Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis – Diarrhoea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63841/

  Even when a presumptive diagnosis of gastroenteritis has been made at the outset, it is important to reconsider the diagnosis if the subsequent course of the illness is inconsistent with the condition. […] This chapter gives recommendations regarding practical definitions for diarrhoea and vomiting, identifies key clinical pointers to conditions other than gastroenteritis and provides information on the natural history of the disease. […] Diarrhoea is defined as a change in bowel habit for the individual child resulting in substantially more frequent and/or looser stools. […] Diarrhoea in children is the passage of unusually loose or watery stools, usually at least three times in 24 hours. […] Diarrhoea is an alteration in normal bowel movement characterised by an increase in the water content, volume or frequency of stools.

• #1 Diagnosis – Diarrhoea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63841/

  Diarrhoea refers to the passage of liquid or watery stools. In most cases there is an associated increase in stool frequency and volume. […] Vomiting is the forceful ejection of the stomach contents up to and out of the mouth. […] Suspect gastroenteritis if there is a sudden change in stool consistency to loose or watery stools, and/or a sudden onset of vomiting. […] It was important to establish the usual duration of vomiting and diarrhoea in children with gastroenteritis. […] Be aware that in children with gastroenteritis: diarrhoea usually lasts for 5-7 days, and in most it stops within 2 weeks; vomiting usually lasts for 1-2 days, and in most it stops within 3 days. […] Acute diarrhoea is not always due to an intestinal infection. Other non-enteric infections and non-infective gastrointestinal disorders may be responsible.

• #1 Diagnosis – Diarrhoea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63841/

  Many children experience brief episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea due to mild gastroenteritis and are managed by their parents at home. […] When children present to a healthcare professional, it is important to establish whether or not they truly have diarrhoea or vomiting. This chapter reviews the relevant published evidence and provides recommendations regarding the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of gastroenteritis. […] The sudden onset of diarrhoea with or without vomiting in a previously well child is usually due to gastroenteritis. […] Although most children with acute-onset diarrhoea have gastroenteritis, occasionally it may occur in association with other disorders, such as non-gastrointestinal infections (for example, pneumonia), and surgical conditions (for example, acute appendicitis).

• #1 Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time: Causes and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diarrhea-and-vomiting

  Viral or bacterial infections may cause diarrhea and vomiting, but these symptoms can also occur with other health conditions, like anxiety and parasites. […] Though a virus is usually the culprit, certain medical conditions and side effects of medications can also lead to vomiting and diarrhea at the same time. […] Vomiting and diarrhea can happen for a number of reasons. […] A stomach virus or bacterial gastrointestinal (GI) infection is the most likely cause in children, but these infections can also affect adults. […] Vomiting and watery diarrhea are the most common symptoms of food poisoning. […] Gastroenteritis, common during pregnancy, may also cause these symptoms. […] Vomiting and diarrhea are potential side effects of many medications. […] A doctor may recommend antibiotics to treat vomiting and diarrhea in adults caused by bacterial infections, such as food poisoning.

• #1 Vomiting and diarrhea: Causes, treatments, and remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vomiting-and-diarrhea

  Many conditions can cause diarrhea and vomiting, including intestinal infections and food poisoning. […] In most cases, vomiting and diarrhea are temporary symptoms that improve without medical treatment. However, persistent vomiting or diarrhea can indicate an underlying condition. […] According to the NIDDK, most people recover from viral gastroenteritis in 1-3 days. However, some viruses can last between 1-2 weeks. […] The NIDDK state that some medications can also cause vomiting and diarrhea as a side effect. […] Appendicitis, bowel obstruction, anaphylaxis, and pancreatic cancer are serious conditions that require immediate medical treatment. […] For temporary cases of vomiting and diarrhea, a person may not need any medical treatment. […] It is best to consult with a healthcare provider before taking over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications, as they can be dangerous for children.

• #1 Diarrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352246

  Your healthcare professional will likely ask about your medical history, review the medicines you take and conduct a physical exam. Your health professional may order tests to determine what’s causing your diarrhea. Possible tests include: […] A complete blood count, measurement of electrolytes and tests of kidney function can help indicate how bad your diarrhea is. […] You may have a stool test to see if a bacterium or parasite is causing your diarrhea. […] This type of test can help determine if you have a lactose intolerance. […] Using a thin, lighted tube that’s inserted into the rectum, a medical professional can see inside of the colon. […] A medical professional uses a long, thin tube with a camera on the end to examine the stomach and upper small intestine. […] If you’ve tried lifestyle changes and home remedies for diarrhea without success, your healthcare professional might recommend medicines or other treatments.

• #1 Diagnosis – Diarrhoea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63841/

  If you suspect gastroenteritis, ask about: recent contact with someone with acute diarrhoea and/or vomiting and exposure to a known source of enteric infection (possibly contaminated water or food) and recent travel abroad. […] Consider any of the following as possible indicators of diagnoses other than gastroenteritis: fever, shortness of breath or tachypnoea, altered conscious state, neck stiffness, bulging fontanelle in infants, non-blanching rash, blood and/or mucus in stool, bilious (green) vomit, severe or localised abdominal pain, abdominal distension or rebound tenderness. […] Most children with gastroenteritis do not require any laboratory investigations. […] In some cases, however, microbiological investigation may be appropriate. […] It was important to first determine how frequently enteric pathogens can be found in children with gastroenteritis in the UK. […] The GDG agreed that in, in keeping with current practice, children presenting with acute diarrhoea do not usually require stool microbiological investigation. […] However, the GDG agreed that in some circumstances microbiological investigation should be considered.

• #1 Gastroenteritis in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/gastroenteritis-in-dogs

  Gastroenteritis is a diagnosis of exclusion. This means that your veterinarian will eliminate or rule out other more serious causes of the clinical signs before making a general diagnosis, such as gastroenteritis. […] After obtaining the medical history, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination. Your veterinarian will look for evidence of dehydration, abdominal pain, tenderness, bloating or gas, swellings, or any other physical abnormality. […] At this stage, diagnostic testing will be recommended and may include: Complete blood cell count (CBC) – indicates the presence of dehydration and infection; Serum chemistries and electrolytes – detect organ system abnormalities and electrolyte imbalances due to vomiting and diarrhea; Urinalysis – detects urinary tract infections, kidney disease, dehydration, urine glucose for diabetes, etc.; Abdominal radiographs (X-rays) – to search for stomach or intestinal obstruction or other abnormal findings; Abdominal ultrasound – to look for intestinal obstructions or other abnormalities. […] Your dog’s specific diagnostic workup will be determined by the severity and duration of clinical signs, medical history, and physical examination. Once the diagnostic tests are complete and other causes of the clinical signs have been eliminated, treatment will be prescribed.

• #1 Acute Diarrhea in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0201/p180.html

  Acute diarrhea in adults is a common problem encountered by family physicians. A history and physical examination evaluating for risk factors and signs of inflammatory diarrhea and/or severe dehydration can direct any needed testing and treatment. Most patients do not require laboratory workup, and routine stool cultures are not recommended. […] Diagnostic investigation should be reserved for patients with severe dehydration or illness, persistent fever, bloody stool, or immunosuppression, and for cases of suspected nosocomial infection or outbreak. […] In patients with acute diarrhea, stool cultures should be reserved for grossly bloody stool, severe dehydration, signs of inflammatory disease, symptoms lasting more than three to seven days, immunosuppression, and suspected nosocomial infections.

• #1 Acute Diarrhea in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0201/p180.html

  Testing for Clostridium difficile toxins A and B is recommended for patients who develop unexplained diarrhea after three days of hospitalization; the test will be positive in 15% to 20% of these patients. […] Routine analysis for ova and parasites in patients with acute diarrhea is not cost-effective, especially in developed countries. […] The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of acute diarrhea is limited.

• #1 Overview of Gastroenteritis – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis/overview-of-gastroenteritis

  The diagnosis is based on a persons history of recent contact with contaminated food, water, or people infected with certain microorganisms; recent use of antibiotics; and sometimes laboratory tests. […] If the symptoms are severe or last for more than 48 hours, stool samples may be examined in a laboratory for white blood cells and bacteria, viruses, or parasites. […] The diagnosis of gastroenteritis is usually obvious from the symptoms alone, but doctors consider other gastrointestinal disorders that cause similar symptoms (for example, ulcerative colitis). […] The cause of gastroenteritis often is not obvious and needs to be sought. Sometimes other family members or coworkers have recently been ill with similar symptoms, or people have had contact with certain animals. Other times, gastroenteritis can be traced to contaminated water or inadequately cooked, spoiled, or contaminated food, such as raw seafood or mayonnaise left out of the refrigerator too long. Recent travel, especially to certain foreign countries, and recent antibiotic use may give clues as well. […] If the symptoms persist longer than expected, a doctor may need to examine the large intestine with a sigmoidoscope (a flexible viewing tube used to view the lower part of the digestive tract) to determine whether the person has a disease such as ulcerative colitis.

• #1 Diagnostic approach to diarrhea in children in resource-abundant settings – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-diarrhea-in-children-in-resource-abundant-settings

  Diagnostic approach to diarrhea in children in resource-abundant settings […] Diarrhea refers to the passage of loose or watery stools. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a case as the passage of three or more loose or watery stools per day. […] Acute infectious gastroenteritis due to viruses accounts for most bouts of diarrhea in resource-abundant settings, resulting in more than 1.5 million outpatient visits and 200,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. […] A number of disorders causing diarrhea may be life-threatening in children and occasional patients with diarrhea from any cause may develop severe dehydration. […] Diarrhea is commonly associated with sepsis caused by Salmonella spp and toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus (staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome [TSS]).

• #1 Diarrhoea and vomiting

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/

  Diarrhoea and vomiting are common in adults, children and babies. They’re often caused by a stomach bug and should stop in a few days. […] Diarrhoea usually stops within 5 to 7 days. […] Vomiting usually stops in 1 or 2 days. […] Speak to a pharmacist if you or your child (over 5 years) have signs of dehydration, such as dark, smelly pee or peeing less than usual. […] They may recommend oral rehydration powder that you mix with water to make a drink. […] The most common causes of diarrhoea and vomiting are a stomach bug and food poisoning. […] Diarrhoea can also be caused by medicines, a food intolerance or food allergy, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), anxiety, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, diverticular disease, and radiation treatment in the pelvic area. […] Vomiting can also be caused by pregnancy, migraine, motion sickness, inner ear infections, medicines, reflux where a baby brings feeds back up, and other infections, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI).

• #1 Diagnostic approach to diarrhea in children in resource-abundant settings – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-diarrhea-in-children-in-resource-abundant-settings

  The diagnosis is made by stool culture. […] The diagnosis of these infections can usually be made by their extraintestinal manifestations and/or specific ancillary studies. […] The diagnosis of AAD should be suspected in any child who develops diarrhea while on antibiotics. […] The diagnosis of HUS in children is generally made on clinical grounds based on the characteristic clinical and laboratory findings previously described. […] The diagnosis of appendicitis as the cause of diarrhea may be delayed because the classic constellation of findings is absent. […] The diagnosis is clinical, based upon the finding of an enlarged dilated colon on abdominal imaging accompanied by severe systemic toxicity. […] The diagnosis of parasitic infection should be pursued when history uncovers risk factors for exposure and when diarrhea is persistent without an etiology.

• #1 Vomiting and Diarrhea in Puppies | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/symptoms/vomiting-and-diarrhea-puppies

  All puppies will experience vomiting or diarrhea at some point and most of the time, it doesn’t mean there’s anything seriously wrong. However, it’s not a good idea to dismiss vomiting or diarrhea in your puppy, especially if you see blood or mucus or if it’s happening often. […] The best way to figure out what’s going on is by going to the vet to make sure it’s not serious. Many times, multiple underlying causes will be identified. […] In many cases, it’s impossible to tell what’s causing the upset just by looking at the vomit or diarrhea. […] When dealing with a puppy with vomiting or diarrhea, most veterinarians will start out with a general examination. They’ll also want to test a stool sample for intestinal parasites and canine parvovirus. Based on their findings, they may also recommend looking at blood work, X-rays, and ultrasound to investigate what is going on with your puppy. […] Treatment is highly dependent on the cause and severity. The mainstays of treatment include medications to stop vomiting, treat dehydration, and correct electrolyte imbalances.

• #1 What To Do If You Have Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/vomiting-and-diarrhea/

  Vomiting and diarrhea can be diagnosed at home. Neither condition requires a trip to the doctor. However, call your doctor if the vomiting and diarrhea don’t seem to be getting better, or if the person who is vomiting and/or has diarrhea: […] How are vomiting and diarrhea diagnosed? […] Signs of dehydration include: […] If you notice any of the following signs of dehydration, especially in babies, children, and the elderly, talk to your doctor. If dehydration is severe, your loved one may need to be given fluids intravenously (by vein through an IV tube) to replace fluids lost through vomiting or diarrhea. […] Vomiting and diarrhea can be caused by a number of things. These include viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain medicines, or certain medical conditions. Foods that are hard to digest (such as too many sweets) and undercooked (raw or partially raw) meat or fish can also cause vomiting and diarrhea.

• #1 Travelers’ Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/preparing-international-travelers/travelers-diarrhea.html

  Travelers’ diarrhea (TD) is the most predictable travel-related illness. Attack rates range from 30% to 70% of travelers during a 2-week period, depending on the destination and season of travel. TD is a clinical syndrome that can result from a variety of intestinal pathogens. Bacteria are the predominant enteropathogens and are thought to account for 75%90% of cases. Intestinal viruses account for at least 10%25% of illnesses and are more commonly associated with vomiting. The use of multiplex molecular diagnostic assays has suggested that the contribution of viruses to the overall burden of TD disease is underestimated. Infections with protozoal pathogens are slower to manifest symptoms and collectively account for approximately 10% of diagnoses, predominantly in longer-term travelers. […] The incubation period between exposure and clinical presentation can provide clues to etiology. Toxin-mediated illness, for example, generally causes symptoms within a few hours. By contrast, illnesses caused by bacterial and viral pathogens have incubation periods of 696 hours. In general, illnesses due to protozoal pathogens have longer incubation periods (12 weeks), rarely presenting in the first few days of travel. An exception is Cyclospora cayetanensis infection, in which symptoms can present quickly (214 days). […] The effectiveness of a particular standby antimicrobial drug for self-treatment depends on the etiologic agent and its antibiotic sensitivity.

• #1 Traveler’s Diarrhea – Digestive Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis/traveler-s-diarrhea

  Travelers diarrhea is an infection characterized by diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting that commonly occur in travelers to areas of the world with poor water purification. […] The diagnosis is usually based on the doctor’s evaluation, but sometimes stool is tested for organisms. […] Diagnostic tests are rarely needed, but sometimes stool samples are tested for bacteria, viruses, or parasites, typically in people who have fever, severe abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea.

• #1 Vomiting and diarrhea: Causes, treatments, and remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vomiting-and-diarrhea

  Complications of diarrhea and vomiting include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, fainting, and heart rhythm abnormalities. […] Anyone with the symptoms of severe dehydration requires emergency medical care. […] The NIDDK state that a person should also seek medical care right away if they see blood or pus in their stools. […] Vomiting and diarrhea have many potential causes, but viruses, food poisoning, and medications are common. […] However, some causes of vomiting and diarrhea are more serious. People with severe pain, symptoms of dehydration, and chronic vomiting or diarrhea should seek help from a doctor.

• #1 Diarrhoea – symptoms, causes, self care and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diarrhoea

  Seek medical advice if you have any of the following: ongoing diarrhoea, blood and/or mucus in your stool (poo), a fever, unexplained weight loss, diarrhoea at night. […] See you doctor immediately or go to the nearest hospital emergency department if you have: severe diarrhoea, signs of dehydration (feeling tired, decreased urination, thirst and dry mouth), heavy rectal bleeding, diarrhoea and severe abdominal pain. […] Diarrhoea can lead to dehydration and an electrolyte (salt) imbalance, making it dangerous especially in very young or older people, who can get worse quickly. […] Check with your pharmacist or doctor if you are thinking of taking over-the-counter anti-diarrhoeal medicines. These are not suitable for use in all cases of diarrhoea. […] Anti-diarrhoeal medicines should not be used to treat diarrhoea in children.

• #1 Vomiting and Diarrhea

  https://vhc.missouri.edu/small-animal-hospital/emergency-and-critical-care/vomiting-and-diarrhea/

  Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common complaints for dogs and cats presenting for emergency care. Both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Either can be a sign of serious illness that warrants immediate emergency care, or related to a mild, self-limiting illness that will run its course without specific intervention. […] However, there are a number of situations that warrant more immediate veterinary attention: Animals that are very young (puppies and kittens) or very old, even if they have vomiting or diarrhea only a few times […] Profuse vomiting occurs many times in a day or attempts to vomit continue for more than 24 hours […] The vomit contains blood or what appears to be coffee-grounds-like material […] The diarrhea contains more than a small amount of blood, or is a dark, tarry color […] The animal appears dehydrated.

• #1 Vomiting & Diarrhea: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vomiting-and-diarrhea-7198084

  Replacing fluids after having diarrhea is crucial because dehydration can lead to severe health outcomes. […] Preventing vomiting and diarrhea isn’t always easy because most cases aren’t avoidable. […] If that’s the case, monitoring symptoms and taking medications to manage the symptoms can help you cope until they have passed. Sometimes, severe vomiting and diarrhea warrant a trip to the emergency room because they can cause dehydration. […] See your healthcare provider if you experience vomiting or diarrhea for over two days.

• #1 Evaluation of Nausea and Vomiting | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p76.html

  A comprehensive history and physical examination can often reveal the cause of nausea and vomiting, making further evaluation unnecessary. […] Evaluation should first focus on detecting any emergencies or complications that require hospitalization. Attention should then turn to identifying the underlying cause and providing specific therapies. When the cause cannot be determined, empiric therapy with an antiemetic is appropriate. Initial diagnostic testing should generally be limited to basic laboratory tests and plain radiography. Further testing, such as upper endoscopy or computed tomography of the abdomen, should be determined by clinical suspicion based on a complete history and physical examination. […] The American Gastroenterological Association suggests a three-step approach to the initial evaluation of nausea and vomiting. First, attempt to recognize and correct any consequences of the symptoms, such as dehydration or electrolyte abnormalities. Second, try to identify the underlying cause and provide specific therapies. Third, if no etiology can be determined, use empiric therapy to treat symptoms.

• #2 Diagnosis – Diarrhoea and Vomiting Caused by Gastroenteritis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63841/

  Diarrhoea refers to the passage of liquid or watery stools. In most cases there is an associated increase in stool frequency and volume. […] Vomiting is the forceful ejection of the stomach contents up to and out of the mouth. […] Suspect gastroenteritis if there is a sudden change in stool consistency to loose or watery stools, and/or a sudden onset of vomiting. […] It was important to establish the usual duration of vomiting and diarrhoea in children with gastroenteritis. […] Be aware that in children with gastroenteritis: diarrhoea usually lasts for 5-7 days, and in most it stops within 2 weeks; vomiting usually lasts for 1-2 days, and in most it stops within 3 days. […] Acute diarrhoea is not always due to an intestinal infection. Other non-enteric infections and non-infective gastrointestinal disorders may be responsible.

• #2

  https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3850283&pid=8768

  Vomiting refers to a forceful ejection of gastric and occasionally proximal small intestinal contents through the mouth. The vomiting act involves three stages: nausea, retching, and vomiting. Serious consequences of vomiting include volume and electrolyte depletion, acid-base imbalance, and aspiration pneumonia. […] It is essential that the clinician make a clear differentiation between regurgitation and vomiting at the outset. Regurgitation is defined as passive, retrograde movement of ingested material, usually before it has reached the stomach. Failure to recognize the difference between regurgitation and vomiting often leads to misdiagnosis. […] Because of the wide variety of disorders and stimuli that can cause it, vomiting may present the clinician with a major diagnostic challenge. A complete historical review with emphasis on all body systems is essential for determining a realistic and effective initial work-up plan and treatment protocol.

• #2 Diarrhoea and vomiting

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/

  Diarrhoea and vomiting are common in adults, children and babies. They’re often caused by a stomach bug and should stop in a few days. […] Diarrhoea usually stops within 5 to 7 days. […] Vomiting usually stops in 1 or 2 days. […] Speak to a pharmacist if you or your child (over 5 years) have signs of dehydration, such as dark, smelly pee or peeing less than usual. […] They may recommend oral rehydration powder that you mix with water to make a drink. […] The most common causes of diarrhoea and vomiting are a stomach bug and food poisoning. […] Diarrhoea can also be caused by medicines, a food intolerance or food allergy, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), anxiety, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, diverticular disease, and radiation treatment in the pelvic area. […] Vomiting can also be caused by pregnancy, migraine, motion sickness, inner ear infections, medicines, reflux where a baby brings feeds back up, and other infections, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI).

• #2 Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time: Causes and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diarrhea-and-vomiting

  If an infection like gastroenteritis is causing your symptoms, start by trying home remedies. […] See a doctor if: you’re still dehydrated after rehydrating with fluids and an oral hydration solution. […] Most of the time, vomiting and diarrhea at the same time are due to a stomach bug or food poisoning and clear up on their own within a few days.

• #2 Viral Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis

  Doctors often diagnose viral gastroenteritis based on your symptoms. […] In some cases, a medical history, a physical exam, and stool tests can help diagnose viral gastroenteritis.

• #2 Diarrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352246

  Antibiotics or antiparasitic medicines might help treat diarrhea caused by certain bacteria or parasites. […] Your healthcare professional likely will advise you to replace the fluids and salts that you lose when you have diarrhea. […] If your healthcare professional determines that an antibiotic caused your diarrhea, you might be given a lower dose or a different medicine. […] If your diarrhea is caused by a more serious condition, such as inflammatory bowel disease, your healthcare professional works to control that condition. […] If you have lasting diarrhea, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist. […] What tests do I need? […] What is the best course of action? […] Your healthcare professional is likely to ask you questions, including: […] What, if anything, seems to make your symptoms better? […] What, if anything, appears to make your symptoms worse? […] Have you taken antibiotics recently?

• #2 Acute Diarrhea in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0201/p180.html

  Testing for Clostridium difficile toxins A and B should be performed in patients who develop unexplained diarrhea after three days of hospitalization. […] The first step to treating acute diarrhea is rehydration, preferably oral rehydration. […] The primary goal of the physical examination is to assess the patient’s degree of dehydration. […] Because most watery diarrhea is self-limited, testing is usually not indicated. […] It is unclear how much fecal occult blood testing affects pretest probability. […] Testing stool for leukocytes to screen for inflammatory diarrhea poses several challenges, including the handling of specimens and the standardization of laboratory processing and interpretation. […] The indiscriminate use of stool cultures in the evaluation of acute diarrhea is inefficient and expensive, with an estimated cost of $900 to $1,200 per positive stool culture.

• #2 Prolonged Vomiting or Diarrhoea | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/prolonged-diarrhoea-or-vomiting

  Both vomiting and diarrhoea are often self-limiting and have a benign cause and prognosis. However, it is essential to make a thorough assessment to ensure there is not a more serious aetiology requiring prompt intervention. The arbitrary use of symptomatic treatments without a clear diagnosis is inappropriate. Continued vomiting and diarrhoea require reassessment and reconsideration of the previously assumed diagnosis. […] The main principles for assessment are the same as for vomiting, ie assessment of dehydration, excluding a serious cause and making a specific diagnosis to enable specific treatment. […] Associated weight loss usually indicates a serious underlying cause – eg, inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy. […] Prolonged diarrhoea may cause: Dehydration. […] Diagnosis and specific treatment of any underlying cause. […] Symptomatic treatment should only be used as part of a management plan with a definite diagnosis of the cause of the vomiting and/or diarrhoea.

• #2 Acute Diarrhea in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0201/p180.html

  Acute diarrhea in adults is a common problem encountered by family physicians. A history and physical examination evaluating for risk factors and signs of inflammatory diarrhea and/or severe dehydration can direct any needed testing and treatment. Most patients do not require laboratory workup, and routine stool cultures are not recommended. […] Diagnostic investigation should be reserved for patients with severe dehydration or illness, persistent fever, bloody stool, or immunosuppression, and for cases of suspected nosocomial infection or outbreak. […] In patients with acute diarrhea, stool cultures should be reserved for grossly bloody stool, severe dehydration, signs of inflammatory disease, symptoms lasting more than three to seven days, immunosuppression, and suspected nosocomial infections.

• #2 Gastroenteritis in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/gastroenteritis-in-dogs

  Gastroenteritis is a diagnosis of exclusion. This means that your veterinarian will eliminate or rule out other more serious causes of the clinical signs before making a general diagnosis, such as gastroenteritis. […] After obtaining the medical history, your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination. Your veterinarian will look for evidence of dehydration, abdominal pain, tenderness, bloating or gas, swellings, or any other physical abnormality. […] At this stage, diagnostic testing will be recommended and may include: Complete blood cell count (CBC) – indicates the presence of dehydration and infection; Serum chemistries and electrolytes – detect organ system abnormalities and electrolyte imbalances due to vomiting and diarrhea; Urinalysis – detects urinary tract infections, kidney disease, dehydration, urine glucose for diabetes, etc.; Abdominal radiographs (X-rays) – to search for stomach or intestinal obstruction or other abnormal findings; Abdominal ultrasound – to look for intestinal obstructions or other abnormalities. […] Your dog’s specific diagnostic workup will be determined by the severity and duration of clinical signs, medical history, and physical examination. Once the diagnostic tests are complete and other causes of the clinical signs have been eliminated, treatment will be prescribed.

• #2

  https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3850283&pid=8768

  Vomiting patients in some cases require an extensive workup, but an organized approach will help to minimize the tests necessary for an early diagnosis. If reasonable concern is established, then a minimum data base of CBC, biochemical profile (or specific tests for evaluation of liver, kidney, pancreas, electrolytes), complete urinalysis (pre-treatment urine specific gravity extremely important for diagnosis of renal failure), and fecal examination is essential. […] One of the most reliable and cost efficient diagnostic tools currently available for evaluation of vomiting is flexible GI endoscopy. Endoscopy allows for direct gastric and duodenal examination, mucosal biopsy from these areas, and in many cases gastric foreign body retrieval. […] Ultrasonography can be useful in the diagnostic work-up of a number of disorders that can cause vomiting. Among the problems that may be detected with ultrasonography are certain disorders of the liver, gall bladder, GI foreign bodies, intestinal and gastric wall thickening, intestinal masses, intussusception, kidney disorders, and others.

• #2 Overview of Gastroenteritis – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis/overview-of-gastroenteritis

  The diagnosis is based on a persons history of recent contact with contaminated food, water, or people infected with certain microorganisms; recent use of antibiotics; and sometimes laboratory tests. […] If the symptoms are severe or last for more than 48 hours, stool samples may be examined in a laboratory for white blood cells and bacteria, viruses, or parasites. […] The diagnosis of gastroenteritis is usually obvious from the symptoms alone, but doctors consider other gastrointestinal disorders that cause similar symptoms (for example, ulcerative colitis). […] The cause of gastroenteritis often is not obvious and needs to be sought. Sometimes other family members or coworkers have recently been ill with similar symptoms, or people have had contact with certain animals. Other times, gastroenteritis can be traced to contaminated water or inadequately cooked, spoiled, or contaminated food, such as raw seafood or mayonnaise left out of the refrigerator too long. Recent travel, especially to certain foreign countries, and recent antibiotic use may give clues as well. […] If the symptoms persist longer than expected, a doctor may need to examine the large intestine with a sigmoidoscope (a flexible viewing tube used to view the lower part of the digestive tract) to determine whether the person has a disease such as ulcerative colitis.

• #2 Vomiting and Diarrhea

  https://vhc.missouri.edu/small-animal-hospital/emergency-and-critical-care/vomiting-and-diarrhea/

  Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common complaints for dogs and cats presenting for emergency care. Both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Either can be a sign of serious illness that warrants immediate emergency care, or related to a mild, self-limiting illness that will run its course without specific intervention. […] However, there are a number of situations that warrant more immediate veterinary attention: Animals that are very young (puppies and kittens) or very old, even if they have vomiting or diarrhea only a few times […] Profuse vomiting occurs many times in a day or attempts to vomit continue for more than 24 hours […] The vomit contains blood or what appears to be coffee-grounds-like material […] The diarrhea contains more than a small amount of blood, or is a dark, tarry color […] The animal appears dehydrated.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease

  Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. […] Diarrhoea should be treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS), a solution of clean water, sugar and salt. […] Diarrhoea is a leading cause of malnutrition in children under 5 years old. […] Diarrhoea is a symptom of infections caused by a host of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms, most of which are spread by faeces-contaminated water. […] Diarrhoea is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in the world, and mostly results from contaminated food and water sources. […] Key measures to treat diarrhoea include the following. […] Consulting a health professional, in particular for management of persistent diarrhoea or when there is blood in stool or if there are signs of dehydration.

• #2 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Vomiting / Diarrhea | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-vomiting-diarrhea

  Outline effective nursing interventions and management strategies to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and promote the patients comfort and well-being during episodes of vomiting and diarrhea. […] Diarrhea results from an increased frequency and fluidity of bowel movements. It can be caused by increased secretion of fluids into the intestine, decreased absorption of fluids by the intestine, or a combination of both. […] Infections, inflammation, or irritants in the GI tract can disrupt the normal absorption and secretion processes, leading to an imbalance and resulting in diarrhea. […] Viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections are common causes of vomiting and diarrhea. Pathogens can directly irritate the GI mucosa or produce toxins that lead to symptoms. […] Conditions such as gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can contribute to chronic or recurrent episodes of vomiting and diarrhea.

• #2 Vomiting and Diarrhea: Causes, Diagnosis, When to Seek ER Treatment

  https://www.eroftexas.com/vomiting-diarrhea/

  Chronic diarrhea is diarrhea that lasts longer up to four weeks and could be a symptom of a more serious chronic disease. […] Frequent vomiting could also lead to dehydration which left untreated, could lead to serious medical conditions and death. […] Visit an emergency room (ER) if you observe the following symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting. […] If you are experiencing above symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea, it is time to visit a nearby emergency room (ER) for treatment. […] Our emergency room staff can assess what is causing the vomiting and diarrhea. Our board-certified physicians will diagnose the issues causing you to vomit and have diarrhea, and recommend treatment.

• #2 Diarrhea | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/diarrhea

  If diarrhea continues for more than a day or two, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to help your dog get some relief. […] Treatment will depend on the exact cause of the diarrhea. When you take your dog to the veterinary hospital, bring a stool sample so the veterinarian can see what the diarrhea looks like. […] Diagnostics may include: Fecal tests for parasites, Radiographs (x-rays) will be done if a blockage is suspected, Bloodwork will be ordered if your veterinarian is concerned about a systemic illness. […] You should see a veterinarian when: When a bland diet doesnt work after 2-3 days, The stool is black or tarry or contains fresh blood, Vomiting also occurs, Continued lack of appetite.

• #2 Diarrhea Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/diarrhea/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with diagnosis of diarrhea. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for diarrhea in this guide. […] After thorough assessment, nursing diagnoses are formulated to address the challenges of diarrhea, guided by the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique condition. While nursing diagnoses help organize care, their use may vary across clinical settings. Ultimately, the nurses expertise and judgment shape the care plan to prioritize each patients needs. Here are examples of nursing diagnoses that may be useful for common concerns associated with diarrhea: […] Testing or stool examinations will distinguish infectious or parasitic organisms, bacterial toxins, blood, fat, electrolytes, white blood cells, and potential etiological organisms for diarrhea.

• #2 Traveler’s Diarrhea – Digestive Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis/traveler-s-diarrhea

  Travelers diarrhea is an infection characterized by diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting that commonly occur in travelers to areas of the world with poor water purification. […] The diagnosis is usually based on the doctor’s evaluation, but sometimes stool is tested for organisms. […] Diagnostic tests are rarely needed, but sometimes stool samples are tested for bacteria, viruses, or parasites, typically in people who have fever, severe abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea.

• #2 What To Do If You Have Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/vomiting-and-diarrhea/

  Vomiting and diarrhea can be diagnosed at home. Neither condition requires a trip to the doctor. However, call your doctor if the vomiting and diarrhea don’t seem to be getting better, or if the person who is vomiting and/or has diarrhea: […] How are vomiting and diarrhea diagnosed? […] Signs of dehydration include: […] If you notice any of the following signs of dehydration, especially in babies, children, and the elderly, talk to your doctor. If dehydration is severe, your loved one may need to be given fluids intravenously (by vein through an IV tube) to replace fluids lost through vomiting or diarrhea. […] Vomiting and diarrhea can be caused by a number of things. These include viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain medicines, or certain medical conditions. Foods that are hard to digest (such as too many sweets) and undercooked (raw or partially raw) meat or fish can also cause vomiting and diarrhea.

• #2 Evaluation of Nausea and Vomiting | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p76.html

  The presence of abdominal pain usually suggests an organic cause; the location, severity, and timing of pain may indicate a specific etiology. Other associated symptoms also provide significant information. Acute nausea and vomiting without any warning signs suggests infectious or iatrogenic etiologies. […] There are no controlled trials to guide the diagnostic evaluation of nausea and vomiting; therefore, most recommendations are based on expert opinion. In most patients with a worrisome history, it is reasonable to begin with basic laboratory tests and radiographic studies to rule out serious consequences. […] Tests should be directed by the history and physical examination to determine the underlying cause or to evaluate for the consequences of nausea and vomiting. In patients with unexplained symptoms, it is reasonable to perform a complete blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate measurement in conjunction with a complete metabolic profile. A pregnancy test should be performed in any woman of childbearing age. […] If an etiology is identified, a targeted therapy can be provided; however, delays in evaluation may require empiric treatment for patient comfort.

• #2 Causes of Vomiting and Diarrhea in Dogs | Veterinarian in Katy, TX | Grand Park Animal Clinic

  https://www.grandparkanimalclinic.com/vomit-and-diarrhea-in-dogs

  Dogs that show these symptoms consistently or shows both symptoms could be suffering from a severe health problem. This requires immediate veterinary care. […] Dogs with these symptoms should visit our veterinarian right away to have tests done to determine the cause. Our vet can then provide the proper treatment. […] If your dog is vomiting and has diarrhea or other concerning symptoms, dont wait to bring it in to our veterinarian. The sooner your dog is diagnosed and treated, the better its chances are of recovering.

• #3 Gastroenteritis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis is inflammation that spreads from your stomach into your intestines, causing pain, vomiting and diarrhea. […] Gastroenteritis means inflammation in your stomach and intestine. Inflammation makes these organs feel swollen and sore. It causes symptoms of illness, like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. […] Common symptoms of gastroenteritis include diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Gastroenteritis affects your stomach and intestines, causing symptoms like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. […] Symptoms involving your intestines (diarrhea, cramps), together with symptoms involving your stomach (nausea, vomiting) are the hallmarks of gastroenteritis. […] Infectious gastroenteritis is caused by an infection in your gastrointestinal tract, like a viral infection, bacterial infection, parasitic infection, or fungal infection.

• #3 Evaluation of Nausea and Vomiting | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0701/p76.html

  A comprehensive history and physical examination can often reveal the cause of nausea and vomiting, making further evaluation unnecessary. […] Evaluation should first focus on detecting any emergencies or complications that require hospitalization. Attention should then turn to identifying the underlying cause and providing specific therapies. When the cause cannot be determined, empiric therapy with an antiemetic is appropriate. Initial diagnostic testing should generally be limited to basic laboratory tests and plain radiography. Further testing, such as upper endoscopy or computed tomography of the abdomen, should be determined by clinical suspicion based on a complete history and physical examination. […] The American Gastroenterological Association suggests a three-step approach to the initial evaluation of nausea and vomiting. First, attempt to recognize and correct any consequences of the symptoms, such as dehydration or electrolyte abnormalities. Second, try to identify the underlying cause and provide specific therapies. Third, if no etiology can be determined, use empiric therapy to treat symptoms.

• #3

  https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?id=3850283&pid=8768

  Vomiting patients in some cases require an extensive workup, but an organized approach will help to minimize the tests necessary for an early diagnosis. If reasonable concern is established, then a minimum data base of CBC, biochemical profile (or specific tests for evaluation of liver, kidney, pancreas, electrolytes), complete urinalysis (pre-treatment urine specific gravity extremely important for diagnosis of renal failure), and fecal examination is essential. […] One of the most reliable and cost efficient diagnostic tools currently available for evaluation of vomiting is flexible GI endoscopy. Endoscopy allows for direct gastric and duodenal examination, mucosal biopsy from these areas, and in many cases gastric foreign body retrieval. […] Ultrasonography can be useful in the diagnostic work-up of a number of disorders that can cause vomiting. Among the problems that may be detected with ultrasonography are certain disorders of the liver, gall bladder, GI foreign bodies, intestinal and gastric wall thickening, intestinal masses, intussusception, kidney disorders, and others.

• #3 Diarrhoea – symptoms, causes, self care and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diarrhoea

  Most diarrhoea is mild and clears up in a few days without treatment. […] Diarrhoea has many different causes, but gastroenteritis is a common one. […] Avoiding dehydration is very important, especially in children and older adults. […] Children and older adults should use oral rehydration solutions to replace fluids when they have diarrhoea. […] Ask your pharmacist or doctor before taking anti-diarrhoeal medicines. […] How is the cause of diarrhoea diagnosed? […] Sometimes, tests will be needed to diagnose the cause of your diarrhoea. These can include: blood tests, stool tests, endoscopy or colonoscopy (procedures where a thin tube with a camera on the end are used to view inside your stomach or bowel). […] If you have ongoing diarrhoea, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for tests and to work out the underlying cause.

• #3 Clinical approach to vomiting and diarrhea in the dog and cat (Proceedings)

  https://www.dvm360.com/view/clinical-approach-vomiting-and-diarrhea-dog-and-cat-proceedings

  Diagnosing and treating acute and chronic causes of vomiting and diarrhea. […] Minimum Data Base Acute Vomiting: History, Physical Examination, Fecal flotation, Abdominal Radiographs, CBC (systemic signs!), Chemistry panel (systemic signs!), Urinalysis (systemic signs!). […] Minimum Data Base Chronic Vomiting: History (past and present), Physical Examination, Fecal flotation, Abdominal Radiographs, CBC, Chemistry panel (electrolytes!), Urinalysis, Blood gases. […] Specific Diagnostic Procedures: Contrast radiography Barium series for filling defects, mucosal or mural lesion and transit (emptying). Ultrasonography mural masses thickening, possible guided biopsies. Endoscopy gastric foreign body, ulcerations, masses, mucosal biopsies for histologic examination. Exploratory laparotomy gastrotomy, biopsies or resection for histologic examination.

• #3 Gastroenteritis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/gastroenteritis/

  Gastroenteritis is a very common condition that causes diarrhoea and vomiting. Its usually caused by a bacterial or viral tummy bug. […] The main symptoms of gastroenteritis are: sudden, watery diarrhoea, feeling sick, vomiting, which can be projectile, a mild fever. […] If you experience sudden diarrhoea and vomiting, the best thing to do is stay at home until youre feeling better. […] Your GP may suggest sending off a sample of your poo to a laboratory to check whats causing your symptoms. Antibiotics may be prescribed if this shows you have a bacterial infection. […] You dont usually need to see your GP if you think your child has gastroenteritis, as it should get better on its own, and taking them to a GP practice can put others at risk. […] Your GP may suggest sending off a sample of your childs poo to a laboratory to confirm whats causing their symptoms. Antibiotics may be prescribed if this shows they have a bacterial infection.

• #3 Vomiting and Diarrhea in Puppies | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/symptoms/vomiting-and-diarrhea-puppies

  All puppies will experience vomiting or diarrhea at some point and most of the time, it doesn’t mean there’s anything seriously wrong. However, it’s not a good idea to dismiss vomiting or diarrhea in your puppy, especially if you see blood or mucus or if it’s happening often. […] The best way to figure out what’s going on is by going to the vet to make sure it’s not serious. Many times, multiple underlying causes will be identified. […] In many cases, it’s impossible to tell what’s causing the upset just by looking at the vomit or diarrhea. […] When dealing with a puppy with vomiting or diarrhea, most veterinarians will start out with a general examination. They’ll also want to test a stool sample for intestinal parasites and canine parvovirus. Based on their findings, they may also recommend looking at blood work, X-rays, and ultrasound to investigate what is going on with your puppy. […] Treatment is highly dependent on the cause and severity. The mainstays of treatment include medications to stop vomiting, treat dehydration, and correct electrolyte imbalances.

• #3 When to Call the Doctor: Vomiting

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/when-to-call-the-doctor-vomiting

  Its tough to know when to call or visit the doctor when youre sick, even more so if you have a young child who’s ill. Vomiting is a symptom that stems from a number of different conditions. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, contact your doctor immediately to help control the disorder. […] If you have severe vomiting after a head injury, it is important to call or visit a doctor. […] If vomiting continues with no relief, seek medical attention right away. […] If you experience severe vomiting that leads to dehydration, contact your doctor immediately. […] When you have a significant amount of vomit that is bright red in color or resembles coffee grounds, you should contact your doctor immediately. […] Reach out to your doctor immediately to find a solution for this condition. […] If you notice any of the following signs in your infant, toddler or teen, contact your primary care provider.

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