Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as at least one month of epigastric discomfort without evidence of organic disease found during an upper endoscopy, and it accounts for 70% of dyspepsia. Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include postprandial fullness, early satiety, and epigastric pain or burning. […] All patients should be advised to limit foods associated with increased symptoms of dyspepsia; a diet low in FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) is suggested. […] Eight weeks of acid suppression therapy is recommended for patients who test negative for H. pylori, or who continue to have symptoms after H. pylori eradication. If acid suppression does not alleviate symptoms, patients should be treated with tricyclic antidepressants followed by prokinetics and psychological therapy.

• #2 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8132673/

  The diagnosis and treatment of functional dyspepsia is often clinically challenging due to factors such as the heterogeneity of upper gastrointestinal symptoms and the generalized poor response to currently available treatment options. […] Dyspepsia symptoms include a constellation of upper gastrointestinal complaints, such as belching, postprandial fullness, early satiety, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. […] Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed when an organic etiology for the symptoms is not identified. […] Evaluation of functional dyspepsia is driven by patient age and the presence of red-flag symptoms, such as patients over age 60 years or those with anemia undergoing evaluation with esophagogastroduodenoscopy. […] Treatment options include proton pump inhibitors, neuromodulators, and prokinetics; however, the evidence supporting these therapies is weak, and the response rate is less than robust.

• #3 Your functional dyspepsia diagnosis check list | Content for health professionals | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/pro/your-functional-dyspepsia-diagnosis-check-list

  Functional dyspepsia is a chronic and remitting disorder originating from the upper gastroduodenal region, characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: epigastric pain, epigastric burning, early satiety, and postprandial fullness. […] Functional Dyspepsia is a disorder of gut-brain interaction, the two organs don’t communicate with each other properly. […] Functional Dyspepsia is a symptom-based disorder with no tissue damage. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms do not come alone, FD is often accompanied by higher levels of psychological upset such as anxiety, stress, and depression. […] The management of functional dyspepsia follows a multifaceted approach aimed at symptom relief and improving quality of life. […] Lifestyle modifications, including dietary adjustments for limiting the intakes of potential dietary triggers, regular physical activity, good sleep habits, and probiotics intake could help in reducing the symptoms.

• #4 Functional Dyspepsia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/functional-dyspepsia.html

  Functional dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-uh) is a kind of upset stomach or indigestion that doesnt have a definite cause. Its thought to happen because of a mix of things. Functional dyspepsia is a type of gutbrain disorder. These disorders affect how the digestive system and brain talk to each other. […] To treat functional dyspepsia, the doctor may suggest: Diet changes. Your child should avoid spicy or fatty foods and drinks that have caffeine or carbonation (fizz), like soda. Eating too much food or having an empty stomach could make functional dyspepsia act up, so having smaller meals often may help. Kids should also try to eat slowly and chew food well. […] Ways to ease stress. If stress could be causing your child’s symptoms, the doctor or a mental health provider may suggest ways to help the nervous system calm down. These may include relaxation skills (like slow, deep breathing) or exercise. Getting enough sleep also might help. […] To help them cope, encourage your child to keep doing normal activities, like going to school, playing sports, and spending time with family and friends. Consider having your child talk with a therapist for support and to learn ways to relax and deal with their symptoms.

• #5 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gut-brain interaction, affecting approximately 7% of individuals in the community, with most patients managed in primary care. […] The primary aim of this guideline, commissioned by the BSG, is to review and summarise the current evidence to inform and guide clinical practice, by providing a practical framework for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of patients. […] Establishing an effective and empathic doctor-patient relationship and a shared understanding is key to the management of FD. This may reduce healthcare utilisation and improve quality of life. […] We recommend that the diagnosis of FD, its underlying pathophysiology and the natural history of the condition, including common symptom triggers, should be explained to the patient. FD should be introduced as a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), together with a simple account of the gut-brain axis and how this is impacted by diet, stress, cognitive, behavioural and emotional responses to symptoms and post-infective changes.

• #6 Update on the Evaluation and Management of Functional Dyspepsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0301/p547.html

  Dyspepsia affects up to 40 percent of adults each year and is often diagnosed as functional (nonulcer) dyspepsia. The defining symptoms are postprandial fullness, early satiation, or epigastric pain or burning in the absence of causative structural disease. […] Treatment options that may be beneficial for functional dyspepsia include histamine H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and prokinetic agents. […] Physicians should proceed directly to endoscopy in patients with dyspepsia who have warning signs (e.g., unintended weight loss, progressive dysphagia, persistent vomiting, evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding, family history of cancer) or who are older than 55 years. […] In patients with isolated dyspepsia who do not exhibit warning signs, a test-and-treat strategy for Helicobacter pylori infection is effective and less expensive than initial endoscopy.

• #7 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Treating functional dyspepsia can be challenging, with the primary goal being symptom control. Initial management involves educating the patient about the diagnosis and discussing treatment expectations. […] After the successful eradication of H pylori, treatment is a 2-step process. The first-line treatment involves a PPI or H2RA for at least 4 weeks. […] Patients usually present to family practitioners, internists, or nurse practitioners for their initial symptoms. […] Educating patients on the benign course of this disorder and establishing long-term care and expectations for treatment is essential. […] An interprofessional healthcare team of primary care physicians, advanced practice clinicians, gastroenterologists, nurses, psychiatrists, and pharmacists is critical in recognizing and effectively managing this condition for patients.

• #8 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8132673/

  The diagnosis and treatment of functional dyspepsia is often clinically challenging due to factors such as the heterogeneity of upper gastrointestinal symptoms and the generalized poor response to currently available treatment options. […] Dyspepsia symptoms include a constellation of upper gastrointestinal complaints, such as belching, postprandial fullness, early satiety, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. […] Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed when an organic etiology for the symptoms is not identified. […] Evaluation of functional dyspepsia is driven by patient age and the presence of red-flag symptoms, such as patients over age 60 years or those with anemia undergoing evaluation with esophagogastroduodenoscopy. […] Treatment options include proton pump inhibitors, neuromodulators, and prokinetics; however, the evidence supporting these therapies is weak, and the response rate is less than robust.

• #9 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  Functional dyspepsia is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. Its symptoms are manifested as pain (burning or not) in the upper abdomen and early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, nausea and belching. For its study and treatment, it is divided into 2 syndromes: epigastric pain, which is meal unrelated, and postprandial distress, which as the name suggests, are meal related symptoms. These 2 syndromes frequently overlap. […] Within the therapeutic approach of functional dyspepsia, there are important pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures, including: […] Non-pharmacological measures […] a. Diet […] We suggest avoiding foods such as: soft drinks, coffee, tea, chocolate, mint, peppermint, garlic, onion, tomato, pepper, gum, spices and citrus, as well as excessive amounts of fruit and vegetables, especially when symptoms suggest problems with gastric emptying.

• #10 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  Functional dyspepsia is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. Its symptoms are manifested as pain (burning or not) in the upper abdomen and early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, nausea and belching. For its study and treatment, it is divided into 2 syndromes: epigastric pain, which is meal unrelated, and postprandial distress, which as the name suggests, are meal related symptoms. These 2 syndromes frequently overlap. […] Within the therapeutic approach of functional dyspepsia, there are important pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures, including: […] Non-pharmacological measures […] a. Diet […] We suggest avoiding foods such as: soft drinks, coffee, tea, chocolate, mint, peppermint, garlic, onion, tomato, pepper, gum, spices and citrus, as well as excessive amounts of fruit and vegetables, especially when symptoms suggest problems with gastric emptying.

• #11 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Treating functional dyspepsia can be challenging, with the primary goal being symptom control. Initial management involves educating the patient about the diagnosis and discussing treatment expectations. […] After the successful eradication of H pylori, treatment is a 2-step process. The first-line treatment involves a PPI or H2RA for at least 4 weeks. […] Patients usually present to family practitioners, internists, or nurse practitioners for their initial symptoms. […] Educating patients on the benign course of this disorder and establishing long-term care and expectations for treatment is essential. […] An interprofessional healthcare team of primary care physicians, advanced practice clinicians, gastroenterologists, nurses, psychiatrists, and pharmacists is critical in recognizing and effectively managing this condition for patients.

• #12 Dyspepsia Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/dyspepsia-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to gastric inflammation and increased acid production as evidenced by reported epigastric pain, guarding behavior, and facial grimacing. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than body requirements related to decreased intake and early satiety as evidenced by weight loss and altered eating patterns. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to chronic gastrointestinal symptoms as evidenced by expressed concerns, restlessness, and increased symptoms during stress. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Deficient Knowledge related to lack of information about dyspepsia management as evidenced by questions about diet and medication regimen. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to nocturnal dyspepsia symptoms as evidenced by difficulty falling asleep and frequent awakenings.

• #13 Dyspepsia Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/dyspepsia-nursing-diagnosis/

  Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Acute Pain related to gastric inflammation and increased acid production as evidenced by reported epigastric pain, guarding behavior, and facial grimacing. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than body requirements related to decreased intake and early satiety as evidenced by weight loss and altered eating patterns. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Anxiety related to chronic gastrointestinal symptoms as evidenced by expressed concerns, restlessness, and increased symptoms during stress. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Deficient Knowledge related to lack of information about dyspepsia management as evidenced by questions about diet and medication regimen. […] Nursing Diagnosis Statement: Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to nocturnal dyspepsia symptoms as evidenced by difficulty falling asleep and frequent awakenings.

• #14 Dyspepsia Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/dyspepsia-nursing-diagnosis/

  Dyspepsia, or indigestion, is a complex gastrointestinal condition characterized by upper abdominal discomfort or pain. This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying and managing dyspepsia symptoms, preventing complications, and improving patient quality of life. […] Dyspepsia presents with characteristic signs and symptoms that nurses must recognize for accurate diagnosis and treatment. […] The following outcomes indicate successful management of dyspepsia: The patient will report decreased abdominal discomfort, The patient will maintain adequate nutritional intake, The patient will identify and avoid trigger foods, The patient will demonstrate effective stress management techniques, The patient will adhere to the prescribed medication regimen, The patient will maintain optimal weight, Patient will return to normal eating patterns.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/06210/effects_of_comfort_care_on_symptoms,_gastric.41.aspx

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common upper gastrointestinal disorder globally, but the current treatments for FD are still unsatisfactory. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of comfort care on symptoms, gastric motility, and mental state of patients with FD. […] Comfort care reduces the symptoms of patients with FD, increases gastric emptying rate, improves gastric motility, relieves patient’s depression and anxiety, and promotes the rehabilitation of the disease. […] Previous studies have pointed out that high-quality nursing service could effectively control the disease and adjust the therapeutic effects. The comfort theory, a nursing theory developed in the 1990s by Katharine Kolcaba, emphasizes on patients as the center and the nurses critical thinking to find the best comfort care program, give patients proper care, enable patients to achieve the most pleasant state in physiological, mental, psychological, social, and environmental aspects, or shorten and reduce patient’s unpleasant degree.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/06210/effects_of_comfort_care_on_symptoms,_gastric.41.aspx

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common upper gastrointestinal disorder globally, but the current treatments for FD are still unsatisfactory. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of comfort care on symptoms, gastric motility, and mental state of patients with FD. […] Comfort care reduces the symptoms of patients with FD, increases gastric emptying rate, improves gastric motility, relieves patient’s depression and anxiety, and promotes the rehabilitation of the disease. […] Previous studies have pointed out that high-quality nursing service could effectively control the disease and adjust the therapeutic effects. The comfort theory, a nursing theory developed in the 1990s by Katharine Kolcaba, emphasizes on patients as the center and the nurses critical thinking to find the best comfort care program, give patients proper care, enable patients to achieve the most pleasant state in physiological, mental, psychological, social, and environmental aspects, or shorten and reduce patient’s unpleasant degree.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/06210/effects_of_comfort_care_on_symptoms,_gastric.41.aspx

  Therefore, the purpose of this study was to apply comfort care to the FD clinical nursing process, to observe the effects on the symptoms, gastric motility, and patients mental state in order to improve the patients quality of life. […] The Comfort Theory suggests that nurses should enhance the comfort of patients by controlling environment and help patients adapt to the environment to achieve a relaxed, pleasant, and satisfied state. […] In the present study, Betty Neuman’s system model was applied to carry out nursing care for physiological comfort of FD patients. […] According to the Comfort Theory, a social support system is an intermediate variable that affects the comfort level of the patients. In this study, by providing nursing professional social support, social comfort nursing was implemented to FD patients and the results were consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. […] The results showed that the comfortable nursing group was superior to the routine nursing group regarding the relief of dyspepsia symptoms and recovery of gastric function.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/06210/effects_of_comfort_care_on_symptoms,_gastric.41.aspx

  Therefore, the purpose of this study was to apply comfort care to the FD clinical nursing process, to observe the effects on the symptoms, gastric motility, and patients mental state in order to improve the patients quality of life. […] The Comfort Theory suggests that nurses should enhance the comfort of patients by controlling environment and help patients adapt to the environment to achieve a relaxed, pleasant, and satisfied state. […] In the present study, Betty Neuman’s system model was applied to carry out nursing care for physiological comfort of FD patients. […] According to the Comfort Theory, a social support system is an intermediate variable that affects the comfort level of the patients. In this study, by providing nursing professional social support, social comfort nursing was implemented to FD patients and the results were consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. […] The results showed that the comfortable nursing group was superior to the routine nursing group regarding the relief of dyspepsia symptoms and recovery of gastric function.

• #19 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gut-brain interaction, affecting approximately 7% of individuals in the community, with most patients managed in primary care. […] The primary aim of this guideline, commissioned by the BSG, is to review and summarise the current evidence to inform and guide clinical practice, by providing a practical framework for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of patients. […] Establishing an effective and empathic doctor-patient relationship and a shared understanding is key to the management of FD. This may reduce healthcare utilisation and improve quality of life. […] We recommend that the diagnosis of FD, its underlying pathophysiology and the natural history of the condition, including common symptom triggers, should be explained to the patient. FD should be introduced as a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), together with a simple account of the gut-brain axis and how this is impacted by diet, stress, cognitive, behavioural and emotional responses to symptoms and post-infective changes.

• #20 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gut-brain interaction, affecting approximately 7% of individuals in the community, with most patients managed in primary care. […] The primary aim of this guideline, commissioned by the BSG, is to review and summarise the current evidence to inform and guide clinical practice, by providing a practical framework for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of patients. […] Establishing an effective and empathic doctor-patient relationship and a shared understanding is key to the management of FD. This may reduce healthcare utilisation and improve quality of life. […] We recommend that the diagnosis of FD, its underlying pathophysiology and the natural history of the condition, including common symptom triggers, should be explained to the patient. FD should be introduced as a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), together with a simple account of the gut-brain axis and how this is impacted by diet, stress, cognitive, behavioural and emotional responses to symptoms and post-infective changes.

• #21 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder of gut-brain interaction, affecting approximately 7% of individuals in the community, with most patients managed in primary care. […] The primary aim of this guideline, commissioned by the BSG, is to review and summarise the current evidence to inform and guide clinical practice, by providing a practical framework for evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of patients. […] Establishing an effective and empathic doctor-patient relationship and a shared understanding is key to the management of FD. This may reduce healthcare utilisation and improve quality of life. […] We recommend that the diagnosis of FD, its underlying pathophysiology and the natural history of the condition, including common symptom triggers, should be explained to the patient. FD should be introduced as a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), together with a simple account of the gut-brain axis and how this is impacted by diet, stress, cognitive, behavioural and emotional responses to symptoms and post-infective changes.

• #22 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=11&number=3&spage=349

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. […] Therapeutic options remain limited and provide only symptomatic benefit in most cases. Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD: Helicobacter pylori eradication. […] A firm diagnosis followed by explanation and reassurance are key elements of the therapeutic equation and may help maximize the placebo response if therapy is prescribed. […] Multiple drug classes have been trialed to treat FD but therapeutic options remain limited and provide in most cases only symptomatic benefit. […] Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD and that is H. pylori eradication therapy.

• #23 Functional Dyspepsia (Non-ulcer Dyspepsia)

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/dyspepsia-indigestion/non-ulcer-dyspepsia-functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia is sometimes called non-ulcer dyspepsia. It is characterised by recurring or persistent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, feeling full quickly after eating, and nausea. […] This is often helpful. Some people worry that they may have a serious disease such as stomach cancer. Worry and anxiety can make symptoms worse. It may be useful to know that you have functional dyspepsia and not some other disease. However, you will have to accept that pain, discomfort and other dyspeptic symptoms are likely to come and go. […] The symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be affected by psychological factors. Psychological treatments such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), gut-directed hypnotherapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy may be helpful. These treatments are not always available on the NHS.

• #24 Symptoms of functional dyspepsia | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Helicobacter pylori treatment: If a Helicobacter pylori infection is present, treating this with antibiotics may help to improve the symptoms. […] Pain medication: Some medications which are usually used to treat depression or pain can be used at low doses to treat functional dyspepsia. These can be helpful even for people who are not depressed. […] Yes, pediatric functional dyspepsia is fairly common. In children, the symptoms are the same as in adults, and can be treated in a similar way. However, some medications may be unsuitable for use on children, making it important to discuss treatment methods for children with a doctor or pharmacist. […] There is no cure for functional dyspepsia. Most people manage their symptoms well with lifestyle changes and medications. Treating Helicobacter pylori (if present in the stomach) may significantly reduce the symptoms.

• #25 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia symptoms can change. Sometimes symptoms happen less often and sometimes more frequently. People who are diagnosed with symptoms for which no disease has been found may experience a low quality of life and a sense of hopelessness. It is crucial to tell your doctor if you are feeling any of these things so that the right care may be provided, especially because stress might make your symptoms worse. […] Some medication treatments are available from your GP and are called first line medicine treatments (see below.) If this course of treatment is ineffective, you could ask to be sent for specialised care. This could be with a psychologist or a gut doctor (gastroenterologist). Although there is currently no cure for functional dyspepsia, most therapies can help to reduce symptoms to a manageable level. It might be helpful to know that only a small number of people still have severe symptoms after treatment.

• #26 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia symptoms can change. Sometimes symptoms happen less often and sometimes more frequently. People who are diagnosed with symptoms for which no disease has been found may experience a low quality of life and a sense of hopelessness. It is crucial to tell your doctor if you are feeling any of these things so that the right care may be provided, especially because stress might make your symptoms worse. […] Some medication treatments are available from your GP and are called first line medicine treatments (see below.) If this course of treatment is ineffective, you could ask to be sent for specialised care. This could be with a psychologist or a gut doctor (gastroenterologist). Although there is currently no cure for functional dyspepsia, most therapies can help to reduce symptoms to a manageable level. It might be helpful to know that only a small number of people still have severe symptoms after treatment.

• #27 Your functional dyspepsia diagnosis check list | Content for health professionals | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/pro/your-functional-dyspepsia-diagnosis-check-list

  Functional dyspepsia is a chronic and remitting disorder originating from the upper gastroduodenal region, characterized by one or more of the following symptoms: epigastric pain, epigastric burning, early satiety, and postprandial fullness. […] Functional Dyspepsia is a disorder of gut-brain interaction, the two organs don’t communicate with each other properly. […] Functional Dyspepsia is a symptom-based disorder with no tissue damage. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms do not come alone, FD is often accompanied by higher levels of psychological upset such as anxiety, stress, and depression. […] The management of functional dyspepsia follows a multifaceted approach aimed at symptom relief and improving quality of life. […] Lifestyle modifications, including dietary adjustments for limiting the intakes of potential dietary triggers, regular physical activity, good sleep habits, and probiotics intake could help in reducing the symptoms.

• #28 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia symptoms can change. Sometimes symptoms happen less often and sometimes more frequently. People who are diagnosed with symptoms for which no disease has been found may experience a low quality of life and a sense of hopelessness. It is crucial to tell your doctor if you are feeling any of these things so that the right care may be provided, especially because stress might make your symptoms worse. […] Some medication treatments are available from your GP and are called first line medicine treatments (see below.) If this course of treatment is ineffective, you could ask to be sent for specialised care. This could be with a psychologist or a gut doctor (gastroenterologist). Although there is currently no cure for functional dyspepsia, most therapies can help to reduce symptoms to a manageable level. It might be helpful to know that only a small number of people still have severe symptoms after treatment.

• #29 Functional dyspepsia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your functional dyspepsia-related health concerns […] Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy. […] People with functional dyspepsia often turn to complementary and alternative medicines to help them cope. Further studies are needed before complementary and alternative medicines can be recommended. But they may provide some symptom relief when used with other approaches suggested by a healthcare professional. […] You may start by seeing someone on your primary healthcare team. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines, called a gastroenterologist.

• #30 Functional dyspepsia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. Try to: […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy.

• #31 Functional dyspepsia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. Try to: […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy.

• #32 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  For patients who have functional dyspepsia with postprandial distress syndrome, which is characterized by meal-related symptoms, prokinetic agents can reduce symptoms. […] A review of 12 RCTs of patients with functional dyspepsia found a statistically significant benefit of psychological therapy (i.e., cognitive behavior therapy and other forms of psychotherapy) over the control group. […] The ACG does not recommend the routine use of complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of functional dyspepsia but states that these alternatives can be considered for patients who are motivated.

• #33 Functional Dyspepsia: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a chronic digestive condition that includes feelings of prolonged indigestion without a clear structural cause. Some treatment options can reduce symptoms. […] There is not one specific treatment for functional dyspepsia. Doctors may determine a potential underlying or contributing cause that they can treat, such as regulating the acid your stomach produces during digestion or helping your stomach empty food faster. Otherwise, treatment may focus on relieving your symptoms. […] You may be able to treat the condition without using medication, but you may need short- or long-term medication to manage symptoms. […] A doctor may also recommend a combination of methods for relieving symptoms of FD. […] Psychological interventions may be beneficial in treating those with FD, according to a 2021 review.

• #34 Your functional dyspepsia diagnosis check list | Content for health professionals | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/pro/your-functional-dyspepsia-diagnosis-check-list

  A drug-based approach is privileged with acid suppressors (proton pump inhibitors, PPIs commonly used) and prokinetics. […] Neuromodulators, such as tricyclic antidepressants, are used to modulate visceral hypersensitivity, alter pain perception, and improve symptoms in refractory cases. […] Cognitive behavior therapy, hypnotherapy, and stress management could play a key role in long-term symptom control. […] Functional Dyspepsia can be treated but not cured. Recovery by itself is possible. […] Functional Dyspepsia is not putting the patient at risk in developing any cancers. […] FD is a multifactorial disorder caused by altered gut sensitivity, motility, microbiota, and communication between the gut and the brain. […] Follow-up approach depends on response to treatment (many non-responders).

• #35 Understanding Functional Dyspepsia

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/Nursing-Clinic/Diseases-and-Conditions/Gastrointestinal/understanding-functional-dyspepsia

  Medications: – Antacids: Over-the-counter antacids to neutralize stomach acid and alleviate symptoms. – Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Medications that reduce stomach acid production and may help with symptoms. – H2-Receptor Antagonists: Medications that decrease acid production in the stomach. – Prokinetics: Medications that enhance gastrointestinal motility to improve digestion. […] Psychological Support: – Counseling or Therapy: Seeking psychological support for managing stress, anxiety, or depression that may contribute to dyspeptic symptoms. […] Living with functional dyspepsia involves understanding the condition, managing symptoms effectively, and making lifestyle adjustments: – Ongoing Monitoring: Keeping track of symptoms and treatment responses to make necessary adjustments. – Support Systems: Engaging with healthcare providers, support groups, and dietitians for comprehensive management and support. – Quality of Life: Implementing strategies to improve quality of life and reduce the impact of symptoms on daily activities.

• #36 Functional Dyspepsia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/functional-dyspepsia.html

  Functional dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-uh) is a kind of upset stomach or indigestion that doesnt have a definite cause. Its thought to happen because of a mix of things. Functional dyspepsia is a type of gutbrain disorder. These disorders affect how the digestive system and brain talk to each other. […] To treat functional dyspepsia, the doctor may suggest: Diet changes. Your child should avoid spicy or fatty foods and drinks that have caffeine or carbonation (fizz), like soda. Eating too much food or having an empty stomach could make functional dyspepsia act up, so having smaller meals often may help. Kids should also try to eat slowly and chew food well. […] Ways to ease stress. If stress could be causing your child’s symptoms, the doctor or a mental health provider may suggest ways to help the nervous system calm down. These may include relaxation skills (like slow, deep breathing) or exercise. Getting enough sleep also might help. […] To help them cope, encourage your child to keep doing normal activities, like going to school, playing sports, and spending time with family and friends. Consider having your child talk with a therapist for support and to learn ways to relax and deal with their symptoms.

• #37

  https://www.nuhs.edu.sg/patient-care/find-a-condition/dyspepsia

  Dyspepsia is typically a chronic disease which is a relapsing condition. However, most cases can be treated successfully. The mainstay of treatment is lifestyle modification. […] Better understanding of the condition and its underlying cause, such as anxiety, may help focus on the appropriate therapy. […] Lifestyle changes such as avoiding certain food which trigger the symptoms (often fatty, spicy and greasy foods). […] Medications such as H.pylori eradication therapy (if such an infection is found in the stomach), may help some patients. Other medications to reduce stomach acid production may be beneficial. Some antidepressant medications when used in low doses have been very effective for pain symptoms. Some complementary and alternative medicine remedies have been suggested as beneficial, but more research is required before they can be recommended.

• #38 Functional Dyspepsia: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/functional-dyspepsia

  Assessing your diet can be an important first step in managing FD. Factors like what, when, or how you eat may contribute to your symptoms. In some instances, dietary changes can provide long-term relief. […] You may find it beneficial to work with a doctor or a dietitian to determine which dietary changes will work best for you. […] FD symptoms can interfere with daily activities, so seeking psychological support as part of an overall treatment plan may help you manage FD symptoms.

• #39 Functional Dyspepsia: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/functional-dyspepsia

  Assessing your diet can be an important first step in managing FD. Factors like what, when, or how you eat may contribute to your symptoms. In some instances, dietary changes can provide long-term relief. […] You may find it beneficial to work with a doctor or a dietitian to determine which dietary changes will work best for you. […] FD symptoms can interfere with daily activities, so seeking psychological support as part of an overall treatment plan may help you manage FD symptoms.

• #40 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as at least one month of epigastric discomfort without evidence of organic disease found during an upper endoscopy, and it accounts for 70% of dyspepsia. Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include postprandial fullness, early satiety, and epigastric pain or burning. […] All patients should be advised to limit foods associated with increased symptoms of dyspepsia; a diet low in FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) is suggested. […] Eight weeks of acid suppression therapy is recommended for patients who test negative for H. pylori, or who continue to have symptoms after H. pylori eradication. If acid suppression does not alleviate symptoms, patients should be treated with tricyclic antidepressants followed by prokinetics and psychological therapy.

• #41 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Functional dyspepsia is the medical term for a condition that causes an upset stomach or pain or discomfort in the upper belly, near the ribs. Functional dyspepsia often comes back over time. Doctors are not able to find a cause for functional dyspepsia in most people. […] This article discusses the symptoms, testing, and treatment options for people with functional dyspepsia. […] If you have mood problems, such as anxiety or depression, your doctor or nurse might recommend that you see a mental health specialist (eg, social worker, psychologist, counselor). Dealing with emotional issues can help you to feel better, both physically and mentally. […] Some people feel less pain after making changes in what they eat. This might include: Avoiding fatty foods (which can slow the emptying of the stomach). Eating small, frequent meals. Instead of three large meals, eat five or six small meals. Avoiding foods that make you feel worse. However, do not stop eating whole food groups unless you talk to your doctor or nurse. Avoiding too much alcohol.

• #42 Functional dyspepsia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. Try to: […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy.

• #43 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  Functional dyspepsia is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. Its symptoms are manifested as pain (burning or not) in the upper abdomen and early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, nausea and belching. For its study and treatment, it is divided into 2 syndromes: epigastric pain, which is meal unrelated, and postprandial distress, which as the name suggests, are meal related symptoms. These 2 syndromes frequently overlap. […] Within the therapeutic approach of functional dyspepsia, there are important pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures, including: […] Non-pharmacological measures […] a. Diet […] We suggest avoiding foods such as: soft drinks, coffee, tea, chocolate, mint, peppermint, garlic, onion, tomato, pepper, gum, spices and citrus, as well as excessive amounts of fruit and vegetables, especially when symptoms suggest problems with gastric emptying.

• #44 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  A low-risk intervention for patients is to encourage dietary modifications to limit foods associated with functional dyspepsia. A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals such as caffeine were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] H. pylori test and treat strategies, when compared with endoscopy, are safe, effective, and cost-effective for managing patients with dyspepsia. […] The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms.

• #45 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  A low-risk intervention for patients is to encourage dietary modifications to limit foods associated with functional dyspepsia. A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals such as caffeine were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] H. pylori test and treat strategies, when compared with endoscopy, are safe, effective, and cost-effective for managing patients with dyspepsia. […] The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms.

• #46 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  We recommend that all patients with FD are advised to take regular aerobic exercise. […] Referral of patients with FD to gastroenterology in secondary care is appropriate where there is diagnostic doubt, where symptoms are severe, or refractory to first-line treatments, or where the individual patient requests a specialist opinion. […] We recommend a multidisciplinary support team should be involved for patients with severe or refractory FD. […] We recommend early dietitian involvement in patients with severe or refractory FD to avoid an overly restrictive diet.

• #47 Understanding Functional Dyspepsia

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/Nursing-Clinic/Diseases-and-Conditions/Gastrointestinal/understanding-functional-dyspepsia

  Managing functional dyspepsia involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, dietary adjustments, and medical treatments: […] Lifestyle Modifications: – Stress Management: Implementing stress-reducing techniques such as relaxation exercises, mindfulness, or counseling. – Healthy Eating Habits: Eating smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding large meals or eating too quickly. – Avoiding Triggers: Identifying and avoiding foods and beverages that trigger symptoms, such as fatty or spicy foods, caffeine, and alcohol. […] Dietary Adjustments: – Low-FODMAP Diet: Following a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) to reduce symptoms. – Fiber Intake: Incorporating fiber-rich foods to support digestive health, though some individuals may need to avoid certain types of fiber.

• #48 Functional Dyspepsia: What Is It and How Can You Manage It? | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/functional-dyspepsia-what-is-it-and-how-can-you-manage-it

  Medications: In some cases, over-the-counter medications such as antacids or acid reducers can provide temporary relief. […] Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective in managing functional dyspepsia. […] Regular exercise: Regular physical activity can promote better digestion and reduce symptoms.

• #49 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  We recommend that all patients with FD are advised to take regular aerobic exercise. […] Referral of patients with FD to gastroenterology in secondary care is appropriate where there is diagnostic doubt, where symptoms are severe, or refractory to first-line treatments, or where the individual patient requests a specialist opinion. […] We recommend a multidisciplinary support team should be involved for patients with severe or refractory FD. […] We recommend early dietitian involvement in patients with severe or refractory FD to avoid an overly restrictive diet.

• #50 Functional dyspepsia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your functional dyspepsia-related health concerns […] Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy. […] People with functional dyspepsia often turn to complementary and alternative medicines to help them cope. Further studies are needed before complementary and alternative medicines can be recommended. But they may provide some symptom relief when used with other approaches suggested by a healthcare professional. […] You may start by seeing someone on your primary healthcare team. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines, called a gastroenterologist.

• #51 Functional dyspepsia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. Try to: […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy.

• #52 Functional dyspepsia | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. Try to: […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy.

• #53 Understanding Functional Dyspepsia

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/Nursing-Clinic/Diseases-and-Conditions/Gastrointestinal/understanding-functional-dyspepsia

  Managing functional dyspepsia involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, dietary adjustments, and medical treatments: […] Lifestyle Modifications: – Stress Management: Implementing stress-reducing techniques such as relaxation exercises, mindfulness, or counseling. – Healthy Eating Habits: Eating smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding large meals or eating too quickly. – Avoiding Triggers: Identifying and avoiding foods and beverages that trigger symptoms, such as fatty or spicy foods, caffeine, and alcohol. […] Dietary Adjustments: – Low-FODMAP Diet: Following a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) to reduce symptoms. – Fiber Intake: Incorporating fiber-rich foods to support digestive health, though some individuals may need to avoid certain types of fiber.

• #54 Functional Dyspepsia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/functional-dyspepsia.html

  Functional dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-uh) is a kind of upset stomach or indigestion that doesnt have a definite cause. Its thought to happen because of a mix of things. Functional dyspepsia is a type of gutbrain disorder. These disorders affect how the digestive system and brain talk to each other. […] To treat functional dyspepsia, the doctor may suggest: Diet changes. Your child should avoid spicy or fatty foods and drinks that have caffeine or carbonation (fizz), like soda. Eating too much food or having an empty stomach could make functional dyspepsia act up, so having smaller meals often may help. Kids should also try to eat slowly and chew food well. […] Ways to ease stress. If stress could be causing your child’s symptoms, the doctor or a mental health provider may suggest ways to help the nervous system calm down. These may include relaxation skills (like slow, deep breathing) or exercise. Getting enough sleep also might help. […] To help them cope, encourage your child to keep doing normal activities, like going to school, playing sports, and spending time with family and friends. Consider having your child talk with a therapist for support and to learn ways to relax and deal with their symptoms.

• #55 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  b. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy […] It is necessary for a functional dyspepsia diagnosis, yet not for all patients. […] c. Avoid alcohol, tobacco and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaIDs) […] These are unarguably dyspepsia generators and are associated with peptic ulcers. […] d. Psychoeducation and psychotherapy […] Prevalence of depression and especially of anxiety is high in patients with dyspepsia. It is important to detect such diseases and treat them, since these may increase the perception of symptoms. […] Pharmacological measures […] Finding pharmacological measures that function better than the placebo is definitely a hard task in functional disorders, because placebos have a very high effect to control dyspepsia, from 30% up to 70%. […] Available pharmacological treatments for dyspepsia:

• #56 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=11&number=3&spage=349

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. […] Therapeutic options remain limited and provide only symptomatic benefit in most cases. Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD: Helicobacter pylori eradication. […] A firm diagnosis followed by explanation and reassurance are key elements of the therapeutic equation and may help maximize the placebo response if therapy is prescribed. […] Multiple drug classes have been trialed to treat FD but therapeutic options remain limited and provide in most cases only symptomatic benefit. […] Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD and that is H. pylori eradication therapy.

• #57 The management of dyspepsia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/the-management-of-dyspepsia-23-09-2003/

  Patients are said to have functional dyspepsia when no pathology or disease can be found to be causing their symptoms. […] Once a diagnosis has been made, the clinician needs to consider treatment options. […] These patients will require individualised treatment for the alleviation of their symptoms. Some patients will need only advice and reassurance whereas others will require more active treatment. The clinician will need to give lifestyle advice as well as pharmacological treatments. […] Not every patient will require pharmacological intervention. However, for those who do, it should be remembered that in functional gastrointestinal disorders there is a considerable placebo effect to drug treatment. […] Drugs used in the management of functional dyspepsia include: Antacids; Prokinetics; Acid suppressives; Cytoprotectives; Antidepressants; H. pylori eradication agents.

• #58 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  A low-risk intervention for patients is to encourage dietary modifications to limit foods associated with functional dyspepsia. A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals such as caffeine were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] H. pylori test and treat strategies, when compared with endoscopy, are safe, effective, and cost-effective for managing patients with dyspepsia. […] The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms.

• #59 Update on the Evaluation and Management of Functional Dyspepsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0301/p547.html

  Histamine H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors reduce functional dyspepsia symptoms, although the effect is small. […] The prokinetic agent metoclopramide (Reglan) may be effective in treating functional dyspepsia, although the data are limited. […] Eradication of H. pylori is somewhat effective in reducing symptoms of endoscopically confirmed functional dyspepsia, although it may not be cost-effective. […] Treatment of functional dyspepsia can be frustrating for physicians and patients because few treatment options have proven effective. Patients will need continued reassurance and support from their physicians. Treatment is generally aimed at one of the presumed underlying etiologies of functional dyspepsia. […] Gastric acid suppressants have been studied extensively in the treatment of functional dyspepsia.

• #60 Update on the Evaluation and Management of Functional Dyspepsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0301/p547.html

  Histamine H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors reduce functional dyspepsia symptoms, although the effect is small. […] The prokinetic agent metoclopramide (Reglan) may be effective in treating functional dyspepsia, although the data are limited. […] Eradication of H. pylori is somewhat effective in reducing symptoms of endoscopically confirmed functional dyspepsia, although it may not be cost-effective. […] Treatment of functional dyspepsia can be frustrating for physicians and patients because few treatment options have proven effective. Patients will need continued reassurance and support from their physicians. Treatment is generally aimed at one of the presumed underlying etiologies of functional dyspepsia. […] Gastric acid suppressants have been studied extensively in the treatment of functional dyspepsia.

• #61 Functional dyspepsia: How to manage the burn and the bloat | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/5/301

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety, or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper endoscopy such as peptic ulcer disease to explain these symptoms. […] Clinical guidelines recommend starting proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients with functional dyspepsia who test negative for Helicobacter pylori or who continue to have dyspeptic symptoms after H pylori eradication. […] The aim of treatment is to improve quality of life by decreasing or eliminating symptoms. […] Our general practice is to treat with a proton pump inhibitor for 2 months. If symptoms respond, then we taper off the medication or reduce it to the lowest effective dose. If dyspepsia does not respond to a proton pump inhibitor, we use an individualized approach, discussing the agents listed above and summarized in Table 1. […] The 41-year-old patient in the introductory scenario was diagnosed with functional dyspepsia (postprandial distress subtype) and given information about the disease. She started taking buspirone 10 mg 15 to 30 minutes before meals, and her postprandial bloating improved significantly.

• #62 Functional dyspepsia: How to manage the burn and the bloat | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/5/301

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety, or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper endoscopy such as peptic ulcer disease to explain these symptoms. […] Clinical guidelines recommend starting proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients with functional dyspepsia who test negative for Helicobacter pylori or who continue to have dyspeptic symptoms after H pylori eradication. […] The aim of treatment is to improve quality of life by decreasing or eliminating symptoms. […] Our general practice is to treat with a proton pump inhibitor for 2 months. If symptoms respond, then we taper off the medication or reduce it to the lowest effective dose. If dyspepsia does not respond to a proton pump inhibitor, we use an individualized approach, discussing the agents listed above and summarized in Table 1. […] The 41-year-old patient in the introductory scenario was diagnosed with functional dyspepsia (postprandial distress subtype) and given information about the disease. She started taking buspirone 10 mg 15 to 30 minutes before meals, and her postprandial bloating improved significantly.

• #63 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  For patients who have functional dyspepsia with postprandial distress syndrome, which is characterized by meal-related symptoms, prokinetic agents can reduce symptoms. […] A review of 12 RCTs of patients with functional dyspepsia found a statistically significant benefit of psychological therapy (i.e., cognitive behavior therapy and other forms of psychotherapy) over the control group. […] The ACG does not recommend the routine use of complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of functional dyspepsia but states that these alternatives can be considered for patients who are motivated.

• #64 The management of dyspepsia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/the-management-of-dyspepsia-23-09-2003/

  Although antacids are widely used by patients who have dyspepsia, there appears to be no evidence to support their use or their efficacy in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia. […] Domperidone (for relief of nausea and vomiting) or metoclopramide (a motility stimulant) are the drugs most widely used, although their value is uncertain in the management of patients with dyspepsia. […] Treatment results for these drugs have been shown to be similar. In patients with functional dyspepsia there is a high placebo response to these drugs and it is therefore difficult to quantify the benefits of this therapy. […] Although there is evidence that antidepressants have a role in the management of functional bowel disorders, this has not been proven in functional dyspepsia. […] About 50 per cent of patients with functional dyspepsia will be H. pylori positive. Eradication therapy is suggested for these patients.

• #65 Update on the Evaluation and Management of Functional Dyspepsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0301/p547.html

  Many patients with functional dyspepsia report predominant symptoms of bloating, early satiation, nausea, and vomiting. […] H. pylori eradication may be beneficial as an initial strategy for management of uninvestigated dyspepsia before endoscopy. […] Because of the high rate of coexisting depression and psychiatric illness in patients with refractory functional dyspepsia, many physicians prescribe antidepressants. However, there are only limited studies with a lack of randomized controlled trials supporting this strategy.

• #66 The management of dyspepsia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/the-management-of-dyspepsia-23-09-2003/

  Although antacids are widely used by patients who have dyspepsia, there appears to be no evidence to support their use or their efficacy in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia. […] Domperidone (for relief of nausea and vomiting) or metoclopramide (a motility stimulant) are the drugs most widely used, although their value is uncertain in the management of patients with dyspepsia. […] Treatment results for these drugs have been shown to be similar. In patients with functional dyspepsia there is a high placebo response to these drugs and it is therefore difficult to quantify the benefits of this therapy. […] Although there is evidence that antidepressants have a role in the management of functional bowel disorders, this has not been proven in functional dyspepsia. […] About 50 per cent of patients with functional dyspepsia will be H. pylori positive. Eradication therapy is suggested for these patients.

• #67 Your functional dyspepsia diagnosis check list | Content for health professionals | Microbiota institute

  https://www.biocodexmicrobiotainstitute.com/en/pro/your-functional-dyspepsia-diagnosis-check-list

  A drug-based approach is privileged with acid suppressors (proton pump inhibitors, PPIs commonly used) and prokinetics. […] Neuromodulators, such as tricyclic antidepressants, are used to modulate visceral hypersensitivity, alter pain perception, and improve symptoms in refractory cases. […] Cognitive behavior therapy, hypnotherapy, and stress management could play a key role in long-term symptom control. […] Functional Dyspepsia can be treated but not cured. Recovery by itself is possible. […] Functional Dyspepsia is not putting the patient at risk in developing any cancers. […] FD is a multifactorial disorder caused by altered gut sensitivity, motility, microbiota, and communication between the gut and the brain. […] Follow-up approach depends on response to treatment (many non-responders).

• #68 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  A low-risk intervention for patients is to encourage dietary modifications to limit foods associated with functional dyspepsia. A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals such as caffeine were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] H. pylori test and treat strategies, when compared with endoscopy, are safe, effective, and cost-effective for managing patients with dyspepsia. […] The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms.

• #69 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Some people feel better after taking a medicine that reduces stomach acid. Examples include: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are more likely than other types of acid reducers to improve pain. […] If you are diagnosed with H. pylori and you have a stomach ulcer, treating the H. pylori can help to reduce symptoms of dyspepsia. […] Low doses of an antidepressant medicine might help to reduce symptoms, even if you are not depressed. […] Several complementary and alternative medicine treatments are advertised to improve functional dyspepsia. Examples include treatments that include peppermint and caraway. However, there are no well performed medical studies of these treatments, so it is not clear if they are safe or if they work. […] Your health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem.

• #70 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia (30.03.2018)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/197088

  In the absence of causal therapy, the duration of treatment is therefore limited (e.g., a period of 8-12 weeks) and is always oriented on the principal symptoms, particularly since the placebo success rate can be very high, up to 60%. […] The following categories of evidence-based medicinal and nonmedicinal treatment are available: Proton pump inhibitors, Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment, Phytotherapy, Antidepressants, Psychotherapy. […] Antidepressants are used after failure of the above-mentioned treatments. […] The largest study to date investigated the effect of amitriptyline (25 mg for 2 weeks, then 50 mg for 10 weeks), escitalopram (10 mg for 12 weeks), and placebo in a total of 292 patients. […] Other studies have also shown that antidepressants are particularly effective against dyspepsia symptoms when the predominant complaints are abdominal and/or mental comorbidity. […] There are also data supporting the use of psychotherapy, which should be considered particularly in the case of treatment resistance.

• #71 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  H. pylori eradication treatment: one of the patients biggest fears about dyspepsia is having H. pylori, the patients show a major concern caused by a microorganism, which may have been in their stomachs for a long time already. […] Anti-secretory drugs: Both type-2 anti-histaminergic pharmaceuticals (i. e. ranitidine) as well as proton pump inhibitors are medications of moderate efficacy. […] Prokinetics: these are useful medications in the treatment of postprandial distress syndrome; however researchers in Us forget them because its therapeutic dosage approaches the level of dosage which causes adverse effects. […] Antidepressants: highly effective medications in the treatment of dyspepsia since they work as visceral analgesics. […] Regarding dyspepsia treatment duration the suggestion is 3 months; however, the use of tricyclic as an option can be considered up to 6 months (there is not a well-established time).

• #72 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=11&number=3&spage=349

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. […] Therapeutic options remain limited and provide only symptomatic benefit in most cases. Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD: Helicobacter pylori eradication. […] A firm diagnosis followed by explanation and reassurance are key elements of the therapeutic equation and may help maximize the placebo response if therapy is prescribed. […] Multiple drug classes have been trialed to treat FD but therapeutic options remain limited and provide in most cases only symptomatic benefit. […] Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD and that is H. pylori eradication therapy.

• #73 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. […] Therapeutic options remain limited and provide only symptomatic benefit in most cases. Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD—Helicobacter pylori eradication. Treatment of duodenal eosinophilia is under investigation. […] A firm diagnosis followed by explanation and reassurance are key elements of the therapeutic equation and may help maximize the placebo response if therapy is prescribed. […] Multiple drug classes have been trialed to treat FD but therapeutic options remain limited and provide in most cases only symptomatic benefit. Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD and that is H. pylori eradication therapy. […] In difficult or resistant cases, combination therapy including psychological and centrally acting drug treatment should be considered as the outcomes are likely improved based on limited randomized trial evidence.

• #74 The management of dyspepsia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/the-management-of-dyspepsia-23-09-2003/

  Although antacids are widely used by patients who have dyspepsia, there appears to be no evidence to support their use or their efficacy in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia. […] Domperidone (for relief of nausea and vomiting) or metoclopramide (a motility stimulant) are the drugs most widely used, although their value is uncertain in the management of patients with dyspepsia. […] Treatment results for these drugs have been shown to be similar. In patients with functional dyspepsia there is a high placebo response to these drugs and it is therefore difficult to quantify the benefits of this therapy. […] Although there is evidence that antidepressants have a role in the management of functional bowel disorders, this has not been proven in functional dyspepsia. […] About 50 per cent of patients with functional dyspepsia will be H. pylori positive. Eradication therapy is suggested for these patients.

• #75 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  A low-risk intervention for patients is to encourage dietary modifications to limit foods associated with functional dyspepsia. A systematic review of 15 observational studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that foods high in fat, wheat, FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols), and naturally occurring food chemicals such as caffeine were associated with symptoms of functional dyspepsia. […] H. pylori test and treat strategies, when compared with endoscopy, are safe, effective, and cost-effective for managing patients with dyspepsia. […] The mainstay of acid suppression includes two classes of medications: PPIs and histamine H2 receptor antagonists. […] A systematic review of psychotropic medications compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia included three trials of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and found a reduction in dyspepsia symptoms.

• #76 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Some people feel better after taking a medicine that reduces stomach acid. Examples include: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are more likely than other types of acid reducers to improve pain. […] If you are diagnosed with H. pylori and you have a stomach ulcer, treating the H. pylori can help to reduce symptoms of dyspepsia. […] Low doses of an antidepressant medicine might help to reduce symptoms, even if you are not depressed. […] Several complementary and alternative medicine treatments are advertised to improve functional dyspepsia. Examples include treatments that include peppermint and caraway. However, there are no well performed medical studies of these treatments, so it is not clear if they are safe or if they work. […] Your health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem.

• #77 The management of dyspepsia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/the-management-of-dyspepsia-23-09-2003/

  Statistics have shown that at 10-year follow-up two-thirds of patients with functional dyspepsia were still experiencing dyspepsia symptoms. […] Patients testing negative for H. pylori and those still symptomatic after H. pylori eradication should be treated as having functional dyspepsia. […] A short trial of acid suppression therapy may be considered but this should not necessarily be seen as a long-term solution. […] Understanding the management of dyspepsia is important for nurses so that they are able to provide appropriate lifestyle advice and reassurance, identify alarm features and support patients through the test and treat process.

• #78 The management of dyspepsia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/the-management-of-dyspepsia-23-09-2003/

  Statistics have shown that at 10-year follow-up two-thirds of patients with functional dyspepsia were still experiencing dyspepsia symptoms. […] Patients testing negative for H. pylori and those still symptomatic after H. pylori eradication should be treated as having functional dyspepsia. […] A short trial of acid suppression therapy may be considered but this should not necessarily be seen as a long-term solution. […] Understanding the management of dyspepsia is important for nurses so that they are able to provide appropriate lifestyle advice and reassurance, identify alarm features and support patients through the test and treat process.

• #79 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Treating functional dyspepsia can be challenging, with the primary goal being symptom control. Initial management involves educating the patient about the diagnosis and discussing treatment expectations. […] After the successful eradication of H pylori, treatment is a 2-step process. The first-line treatment involves a PPI or H2RA for at least 4 weeks. […] Patients usually present to family practitioners, internists, or nurse practitioners for their initial symptoms. […] Educating patients on the benign course of this disorder and establishing long-term care and expectations for treatment is essential. […] An interprofessional healthcare team of primary care physicians, advanced practice clinicians, gastroenterologists, nurses, psychiatrists, and pharmacists is critical in recognizing and effectively managing this condition for patients.

• #80 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Treating functional dyspepsia can be challenging, with the primary goal being symptom control. Initial management involves educating the patient about the diagnosis and discussing treatment expectations. […] After the successful eradication of H pylori, treatment is a 2-step process. The first-line treatment involves a PPI or H2RA for at least 4 weeks. […] Patients usually present to family practitioners, internists, or nurse practitioners for their initial symptoms. […] Educating patients on the benign course of this disorder and establishing long-term care and expectations for treatment is essential. […] An interprofessional healthcare team of primary care physicians, advanced practice clinicians, gastroenterologists, nurses, psychiatrists, and pharmacists is critical in recognizing and effectively managing this condition for patients.

• #81 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  We recommend that all patients with FD are advised to take regular aerobic exercise. […] Referral of patients with FD to gastroenterology in secondary care is appropriate where there is diagnostic doubt, where symptoms are severe, or refractory to first-line treatments, or where the individual patient requests a specialist opinion. […] We recommend a multidisciplinary support team should be involved for patients with severe or refractory FD. […] We recommend early dietitian involvement in patients with severe or refractory FD to avoid an overly restrictive diet.

• #82 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  We recommend that all patients with FD are advised to take regular aerobic exercise. […] Referral of patients with FD to gastroenterology in secondary care is appropriate where there is diagnostic doubt, where symptoms are severe, or refractory to first-line treatments, or where the individual patient requests a specialist opinion. […] We recommend a multidisciplinary support team should be involved for patients with severe or refractory FD. […] We recommend early dietitian involvement in patients with severe or refractory FD to avoid an overly restrictive diet.

• #83 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Treating functional dyspepsia can be challenging, with the primary goal being symptom control. Initial management involves educating the patient about the diagnosis and discussing treatment expectations. […] After the successful eradication of H pylori, treatment is a 2-step process. The first-line treatment involves a PPI or H2RA for at least 4 weeks. […] Patients usually present to family practitioners, internists, or nurse practitioners for their initial symptoms. […] Educating patients on the benign course of this disorder and establishing long-term care and expectations for treatment is essential. […] An interprofessional healthcare team of primary care physicians, advanced practice clinicians, gastroenterologists, nurses, psychiatrists, and pharmacists is critical in recognizing and effectively managing this condition for patients.

• #84 Understanding Functional Dyspepsia

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/Nursing-Clinic/Diseases-and-Conditions/Gastrointestinal/understanding-functional-dyspepsia

  Medications: – Antacids: Over-the-counter antacids to neutralize stomach acid and alleviate symptoms. – Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Medications that reduce stomach acid production and may help with symptoms. – H2-Receptor Antagonists: Medications that decrease acid production in the stomach. – Prokinetics: Medications that enhance gastrointestinal motility to improve digestion. […] Psychological Support: – Counseling or Therapy: Seeking psychological support for managing stress, anxiety, or depression that may contribute to dyspeptic symptoms. […] Living with functional dyspepsia involves understanding the condition, managing symptoms effectively, and making lifestyle adjustments: – Ongoing Monitoring: Keeping track of symptoms and treatment responses to make necessary adjustments. – Support Systems: Engaging with healthcare providers, support groups, and dietitians for comprehensive management and support. – Quality of Life: Implementing strategies to improve quality of life and reduce the impact of symptoms on daily activities.

• #85 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697

  We recommend that all patients with FD are advised to take regular aerobic exercise. […] Referral of patients with FD to gastroenterology in secondary care is appropriate where there is diagnostic doubt, where symptoms are severe, or refractory to first-line treatments, or where the individual patient requests a specialist opinion. […] We recommend a multidisciplinary support team should be involved for patients with severe or refractory FD. […] We recommend early dietitian involvement in patients with severe or refractory FD to avoid an overly restrictive diet.

• #86

  https://www.nuhs.edu.sg/patient-care/find-a-condition/dyspepsia

  Dyspepsia is typically a chronic disease which is a relapsing condition. However, most cases can be treated successfully. The mainstay of treatment is lifestyle modification. […] Better understanding of the condition and its underlying cause, such as anxiety, may help focus on the appropriate therapy. […] Lifestyle changes such as avoiding certain food which trigger the symptoms (often fatty, spicy and greasy foods). […] Medications such as H.pylori eradication therapy (if such an infection is found in the stomach), may help some patients. Other medications to reduce stomach acid production may be beneficial. Some antidepressant medications when used in low doses have been very effective for pain symptoms. Some complementary and alternative medicine remedies have been suggested as beneficial, but more research is required before they can be recommended.

• #87 Functional Dyspepsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554563/

  Treating functional dyspepsia can be challenging, with the primary goal being symptom control. Initial management involves educating the patient about the diagnosis and discussing treatment expectations. […] After the successful eradication of H pylori, treatment is a 2-step process. The first-line treatment involves a PPI or H2RA for at least 4 weeks. […] Patients usually present to family practitioners, internists, or nurse practitioners for their initial symptoms. […] Educating patients on the benign course of this disorder and establishing long-term care and expectations for treatment is essential. […] An interprofessional healthcare team of primary care physicians, advanced practice clinicians, gastroenterologists, nurses, psychiatrists, and pharmacists is critical in recognizing and effectively managing this condition for patients.

• #88 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  It’s a good idea to keep track of how your dyspepsia symptoms may change over time. However, routine visits to the doctor are not typically necessary. If your symptoms change, it’s important to visit your GP. You should consult your doctor right away if you experience any of the red-flag symptoms noted earlier. […] Functional dyspepsia has no known cause, and more research into underlying causes and variables that worsen symptoms may lead to future breakthroughs in treatment options.

• #89 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  It’s a good idea to keep track of how your dyspepsia symptoms may change over time. However, routine visits to the doctor are not typically necessary. If your symptoms change, it’s important to visit your GP. You should consult your doctor right away if you experience any of the red-flag symptoms noted earlier. […] Functional dyspepsia has no known cause, and more research into underlying causes and variables that worsen symptoms may lead to future breakthroughs in treatment options.

• #90 Understanding Functional Dyspepsia

  https://healthlibrary.somc.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Transplantation/3,90783

  Call your health care provider right away if: […] You have symptoms that dont get better, or get worse. […] You have new symptoms. […] You have trouble swallowing. […] You have vomiting that doesnt stop. […] You vomit blood. […] You have bloody stool or black tarry stool. […] You have unexplained weight loss.

• #91 Functional Dyspepsia (Non-ulcer Dyspepsia)

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/dyspepsia-indigestion/non-ulcer-dyspepsia-functional-dyspepsia

  The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends the following lifestyle changes: Eat smaller meals and eat your evening meal 3-4 hours before going to bed. Lose weight, if you are obese. If you are a smoker, consider giving up. Don’t drink too much alcohol. […] Most people’s symptoms improve with treatment and become better over time. If you are on long term acid-suppressing medicine, you should have a review with your doctor once a year. A small number of people have long term dyspepsia. In cases where the symptoms do not settle, referral to a specialist clinic may be helpful.

• #92 Functional Dyspepsia (Non-ulcer Dyspepsia)

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/dyspepsia-indigestion/non-ulcer-dyspepsia-functional-dyspepsia

  The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends the following lifestyle changes: Eat smaller meals and eat your evening meal 3-4 hours before going to bed. Lose weight, if you are obese. If you are a smoker, consider giving up. Don’t drink too much alcohol. […] Most people’s symptoms improve with treatment and become better over time. If you are on long term acid-suppressing medicine, you should have a review with your doctor once a year. A small number of people have long term dyspepsia. In cases where the symptoms do not settle, referral to a specialist clinic may be helpful.

• #93 The management of dyspepsia | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/the-management-of-dyspepsia-23-09-2003/

  Statistics have shown that at 10-year follow-up two-thirds of patients with functional dyspepsia were still experiencing dyspepsia symptoms. […] Patients testing negative for H. pylori and those still symptomatic after H. pylori eradication should be treated as having functional dyspepsia. […] A short trial of acid suppression therapy may be considered but this should not necessarily be seen as a long-term solution. […] Understanding the management of dyspepsia is important for nurses so that they are able to provide appropriate lifestyle advice and reassurance, identify alarm features and support patients through the test and treat process.

• #94 Functional Dyspepsia (Part I)

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/functional-dyspepsia-how-to-manage-the-burn-and-the-bloat-part-i

  Functional dyspepsia is defined as persistent symptoms of postprandial bloating, early satiety or pain in the center of the upper abdomen, without findings on upper endoscopy such as peptic ulcer disease to explain these symptoms. […] The aim of treatment is to improve quality of life by decreasing or eliminating symptoms. Patients can often reduce the dosage or even stop treatments once their symptoms resolve. […] Although symptoms of functional dyspepsia can be managed, it is a lifelong medical condition that can wax and wane over time.

• #95 Effectivity of treatment for children with functional dyspepsia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05380-y

  Functional dyspepsia is very common in children of all ages and has a significant impact on the patients family and quality of life. […] Currently no guidelines for the treatment are available. […] It is recommended to treat patients from both subgroups of functional dyspepsia differently, in accordance with the currently available explanatory models of underlying pathophysiological processes. […] As all patients did benefit from any treatment, it is likely that the treatment itself was not accountable for the relief of symptoms, but that most patients benefit from education on the diagnosis, reassurance and a recommendation of a healthy lifestyle. […] Some patients might benefit from medications, small changes in the diet, psychological support or alternative treatment, but success depends on individual, unpredictable factor.

• #96 Effectivity of treatment for children with functional dyspepsia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05380-y

  Functional dyspepsia is very common in children of all ages and has a significant impact on the patients family and quality of life. […] Currently no guidelines for the treatment are available. […] It is recommended to treat patients from both subgroups of functional dyspepsia differently, in accordance with the currently available explanatory models of underlying pathophysiological processes. […] As all patients did benefit from any treatment, it is likely that the treatment itself was not accountable for the relief of symptoms, but that most patients benefit from education on the diagnosis, reassurance and a recommendation of a healthy lifestyle. […] Some patients might benefit from medications, small changes in the diet, psychological support or alternative treatment, but success depends on individual, unpredictable factor.

• #97 Dyspepsia – About Kids GI

  https://aboutkidsgi.org/upper-gi/dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia is defined by the Rome III Committee in children/adolescents as at least a 2-month history of: […] The management of dyspepsia revolves around a structural or functional cause. If a structural cause is found, the treatment can be specific to the underlying cause. For functional dyspepsia, the aim is to provide symptomatic relief. […] Medications such as H2-blockers [reduce amount of acid produced in the stomach], proton pump inhibitors [limit amount of acid produced] and prokinetic agents such as metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride or erythromycin [increase gastrointestinal motility], have been used with some success. […] For them, low dose tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and imipramine [to help reduce pain] should be considered.

• #98 Dyspepsia – About Kids GI

  https://aboutkidsgi.org/upper-gi/dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia is defined by the Rome III Committee in children/adolescents as at least a 2-month history of: […] The management of dyspepsia revolves around a structural or functional cause. If a structural cause is found, the treatment can be specific to the underlying cause. For functional dyspepsia, the aim is to provide symptomatic relief. […] Medications such as H2-blockers [reduce amount of acid produced in the stomach], proton pump inhibitors [limit amount of acid produced] and prokinetic agents such as metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride or erythromycin [increase gastrointestinal motility], have been used with some success. […] For them, low dose tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and imipramine [to help reduce pain] should be considered.

• #99 Effectivity of treatment for children with functional dyspepsia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05380-y

  The purpose of our study was to characterize pediatric patients suffering from functional dyspepsia, analyze the outcome of treatment they received, in order to shed some light on the effectiveness of different approaches. […] Patients were standardized offered a treatment with STW 5 (Iberogast, an herbal mixture with statistically significant effects on patients epigastric functional symptoms found in double-blind and randomized studies). […] Patients, who were advised to foster health-conductive behaviors (abstaining use of tobacco and cannabis, increase physical activity, intake of regular meals etc.) were reported to have a statistically significant quick decline of symptoms after endoscopy. […] An international pediatric committee published a systematic review in 2018 where no evidence was found to support the use of pharmacological drugs.

• #100 Dyspepsia – About Kids GI

  https://aboutkidsgi.org/upper-gi/dyspepsia/

  Functional dyspepsia is defined by the Rome III Committee in children/adolescents as at least a 2-month history of: […] The management of dyspepsia revolves around a structural or functional cause. If a structural cause is found, the treatment can be specific to the underlying cause. For functional dyspepsia, the aim is to provide symptomatic relief. […] Medications such as H2-blockers [reduce amount of acid produced in the stomach], proton pump inhibitors [limit amount of acid produced] and prokinetic agents such as metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride or erythromycin [increase gastrointestinal motility], have been used with some success. […] For them, low dose tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and imipramine [to help reduce pain] should be considered.

• #101 Effectivity of treatment for children with functional dyspepsia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05380-y

  The purpose of our study was to characterize pediatric patients suffering from functional dyspepsia, analyze the outcome of treatment they received, in order to shed some light on the effectiveness of different approaches. […] Patients were standardized offered a treatment with STW 5 (Iberogast, an herbal mixture with statistically significant effects on patients epigastric functional symptoms found in double-blind and randomized studies). […] Patients, who were advised to foster health-conductive behaviors (abstaining use of tobacco and cannabis, increase physical activity, intake of regular meals etc.) were reported to have a statistically significant quick decline of symptoms after endoscopy. […] An international pediatric committee published a systematic review in 2018 where no evidence was found to support the use of pharmacological drugs.

• #102 Effectivity of treatment for children with functional dyspepsia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05380-y

  The purpose of our study was to characterize pediatric patients suffering from functional dyspepsia, analyze the outcome of treatment they received, in order to shed some light on the effectiveness of different approaches. […] Patients were standardized offered a treatment with STW 5 (Iberogast, an herbal mixture with statistically significant effects on patients epigastric functional symptoms found in double-blind and randomized studies). […] Patients, who were advised to foster health-conductive behaviors (abstaining use of tobacco and cannabis, increase physical activity, intake of regular meals etc.) were reported to have a statistically significant quick decline of symptoms after endoscopy. […] An international pediatric committee published a systematic review in 2018 where no evidence was found to support the use of pharmacological drugs.

• #103 Functional Dyspepsia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/functional-dyspepsia.html

  Functional dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-uh) is a kind of upset stomach or indigestion that doesnt have a definite cause. Its thought to happen because of a mix of things. Functional dyspepsia is a type of gutbrain disorder. These disorders affect how the digestive system and brain talk to each other. […] To treat functional dyspepsia, the doctor may suggest: Diet changes. Your child should avoid spicy or fatty foods and drinks that have caffeine or carbonation (fizz), like soda. Eating too much food or having an empty stomach could make functional dyspepsia act up, so having smaller meals often may help. Kids should also try to eat slowly and chew food well. […] Ways to ease stress. If stress could be causing your child’s symptoms, the doctor or a mental health provider may suggest ways to help the nervous system calm down. These may include relaxation skills (like slow, deep breathing) or exercise. Getting enough sleep also might help. […] To help them cope, encourage your child to keep doing normal activities, like going to school, playing sports, and spending time with family and friends. Consider having your child talk with a therapist for support and to learn ways to relax and deal with their symptoms.

• #104 Effectivity of treatment for children with functional dyspepsia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05380-y

  For the epigastric pain syndrome subtype, the use of PPI as first line treatment is recommended. […] Although this is currently the largest group of pediatric patients with functional gastrointestinal pain, currently no guidelines are available for its treatment. […] Ultimately this leads to the recommendations as given decades ago, to educate families on the diagnosis, provide reassurance and advocate a healthy lifestyle.

• #105 Functional dyspepsia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/functional-dyspepsia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375715

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your functional dyspepsia-related health concerns […] Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. To reduce stress, spend time doing hobbies, sports and other things you enjoy. […] People with functional dyspepsia often turn to complementary and alternative medicines to help them cope. Further studies are needed before complementary and alternative medicines can be recommended. But they may provide some symptom relief when used with other approaches suggested by a healthcare professional. […] You may start by seeing someone on your primary healthcare team. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines, called a gastroenterologist.

• #106 Functional dyspepsia // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. […] People with functional dyspepsia often turn to complementary and alternative medicines to help them cope. Further studies are needed before complementary and alternative medicines can be recommended. But they may provide some symptom relief when used with other approaches suggested by a healthcare professional.

• #107 Functional dyspepsia // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/functional-dyspepsia

  Functional dyspepsia that can’t be managed with lifestyle changes may need treatment. Treatment depends on symptoms. It may combine medicines and behavior therapy. […] Working with a counselor or therapist may relieve symptoms that aren’t helped by medicines. A counselor or therapist can show you relaxation techniques to help you cope with your symptoms. You also may learn ways to reduce stress to help manage your symptoms. […] Some lifestyle changes may help control functional dyspepsia. […] Changes to what you eat and how you eat might help control your symptoms. […] Stress-reduction techniques or relaxation therapy may help you manage your symptoms. […] People with functional dyspepsia often turn to complementary and alternative medicines to help them cope. Further studies are needed before complementary and alternative medicines can be recommended. But they may provide some symptom relief when used with other approaches suggested by a healthcare professional.

• #108 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Some people feel better after taking a medicine that reduces stomach acid. Examples include: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are more likely than other types of acid reducers to improve pain. […] If you are diagnosed with H. pylori and you have a stomach ulcer, treating the H. pylori can help to reduce symptoms of dyspepsia. […] Low doses of an antidepressant medicine might help to reduce symptoms, even if you are not depressed. […] Several complementary and alternative medicine treatments are advertised to improve functional dyspepsia. Examples include treatments that include peppermint and caraway. However, there are no well performed medical studies of these treatments, so it is not clear if they are safe or if they work. […] Your health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem.

• #109 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8132673/

  Patients under age 60 years without alarm features should undergo H pylori testing via stool antigen testing or urea breath test, followed by treatment and eradication confirmation if testing is positive for active infection. […] If antisecretory therapy is ineffective, neuromodulator therapy, prokinetics, and fundus-relaxing therapies should be considered. […] Our suggested approach to treatment is shown in Figure 2. We recommend H pylori testing in all patients with dyspepsia. If H pylori testing is negative and criteria for an EGD are not met (age 60 years or red-flag symptoms present), we recommend a 4-week trial of a moderate-dose PPI (eg, omeprazole 40 mg daily). […] If symptoms are not resolved with PPI therapy, we recommend consideration of herbal (FDgard or STW5) or neuromodulator therapy. […] The currently identified therapies are largely lackluster. This is likely due to numerous potential etiologies driving dyspepsia symptoms, as well as ill-defined underlying mechanisms and targets for therapeutic intervention.

• #110 Patient education: Upset stomach (functional dyspepsia) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/upset-stomach-functional-dyspepsia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Some people feel better after taking a medicine that reduces stomach acid. Examples include: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are more likely than other types of acid reducers to improve pain. […] If you are diagnosed with H. pylori and you have a stomach ulcer, treating the H. pylori can help to reduce symptoms of dyspepsia. […] Low doses of an antidepressant medicine might help to reduce symptoms, even if you are not depressed. […] Several complementary and alternative medicine treatments are advertised to improve functional dyspepsia. Examples include treatments that include peppermint and caraway. However, there are no well performed medical studies of these treatments, so it is not clear if they are safe or if they work. […] Your health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem.

• #111 Non-pharmacological Approach in the Management of Functional Dyspepsia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm19005

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease which bears a significant burden on society and individuals. […] In the absence of effective pharmacological treatments for FD, non-pharmacological approaches, including: reassurance, lifestyle modification, psychotherapy, dietary interventions, medical food, acupuncture, and electrical stimulation and modulation are sought after by many physicians and FD patients. […] Though the evidences to support the routine use of the non-pharmacological management is still lacking, the non-invasive nature and potentially minimal side-effects of these therapies may be attractive in the FD management. […] In order to confirm the clinical effectiveness of these non-pharmacological approaches, more well-conducted, methodologically rigorous, and large-scaled clinical trials are required.

• #112 Non-pharmacological Approach in the Management of Functional Dyspepsia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm19005

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease which bears a significant burden on society and individuals. […] In the absence of effective pharmacological treatments for FD, non-pharmacological approaches, including: reassurance, lifestyle modification, psychotherapy, dietary interventions, medical food, acupuncture, and electrical stimulation and modulation are sought after by many physicians and FD patients. […] Though the evidences to support the routine use of the non-pharmacological management is still lacking, the non-invasive nature and potentially minimal side-effects of these therapies may be attractive in the FD management. […] In order to confirm the clinical effectiveness of these non-pharmacological approaches, more well-conducted, methodologically rigorous, and large-scaled clinical trials are required.

• #113 Non-pharmacological Approach in the Management of Functional Dyspepsia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm19005

  Non-pharmacological therapies including reassurance, lifestyle modification, psychotherapy, dietary management, medical food, acupuncture, and electrical stimulation/modulation can be useful options for the treatment of FD. […] The non-invasive nature and potentially minimal side-effects of these non-addictive, non-pharmacological therapy are likely to benefit FD patients, especially those who have failed conventional therapies. […] The current evidence to warrant the routine use of non-pharmacological therapies in treating FD patients remains limited, though some FD patients do respond well to non-pharmacological management. […] More well-conducted and large-scaled clinical trials are required to confirm their effectiveness and to identify possible adverse effects in FD treatment.

• #114 Functional Dyspepsia: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0115/p84.html

  For patients who have functional dyspepsia with postprandial distress syndrome, which is characterized by meal-related symptoms, prokinetic agents can reduce symptoms. […] A review of 12 RCTs of patients with functional dyspepsia found a statistically significant benefit of psychological therapy (i.e., cognitive behavior therapy and other forms of psychotherapy) over the control group. […] The ACG does not recommend the routine use of complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of functional dyspepsia but states that these alternatives can be considered for patients who are motivated.

• #115 Non-pharmacological Approach in the Management of Functional Dyspepsia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm19005

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease which bears a significant burden on society and individuals. […] In the absence of effective pharmacological treatments for FD, non-pharmacological approaches, including: reassurance, lifestyle modification, psychotherapy, dietary interventions, medical food, acupuncture, and electrical stimulation and modulation are sought after by many physicians and FD patients. […] Though the evidences to support the routine use of the non-pharmacological management is still lacking, the non-invasive nature and potentially minimal side-effects of these therapies may be attractive in the FD management. […] In order to confirm the clinical effectiveness of these non-pharmacological approaches, more well-conducted, methodologically rigorous, and large-scaled clinical trials are required.

• #116 Non-pharmacological Approach in the Management of Functional Dyspepsia

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm19005

  Non-pharmacological therapies including reassurance, lifestyle modification, psychotherapy, dietary management, medical food, acupuncture, and electrical stimulation/modulation can be useful options for the treatment of FD. […] The non-invasive nature and potentially minimal side-effects of these non-addictive, non-pharmacological therapy are likely to benefit FD patients, especially those who have failed conventional therapies. […] The current evidence to warrant the routine use of non-pharmacological therapies in treating FD patients remains limited, though some FD patients do respond well to non-pharmacological management. […] More well-conducted and large-scaled clinical trials are required to confirm their effectiveness and to identify possible adverse effects in FD treatment.

• #117 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8132673/

  The diagnosis and treatment of functional dyspepsia is often clinically challenging due to factors such as the heterogeneity of upper gastrointestinal symptoms and the generalized poor response to currently available treatment options. […] Dyspepsia symptoms include a constellation of upper gastrointestinal complaints, such as belching, postprandial fullness, early satiety, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. […] Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed when an organic etiology for the symptoms is not identified. […] Evaluation of functional dyspepsia is driven by patient age and the presence of red-flag symptoms, such as patients over age 60 years or those with anemia undergoing evaluation with esophagogastroduodenoscopy. […] Treatment options include proton pump inhibitors, neuromodulators, and prokinetics; however, the evidence supporting these therapies is weak, and the response rate is less than robust.

• #118 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8132673/

  Patients under age 60 years without alarm features should undergo H pylori testing via stool antigen testing or urea breath test, followed by treatment and eradication confirmation if testing is positive for active infection. […] If antisecretory therapy is ineffective, neuromodulator therapy, prokinetics, and fundus-relaxing therapies should be considered. […] Our suggested approach to treatment is shown in Figure 2. We recommend H pylori testing in all patients with dyspepsia. If H pylori testing is negative and criteria for an EGD are not met (age 60 years or red-flag symptoms present), we recommend a 4-week trial of a moderate-dose PPI (eg, omeprazole 40 mg daily). […] If symptoms are not resolved with PPI therapy, we recommend consideration of herbal (FDgard or STW5) or neuromodulator therapy. […] The currently identified therapies are largely lackluster. This is likely due to numerous potential etiologies driving dyspepsia symptoms, as well as ill-defined underlying mechanisms and targets for therapeutic intervention.

• #119 Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of the Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment Options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8132673/

  Patients under age 60 years without alarm features should undergo H pylori testing via stool antigen testing or urea breath test, followed by treatment and eradication confirmation if testing is positive for active infection. […] If antisecretory therapy is ineffective, neuromodulator therapy, prokinetics, and fundus-relaxing therapies should be considered. […] Our suggested approach to treatment is shown in Figure 2. We recommend H pylori testing in all patients with dyspepsia. If H pylori testing is negative and criteria for an EGD are not met (age 60 years or red-flag symptoms present), we recommend a 4-week trial of a moderate-dose PPI (eg, omeprazole 40 mg daily). […] If symptoms are not resolved with PPI therapy, we recommend consideration of herbal (FDgard or STW5) or neuromodulator therapy. […] The currently identified therapies are largely lackluster. This is likely due to numerous potential etiologies driving dyspepsia symptoms, as well as ill-defined underlying mechanisms and targets for therapeutic intervention.

• #120 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  Functional dyspepsia is more complex than we think and therapeutic development seems to be stagnant for some years now. Management guidelines are different based on prokinetic availability; always consider H. pylori eradication as a first choice. […] Therefore my recommendation is to consider the fact that symptoms are the key to establishing a treatment plan, because they can explain whether the patient is hypersensitive and requires a tricyclic, if the patient has gastric relaxation or emptying issues where a prokinetic would be ideal, or if acid is casual and an anti-secretor would be the best option. Even though we must consider that the best option is probably the combination of 2 or more medications based on the symptoms.

• #121 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  Functional dyspepsia is more complex than we think and therapeutic development seems to be stagnant for some years now. Management guidelines are different based on prokinetic availability; always consider H. pylori eradication as a first choice. […] Therefore my recommendation is to consider the fact that symptoms are the key to establishing a treatment plan, because they can explain whether the patient is hypersensitive and requires a tricyclic, if the patient has gastric relaxation or emptying issues where a prokinetic would be ideal, or if acid is casual and an anti-secretor would be the best option. Even though we must consider that the best option is probably the combination of 2 or more medications based on the symptoms.

• #122 Update on the Evaluation and Management of Functional Dyspepsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0301/p547.html

  Histamine H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors reduce functional dyspepsia symptoms, although the effect is small. […] The prokinetic agent metoclopramide (Reglan) may be effective in treating functional dyspepsia, although the data are limited. […] Eradication of H. pylori is somewhat effective in reducing symptoms of endoscopically confirmed functional dyspepsia, although it may not be cost-effective. […] Treatment of functional dyspepsia can be frustrating for physicians and patients because few treatment options have proven effective. Patients will need continued reassurance and support from their physicians. Treatment is generally aimed at one of the presumed underlying etiologies of functional dyspepsia. […] Gastric acid suppressants have been studied extensively in the treatment of functional dyspepsia.

• #123 Update on the Evaluation and Management of Functional Dyspepsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0301/p547.html

  Histamine H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors reduce functional dyspepsia symptoms, although the effect is small. […] The prokinetic agent metoclopramide (Reglan) may be effective in treating functional dyspepsia, although the data are limited. […] Eradication of H. pylori is somewhat effective in reducing symptoms of endoscopically confirmed functional dyspepsia, although it may not be cost-effective. […] Treatment of functional dyspepsia can be frustrating for physicians and patients because few treatment options have proven effective. Patients will need continued reassurance and support from their physicians. Treatment is generally aimed at one of the presumed underlying etiologies of functional dyspepsia. […] Gastric acid suppressants have been studied extensively in the treatment of functional dyspepsia.

• #124 Functional Dyspepsia – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/functional-dyspepsia/

  It’s a good idea to keep track of how your dyspepsia symptoms may change over time. However, routine visits to the doctor are not typically necessary. If your symptoms change, it’s important to visit your GP. You should consult your doctor right away if you experience any of the red-flag symptoms noted earlier. […] Functional dyspepsia has no known cause, and more research into underlying causes and variables that worsen symptoms may lead to future breakthroughs in treatment options.

• #125 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  Functional dyspepsia is more complex than we think and therapeutic development seems to be stagnant for some years now. Management guidelines are different based on prokinetic availability; always consider H. pylori eradication as a first choice. […] Therefore my recommendation is to consider the fact that symptoms are the key to establishing a treatment plan, because they can explain whether the patient is hypersensitive and requires a tricyclic, if the patient has gastric relaxation or emptying issues where a prokinetic would be ideal, or if acid is casual and an anti-secretor would be the best option. Even though we must consider that the best option is probably the combination of 2 or more medications based on the symptoms.

• #126 Managing functional dyspepsia | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-managing-functional-dyspepsia-X1665579614675951

  Functional dyspepsia is more complex than we think and therapeutic development seems to be stagnant for some years now. Management guidelines are different based on prokinetic availability; always consider H. pylori eradication as a first choice. […] Therefore my recommendation is to consider the fact that symptoms are the key to establishing a treatment plan, because they can explain whether the patient is hypersensitive and requires a tricyclic, if the patient has gastric relaxation or emptying issues where a prokinetic would be ideal, or if acid is casual and an anti-secretor would be the best option. Even though we must consider that the best option is probably the combination of 2 or more medications based on the symptoms.

• #127 Functional Dyspepsia: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5009/gnl16055

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common but under-recognized syndrome comprising bothersome recurrent postprandial fullness, early satiety, or epigastric pain/burning. […] Therapeutic options remain limited and provide only symptomatic benefit in most cases. Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD—Helicobacter pylori eradication. Treatment of duodenal eosinophilia is under investigation. […] A firm diagnosis followed by explanation and reassurance are key elements of the therapeutic equation and may help maximize the placebo response if therapy is prescribed. […] Multiple drug classes have been trialed to treat FD but therapeutic options remain limited and provide in most cases only symptomatic benefit. Only one therapy is known to change the natural history of FD and that is H. pylori eradication therapy. […] In difficult or resistant cases, combination therapy including psychological and centrally acting drug treatment should be considered as the outcomes are likely improved based on limited randomized trial evidence.

• #128

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5202366&Journal_ID=54035&Issue_ID=5201977

  Functional dyspepsia (FD) has traditionally been described as chronically occurring epigastric pain for which no specific cause can be identified. […] Because the cause of FD is poorly understood, effective interventions are controversial. […] PPIs appear more effective for the treatment of FD when compared with placebo. However, these effects are short lived as the improvement is nearly ineffectual by 8 weeks of treatment (RR 0.92). […] The successful treatment of FD evades a consistent algorithm for providers. Until future studies provide evidenced-based recommendations, the treatment of FD will be an individualized process.

Zobacz więcej