Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Travelers’ Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/preparing/travelers-diarrhea

  Healthcare professionals should advise on food safety and options for medications to prevent and treat travelers diarrhea. […] Traveler adherence to recommended approaches can, however, help reducealthough never fully eliminatethe risk for illness. These recommendations include making careful food and beverage choices, using agents other than antimicrobial medications for prophylaxis, and carefully washing hands with soap whenever available. […] Where provided, effective food-handling courses have been shown to decrease the risk for TD. […] The primary agent studied for prevention of TD, other than antibiotics, is bismuth subsalicylate (BSS). Studies from Mexico have shown that this agent reduces the incidence of TD by approximately 50%. […] Probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus GG, Saccharomyces boulardii) have been studied in small numbers of people as TD prevention, but results are inconclusive, partly because standardized preparations of these bacteria are not reliably available.

• #1 Gastroenteritis | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis is highly contagious, general suggestions on how to reduce the risk of infection include: […] Good old-fashioned handwashing with soap and water is still the best defence against spreading the bug. […] Stay home while sick, until 48 hours after symptoms have stopped. If symptoms persist, visit your GP. […] Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after going to the toilet or changing nappies, after smoking, after using a handkerchief or tissue, or after handling animals. […] Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing food or eating. […] Use disposable paper towels to dry your hands rather than cloth towels, since the bacteria can survive for some time on objects. […] Do not handle raw and cooked foods with the same implements (tongs, knives, cutting boards), unless they have been thoroughly washed between uses.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease

  Diarrhoea can be prevented through safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation and hygiene. […] Interventions to prevent diarrhoea, including safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation and hand washing with soap, can reduce disease risk. […] Key measures to prevent diarrhoea include: access to safe drinking-water, use of improved sanitation, hand washing with soap, exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, good personal and food hygiene, health education about how infections spread, rotavirus vaccination. […] WHO works with Member States and other partners to promote national policies and investments that support case management of diarrhoea and its complications as well as increasing access to safe drinking-water and sanitation in developing countries.

• #1 Norovirus (Stomach Flu) Cases Are Surging: 3 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/norovirus-stomach-flu-cases-are-surging-3-things-to-know

  Prevention includes washing your hands frequently with soap and water; hand sanitizer doesn’t work as well. […] The main means of transmission is exposure to contaminated food, water, or surfaces, so the most important preventive strategies include disinfecting surfaces, heating food to sizzling temperatures, washing clothes in hot water, and washing hands frequently (that means soap and water, since hand sanitizer doesn’t work well against norovirus). […] Proper handwashing is key to preventing a norovirus infection. That means washing hands frequently with soap and water, especially before eating or handling food, before giving or taking medicine, and after using the toilet or changing a diaper. […] Hand sanitizers don’t work well for this virus. Norovirus has a capsule around the virus that protects it against most routine disinfectants, such as alcohol-based, hand-sanitizing gels. But vigorous washing with plain soap and water for 20 seconds creates friction that better washes away the viral particles.

• #1 Prevention and Self-Treatment of Traveler’s Diarrhea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1539099/

  Prevention of traveler’s diarrhea falls into four broad categories: immunization, avoidance, nonpharmacological therapy, and antibiotic prophylaxis. […] A live-attenuated oral cholera vaccine (Mutacol, Orochol) has been shown to have protective efficacy as high as 90% when recipients were challenged with Vibrio cholerae within 3 months of vaccination, whereas an oral combination vaccine consisting of both recombinantly produced cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit and inactivated whole-cell V. cholerae O1 (Dukoral) has shown protection against diarrhea due to both V. cholerae and ETEC. […] Avoidance of high-risk foods and drink is an oft-cited means of reducing the risk of traveler’s diarrhea, although there is little direct evidence that such behavior modification actually reduces disease incidence.

• #1 Gastroenteritis | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis

  Keep all kitchen surfaces and equipment clean. […] Keep cold food cold (below 5 °C) and hot food hot (above 60 °C) to discourage the growth of bacteria. […] Make sure foods are thoroughly cooked. […] Clean kitchen tops, toys, toilet seats, nappy change tables and taps to ensure you don’t spread the infection to others at home. […] Clean the toilet and bathroom regularly (especially the toilet seat, door handles and taps). […] Clean baby change tables regularly. […] When travelling overseas to countries where sanitation is suspect, only drink bottled water. Don’t forget to brush your teeth in bottled water too. Avoid food buffets, uncooked foods or peeled fruits and vegetables, and ice in drinks. […] Note: Wash hands with soap and water as this is the best way to prevent infection. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers while effective against some viruses (such as coronavirus), are not effective against gastroenteritis.

• #1 Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378847

  Disinfect hard surfaces. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, disinfect hard surfaces, such as counters, faucets and doorknobs, with a mixture of 5-25 tablespoons (73 to 369 milliliters) of household bleach to 1 gallon (3.8 liters) of water. […] Take precautions when traveling. When you’re traveling in other countries, you can become sick from contaminated food or water. You may be able to reduce your risk by following these tips: Drink only well-sealed bottled or carbonated water. […] Avoid ice cubes because they may be made from contaminated water. […] Avoid raw food — including peeled fruits, raw vegetables and salads — that has been touched by human hands. […] Avoid undercooked meat and fish.

• #1 Prevention and Self-Treatment of Traveler’s Diarrhea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1539099/

  Nevertheless, because of the simplicity of this risk modification, those seeking pretravel advice should be counseled to drink only safe beverages, such as those that have been boiled, bottled, or carbonated. […] Several nonantibiotic agents have been studied for the prevention of traveler’s diarrhea. The most effective of these is bismuth subsalicylate (BSS; Pepto-Bismol), which has been shown to have mild antimicrobial activity as well as antisecretory and anti-inflammatory properties. […] Antibiotic therapy is recommended either with or without loperamide for travelers with moderate to severe symptoms. […] The choice of which antibiotic to carry when traveling has changed since the subject of traveler’s diarrhea was first studied. […] In most cases, travelers to developing countries should bring loperamide and an antibiotic to use for empirical self-treatment should they develop diarrhea.

• #1 Traveler’s diarrhea diet – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/travelers-diarrhea-diet

  Do not buy food from street vendors. […] Eat hot, well-cooked foods. Heat kills the bacteria. But do not eat hot foods that have been sitting around for a long time. […] Wash hands often. […] Your health care provider may recommend medicines to help lower your chances of getting sick. […] Taking 2 tablets of Pepto-Bismol 4 times a day before you travel and while you are traveling can help prevent diarrhea. […] Most people do not need to take antibiotics every day to prevent diarrhea while traveling. […] In some cases, your provider may provide a prescription for an antibiotic to be taken if you develop severe diarrhea, especially if it is accompanied by fevers or if there is blood in the stool. […] If you have diarrhea, follow these tips to help you feel better: […] Drink 8 to 10 glasses of clear fluids every day. Water or an oral rehydration solution is best.

• #1 Travelers’ Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/preparing/travelers-diarrhea

  Older controlled studies showed that use of antibiotics reduced diarrhea attack rates by 90%. […] Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended for most travelers. Prophylactic antibiotics afford no protection against nonbacterial pathogens and can remove normally protective microflora from the bowel, increasing the risk for acquisition of resistant bacterial pathogens. […] Prophylactic antibiotics might rarely be considered for short-term travelers who are high-risk hosts (e.g., immunocompromised people or people who have significant medical comorbidities).

• #1 Traveler’s Diarrhea – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis/traveler-s-diarrhea

  Preventive antibiotics are recommended only for people who are particularly susceptible to the consequences of travelers diarrhea, such as those whose immune system is impaired, those who have inflammatory bowel disease, those who have HIV, those who have received an organ transplant, and those who have severe heart or kidney disease. The antibiotic most commonly given is rifaximin. Some travelers instead take bismuth subsalicylate rather than an antibiotic for prevention.

• #1 English | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/acute-diarrhea/acute-diarrhea-english

  Breastfed infants and children should continue receiving food, even during the rehydration phase. […] In the prevention of adult and childhood diarrhea, there is only suggestive evidence that Lactobacillus GG, L. casei DN-114 001, and S. boulardii are effective in some specific settings. […] In antibiotic-associated diarrhea, there is strong evidence of efficacy for S. boulardii or L. rhamnosus GG in adults or children who are receiving antibiotic therapy. […] The IMCI strategy encompasses a range of interventions to prevent and manage major childhood illness, both in health facilities and in the home. It incorporates many elements of the diarrheal and acute respiratory infection control program, as well as child-related aspects of malaria control, nutrition, immunization, and essential drugs program.

• #1 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  Vaccines are indicated for persons with high risk of exposure to some pathogens. […] In February 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an oral vaccine for rotavirus (RotaTeq). […] In April 2008, the FDA approved Rotarix, another oral vaccine, for prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis. […] A Cochrane Database review evaluated the results of 43 trials with 190,551 participants comparing rotavirus vaccines, both the monovalent and pentavalent types (RV1 and RV5), with placebo. Both vaccines were found to be effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhea. […] The Salmonella typhi vaccine is recommended for travelers to countries with a high risk of this infection, persons with intimate exposure to a documented typhoid fever carrier, and workers with frequent exposure to this bacteria.

• #1 Gastroenteritis in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-children/gastroenteritis-in-children

  Gastroenteritis is best prevented by encouraging children and their caretakers to wash their hands and teaching them to avoid improperly stored foods and contaminated water. […] Two vaccines to prevent rotavirus infection are available as part of the recommended infant vaccination schedule. The current rotavirus vaccines are not associated with intussusception (a serious intestinal problem), as was the case with the first vaccine. The rotavirus vaccines have decreased rotavirus infections by about 80% in the United States. […] Children who are old enough should be taught to wash their hands and to avoid improperly stored foods and contaminated water. A good general guideline is to keep cold foods cold and hot foods hot. Food placed out for consumption should be consumed within an hour.

• #1 Gastroenteritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis

  Prevention Hand washing, drinking clean water, proper disposal of human waste, breastfeeding. […] For young children in impoverished countries, prevention includes hand washing with soap, drinking clean water, breastfeeding babies instead of using formula, and proper disposal of human waste. The rotavirus vaccine is recommended as a prevention for children. […] Personal hygiene measures (such as hand washing with soap) have been found to decrease rates of gastroenteritis in both the developing and developed world by as much as 30%. […] Breastfeeding is important, especially in places with poor hygiene, as is improvement of hygiene generally. Breast milk reduces both the frequency of infections and their duration. […] Due to both its effectiveness and safety, in 2009 the World Health Organization recommended that the rotavirus vaccine be offered to all children globally. […] This vaccine may also prevent illness in non-vaccinated children by reducing the number of circulating infections.

• #1 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  The Vibrio species vaccine is available but only protects 50% of immunized persons for 3-6 months. […] A study documented a diverse range of pathogens associated with community diarrhea in children in low-income and middle-income countries to make an estimate of pathogen-specific diarrhea burdens in the community.

• #1 Gastroenteritis in children | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-in-children

  Gastroenteritis can cause dehydration, especially in young children and babies. […] Everyone, especially children, needs to drink plenty of clear fluids if they have gastroenteritis. […] Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to prevent gastroenteritis infection. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers while effective against some viruses (such as coronavirus), are not effective against gastroenteritis. […] Keep your child away from others until 48 hours after their symptoms have stopped. If symptoms persist, visit your GP. […] If your child has gastroenteritis, make sure they drink clear fluids (or breastmilk if your baby is breastfeeding). Babies under 6 months old can become ill quickly with gastro they need extra fluids to replace fluids lost by diarrhoea and vomiting. […] To prevent your child becoming dehydrated give clear fluids like: water, oral rehydration products available from a pharmacist follow instructions to make it up, diluted fruit juice (natural) 1 tablespoon of juice to 4 tablespoons of water.

• #1 Gastroenteritis in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-children/gastroenteritis-in-children

  Breastfeeding is another simple and effective way to help prevent gastroenteritis in newborns and infants. Breastfed infants have lower rates of gastroenteritis compared to formula-fed infants. […] For infants who are bottle-fed, caregivers should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing bottles. Caregivers should also wash their hands thoroughly after changing diapers. Diaper-changing areas should be regularly disinfected with a freshly prepared solution of household bleach (cup bleach diluted in 1 gallon of water). Children with diarrhea should not return to child care centers until their symptoms are gone. Children infected with Shigella or E. coli that causes bloody diarrhea should also have two negative stool tests before they are allowed to return to the center.

• #1 Information and advice for parents and carers – Diarrhoea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63846/

  Parents and carers therefore require information and advice on recognising symptoms or signs that should cause concern, on providing appropriate care to prevent or treat dehydration and on maintaining their childs nutritional intake. […] The GDG agreed that the following information should be offered to all parents and carers on the management of gastroenteritis. […] Advise parents and carers that: washing hands with soap (liquid if possible) in warm running water and careful drying are the most important factors in preventing the spread of gastroenteritis. […] Children should not attend any school or other childcare facility while they have diarrhoea or vomiting caused by gastroenteritis. […] Children should not go back to their school or other childcare facility until at least 48 hours after the last episode of diarrhoea or vomiting. […] Children should not swim in swimming pools for 2 weeks after the last episode of diarrhoea.

• #1 Diarrhoea and vomiting

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/

  Diarrhoea and vomiting can usually be treated at home. The most important thing is to have lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. […] To help avoid spreading an infection: wash your hands with soap and water frequently. […] A pharmacist can help with diarrhoea and vomiting. Speak to a pharmacist if you or your child (over 5 years) have signs of dehydration, such as dark, smelly pee or peeing less than usual. […] They may recommend oral rehydration powder that you mix with water to make a drink. […] The advice is the same if you have diarrhoea and vomiting together or separately.

• #1 Diarrhea: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158634

  Diarrhea can range from a mild, temporary condition to a potentially life threatening one. […] This article looks at the causes and treatments of diarrhea. It also looks at symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and when to see a doctor. […] Replacing the fluids, salts, and sugars lost during diarrhea is vital for all cases. However, children and older people are at greater risk of dehydration. […] Oral rehydration solution or salts (ORS) can be particularly effective in dehydration recovery. […] Pepto-Bismol reduces diarrheal stool output in adults and children. It can also prevent travelers diarrhea. […] The following diet tips may help with diarrhea: sipping on clear liquids, such as electrolyte drinks, water, or fruit juice without added sugar; after each loose stool, replacing lost fluids with at least 1 cup of liquid; doing most of the drinking between, not during, meals; consuming high potassium foods and liquids, such as diluted fruit juices, potatoes without the skin, and bananas; consuming high sodium foods and liquids, such as broths, soups, sports drinks, and salted crackers; eating foods high in soluble fiber, such as banana, oatmeal, and rice, as these help thicken the stool; limiting foods that may make diarrhea worse, such as creamy, fried, high dairy, and sugary foods.

• #1 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  […] […] HOME CARE OF DIARRHEA — […] Monitoring for dehydration — Mild dehydration is common in children with diarrhea. Signs and symptoms of mild dehydration include a slightly dry mouth, increased thirst, and slightly decreased urine output (one wet diaper or void in six hours). Common features of moderate or severe dehydration include markedly decreased urination (less than one wet diaper or void in six hours), lack of tears when crying, dry mouth, and sunken eyes (table 1). […] […] […] Oral rehydration therapy — Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was developed as a safer, less expensive, and easier alternative to intravenous fluids for children with mild to moderate dehydration. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) contains glucose (a sugar) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) in a precise proportion to best replace water and electrolytes that are lost in children with vomiting and diarrhea. Various rehydration solutions are available. Caregivers should check with a health care provider to determine which solution is preferred. A child who is moderately or severely dehydrated needs to be evaluated by a health care provider. If a child refuses to accept ORS because of vomiting and/or becomes moderately to severely dehydrated (table 1), lethargic, or exhibits other features, the child requires professional evaluation and treatment, which may include intravenous rehydration.

• #1 What To Do If You Have Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/vomiting-and-diarrhea/

  Can vomiting and diarrhea be prevented or avoided? Avoiding foods that might be undercooked or raw can prevent vomiting and diarrhea. Since it can be caused by many things, though, it may not always be possible to avoid. […] Anyone who has had several bouts of vomiting or diarrhea will need to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. […] An oral rehydration solution, or ORS, is a great way to replace fluids and nutrients lost through vomiting and diarrhea. An ORS is safe for babies, children, and adults. […] To use an ORS for vomiting, try giving small amounts of ORS often, such as 1 teaspoonful every minute. If the person is able to keep the drink down, slowly increase how much you give. […] If a person only has diarrhea and isn’t vomiting, he or she may have an ORS and other liquids as needed.

• #1 Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea | Student Health and WellnessSearch UConnUConn A to Z IndexFacebookInstagramTwitterYouTube

  https://studenthealth.uconn.edu/educational-handouts/nausea-vomiting-diarrhea/

  For Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea: Avoid eating and drinking for two hours after the last episode of vomiting. Start with small amounts of clear liquids, such as water, ice, popsicles, sports drinks, clear broth or Jell-O for the first 24 hours. Avoid alcohol, caffeinated beverages, and fruit juice. Over the next 24-48 hours, advance to the BRAT diet (B-bananas, R-rice (white) A-apple sauce (no juice), T-toast) but choices may also include chicken soup, plain pasta, saltine crackers and pretzels. Slowly incorporate other foods, but avoid alcohol, coffee, spicy foods, salad/raw vegetables, milk/milk products, and fried foods for the next 3-5 days. […] Food handlers and child care employees need to be symptom free for 48 hours and require medical clearance to return to work. […] FOODS TO AVOID FOR 3 – 5 DAYS: Alcohol, Coffee, Spicy Foods, Salads and raw vegetables, Whole grain breads and bran cereals, Milk/milk products, Fried foods, Strong flavored vegetables.

• #1 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  The following is a list of signs and symptoms that are worrisome and require immediate medical attention: […] […] […] SUMMARY […] Most episodes of acute diarrhea resolve on their own. However, immediate medical attention should be sought for children who have any of the following: bloody diarrhea; signs of moderate to severe dehydration; refusing to eat or drink anything; abdominal pain that persists, is severe, or occurs intermittently (either with a sudden onset or with marked discomfort); behavior changes, including marked irritability, lethargy, or decreased responsiveness; or intense repeated vomiting. (See 'When to seek help for diarrhea’ above.) […] […] […] Children who are not dehydrated should continue to eat their regular diet. Children who are dehydrated should be rehydrated, after which they can resume their normal diet (possibly with some modifications). Children who are breastfeeding should continue to do so unless told otherwise by their clinician. (See 'Dietary recommendations’ above.)

• #1 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  […] […] Medications — Medications such as antibiotics and antidiarrheal agents are generally not necessary and can be harmful for infants or children with diarrhea. Rarely, antibiotics may be used in cases of bacterial infection when a specific cause of the diarrhea has been found or is strongly suspected, particularly after recent travel. The doctor or nurse will evaluate the diarrheal episode to determine if antibiotics are necessary. Inappropriate use of antibiotics will not improve diarrhea. Furthermore, antibiotics can cause side effects and lead to development of antibiotic resistance. […] […] […] Medications that prevent vomiting (antiemetics) generally are not necessary for children with acute diarrhea. However, an antiemetic that requires a prescription (ondansetron; sample brand names: Zofran, Zuplenz) may be helpful for children with dehydration and persistent vomiting that interferes with ORT. The doctor or nurse will evaluate your child to determine if ondansetron may be helpful.

• #1 Patient education: Acute diarrhea in children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-diarrhea-in-children-beyond-the-basics

  […] […] Antidiarrheal agents (including those with sample brand names: Imodium, Pepto-Bismol, and Kaopectate) are not recommended for infants or children, since the benefits do not outweigh the risks. Loperamide (sample brand name: Imodium) should not be used because it can worsen some types of diarrhea. One risk of using an antidiarrheal agent is that it could mask worsening symptoms and delay treatment. […] […] […] PREVENTING SPREAD — […] Caregivers of children who have diarrhea should be cautious to avoid spreading infection to themselves, their family, and friends. Care with hand washing, diapering, and keeping sick children out of school or day care until the diarrhea is gone are a few ways to limit the number of people exposed to the infection. […] […] […] WHEN TO SEEK HELP FOR DIARRHEA —

• #1 Gastroenteritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/diarrhoea/gastroenteritis

  Food handlers: if you work with food and develop diarrhoea or vomiting, you must immediately leave the food-handling area. For most, no other measures are needed, other than staying away from work until at least 48 hours after the last episode of diarrhoea or vomiting. Some special situations may arise and sometimes longer time off is needed. Specialist advice may be needed for some uncommon causes of gastroenteritis. If in doubt, seek advice from your employer or GP. […] If the cause of gastroenteritis is known to be (or suspected to be) a microbe called Cryptosporidium spp., you should not swim in swimming pools for two weeks after the last episode of diarrhoea. […] Even when we are not in contact with someone with gastroenteritis, we can still catch it from poor storage, preparation and cooking of food, so good hygiene can help to prevent gastroenteritis too.

• #1 How to Survive When a Stomach Bug Hits your Household | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/how-survive-when-stomach-bug-hits-your-household

  The best way to prevent catching a stomach bug: thorough hand washing. Everyone in your family should wash their hands with soap and water before eating and after using the bathroom. If you have an infant, be sure to follow proper handling and disposal of dirty diapers. Get more tips on how to prevent the stomach flu. […] Rotavirus and norovirus may live on inanimate surfaces, such as doorknobs, toys and hard surfaces, for quite some time. If someone in your household vomits or has diarrhea due to a stomach bug, clean and disinfect hard surfaces in the area. Put on rubber or disposable gloves, clean up the area, then disinfect the area using a bleach-based household cleaner. […] Anyone who is sick should not be in areas where food is being prepared.

• #1 Norovirus (Stomach Flu) Cases Are Surging: 3 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/norovirus-stomach-flu-cases-are-surging-3-things-to-know

  Other prevention strategies from the CDC include: Wash all fruits and vegetables carefully under running water, without soap or special produce washes, even if you intend to peel them. Scrub firm vegetables like cucumbers with a clean produce brush. Dry produce with a clean cloth or paper towel. […] If you are preparing oysters and other shellfish to eat, cook them thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 145F. […] Perform routine cleaning and sanitizing of kitchen utensils, cutting boards, counters, and surfaces, especially after handling shellfish. Disinfect them using a chlorine bleach solution with a concentration of 1,000 to 5,000 ppm (5 to 25 tablespoons of household bleach [5% to 8%] per gallon of water) or use an EPA-registered disinfecting product against norovirus. […] While cleaning or disinfecting, wear rubber or disposable gloves. Wipe the entire area with paper towels and throw them in a plastic trash bag. […] Wash clothes and linens that may have been exposed with detergent and hot water at the maximum available cycle length, and then machine dry them at the highest heat setting.

• #2 Gastroenteritis in children | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-in-children

  Good old-fashioned handwashing with soap and water is still the best defence against spreading gastroenteritis. […] Remember, washing hands with soap and water is the best way to prevent gastroenteritis infection. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers while effective against some viruses (such as coronavirus), are not effective against gastroenteritis.

• #2

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/diarrhoea-babies-children/prevention/

  The best way to prevent diarrhoea is to wash and dry your hands well. Always use soap and warm water. Use hand sanitiser if there is no running water available. […] Breastfeeding your baby can reduce their risk of diarrhoea. […] Make sure your childs vaccines are up to date. […] Your child should stay home from school, creche, or childcare until at least 48 hours have passed since their last episode of diarrhoea and vomiting. […] You and your child should wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water. […] Always wash your hands in the following situations: after changing a nappy, after helping children use the toilet, after cleaning or touching a potty, before preparing, handling or eating food, after handling rubbish bins and dirty nappies, after handling raw meat, after handling animals or animal waste.

• #2 Norovirus: symptoms, causes, prevention and treatments – HSE.ie

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/norovirus/

  Norovirus causes diarrhoea and vomiting. It is one of the most common stomach bugs in Ireland. […] It’s not always possible to avoid getting norovirus. But following the advice below can help stop the virus spreading. […] Stay off work or school until at least 48 hours after the symptoms have passed – you should also avoid visiting anyone in hospital during this time. […] Wash your hands frequently and thoroughly with soap and water – do not rely on alcohol hand gels, as they do not kill the virus. […] Disinfect any surfaces or objects that could be contaminated – use a bleach-based household cleaner. […] Wash clothing or bedding that could have become contaminated separately on a hot wash to ensure the virus is killed. […] Do not share towels and flannels. […] Flush away any infected poo or vomit in the toilet and clean the surrounding area. […] Avoid eating raw, unwashed produce.

• #2 Diarrhea Prevention: 7 Ways to Prevent Diarrhea

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-diarrhea-prevention

  Though some types of diarrhea, such as those due to other medical conditions, are unavoidable, infectious diarrhea can be prevented. […] The most important way to avoid diarrhea is to avoid coming into contact with infectious agents that can cause it. This means that good hand washing and hygiene are very important. […] Also, if you travel to developing countries, you should take the following precautions: Drink only bottled water, even for tooth brushing. Avoid eating food from street vendors. Avoid ice made with tap water. Eat only those fruits or vegetables that are cooked or can be peeled. Be sure that all foods you eat are thoroughly cooked and served steaming hot. Pre-packaged food is usually safe to consume (check expiration date). Never eat raw or undercooked meat or seafood. Obtain hepatitis A and typhoid vaccinations prior to travel, if indicated for that region.

• #2 Traveler’s diarrhea diet – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/travelers-diarrhea-diet

  You can lower your risk of getting traveler’s diarrhea by avoiding water, ice, and food that may be contaminated. The goal of the traveler’s diarrhea diet is to make your symptoms better and prevent you from getting dehydrated. […] How to prevent traveler’s diarrhea: […] Do not use tap water to drink or brush your teeth. […] Do not use ice made from tap water. […] Use only boiled water (boiled for at least 5 minutes) for mixing baby formula. […] Drink only pasteurized milk. […] Drink bottled drinks if the seal on the bottle hasn’t been broken. […] Do not eat raw fruits and vegetables unless you peel them. […] Do not eat raw leafy vegetables (e.g., lettuce, spinach, cabbage) because they are hard to clean. […] Do not eat raw or rare meats. […] Avoid uncooked or undercooked shellfish.

• #2 Travellers’ Diarrhoea – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/travellers-diarrhoea

  Travellers’ diarrhoea is spread mainly through food and water but it can also spread from person to person. […] Preventing travellers’ diarrhoea depends mainly upon you practising good hand hygiene and food and water precautions. […] You should drink plenty of clear fluids such as water, diluted fruit juices or oral rehydration salt solutions such as Dioralyte. […] All rehydrating drinks must be prepared using safe water. […] Tablets to prevent diarrhoea are not routinely recommended as their side effects may be worse than the diarrhoea. […] Antibiotics are not routinely recommended to prevent travellers diarrhoea: widespread use of antibiotics causes resistance to develop in germs, meaning that antibiotics no longer work. […] Preventative antibiotics might be offered to some people with severe medical problems that could be made worse by diarrhoea or dehydration. […] Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Pepti-calm) can help to prevent travellers’ diarrhoea. […] Pre- and probiotics are not recommended for either prevention or treatment of travellers’ diarrhoea.

• #2 Gastroenteritis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis (’gastro’) is a common and very contagious illness that can affect your stomach and intestines, causing vomiting and diarrhoea. […] Reduce your risk of catching or spreading gastro by washing your hands well after using the bathroom, changing nappies and before handling food or eating. […] Children and adults should not return to school or work until 48 hours after the last episode of diarrhoea and/or vomiting. […] Here is how you can reduce the chance of spreading gastro: If you have been sick with gastro and work in health care, residential or aged care or the food industry, do not go to work until 48 hours after your last episode of vomiting or diarrhoea. […] Wash and dry your hands after using the bathroom, changing nappies, cleaning up vomit or diarrhoea and before eating or preparing food.

• #2 How to Stop Diarrhea Fast: What to Do and What to Avoid

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-get-rid-of-diarrhea-fast

  Some hygiene habits like regularly washing your hands and fully cooking food may help you prevent a stomach bug. […] Keeping a symptom journal may also help you identify key triggers of diarrhea, such as certain foods, fluids, or medications. […] In most cases, diarrhea will go away on its own without treatment. However, depending on whats causing your diarrhea, certain remedies may help it go away faster, including: over-the-counter (OTC) medications, avoiding certain foods, staying hydrated, taking antibiotics, taking probiotics. […] Foods that are starchy, bland, and low in fiber may temporarily help reduce diarrhea. […] Speak with a healthcare professional. They could provide an appropriate treatment plan.

• #2 Norovirus | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/norovirus

  Norovirus is a very contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea. […] Take the following steps to prevent getting or spreading the disease: Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially: After using the toilet or changing diapers. Before eating, preparing, or handling food. Before giving yourself or someone else medicine. […] Be aware that hand sanitizer does not work well against norovirus. […] Disinfect frequently touched surfaces following instructions on the label of your cleaning product. […] Stay home when you’re sick and until 24 hours have passed since your last vomiting episode, and your diarrhea has improved. […] Do not prepare or handle food, or care for others while you are sick and for at least 48 hours after symptoms stop. […] Workers in any food-related business who have norovirus must stay out of work for 72 hours after their symptoms have stopped.

• #2 Norovirus (Stomach Flu) Cases Are Surging: 3 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/norovirus-stomach-flu-cases-are-surging-3-things-to-know

  Other prevention strategies from the CDC include: Wash all fruits and vegetables carefully under running water, without soap or special produce washes, even if you intend to peel them. Scrub firm vegetables like cucumbers with a clean produce brush. Dry produce with a clean cloth or paper towel. […] If you are preparing oysters and other shellfish to eat, cook them thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 145F. […] Perform routine cleaning and sanitizing of kitchen utensils, cutting boards, counters, and surfaces, especially after handling shellfish. Disinfect them using a chlorine bleach solution with a concentration of 1,000 to 5,000 ppm (5 to 25 tablespoons of household bleach [5% to 8%] per gallon of water) or use an EPA-registered disinfecting product against norovirus. […] While cleaning or disinfecting, wear rubber or disposable gloves. Wipe the entire area with paper towels and throw them in a plastic trash bag. […] Wash clothes and linens that may have been exposed with detergent and hot water at the maximum available cycle length, and then machine dry them at the highest heat setting.

• #2 Gastroenteritis | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis is highly contagious, general suggestions on how to reduce the risk of infection include: […] Good old-fashioned handwashing with soap and water is still the best defence against spreading the bug. […] Stay home while sick, until 48 hours after symptoms have stopped. If symptoms persist, visit your GP. […] Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after going to the toilet or changing nappies, after smoking, after using a handkerchief or tissue, or after handling animals. […] Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing food or eating. […] Use disposable paper towels to dry your hands rather than cloth towels, since the bacteria can survive for some time on objects. […] Do not handle raw and cooked foods with the same implements (tongs, knives, cutting boards), unless they have been thoroughly washed between uses.

• #3 Norovirus – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/norovirus.page

  Cases of norovirus infection have increased in NYC. From October to December 2024, more than 2,300 norovirus infections were diagnosed among NYC residents, compared with approximately 1,000 infections during this time in 2023. […] Norovirus infection can be prevented with frequent handwashing using soap and water, cleaning surfaces and objects, staying home while sick, and safe food handling. Most people fully recover by resting and staying hydrated. […] You can prevent the spread of norovirus by handwashing, cleaning surfaces and objects, staying home while sick, and proper food handling. […] Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the bathroom or changing diapers, before eating, or before preparing food. […] Do not use alcohol-based hand sanitizers as a substitute for frequent handwashing, as they do not work well against norovirus.

• #3 Norovirus: symptoms, causes, prevention and treatments – HSE.ie

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/norovirus/

  Norovirus causes diarrhoea and vomiting. It is one of the most common stomach bugs in Ireland. […] It’s not always possible to avoid getting norovirus. But following the advice below can help stop the virus spreading. […] Stay off work or school until at least 48 hours after the symptoms have passed – you should also avoid visiting anyone in hospital during this time. […] Wash your hands frequently and thoroughly with soap and water – do not rely on alcohol hand gels, as they do not kill the virus. […] Disinfect any surfaces or objects that could be contaminated – use a bleach-based household cleaner. […] Wash clothing or bedding that could have become contaminated separately on a hot wash to ensure the virus is killed. […] Do not share towels and flannels. […] Flush away any infected poo or vomit in the toilet and clean the surrounding area. […] Avoid eating raw, unwashed produce.

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