cross-sectional study using the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia estimated the prevalence to be 12% in the United States, making it the most common cause of dyspepsia. […] The 2017 ACG/CAG guidelines recommend upper endoscopy be performed for all patients 60 years or older who present with at least one month of dyspepsia symptoms. […] Endoscopy does not reassure patients with functional dyspepsia or improve quality of life assessments.
  • #67 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html
    Functional dyspepsia is defined as at least one month of epigastric discomfort without evidence of organic disease found during an upper endoscopy, and it accounts for 70% of dyspepsia. […] Dyspepsia affects up to 30% of the general population in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, with 70% of these patients having functional dyspepsia. […] A cross-sectional study using the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia estimated the prevalence to be 12% in the United States, making it the most common cause of dyspepsia. […] The 2017 ACG/CAG guidelines recommend upper endoscopy be performed for all patients 60 years or older who present with at least one month of dyspepsia symptoms. […] Endoscopy does not reassure patients with functional dyspepsia or improve quality of life assessments.
  • #68 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy
    https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055
    FD impacts on quality of life and impaired quality of life is associated with symptom severity and comorbid depression. […] The direct and indirect costs of FD because it is a highly prevalent and chronic condition are enormous. Extrapolating data on FD patients to the U.S. population, it has been calculated in 2009 the costs of FD were $18.4 billion, and other independent data support these high cost figures. […] However, there is no mortality associated with dyspepsia symptoms in the general population indicating FD once diagnosed is a benign disorder and repeat EGD usually unhelpful.
  • #69 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697
    Symptoms of FD fluctuate, but are chronic in around two-thirds of patients, and even among those who no longer meet criteria for FD, often their gastrointestinal symptoms have fluctuated to those of another DGBI. […] The incidence of FD is less well-studied, but is estimated at between 3% and 5% per year. […] There is no effect of FD on mortality. However, it has a substantial impact on quality of life, and consultation rates with a physician are around 40%. […] The economic consequences of FD are, therefore, considerable, estimated at US$18.4 billion in the USA in 2009.
  • #70 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut
    https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697
    Symptoms of FD fluctuate, but are chronic in around two-thirds of patients, and even among those who no longer meet criteria for FD, often their gastrointestinal symptoms have fluctuated to those of another DGBI. […] The incidence of FD is less well-studied, but is estimated at between 3% and 5% per year. […] There is no effect of FD on mortality. However, it has a substantial impact on quality of life, and consultation rates with a physician are around 40%. […] The economic consequences of FD are, therefore, considerable, estimated at US$18.4 billion in the USA in 2009.
  • #71 Functional dyspepsia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/functional-dyspepsia-in-adults/print
    Functional dyspepsia in adults […] Dyspepsia is a common symptom with an extensive differential diagnosis and a heterogeneous pathophysiology. The prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia worldwide is up to 20 percent and varies according to the definition used. Although dyspepsia can significantly impair quality of life, many individuals with dyspepsia do not seek medical attention. The proportion of affected people who seek medical care ranges from 14 to 66 percent and varies by country and race/ethnicity. […] Up to 80 percent of individuals with symptoms of dyspepsia have functional (idiopathic, nonulcer) dyspepsia. Many authorities regard it as a disorder of gut-brain interaction, similar to irritable bowel syndrome, globus, and other symptom-based gastrointestinal disorders. This topic reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of functional dyspepsia. The etiology, evaluation, and management of adults with uninvestigated dyspepsia are presented separately.
  • #72 Effects of the Rome IV Criteria to Functional Dyspepsia Symptoms in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
    https://www.kjg.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.4166/kjg.2020.110
    More than half the respondents with FD symptoms according to the Rome IV criteria resided in the central and eastern regions of the SA, while less than one-fifth were from each of the remaining geographical regions. In addition, the central and eastern regions of Saudi Arabia had a significantly higher frequency of the PDS subtype (11%) than the other regions (western – 5%, northern – 6%, and southern – 6%). […] This survey showed that responders with FD symptoms had more healthcare use than the non-dyspeptic controls. Only 42% of the participants sought healthcare resources, and 22% received treatment (mostly proton pump inhibitors and prokinetics that are not effective for all subtypes). Dyspeptic patients are usually misdiagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease, with only 12.5% receiving an initial FD diagnosis.
  • #73 Effects of the Rome IV Criteria to Functional Dyspepsia Symptoms in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
    https://www.kjg.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.4166/kjg.2020.110
    The prevalence of IBS among dyspeptic patients was 44%. A higher prevalence was in overlapping variants, more than 2/3 of dyspeptic patients, and lower (less than 1/5) in IBS with EPS. In population-based studies, the estimated prevalence of IBS among dyspeptic patients ranged between 13% and 29%. […] The main limitations of this study were its cross-sectional design and that the data were solely self-reported by the participants. Therefore, the diagnoses could not be confirmed by a clinical evaluation, nor could the endoscopy findings be verified despite the lack of diagnostic yield from performing an endoscopy study in the general population for FD. […] In conclusion, this is the first survey-based study to assess the prevalence of FD symptoms according to the Rome IV diagnostic criteria in the general adult population of Saudi Arabia. An awareness of the epidemiology of FD symptoms, the subtypes, and their distinct therapeutic regimens, and the evolving Rome IV criteria will enable clinical practices to optimize the treatment of this prevalent condition.
  • #74 Effects of the Rome IV Criteria to Functional Dyspepsia Symptoms in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
    https://www.kjg.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.4166/kjg.2020.110
    The prevalence of IBS among dyspeptic patients was 44%. A higher prevalence was in overlapping variants, more than 2/3 of dyspeptic patients, and lower (less than 1/5) in IBS with EPS. In population-based studies, the estimated prevalence of IBS among dyspeptic patients ranged between 13% and 29%. […] The main limitations of this study were its cross-sectional design and that the data were solely self-reported by the participants. Therefore, the diagnoses could not be confirmed by a clinical evaluation, nor could the endoscopy findings be verified despite the lack of diagnostic yield from performing an endoscopy study in the general population for FD. […] In conclusion, this is the first survey-based study to assess the prevalence of FD symptoms according to the Rome IV diagnostic criteria in the general adult population of Saudi Arabia. An awareness of the epidemiology of FD symptoms, the subtypes, and their distinct therapeutic regimens, and the evolving Rome IV criteria will enable clinical practices to optimize the treatment of this prevalent condition.
  • #75 New classification Rome IV functional dyspepsia and subtypes – Futagami – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology
    https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/4570/html
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the gastrointestinal disorders and can be severely disturbed with quality of life (QOL). […] Aziz et al. have demonstrated that almost ten percentage in the adult population fitted into symptoms-based criteria for Rome IV FD. […] They have reported that the proportion of Rome IV FD in the USA was significantly higher than in Canada (8%) and UK (8%). […] In addition, Aziz et al. have reported that the proportion of subgroups was 61% PDS, 18% EPS and the incidence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was also significantly higher among those with overlapping PDS and EPS than in those with EPS alone and was lowest in those with PDS alone. […] Ford et al have also reported that the incidence of IBS is 8 times higher in subjects with FD and suggests that IBS and FD share the process of the progression of their diseases.
  • #76 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3
    Although functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastroduodenal disorder with a high socioeconomic burden, little is known about its global prevalence. […] The overall global pooled prevalence of FD was 8.4% (95% CI 7.4-9.5). […] The prevalence was the highest in Rome I (11.9%; 95% CI 5.1-25.4) and lowest in Rome IV (6.8%; 95% CI 5.8-7.9). […] Developing countries showed a higher prevalence than developed countries (9.1% versus 8.0%), and prevalence was higher in women, irrespective of the definition used (9.0% versus 7.0%). […] The pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 1990 to 2020 (12.4% [95% CI 8.2-18.3] in 1990-2002 versus 7.3% [95% CI 6.1-8.7] in 2013-2020). […] The prevalence of FD differs by country, economic status, geographical region, and sex, and the global prevalence has been gradually declining.
  • #77 Global prevalence of functional dyspepsia according to Rome criteria, 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54716-3
    This study also found differences in prevalence between developed and developing countries, with a higher prevalence in developing countries. […] The prevalence according to the Rome criteria definitions showed a change of less than 1.5% between Rome I, II, and III but showed a sharp decrease in the prevalence with the Rome IV criteria. […] Finally, according to study year, we found that the worldwide prevalence of FD showed gradual decrease.
  • #78 Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics Based on the Rome III and IV Criteria of Japanese Patients with Functional Dyspepsia
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/9/2342
    The subtypes of functional dyspepsia (FD) differ depending on whether the Rome III criteria or the Rome IV criteria are used. […] The prevalence of FD in the present study was 54.1%, and it is generally reported that the prevalence of FD in patients who visited a hospital complaining of dyspepsia is approximately half of cases. […] The results of the present study showed that the overlap group decreased and the PDS group increased under the Rome IV criteria when compared to the Rome III criteria. […] There are no previous prospective, observational studies using the Rome III and IV criteria for Japanese FD patients, and the present study is the first study comparing the Rome III and IV criteria in Japanese FD patients. […] The change from the Rome III criteria to the Rome IV criteria led to a reduction in overlap PDS-EPS patients from 43% to 17% and an increase in PDS patients from 38% to 64%. […] The present study is the first multicenter prospective observational study in Japan to examine the subtype and clinical characteristics of FD patients using the Rome III and IV criteria in patients who visited a hospital complaining of epigastric symptoms.
  • #79 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html
    A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals such as caffeine were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] A test and treat strategy for Helicobacter pylori for all patients younger than 60 years is a safe and effective option before treatment with acid suppression. […] The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms. […] The ACG does not recommend the routine use of complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of functional dyspepsia but states that these alternatives can be considered for patients who are motivated.
  • #80 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html
    A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals such as caffeine were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] A test and treat strategy for Helicobacter pylori for all patients younger than 60 years is a safe and effective option before treatment with acid suppression. […] The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms. […] The ACG does not recommend the routine use of complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of functional dyspepsia but states that these alternatives can be considered for patients who are motivated.
  • #81
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00535-021-01843-7
    Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a disorder that presents with chronic dyspepsia, which is not only very common but also highly affects quality of life of the patients. […] The prevalence of FD in Japanese patients ranges from 11 to 17% in patients who appear for medical checkups and from 45 to 53% in patients who seek medical care because of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Because of the absence of reliable data, it is difficult to determine whether the prevalence of FD is increasing in Japan. […] Although the mechanism by which H. pylori infection affects gastro-duodenal pathophysiology remain unclear, eradication treatment for H. pylori improves dyspeptic symptoms in a subset of FD patients. […] The revised guidelines have two major features. The first is the new position of endoscopy in the flow of FD diagnosis. […] The second major feature of the revised guidelines is the drug treatment options have been changed to reflect the latest evidence. […] The patients not responding to these treatment regimens are regarded as refractory FD.

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