Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diarrhoea and vomiting

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diarrhoea-and-vomiting/

  Diarrhoea and vomiting can usually be treated at home. The most important thing is to have lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. […] Speak to a pharmacist if: you or your child (over 5 years) have signs of dehydration, such as dark, smelly pee or peeing less than usual. […] They may recommend: oral rehydration powder that you mix with water to make a drink. […] Medicine to stop diarrhoea for a few hours, like loperamide (not suitable for children under 12).

• #1 Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378852

  There’s often no specific medical treatment for viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics aren’t effective against viruses. Treatment first involves self-care measures, such as staying hydrated. […] Try anti-diarrhea medications. Some adults may find it helpful to take loperamide (Imodium A-D) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, others) to manage their symptoms. However, avoid these if you have bloody diarrhea or fever, which could be signs of another condition. […] Help your child rehydrate. Give your child an oral rehydration solution, available at pharmacies without a prescription. Talk to your doctor if you have questions about how to use it. […] Avoid giving your child store-bought anti-diarrheal medications, unless advised by your doctor. They can make it harder for your child’s body to get rid of the virus.

• #1 Nausea & Vomiting: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/8106-nausea–vomiting

  One concern with vomiting is dehydration. Adults have a lower risk of becoming dehydrated because they can usually notice the symptoms of dehydration (such as increased thirst and dry lips or mouth). Children have a greater risk of becoming dehydrated, especially if they have vomiting and diarrhea, because they may often be unable to tell an adult if theyre feeling dehydrated. […] You should see your healthcare provider for nausea and vomiting if: Home treatment isnt working. You have symptoms of dehydration. A known injury (such as a head injury or infection) is causing the vomiting. […] Adults should see a healthcare provider if theyre vomiting for more than one day, if diarrhea and vomiting last more than 24 hours and if they have signs of moderate dehydration.

• #1 Care of Nausea, Vomiting, & Diarrhea – Campus Health

  https://campushealth.unc.edu/health_topic/care-of-nausea-vomiting-diarrhea/

  Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are common symptoms of gastroenteritis – the inflammation and irritation of the stomach and the intestines. Severe cases may lead to dehydration, especially in infants and the elderly. […] Your primary goal is to prevent dehydration by drinking water. Do not eat or drink anything for 1 to 2 hours after the last episode of vomiting. Then try ice chips or small amounts of water. To help prevent/treat dehydration, drink sips of clear fluids for the first 12 hours, ideally water. Other good options include ginger ale, sports drinks, flat soda or clear broth. Increase fluids as tolerated. After 12 hours, try small amounts of bland foods, such as rice, potatoes, crackers, pretzels, dry toast, applesauce, cream-less soups, bananas. After bland food is tolerated, resume a normal diet as tolerated. […] If diarrhea is the only symptom, follow a bland diet until improved. Diarrhea may last for 7 days and stools may not return to normal for 2-3 weeks. […] For medical attention, make an appointment or call Campus Health to speak to a nurse.

• #1 What To Do If You Have Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/vomiting-and-diarrhea/

  For adults and seniors: To replace the fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhea, adults and seniors should try to drink at least seven eight-ounce glasses of water each day. Seniors may also use ORS or liquid meal replacements to help replace lost body fluids. […] What is an ORS? […] An oral rehydration solution, or ORS, is a great way to replace fluids and nutrients lost through vomiting and diarrhea. An ORS is safe for babies, children, and adults. An ORS can come in several forms, including a powder that you mix with water, a liquid that is already mixed, and as frozen popsicles. You can purchase these at most grocery stores and drugstores. […] To use an ORS for vomiting, try giving small amounts of ORS often, such as 1 teaspoonful every minute. If the person is able to keep the drink down, slowly increase how much you give. If the person vomits after you give the ORS, wait 30 to 60 minutes after the last time he or she vomited, and then give him or her a few sips of an ORS. Small amounts every few minutes may stay down better than a large amount all at once. When the person stops vomiting, you may increase how much of the ORS you give each time and add clear broths or clear sodas. Remember, small amounts are less likely to cause an upset stomach. If a person only has diarrhea and isn’t vomiting, he or she may have an ORS and other liquids as needed. Your doctor may ask you to keep track of how much the child or senior drinks. You can use a dropper, a spoon, or a measuring cup to help you keep track.

• #1 Vomiting and diarrhea: Causes, treatments, and remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vomiting-and-diarrhea

  For temporary cases of vomiting and diarrhea, a person may not need any medical treatment. Symptoms caused by a hangover, anxiety, gastroenteritis, or food poisoning can resolve on their own. […] Gradually replacing lost fluids and electrolytes can help a person recover. Once vomiting subsides, a person can start drinking sips of clear liquids, such as broth, diluted apple juice, herbal tea, or oral rehydration solutions. […] After a person can tolerate liquids again, they can slowly introduce bland foods, such as crackers, bananas, plain rice, and applesauce. A person may find it easier to start with smaller, more frequent meals. […] It is best to consult with a healthcare provider before taking over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications, as they can be dangerous for children. Also, people with blood in their stool should not take them.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease

  Diarrhoea should be treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS), a solution of clean water, sugar and salt. In addition, a 1014 day supplemental treatment course of dispersible zinc tablets shortens diarrhoea duration and improves outcomes. […] Key measures to treat diarrhoea include the following. […] Rehydration with oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution. ORS is a mixture of clean water, salt and sugar. It costs a few cents per treatment. ORS is absorbed in the small intestine and replaces the water and electrolytes lost in the faeces. […] Zinc supplements reduce the duration of a diarrhoea episode by 25% and are associated with a 30% reduction in stool volume. […] Rehydration with intravenous fluids in case of severe dehydration or shock. […] Nutrient-rich foods. The vicious circle of malnutrition and diarrhoea can be broken by continuing to give nutrient-rich foods including breast milk during an episode, and by giving a nutritious diet including exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life to children when they are well. […] Consulting a health professional, in particular for management of persistent diarrhoea or when there is blood in stool or if there are signs of dehydration.

• #1 Diarrhoea in children – causes, care and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diarrhoea-in-children

  Diarrhoea in children is very common and is often due to viral gastroenteritis. […] Oral rehydration solutions are strongly recommended for infants and toddlers with diarrhoea, and for any child with frequent diarrhoea. […] Anti-diarrhoeal medicines are not suitable for use in children. […] The treatment for diarrhoea in babies and children depends on the severity (how bad it is) and the underlying cause. […] If your child is at least 6 months old and has diarrhoea due to viral gastroenteritis they can be treated at home by following the advice below. […] Oral rehydration solutions are strongly recommended for infants and toddlers with diarrhoea and any child with frequent diarrhoea or vomiting. […] Anti-diarrhoeal medicines should not be used to treat diarrhoea in children. […] Treatment will focus on keeping your child hydrated and replacing any lost minerals and salts. Gastroenteritis will usually clear up without specific treatment.

• #1 Diarrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352246

  For children, ask your doctor about using an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte, to prevent dehydration or replace lost fluids. […] If your healthcare professional determines that an antibiotic caused your diarrhea, you might be given a lower dose or a different medicine. […] If your diarrhea is caused by a more serious condition, such as inflammatory bowel disease, your healthcare professional works to control that condition. You might be referred to a specialist, such as a gastroenterologist, who can help devise a treatment plan for you. […] Ask about antidiarrheal medicines. Nonprescription antidiarrheal medicines, such as loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate, might help reduce how often you pass watery stool and control severe symptoms. […] Certain medical conditions and infections bacterial and parasitic can be worsened by these medicines because they prevent your body from getting rid of what’s causing the diarrhea. Some of these medicines are not recommended for children. Check with your healthcare professional before taking these medicines or giving them to a child.

• #1 Diarrhoea and vomiting

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/diarrhoea-vomiting/

  You can usually treat yourself or your child at home. You dont need to take anti-diarrhoea medicine unless you need to shorten the length of time your diarrhoea lasts. […] Children should not take anti-diarrhoea medicine. Anti-vomiting medication is sometimes helpful. Ask your pharmacist or GP for advice. […] Most people with diarrhoea do not need antibiotics. They won’t relieve your symptoms or speed up your recovery. Diarrhoea is usually caused by a virus. Antibiotics cannot treat viruses. Your body will fight the virus on its own. […] The most important thing is to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Oral rehydration solutions available in your pharmacy can be useful to treat diarrhoea. […] Older children may not like the taste of oral rehydration solutions. Clear, flat lemonade type drinks can be given to them to help avoid dehydration.

• #1 Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time: Causes and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diarrhea-and-vomiting

  Vomiting and diarrhea usually resolve within a few days without treatment. Home remedies and medications can help you manage your symptoms and avoid dehydration. […] Here are some ways you can treat vomiting and diarrhea at home to avoid dehydration: Get plenty of rest. Avoid stress. Wash your hands with soap and water frequently. Drink lots of clear fluids like water, broth, clear sodas, and sports drinks. Eat saltine crackers. Follow the BRAT diet, which consists of bland foods. BRAT stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. Avoid foods that are greasy, spicy, or high in fat and sugar. Avoid dairy. Avoid caffeine. Avoid alcohol. […] There are over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications available for vomiting and diarrhea. While generally safe for adults, OTC medications should not be taken without first consulting a doctor.

• #1 Effective Treatment for Vomiting and Diarrhea in Your Child – Monadnock Community Hospital

  https://monadnockcommunityhospital.com/vomiting-diarrhea-treatment-pediatrics/

  Vomiting and diarrhea are common symptoms that can result from a variety of causes, including infections, food poisoning, and gastrointestinal disorders. Proper treatment is essential to prevent dehydration and ensure a swift recovery. At Monadnock Community Hospital, we offer comprehensive care for managing vomiting and diarrhea, providing effective treatments tailored to each patient’s needs. […] The most crucial aspect is to maintain hydration with small, frequent feedings of fluids like water, oral rehydration solutions, or electrolyte drinks. […] Oral rehydration fluids like Pedialyte are best because they replace the fluid, salt, and sugar lost through vomiting and diarrhea. Avoid sports drinks and most juices due to their high sugar content. […] If there has been no vomiting for several hours, or if there is only diarrhea without vomiting, a regular diet is generally recommended. Avoid high-fat or high-sugar foods. The BRAT diet alone is too restrictive; instead, offer a combination of complex carbohydrates (rice, wheat, potatoes, bread), lean meats, yogurt, fruits, and vegetables. […] At Monadnock Community Hospital, our experienced healthcare professionals are dedicated to providing the best care for you and your family. We are equipped to diagnose the underlying causes of vomiting and diarrhea and offer tailored treatment plans to ensure a quick recovery.

• #1 Vomiting & Diarrhea: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vomiting-and-diarrhea-7198084

  Pectin, a binding agent to bulk the stool […] Green bananas […] Foods high in zinc (or zinc supplements) […] Rehydration and Diarrhea […] Replacing fluids after having diarrhea is crucial because dehydration can lead to severe health outcomes. To ensure you are hydrated during bouts of diarrhea, you can drink oral rehydrating beverages that include electrolytes. If that is not enough, you must get fluids intravenously. […] What About Young Children? […] The best way to treat children with vomiting and diarrhea is by monitoring their symptoms and ensuring they’re getting enough fluids to counteract dehydration. […] Once the child can drink fluids without vomiting or having another bout of diarrhea, you can reintroduce bland foods. The BRAT diet is often recommended for children and includes the following foods:

• #1 Diarrhea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448082/

  Diarrhea is a common condition that varies in severity and etiology. Its evaluation varies depending on duration, severity, and the presence of certain concurrent symptoms. Treatment also varies, though rehydration therapy is an important aspect of managing any patient with diarrhea. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of diarrhea and stresses the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Rehydration therapy is an important aspect of managing any patient with diarrhea. […] An important aspect of diarrhea management is replenishing fluid and electrolyte loss. Patients should be encouraged to drink diluted fruit juice, Pedialyte, or Gatorade. In more severe cases of diarrhea, IV fluid rehydration may become necessary. Eating foods that are lower in fiber may aid in making stool firmer. A bland 'BRAT’ diet, including bananas, toast, oatmeal, white rice, applesauce, and soup/broth, is well tolerated and may improve symptoms. Anti-diarrheal therapy with anti-secretory or anti-motility agents may be started to reduce the frequency of stools. However, they should be avoided in adults with bloody diarrhea or high fever because they can worsen severe intestinal infections. Empiric antibiotic therapy with an oral fluoroquinolone can be considered in patients with more severe symptoms. Probiotic supplementation has been shown to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms and should be encouraged in patients with acute diarrhea.

• #1 Diarrhea and Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu) in Children and Adults

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/diarrhea-stomach-flu

  There is no cure for the stomach flu. Antibiotics don’t help, because its caused by viruses, not bacteria. For the most part, you just have to wait it out. In the meantime, there are some things you can do to make yourself more comfortable and prevent complications. […] It’s important to increase fluid intake when you are vomiting or have diarrhea. Adults should aim to get one cup of fluid every hour. Children need 1 ounce of fluid every 30 to 60 minutes. […] When you have diarrhea, drinking more water may not be enough. You’re losing important minerals and electrolytes that water can’t supply. Instead, ask your doctor about giving your sick child an oral rehydration solution such as CeraLyte, Infalyte, Naturalyte, Pedialyte, and generic brands. […] The old advice was to stick with a liquid diet for a few days and then to add in bland foods, such as the BRAT diet of bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. That’s fine for the first day or so of stomach flu. However, doctors say that you should return to your normal diet as soon as you feel up to it.

• #1 Treatment of Viral Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis/treatment

  In most cases, people with viral gastroenteritis get better on their own without medical treatment. You can treat viral gastroenteritis by replacing lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration. […] When you have viral gastroenteritis, you need to replace lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration or treat mild dehydration. You should drink plenty of liquids. If vomiting is a problem, try sipping small amounts of clear liquids. […] In some cases, adults can take over-the-counter medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate) to treat diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis. […] Your doctor may prescribe medicine to control severe vomiting. Doctors dont prescribe antibiotics to treat viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics dont work for viral infections.

• #1 Diarrhea: Treatments & Remedies

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-diarrhea-treatment

  Several studies have shown that taking probiotics can reduce the duration of diarrhea by an average of 1 day. The probiotic should contain lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli), which is found in dairy products such as yogurt and kefir. But you can also get the probiotic in capsule or powder supplements. […] Most of the time, diarrhea doesn’t need to be treated with medication. But some over-the-counter medicines can help you feel better. […] Two over-the-counter medicines that can help relieve diarrhea include: Loperamide (Imodium): It slows the movement of food through your intestines, allowing your body to absorb more liquid. Bismuth subsalicylate (Kaopectate, Pepto-Bismol): It balances out how fluid moves through your digestive tract. […] If you are traveling to a third-world country, your doctor may advise you to take Pepto-Bismol (bismuth) tablets both before you travel and while you’re on vacation to help prevent diarrhea.

• #1 Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time: Causes and Management

  https://www.healthline.com/health/diarrhea-and-vomiting

  OTC medications include: bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate), loperamide (Imodium), antiemetic drugs, such as Dramamine and Gravol, which often contain the ingredient dimenhydrinate. […] A doctor may recommend antibiotics to treat vomiting and diarrhea in adults caused by bacterial infections, such as food poisoning.

• #1 Gastroenteritis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/gastroenteritis/

  Gastroenteritis can be very unpleasant, but it usually clears up by itself within a week. You can normally look after yourself or your child at home until you’re feeling better. […] If you experience sudden diarrhoea and vomiting, the best thing to do is stay at home until you’re feeling better. There’s not always a specific treatment, so you have to let the illness run its course. […] There are things you can do to help ease your symptoms. […] Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration; you need to drink more than usual to replace the fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhoea water is best, but you could also try fruit juice and soup. […] Take anti-vomiting medication (such as metoclopramide) and/or antidiarrhoeal medication (such as loperamide) if you need to some types are available from pharmacies, but check the leaflet that comes with the medicine; you can also ask your pharmacist or GP for advice about whether they’re suitable.

• #1 Vomiting & Diarrhea: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/vomiting-and-diarrhea-7198084

  How to Treat Vomiting and Diarrhea […] Treating vomiting and diarrhea often depends on what is causing it. However, some mainstay remedies are often used to control both, regardless of the cause. […] Vomiting Remedies […] There are many treatment options available for vomiting. They include both medications and natural-based treatments. Some drugs used to treat vomiting include: […] Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate) […] Dramamine or Gravol (dimenhydrinate) […] Compazine (prochlorperazine) […] Reglan (metoclopramide) […] Zofran (ondansetron) […] Some drugs may be used off-label, meaning they aren’t intended to treat vomiting, but they can help reduce it. Some off-label options include: […] Gabapentin (anticonvulsant) […] Zyprexa (olanzapine), an antipsychotic […] Remeron (mirtazapine), an antidepressant

• #1 Get Treatment for Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea at Home | DispatchHealth

  https://www.dispatchhealth.com/nausea-vomiting-diarrhea

  Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are common stomach problems that can be linked to many different causes. […] Fortunately, in most cases these conditions can be treated with rest and diet, and clear up within a day or two. If youre not feeling better in 1-3 days, its important to follow up with your primary healthcare provider. […] These common stomach upsets can usually be treated with rest, fluids and careful diet. In some cases, medications may be prescribed. […] If you need extra hydration, your healthcare provider might suggest oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which means drinking a special mixture of fluids containing sugar and salt over many hours. This is often a better treatment than IV fluids for dehydration caused by vomiting or diarrhea. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe anti-nausea pills like Ondansetron (Zofran), Promethazine (Phenergan) or Metoclopramide (Reglan) to control nausea.

• #1 Gastroenteritis in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0201/p159.html

  Children with mild dehydration should receive half-strength apple juice followed by preferred fluids (regular juices, milk). This approach reduces the need for eventual intravenous rehydration compared with a formal oral rehydration solution. […] Mild dehydration from acute gastroenteritis can be managed at home, with oral rehydration therapy as the mainstay of treatment. […] Treatment of moderate dehydration includes an ORS plus medication if needed to decrease vomiting and improve tolerance of the ORS. For children with moderate dehydration, oral rehydration is as effective as intravenous rehydration in preventing hospitalization and return visits. […] Ondansetron is commonly used when needed to prevent vomiting while drinking the ORS. […] Patients who do not respond to oral rehydration therapy plus an antiemetic and patients with severe dehydration (i.e., signs of clinical shock or more than 10% dehydration) require hospitalization and intravenous rehydration.

• #1 Gastroenteritis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/gastroenteritis/

  You can look after your child at home if they have diarrhoea and vomiting. There’s not usually any specific treatment and your child should start feeling better in a few days. […] There are things you can do to help ease your child’s symptoms. […] Encourage them to drink plenty of fluids as they need to replace the fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhoea water is generally best; avoid giving them fizzy drinks or fruit juice, as they can make their diarrhoea worse. […] Use special rehydration drinks made from sachets bought from pharmacies if they’re dehydrated your GP or pharmacist can advise on how much to give your child. […] Don’t give your child antidiarrhoeal and anti-vomiting medication, unless advised to by your GP or pharmacist. […] Your GP may suggest sending off a sample of your poo to a laboratory to check what’s causing your symptoms. Antibiotics may be prescribed if this shows you have a bacterial infection.

• #1 Acute Diarrhea in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0201/p180.html

  Early refeeding decreases intestinal permeability caused by infections, reduces illness duration, and improves nutritional outcomes. […] The antimotility agent loperamide (Imodium) may reduce the duration of diarrhea by as much as one day and increase the likelihood of clinical cure at 24 and 48 hours when given with antibiotics for traveler’s diarrhea. […] Because acute diarrhea is most often self-limited and caused by viruses, routine antibiotic use is not recommended for most adults with nonsevere, watery diarrhea. However, when used appropriately, antibiotics are effective for shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, Clostridium difficile, traveler’s diarrhea, and protozoal infections. Antibiotic treatment of traveler’s diarrhea is associated with decreased severity of illness and a two-or three-day reduction in duration of illness.

• #1 Travelers’ Diarrhea | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/preparing-international-travelers/travelers-diarrhea.html

  Healthcare professionals should advise on food safety and options for medications to prevent and treat travelers diarrhea. […] Replacement of fluid losses is key to diarrhea therapy and helps the traveler feel better more quickly. […] Antimotility agents provide symptomatic relief and are useful therapy in TD. […] Antibiotics are effective in reducing the duration of diarrhea by approximately 1-2 days in cases caused by bacterial pathogens susceptible to the antibiotic prescribed. […] The main treatment for TD in children is ORS. […] Consider empiric antibiotic therapy for severe watery diarrhea or evidence of systemic infection. […] The most common parasitic cause of TD is Giardia duodenalis, and treatment options include metronidazole, nitazoxanide, and tinidazole.

• #1 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  Therapies recommended for some nonviral diarrheas include the following: Aeromonas species: Use cefixime and most third-generation and fourth-generation cephalosporins, Campylobacter species: Erythromycin shortens illness duration and shedding, C difficile: Discontinue potential causative antibiotics. If antibiotics cannot be stopped or this does not result in resolution, use oral metronidazole or vancomycin. Vancomycin is reserved for the child who is seriously ill, C perfringens: Do not treat with antibiotics, Cryptosporidium parvum: Administer paromomycin; however, effectiveness is not proven. Nitazoxanide, a newer anthelmintic, is effective against C parvum, Entamoeba histolytica: Metronidazole followed by iodoquinol or paromomycin is administered in symptomatic patients. Asymptomatic carriers in nonendemic areas should receive iodoquinol or paromomycin, E coli: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) should be administered if moderate or severe diarrhea is noted; antibiotic treatment may increase likelihood of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Parenteral second-generation or third-generation cephalosporin is indicated for systemic complications, G lamblia: Metronidazole or nitazoxanide can be used, Plesiomonas species: Use TMP-SMX or any cephalosporin, Salmonella species: Treatment prolongs carrier state, is associated with relapse, and is not indicated for nontyphoid-uncomplicated diarrhea. Treat infants younger than 3 months and high-risk patients (eg, immunocompromised, sickle cell disease). TMP-SMX is first-line medication; however, resistance occurs. Use ceftriaxone and cefotaxime for invasive disease, Shigella species: Treatment shortens illness duration and shedding but does not prevent complications. TMP-SMX is first-line medication; however, resistance occurs. Cefixime, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime are recommended for invasive disease, V cholerae: Treat infected individuals and contacts. Doxycycline is the first-line antibiotic, and erythromycin is second-line antibiotic, Yersinia species: TMP-SMX, cefixime, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime are used. Treatment does not shorten disease duration; reserve for complicated cases. […] ORT is the universally recommended form of treatment, proven to be successful even in children who vomit or have mild-to-moderate dehydration. Admit a child with severe dehydration. Also, ORT requires vigilance. If the caregiver cannot comply with protocol, consider admission.

• #1 Diarrhea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352246

  Take probiotics. These microorganisms may help restore a healthy balance to the intestinal tract by boosting the level of good bacteria. However, it’s not clear if they can help shorten a bout of diarrhea. Probiotics are available in capsule or liquid form and are also added to some foods, such as certain brands of yogurt. Further research is needed to better understand which strains of bacteria are most helpful and what doses are needed.

• #1 Treatment of Viral Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis/treatment

  In some cases, your doctor may recommend probiotics. Probiotics are live microbes, most often bacteria, that are like the ones you normally have in your digestive tract. Studies suggest that some probiotics may help shorten a case of diarrhea. […] Anyone with signs or symptoms of dehydration should see a doctor right away. Doctors may need to treat people with severe dehydration in a hospital.

• #1 Gastroenteritis in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-children/gastroenteritis-in-children

  Antidiarrheal medications such as loperamide should not be given to children under 18 years of age. […] Antibiotics are of no value when a viral infection is the cause of gastroenteritis. […] Doctors give antibiotics only when gastroenteritis has been caused by specific bacteria that can be treated by antibiotics (such as Shigella or Campylobacter). […] Probiotics, such as lactobacillus (typically present in yogurt), may slightly shorten the duration of diarrhea (perhaps by a day) if people begin taking them soon after the illness starts.

• #1 Acute Diarrhea in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0201/p180.html

  Probiotics are thought to work by stimulating the immune system and competing for binding sites on intestinal epithelial cells. Their use in children with acute diarrhea is associated with reduced severity and duration of illness. […] Research in children suggests that zinc supplementation may play a crucial role in treating and preventing acute diarrhea, particularly in developing countries.

• #1 Vomiting and diarrhea: Causes, treatments, and remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vomiting-and-diarrhea

  Home remedies can help reduce the symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea. A person can try: drinking ginger tea or ginger ale, sucking peppermint candies, taking zinc supplements, which can reduce the duration of diarrhea by 25%, taking an oral rehydration solution. […] Complications of diarrhea and vomiting include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, fainting, and heart rhythm abnormalities. […] Anyone with the symptoms of severe dehydration requires emergency medical care. This is especially true for young children and vulnerable adults. […] However, some causes of vomiting and diarrhea are more serious. People with severe pain, symptoms of dehydration, and chronic vomiting or diarrhea should seek help from a doctor.

• #1 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  The addition of zinc to oral rehydration solution has been proven effective in children with acute diarrhea in developing countries and is recommended by the WHO. However, no evidence suggests efficacy in children living in developed countries, in which the prevalence of zinc deficiency is assumed to be extremely low. […] At completion of hydration, resumption of feeding is strongly recommended. In fact, many studies convincingly demonstrate that early refeeding hastens recovery. Also, robust evidence suggests that, in the vast majority of episodes of acute diarrhea, refeeding can be accomplished without the use of any special (eg, lactose-free or soy-based) formulas. […] Antimotility agents are not indicated for infectious diarrhea, except for refractory cases of Cryptosporidium infection. Antimicrobial therapy is indicated for some nonviral diarrhea because most is self-limiting and does not require therapy.

• #1 What To Do If You Have Vomiting and Diarrhea at the Same Time

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/vomiting-and-diarrhea/

  Vomiting and diarrhea treatment […] Anyone who has had several bouts of vomiting or diarrhea will need to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. […] For babies: If you are breastfeeding, continue to give your baby breast milk. Breast milk has fluids and electrolytes needed to prevent dehydration. Your doctor may also want you to give your baby an oral rehydration solution (ORS). If you feed your baby formula, try switching to one that is lactose free while your baby is sick. Lactose can make diarrhea worse. Your doctor may also suggest switching from formula to an ORS for 12 to 24 hours, and then switching back. […] For toddlers and young children: Use an ORS, which contains the right mix of salt, sugar, potassium, and other nutrients to help replace lost body fluids. Children older than 1 year may also have clear soups, clear sodas, or juice mixed 50-50 with water to help prevent dehydration. You should avoid giving your child plain water and soft drinks. Water alone does not contain enough salt and nutrients to help with dehydration. Soft drinks are typically very high in sugar and can irritate your child’s stomach.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Drinks-to-Prevent-Dehydration-in-a-Vomiting-Child.aspx

  Oral rehydration therapy is an effective and safe method for preventing dehydration at home. For the first 24 hours or so, consider limiting solid foods and encourage them to suck or drink small amounts of fluids every few minutes over a few hours. The goal should be having them take in at least 1 ounce (30ml) per hour. Liquids help to prevent dehydration and are less likely than solid foods to trigger further vomiting. […] Call your child’s doctor right away if your child is too sick to drink, becomes lethargic, or shows any signs and symptoms of dehydration. These include: urinating less frequently (for infants, fewer than 6 wet diapers daily), dry tongue and inside of mouth, dry eyes and fewer tears when crying, excessive sleepiness or fussiness, wrinkled skin, in babies, a sunken „soft spot” on their head, in older children, weakness dizziness when trying to stand. […] Young children are especially prone to dehydration. This is because their bodies are less efficient at conserving water than older children and adults. In addition, their small size means that it takes less fluid loss to lead to dehydration.

• #1 Vomiting/Diarrhea Treatment

  https://www.unco.edu/student-health-center/health-topics/vomiting-diarrhea.aspx

  Vomiting and Diarrhea are two common ailments which may not be due to any serious cause if the vomiting occurs once or the diarrhea only lasts for a day. However, the presence of both vomiting and diarrhea simultaneously may be a cause for concern, especially if it is sudden and you have other symptoms such as a fever. […] Nothing by mouth for two hours after the last time vomiting. Then: Ice chips for one hour. Then: A clear liquid diet. […] Start with small amounts such as one ounce (two tablespoons) per hour for 2-4 hours and slowly increase to larger amounts as long as there is no vomiting. Liquids at room temperature are usually tolerated best. […] Gradually return to normal foods, eating small amounts frequently to test your tolerance of each food. Avoid alcohol, fried, or greasy foods, highly seasoned foods, dairy products and foods that you know will usually cause gastro-intestinal distress until you are back to normal for several days.

• #1 Vomiting and Diarrhea in Children

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=custom.ab_vomitdiarrhea_ac_child

  Diarrhea and vomiting are managed by preventing dehydration (loss of too much fluid). […] To prevent dehydration, make sure your child drinks lots of fluids. They need to drink enough fluids to meet what they need each day and replace the ones they lose with vomiting or diarrhea. […] If your child has diarrhea but isn’t throwing up or is no longer throwing up, let them eat healthy foods that aren’t too high in fat or sugar. Eating will help them get better faster. […] Don’t give your child over-the-counter medicines that claim to prevent vomiting, such as dimenhydrinate (Gravol), or drugs that try to stop diarrhea, such as loperamide (Imodium). These drugs don’t work well in children and may have serious side effects. […] If your child has some dehydration, they have a risk of developing other health problems. It’s important to watch your child closely. Make sure they get enough fluids and call your child’s healthcare provider or Health Link at 811 to find out if they should see a doctor.

• #1 Diarrhoea and vomiting | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/diarrhoea-and-vomiting

  Take your child to your GP urgently or contact GP out of hours service if they still have signs of dehydration despite using oral rehydration sachets, have green or yellow vomit, or have blood in their poo or bleeding from their bottom. […] You don’t normally need to see your GP if you have diarrhoea or vomiting or both as it should get better on its own. For children, diarrhoea usually lasts five to seven days, and in most children, it stops within two weeks. For adults, diarrhoea lasting for up to 10 days is not unusual.

• #1 Diarrhoea and vomiting | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/diarrhoea-and-vomiting

  A pharmacist can help if you or your child has diarrhoea and vomiting. They may recommend oral rehydration sachets that you mix with water and drink. They may also recommend medicine to stop diarrhoea for a few hours (like loperamide), which is not suitable for young children. […] You should speak to a GP or contact GP out of hours service if you have diarrhoea for more than seven days or vomiting for more than two days. You should also contact a GP if you are unable to keep any fluid down and have symptoms of dehydration, or if you have bloody diarrhoea or bleeding from your bottom. […] You should take your child to your GP or contact GP out of hours service if they are under three months and have a temperature of 38C or higher, have signs of dehydration, or have been vomiting for more than 12 hours.

• #1 Diarrhea Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Further Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-treatment

  In 2003 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) put forth recommendations for the management of acute pediatric diarrhea in both the outpatient and inpatient settings including indication for referral. […] Indications for medical evaluation of children with acute diarrhea include the following: Younger than 3 months, Weight of less than 8 kg, History of premature birth, chronic medical conditions, or concurrent illness, Fever of 38C or higher in infants younger than 3 months or 39C or higher in children aged 3-36 months, Visible blood in the stool, High-output diarrhea, Persistent emesis, Signs of dehydration as reported by caregiver, including sunken eyes, decreased tears, dry mucous membranes, and decreased urine output, Mental status changes, Inadequate responses to oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or caregiver unable to administer ORT.

• #1 Self-Care for Vomiting and Diarrhea | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/self-care-for-vomiting-and-diarrhea

  Some over-the-counter medicines can help control nausea. Others can help soothe an upset stomach. Ask your provider which medicines may help you. […] Call your provider right away if you have any of these: […] Vomiting and diarrhea together for more than 1 hour. […] Can’t sip liquids after more than 12 hours. […] Vomiting that lasts more than 24 hours. […] Severe diarrhea that lasts more than 2 days.

• #1 Vomiting & Diarrhoea First Aid | St John Ambulance

  https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/minor-illnesses-and-injuries/vomiting-and-diarrhoea/

  Vomiting and diarrhoea can cause the body to lose vital fluids and salts. The aim is to prevent dehydration by giving frequent sips of water, even if the casualty is vomiting. […] When the casualty has stopped vomiting, give them sips of water or unsweetened fruit juice. You can also give them an oral rehydration solution. […] When the casualty is feeling hungry again, advise them to eat small amounts of foods that are easily digested, such as bread, pasta or potatoes for the first 24 hours. […] Paracetamol can be taken for mild abdominal pain. Do not give aspirin to children under 16 years. […] The person should seek medical attention if: the vomiting persists more than 24-48 hours, the diarrhoea persists more than 5 days, they become dehydrated – small amounts of very dark urine (dry nappies in small children), there is blood with the diarrhoea, the abdominal pain is getting worse, if you are concerned about a casualty’s condition, particularly if they are a child or older person. […] Call 999 or go to AE if: the vomit contains blood or looks like ground coffee, they have a stiff neck and pain when looking at bright lights, there is sudden onset of severe abdominal pain.

• #1 Diarrhoea and vomiting (gastroenteritis)

  https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/stomach-and-bowel/diarrhoea-and-vomiting-gastroenteritis

  You should go to see your healthcare provider if: you are vomiting a lot and cannot keep fluids down. […] If you cannot get to your regular healthcare provider or GP, you can have an appointment over the phone or online. […] Stay away from work or school for at least 48 hours after your symptoms have gone away, especially if you prepare or handle food. […] To guard against gastro, it is important to wash your hands with soap and water, and dry your hands thoroughly, especially before eating or preparing food.

• #1 Gastroenteritis (gastro)

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/gastroenteritis_gastro/

  Your child may need care in hospital if you have tried everything to keep them hydrated but they are showing signs of dehydration. This care may involve fluids through a nasogastric tube or IV drip. […] Good hygiene is the best way to limit the spread of gastro. […] If your child has gastro, remember to wash your hands thoroughly with soap or alcohol hand sanitiser especially before and after touching your child, feeding, and nappy changes. […] Your child can return to school or childcare once they feel better and have not had any diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours. However, they should not go back to swimming for two weeks after recovering to help prevent the spread of the illness.

• #1 How to manage my vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps?

  https://www.icliniq.com/qa/vomiting/what-is-the-treatment-for-vomiting-diarrhea-and-stomach-cramps

  It sounds like you may have contracted a viral infection, which is highly contagious. To avoid spreading the virus to your family, you should isolate yourself for at least 48 hours after your symptoms have resolved. This is because you can still be contagious even after you start feeling better. For nausea and cramps, over-the-counter medications like antiemetics (for nausea) and antispasmodics (for cramps) may provide some relief. However, rest and hydration are the primary treatments. Continue to drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. If your symptoms do not improve within a few days, or if you experience severe dehydration (for example., dizziness, decreased urination, and dry mouth), you should see a doctor. They can provide further evaluation and treatment if necessary. […] Please book a consultation with me if you would like more detailed information on any of these points, or if you have other questions.

• #1 I have diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. What to do?

  https://www.icliniq.com/qa/vomiting/how-to-manage-diarrhea-vomiting-and-stomach-cramps

  I suggest you follow the preventive measures. These include: Washing hands after using washrooms. Avoid eating the same food, means food should be freshly cooked. For dehydration, you should drink electrolytes such as lemon water with salt and sugar. You can also take an oral rehydration solution (ORS). […] Medical treatment is given when symptoms are severe, which means when you have severe weakness, multiple episodes of vomiting, and diarrhea, in such case antibiotics and intravenous (IV) fluids are given. […] Kindly consult a specialist doctor, talk with them, and take proper guidance.

• #1

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/diarrhoeaandvomiting/

  Diarrhoea and vomiting are common in adults, children and babies. They’re often caused by a stomach bug and should stop in a few days. […] You can usually treat yourself or your child at home. The most important thing is to have lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. […] Stay off school or work until you have not been sick or had diarrhoea for at least 2 days. […] Speak to a pharmacist if: you or your child (over 5 years) have signs of dehydration such as dark, smelly pee or peeing less than usual. […] They may recommend: oral rehydration sachets you mix with water to make a drink. […] Get advice from 111 Wales now if: you’re worried about a baby under 12 months. […] 111 Wales will tell you what to do. They can arrange a phone call from a nurse or doctor if you need one. […] You probably will not know exactly what the cause is, but the main causes of diarrhoea and vomiting are treated in the same way.

• #1 Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea | Student Health and WellnessSearch UConnUConn A to Z IndexFacebookInstagramTwitterYouTube

  https://studenthealth.uconn.edu/educational-handouts/nausea-vomiting-diarrhea/

  For Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea: […] Avoid eating and drinking for two hours after the last episode of vomiting. […] Start with small amounts of clear liquids, such as water, ice, popsicles, sports drinks, clear broth or Jell-O for the first 24 hours. Avoid alcohol, caffeinated beverages, and fruit juice. […] Over the next 24-48 hours, advance to the BRAT diet (B-bananas, R-rice (white) A-apple sauce (no juice), T-toast) but choices may also include chicken soup, plain pasta, saltine crackers and pretzels. […] Slowly incorporate other foods, but avoid alcohol, coffee, spicy foods, salad/raw vegetables, milk/milk products, and fried foods for the next 3-5 days. […] Food handlers and child care employees need to be symptom free for 48 hours and require medical clearance to return to work. […] Diet Instructions for Vomiting & Diarrhea […] Avoid eating and drinking for two hours after the last episode of vomiting. […] First 24 hours […] LIQUIDS […] Next 24 – 48 hours […] SOFT SOLID FOODS […] FOODS TO AVOID FOR 3 – 5 DAYS.

• #2 Vomiting and diarrhea: Causes, treatments, and remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vomiting-and-diarrhea

  For temporary cases of vomiting and diarrhea, a person may not need any medical treatment. Symptoms caused by a hangover, anxiety, gastroenteritis, or food poisoning can resolve on their own. […] Gradually replacing lost fluids and electrolytes can help a person recover. Once vomiting subsides, a person can start drinking sips of clear liquids, such as broth, diluted apple juice, herbal tea, or oral rehydration solutions. […] After a person can tolerate liquids again, they can slowly introduce bland foods, such as crackers, bananas, plain rice, and applesauce. A person may find it easier to start with smaller, more frequent meals. […] It is best to consult with a healthcare provider before taking over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications, as they can be dangerous for children. Also, people with blood in their stool should not take them.

• #2 Treatment of Viral Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis/treatment

  In most cases, people with viral gastroenteritis get better on their own without medical treatment. You can treat viral gastroenteritis by replacing lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration. […] When you have viral gastroenteritis, you need to replace lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration or treat mild dehydration. You should drink plenty of liquids. If vomiting is a problem, try sipping small amounts of clear liquids. […] In some cases, adults can take over-the-counter medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate) to treat diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis. […] Your doctor may prescribe medicine to control severe vomiting. Doctors dont prescribe antibiotics to treat viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics dont work for viral infections.

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