Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30109

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. It usually affects lower limbs, particularly the great saphenous vein (60% to 80%) or the small/short saphenous vein (10% to 20%). However, it can occur at other sites (10% to 20%) and may occur bilaterally (5% to 10%). […] Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. Affected patients have an increased risk for recurrence of venous thromboembolic events. […] Patients with superficial thrombophlebitis typically present with a reddened, warm, inflamed, tender area overlying the track of a superficial vein. There is often a palpable cord. […] Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis.

• #2 Phlebitis – Types | Causes | Symptoms | Risk | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/heart-circulatory-health/phlebitis

  Superficial phlebitis is a less severe inflammation of the superficial veins caused by irritation due to an intravenous catheter or a blood clot. Superficial phlebitis can bring about wounds and infections of the bloodstream and skin adjacent to the clot. However, not a severe condition, an evaluation with a medical professional is needed to rule out the chances of deep vein phlebitis. […] In most cases, superficial phlebitis is an improving condition and does not require treatment other than a few self-care methods. However, in persons with deep vein phlebitis or those with an increased risk of developing deep vein thrombosis, treating phlebitis is needed. […] At-home treatment is recommended only in people with superficial phlebitis and those who do not exhibit any risk of developing deep vein thrombosis. These can reduce the pain and swelling associated with phlebitis.

• #3 What Does Phlebitis of the Leg Look Like | with Pictures? | The VeinCare Centre

  https://www.theveincarecentre.co.uk/blog/what-does-phlebitis-of-the-leg-look-like-with-pictures/

  Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein. The vein is hot, red and lumpy. The lump is tubular in shape and it is tender to touch, it may throb and walking may be painful. The cause of phlebitis in the leg is most often a clot in the vein just under the skin. It can disperse and the phlebitis then gets better, but sometimes phlebitis is serious and the condition may become dangerous. […] The vein becomes inflamed either due to a blood clot (thrombus) or because the vein walls are damaged. For this reason, the terms phlebitis and thrombophlebitis are used almost interchangeably. There are two types of phlebitis – superficial phlebitis affects the veins close to the surface of the skin and it is not usually too serious; deep vein thrombophlebitis is much more serious and it affects the larger, deeper veins, frequently in the legs. Deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT with inflammation) can be very serious if a blood clot breaks away and travels to the lungs, which would result in a pulmonary embolism (PE).

• #4 Superficial Vein Phlebitis

  https://inoviavein.com/superficial-vein-phlebitis/

  Most clinical presentations are uncomplicated with typical findings of tenderness, firm skin, pain, and redness along the varicose vein. […] The biggest concern in the short term is spread from the superficial veins to the deep veins. […] Long term, the phlebitis can re-occur. […] In these patients, IV antibiotics are required, and possibly removal of the infected vein. […] The need for duplex ultrasound or further evaluation with laboratory or other studies depends upon the clinical scenario. […] Most feel that duplex examination is essential for patients with suspected superficial vein thrombosis due to the high rate of concurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT). […] For uncomplicated disease, treatment is primarily aimed at alleviating symptoms and preventing spread of clot into the deep venous system.

• #5 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/varicose-veins-leaflet/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is inflammation of a vein just under the skin, usually in the leg. A small blood clot also commonly forms in the vein, but is usually not serious. The condition usually settles and goes within 2-6 weeks. Treatments can ease pain or discomfort. […] Most bouts of superficial thrombophlebitis last for 3-4 weeks. If they are associated with varicose veins, they are likely to return (recur). No treatment may be needed if the symptoms are mild. […] One or more of the following treatments may be advised, depending on your symptoms and the severity of the condition: Keep active. Try to keep up your normal activities. This should be possible unless the pain is severe. […] Apply a warm compress (a hot cloth) over the vein. This may ease the pain. […] Painkilling tablets. Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as ibuprofen may ease the pain (but are not advised if you are pregnant). Paracetamol is an alternative.

• #6 Phlebitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/phlebitis

  Phlebitis means inflammation of a vein. […] Superficial phlebitis (also called superficial thrombophlebitis), is a condition where the veins close to the surface of the body (superficial veins) become swollen, tender, and red and develop blood clots. […] Phlebitis occurs in people who develop blood clots in their veins, or when the veins are damaged from intravenous medications, an intravenous catheter, or trauma. […] Phlebitis is often caused by an injury to a vein. […] The area around the vein is red, warm, swollen, and often painful. […] Superficial phlebitis usually improves on its own in a few days, although it may take a few weeks for the lumps and pain to disappear. […] Treatment usually consists of warm soaks or compresses, rest, leg elevation (to waist level), and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as acetylsalicylic acid or ibuprofen.

• #7 Superficial vein thrombosis and phlebitis of the lower extremity veins – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/phlebitis-and-thrombosis-of-the-superficial-lower-extremity-veins

  Phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins is generally a benign, self-limited disorder; however, when the axial veins are involved (eg, great saphenous vein, accessory saphenous vein, small saphenous vein), thrombus propagation into the deep vein system (ie, deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and even pulmonary embolism can occur. Treatment is aimed at relieving local symptoms and preventing thromboembolic complications. […] The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins are reviewed here. […] Definitions — The term phlebitis refers to the presence of inflammation within a vein, whereas thrombosis indicates the presence of a clot within the vein. In this review, we will refer to the terminology surrounding this condition in the following manner: Superficial phlebitis — The term superficial phlebitis denotes the presence of pain and inflammation involving a vein in the absence of a thrombus. Superficial phlebitis is usually an initial clinical diagnosis referring to the clinical findings of pain, tenderness, induration, and erythema along the course of a superficial vein. It is due to inflammation and, less commonly, an infection of the vein. If a thrombus is apparent as a thickened cord or subsequently identified with imaging studies (often the case), the terms superficial thrombophlebitis or superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) are preferred.

• #8 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a form of venous disease (disease of the veins) that occurs when a blood clot forms that partially or totally blocks blood flow in a vein in the superficial venous system. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis may occur after injury to the vein or the recent use of an intravenous (IV) line or catheter. […] Diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis may be made based on appearance of the affected area. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is treated with elevation of the leg, anti-inflammatory medicines such as Motrin, mild pain relievers if needed and warm, moist soaks to the area either continuously or every 4-6 hours as needed. […] Elastic bandages or compression stockings are also used from the base of the toes to below the knee or higher. […] Antibiotics are used if there is sign of infection. Additionally, certain patients may benefit from surgical correction of superficial venous insufficiency.

• #9 What Is Phlebitis And How Is It Treated? | USA Vein Clinics

  https://www.usaveinclinics.com/blog/a-closer-look-at-phlebitis/

  This condition is usually painful and can be treated to clear the blood clot and relieve the inflammation. […] Once diagnosed, your doctor will discuss phlebitis treatment. Your doctor may recommend: Using compression socks, Warm compresses, Leg elevation when at rest, Regular exercise to promote circulation and break up periods of inactivity, Taking blood thinners. […] While these recommendations might help manage your pain and inflammation, seeking treatment can address the underlying cause of the blood clots and may prevent them from returning or developing into a more serious condition, like DVT. […] According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, varicose veins are the most common factor in up to 88% of superficial thrombophlebitis cases. If you have varicose veins, treatment may help reduce your risks for superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT. […] Treating underlying vein disease can help prevent phlebitis and DVT.

• #10 Superficial Vein Phlebitis

  https://inoviavein.com/superficial-vein-phlebitis/

  Any vein can develop a blood clot. Blood clots in the superficial veins are called superficial vein thrombophlebitis or SVT. Commonly, however, it is known simply superficial vein phlebitis. […] We are often contacted from patients or their referring physicians for treatment for superficial vein phlebitis. These most commonly occur in varicose veins in the leg, but any superficial vein can develop a clot. […] Therefore superficial vein phlebitis is considered a serious medical condition. […] Generally the treatment of superficial vein phlebitis is to prevent spread to the deeper veins. […] Patients should be seen by a qualified healthcare provider who can help determine the extent of the clot (usually with Ultrasound), then develop a short and long term treatment plan. […] Ninety percent of cases of phlebitis occur in people with pre-existing varicose veins.

• #11 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – Vein Treatment Center | Vein Clinics of Lake County | CAVC

  https://yourhealthyveins.com/superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis typically has symptoms, as phlebitis is a prominent feature. Redness, swelling, and pain along the course of the vein are the usual symptoms. Occasionally, a low grade fever and general aching occur along with the phlebitis symptoms. Clinical examination by your vein doctor and ultrasound examination are used to confirm the diagnosis. Up to 25 percent of the time, a DVT is associated with a superficial thrombophlebitis. […] The risk factors for superficial thrombophlebitis are very similar to the risk factors for DVT. They also include: Recent IV therapy including IV medications, IV drug abuse, Trauma to a varicose vein. […] Anti-inflammatory medication (like ibuprofen/motrin/advil) these are not used if anticoagulation is started. They may be used for smaller clots in the lower part of the leg or for superficial thrombophlebitis. They help with the symptoms of phlebitis.

• #12 Dr Johan Blignaut | Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://www.veinsurgery.co.za/superficial-thrombophlebitis.html

  Superficial thrombophlebitis simply means blood clotting and inflammation in the superficial veins. This is a common inflammatory disorder of veins in the legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is diagnosed by a doctor on clinical grounds. Examination of the area would reveal tender superficial veins, redness, warm and slight swelling. Further investigation with duplex ultrasound might be undertaken to ascertain the extent of the thrombosis or clotting. […] The treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis depends on the cause, extent, and symptoms. Ultrasound scanning gives an accurate assessment of the extent of the disease and thus allows the administration of a tailored therapy. For the superficial, localized, mildly tender area of thrombophlebitis that occurs in a varicose vein, treatment with mild analgesics, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, and the use of some type of support bandage or stocking is usually sufficient. Patients are encouraged to continue their normal daily activities. If extensive varicose veins are present or if symptoms persist despite treatment, then a minor procedure such as a phlebectomy of the involved vein may be indicated. More severe thrombophlebitis, usually indicated by more severe pain, redness, and more extensive vein area involved, should be treated with elevation of the leg and application of large, hot, wet compresses. It is always best to consult a doctor regarding diagnosis and treatment. […] Thrombophlebitis is a known complication of varicose veins. Treatment of varicose veins would minimize your risk of suffering thrombophlebitis.

• #13 Superficial Vein Phlebitis

  https://inoviavein.com/superficial-vein-phlebitis/

  Most clinical presentations are uncomplicated with typical findings of tenderness, firm skin, pain, and redness along the varicose vein. […] The biggest concern in the short term is spread from the superficial veins to the deep veins. […] Long term, the phlebitis can re-occur. […] In these patients, IV antibiotics are required, and possibly removal of the infected vein. […] The need for duplex ultrasound or further evaluation with laboratory or other studies depends upon the clinical scenario. […] Most feel that duplex examination is essential for patients with suspected superficial vein thrombosis due to the high rate of concurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT). […] For uncomplicated disease, treatment is primarily aimed at alleviating symptoms and preventing spread of clot into the deep venous system.

• #14 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  The treatment of superficial venous thrombosis depends on the conditions etiology, extent, and symptoms. Duplex ultrasonography (US) gives an accurate appraisal of the extent of disease and thus allows the administration of a more rational therapy. […] For the superficial, localized, mildly tender area of thrombophlebitis that occurs in a varicose vein, treatment with mild analgesics, such as aspirin, and the use of some type of elastic support usually are sufficient. Patients are encouraged to continue their usual daily activities. If extensive varicosities are present or if symptoms persist, phlebectomy of the involved segment may be indicated. […] More severe thrombophlebitis, as indicated by the degree of pain, redness, and the extent of the abnormality, should be treated with elevation of the extremity and the application of massive hot wet compresses.

• #15 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – Vein Treatment Center | Vein Clinics of Lake County | CAVC

  https://yourhealthyveins.com/superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis typically has symptoms, as phlebitis is a prominent feature. Redness, swelling, and pain along the course of the vein are the usual symptoms. Occasionally, a low grade fever and general aching occur along with the phlebitis symptoms. Clinical examination by your vein doctor and ultrasound examination are used to confirm the diagnosis. Up to 25 percent of the time, a DVT is associated with a superficial thrombophlebitis. […] The risk factors for superficial thrombophlebitis are very similar to the risk factors for DVT. They also include: Recent IV therapy including IV medications, IV drug abuse, Trauma to a varicose vein. […] Anti-inflammatory medication (like ibuprofen/motrin/advil) these are not used if anticoagulation is started. They may be used for smaller clots in the lower part of the leg or for superficial thrombophlebitis. They help with the symptoms of phlebitis.

• #16 Phlebitis (superficial thrombophlebitis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phlebitis/

  Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein near the surface of the skin. Its not usually serious and often gets better on its own after 1 or 2 weeks. […] Treatment for phlebitis may not be needed if your symptoms are mild. […] But treatment may be recommended if your symptoms are severe or do not go away. […] Treatments may include: anti-inflammatory medicines cream or gel can be used if the affected area is small, compression stockings these increase blood flow to the legs but are only suitable for some people with phlebitis, blood-thinning medicine to reduce the risk of blood clots and help stop phlebitis coming back. […] There are things you can do to help ease the pain and discomfort of phlebitis. […] continue using the affected leg or arm, raise your leg or arm while resting, put a warm, moist flannel over the affected area, take paracetamol or ibuprofen if youve been prescribed blood-thinning medicine, do not take ibuprofen unless advised to by your doctor.

• #17 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  The treatment of superficial venous thrombosis depends on the conditions etiology, extent, and symptoms. Duplex ultrasonography (US) gives an accurate appraisal of the extent of disease and thus allows the administration of a more rational therapy. […] For the superficial, localized, mildly tender area of thrombophlebitis that occurs in a varicose vein, treatment with mild analgesics, such as aspirin, and the use of some type of elastic support usually are sufficient. Patients are encouraged to continue their usual daily activities. If extensive varicosities are present or if symptoms persist, phlebectomy of the involved segment may be indicated. […] More severe thrombophlebitis, as indicated by the degree of pain, redness, and the extent of the abnormality, should be treated with elevation of the extremity and the application of massive hot wet compresses.

• #18 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  The treatment of superficial venous thrombosis depends on the conditions etiology, extent, and symptoms. Duplex ultrasonography (US) gives an accurate appraisal of the extent of disease and thus allows the administration of a more rational therapy. […] For the superficial, localized, mildly tender area of thrombophlebitis that occurs in a varicose vein, treatment with mild analgesics, such as aspirin, and the use of some type of elastic support usually are sufficient. Patients are encouraged to continue their usual daily activities. If extensive varicosities are present or if symptoms persist, phlebectomy of the involved segment may be indicated. […] More severe thrombophlebitis, as indicated by the degree of pain, redness, and the extent of the abnormality, should be treated with elevation of the extremity and the application of massive hot wet compresses.

• #19 Phlebitis (superficial thrombophlebitis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phlebitis/

  Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein near the surface of the skin. Its not usually serious and often gets better on its own after 1 or 2 weeks. […] Treatment for phlebitis may not be needed if your symptoms are mild. […] But treatment may be recommended if your symptoms are severe or do not go away. […] Treatments may include: anti-inflammatory medicines cream or gel can be used if the affected area is small, compression stockings these increase blood flow to the legs but are only suitable for some people with phlebitis, blood-thinning medicine to reduce the risk of blood clots and help stop phlebitis coming back. […] There are things you can do to help ease the pain and discomfort of phlebitis. […] continue using the affected leg or arm, raise your leg or arm while resting, put a warm, moist flannel over the affected area, take paracetamol or ibuprofen if youve been prescribed blood-thinning medicine, do not take ibuprofen unless advised to by your doctor.

• #20 Thrombophlebitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354613

  Superficial thrombophlebitis can be treated by applying heat to the painful area and elevating your leg. […] For superficial thrombophlebitis, your doctor might recommend applying heat to the painful area, elevating the affected leg, using an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and possibly wearing compression stockings. The condition usually improves on its own. […] In addition to medical treatments, self-care measures can help improve thrombophlebitis. […] If you have superficial thrombophlebitis: Use a warm washcloth to apply heat to the involved area several times daily. […] Keep your leg raised when sitting or lying down. […] Use a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve, others), if recommended by your doctor. […] Let your doctor know if you’re taking another blood thinner, such as aspirin.

• #21 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  Anticoagulants are usually not indicated in superficial thrombophlebitis unless the process extends into the deep venous system or persistent inflammation is present in an affected area. […] Long heavy-gauge elastic stockings or multiple elastic (Ace) bandages are indicated when the patient becomes ambulatory. […] Gradient compression stockings are an often-overlooked adjunctive therapy that is both benign and effective. […] Current pharmacologic treatment options are aimed at resolving symptoms, preventing recurrence and most importantly, and preventing extension to the deep venous system, which may potentially result in thromboembolism. […] A second Cochrane review published in 2013 added, among others, a large randomized control study that included more than 3000 patients with superficial thrombophlebitis and compared fondaparinux with placebo.

• #22 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Medication: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Anticoagulants, Hematologic, Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-medication

  Some anti-inflammatory drugs may be of benefit in the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis. Salicylates, indomethacin, and ibuprofen have been reported to be effective. In addition, salicylates, ibuprofen, and dipyridamole have been used as antithrombotic agents, but their effectiveness has not been documented in this setting. […] Because thrombophlebitis is primarily due to inflammation and fibrin clot, antithrombotic or antiplatelet-aggregating agents would seem to have little value. Anticoagulants are usually not indicated unless the process extends into the deep venous system. […] Additionally, in rare cases in which persistent inflammation is present in an area of superficial thrombophlebitis, a brief course of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) can be used as an alternative to excision of the vein in order to bring the inflammation under control. This treatment alternative may be necessary for management of superficial thrombophlebitis associated with pregnancy.

• #23 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  Fondaparinux is an anticoagulant derived from the binding region of heparin and antithrombin. […] The 2007 Cochrane review cited above suggested that anticoagulation with LMWH is better in reducing local signs and symptoms, along with reducing propagation to deep venous thrombosis (DVT). […] Patients with contraindications to anticoagulation or those receiving adequate anticoagulation treatment who have progression of thrombosis should be considered for saphenous ligation at the junction with the deep venous system. […] Antibiotics are not routinely indicated for treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis, in that the erythema and tenderness are local inflammatory reactions, not allergic reactions. […] If thrombophlebitis is associated with a cannula or a catheter, the device should be immediately removed and cultured. […] Follow-up should be performed 2-3 days after treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis, either with an office visit or by telephone, to be sure that the patient is progressing in a satisfactory manner.

• #24 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  Anticoagulants are usually not indicated in superficial thrombophlebitis unless the process extends into the deep venous system or persistent inflammation is present in an affected area. […] Long heavy-gauge elastic stockings or multiple elastic (Ace) bandages are indicated when the patient becomes ambulatory. […] Gradient compression stockings are an often-overlooked adjunctive therapy that is both benign and effective. […] Current pharmacologic treatment options are aimed at resolving symptoms, preventing recurrence and most importantly, and preventing extension to the deep venous system, which may potentially result in thromboembolism. […] A second Cochrane review published in 2013 added, among others, a large randomized control study that included more than 3000 patients with superficial thrombophlebitis and compared fondaparinux with placebo.

• #25 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/varicose-veins-leaflet/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Raising the affected leg. When you rest (when watching TV, or reading a book, etc), if you raise an affected leg so that your foot is higher than your hip, it helps to reduce swelling and discomfort. […] Compression (support) stockings. These may be advised by your doctor if a vein in your leg is affected. They may ease discomfort and reduce swelling whilst the inflammation settles.

• #26 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Thrombophlebitis is when a blood clot forms in one of your veins, causing inflammation. It most often affects your legs but also can affect your arms or other veins in your body. Thrombophlebitis can happen right under the skin or deeper in your leg or arm. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis. This is a blood clot in the vein just below the surface of your skin. It doesnt usually get to your lungs, but superficial thrombophlebitis can be painful, and you may need treatment. […] If you need treatment, your doctor probably will give you something to ease swelling and pain. They may recommend that you keep your leg raised or take over-the-counter aspirin or ibuprofen. They also might suggest you apply heat to the affected leg or arm for 15 to 30 minutes, two to three times daily. […] Compression stockings. After the clot has resolved and you are on blood thinners, you may be advised to wear a compression stocking on the leg that was affected. This reduces the risk of post-thrombotic or post-phlebitic syndrome. The stockings decrease swelling of the leg, which lowers pressure in the veins and reduces the risk of varicose veins.

• #27 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  The treatment of superficial venous thrombosis depends on the conditions etiology, extent, and symptoms. Duplex ultrasonography (US) gives an accurate appraisal of the extent of disease and thus allows the administration of a more rational therapy. […] For the superficial, localized, mildly tender area of thrombophlebitis that occurs in a varicose vein, treatment with mild analgesics, such as aspirin, and the use of some type of elastic support usually are sufficient. Patients are encouraged to continue their usual daily activities. If extensive varicosities are present or if symptoms persist, phlebectomy of the involved segment may be indicated. […] More severe thrombophlebitis, as indicated by the degree of pain, redness, and the extent of the abnormality, should be treated with elevation of the extremity and the application of massive hot wet compresses.

• #28 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a superficial vein due to a blood clot and is found just under the skin. It most commonly affects the veins in the leg but can occur in other veins around the body, for example, on the arms, penis and breasts. […] Mild cases of superficial thrombophlebitis may not need any treatment. Usually, symptoms will resolve within 34 weeks. You should try to keep up with normal routines and remain active. […] In more severe cases the following treatments may be used. Raise the leg and apply warm compresses. This can be done with a hot flannel placed over the vein or using a blanket and hot water bottles. Take care not to burn. Elastic supports or compression stockings can help to reduce swelling whilst the inflammation settles. Painkilling medication paracetamol, aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories such as ibuprofen. Always check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking any medication. Anti-inflammatory gels or creams such as ibuprofen gel may be useful in mild cases. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medications, for example, enoxaparin, may help to reduce swelling and pain and also decrease the chances of blood clots moving further up the vein and causing a DVT. Antibiotics should be taken if an infection is present. Puncture and evacuation this procedure gives rapid relief and resolution of a palpable clot that causes extreme pain. It involves puncture incision with a needle and evacuation of the clot after local anaesthesia. Surgical excision and ligation patients with septic thrombophlebitis require urgent venous excision to stop the spread of bacterial infection. This is done with a direct cut over the vein and removal of the infected segment and any surrounding infected or necrotic tissue. This procedure may also benefit patients with recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis that do not respond to any other treatments.

• #29 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  Fondaparinux is an anticoagulant derived from the binding region of heparin and antithrombin. […] The 2007 Cochrane review cited above suggested that anticoagulation with LMWH is better in reducing local signs and symptoms, along with reducing propagation to deep venous thrombosis (DVT). […] Patients with contraindications to anticoagulation or those receiving adequate anticoagulation treatment who have progression of thrombosis should be considered for saphenous ligation at the junction with the deep venous system. […] Antibiotics are not routinely indicated for treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis, in that the erythema and tenderness are local inflammatory reactions, not allergic reactions. […] If thrombophlebitis is associated with a cannula or a catheter, the device should be immediately removed and cultured. […] Follow-up should be performed 2-3 days after treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis, either with an office visit or by telephone, to be sure that the patient is progressing in a satisfactory manner.

• #30 5 Postpartum Thrombophlebitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/postpartum-thrombophlebitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is more prevalent postpartum than during pregnancy and is seen more in women experiencing varices. It involves the saphenous vein of the lower leg and is characterized by a painful, hard, reddened, warm vein that is easily seen. […] Nursing management focuses on preventing thrombotic conditions, promoting adequate circulation if thrombosis occurs, and educating the client about preventive measures, anticoagulant therapy, and danger signs. […] Nursing care plan goals for a client diagnosed with postpartum thrombophlebitis include enhancing tissue perfusion, facilitating the resolution of thrombus, promoting optimal comfort, preventing complications, and providing information and emotional support. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with postpartum thrombophlebitis: Anticoagulant therapy. Initiating and managing appropriate anticoagulant therapy to prevent the progression of blood clots and reduce the risk of complications.

• #31 5 Postpartum Thrombophlebitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/postpartum-thrombophlebitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is more prevalent postpartum than during pregnancy and is seen more in women experiencing varices. It involves the saphenous vein of the lower leg and is characterized by a painful, hard, reddened, warm vein that is easily seen. […] Nursing management focuses on preventing thrombotic conditions, promoting adequate circulation if thrombosis occurs, and educating the client about preventive measures, anticoagulant therapy, and danger signs. […] Nursing care plan goals for a client diagnosed with postpartum thrombophlebitis include enhancing tissue perfusion, facilitating the resolution of thrombus, promoting optimal comfort, preventing complications, and providing information and emotional support. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with postpartum thrombophlebitis: Anticoagulant therapy. Initiating and managing appropriate anticoagulant therapy to prevent the progression of blood clots and reduce the risk of complications.

• #32 5 Postpartum Thrombophlebitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/postpartum-thrombophlebitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is more prevalent postpartum than during pregnancy and is seen more in women experiencing varices. It involves the saphenous vein of the lower leg and is characterized by a painful, hard, reddened, warm vein that is easily seen. […] Nursing management focuses on preventing thrombotic conditions, promoting adequate circulation if thrombosis occurs, and educating the client about preventive measures, anticoagulant therapy, and danger signs. […] Nursing care plan goals for a client diagnosed with postpartum thrombophlebitis include enhancing tissue perfusion, facilitating the resolution of thrombus, promoting optimal comfort, preventing complications, and providing information and emotional support. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with postpartum thrombophlebitis: Anticoagulant therapy. Initiating and managing appropriate anticoagulant therapy to prevent the progression of blood clots and reduce the risk of complications.

• #33 5 Postpartum Thrombophlebitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/postpartum-thrombophlebitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Assess the client closely for risk factors and signs and symptoms of thrombophlebitis. […] Identify symptoms that differentiate SVT from DVT. Symptoms help differentiate between superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT. Localized edema, redness, warmth, and tenderness indicate superficial involvement. […] Instruct the client to avoid massaging or rubbing the affected extremity. Never massage the skin over the clotted area because this could loosen the clot, causing a pulmonary or cerebral embolism. […] Apply support stockings as prescribed. Caution is advised to prevent a tourniquet effect. […] Administer medication for postpartum thrombophlebitis as indicated. […] Administering medications and providing pharmacologic support in patients with postpartum thrombophlebitis is crucial in managing the condition and preventing potential complications. Anticoagulant medications, such as heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin, are commonly prescribed to reduce the risk of blood clots and prevent their progression.

• #34 5 Postpartum Thrombophlebitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/postpartum-thrombophlebitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Assess the client closely for risk factors and signs and symptoms of thrombophlebitis. […] Identify symptoms that differentiate SVT from DVT. Symptoms help differentiate between superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT. Localized edema, redness, warmth, and tenderness indicate superficial involvement. […] Instruct the client to avoid massaging or rubbing the affected extremity. Never massage the skin over the clotted area because this could loosen the clot, causing a pulmonary or cerebral embolism. […] Apply support stockings as prescribed. Caution is advised to prevent a tourniquet effect. […] Administer medication for postpartum thrombophlebitis as indicated. […] Administering medications and providing pharmacologic support in patients with postpartum thrombophlebitis is crucial in managing the condition and preventing potential complications. Anticoagulant medications, such as heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin, are commonly prescribed to reduce the risk of blood clots and prevent their progression.

• #35 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters remains the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion and leads to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. […] Healthcare providers should integrate this information into their care for patients receiving therapy via peripheral venous catheters. […] SVT can lead to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. Thrombophlebitis causes patient discomfort and occlusion of the intravenous catheters, both requiring removal and re-siting of the catheter. This generates unnecessarily delays in administration of intravenous therapy and more invasive venous access procedures with associated risks and ultimately prolongs hospital stay by 2-5 days.

• #36 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters remains the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion and leads to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. […] Healthcare providers should integrate this information into their care for patients receiving therapy via peripheral venous catheters. […] SVT can lead to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. Thrombophlebitis causes patient discomfort and occlusion of the intravenous catheters, both requiring removal and re-siting of the catheter. This generates unnecessarily delays in administration of intravenous therapy and more invasive venous access procedures with associated risks and ultimately prolongs hospital stay by 2-5 days.

• #37 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Prevention remains the cornerstone of minimizing the occurrence of SVT. […] Major areas of emphasis include educating, training, and staffing; care of catheters and sites; and ensuring hygiene and aseptic technique. […] As part of a routine practice, the peripheral venous catheters are removed just before patients leave the hospital. Since thrombophlebitis can still develop, it is important to warn the patient about signs of phlebitis after being discharged from the hospital.

• #38 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Prevention remains the cornerstone of minimizing the occurrence of SVT. […] Major areas of emphasis include educating, training, and staffing; care of catheters and sites; and ensuring hygiene and aseptic technique. […] As part of a routine practice, the peripheral venous catheters are removed just before patients leave the hospital. Since thrombophlebitis can still develop, it is important to warn the patient about signs of phlebitis after being discharged from the hospital.

• #39 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Prevention remains the cornerstone of minimizing the occurrence of SVT. […] Major areas of emphasis include educating, training, and staffing; care of catheters and sites; and ensuring hygiene and aseptic technique. […] As part of a routine practice, the peripheral venous catheters are removed just before patients leave the hospital. Since thrombophlebitis can still develop, it is important to warn the patient about signs of phlebitis after being discharged from the hospital.

• #40 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/blood-disorders/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis happens in veins close to the surface of your skin. The vein becomes inflamed from a blood clot. […] In most cases, the condition goes away on its own after a few weeks. If needed, we can encourage healing with: Oral or topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Exercise, Compression stockings, Warm compress on the inflamed vein, Elevation. […] To help reduce your chances of superficial thrombophlebitis, take these steps: If you sit for long periods of time, make sure to get up and stretch at least once an hour, Avoid wearing tight clothing around your waist, Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

• #41 Phlebitis (5 Natural Ways to Improve Symptoms) – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/phlebitis/

  Most people with phlebitis are encouraged to stay active. However, in rare cases of serious deep blood clots, you may be put on bed rest with a physical therapist to help you exercise your legs and arms safely. […] Wearing compression stockings up to the knee or thigh can help with pain relief, blood flow, and stopping swelling. […] Treatment for phlebitis usually involves anti-inflammatory drugs and blood thinners. Many natural herbs and supplements can have these effects as well. […] Phlebitis is irritation of the veins lining. Although a supportive diet may not make an immediate difference in your symptoms, over time it may help your blood vessels stay healthy and strong. […] Phlebitis and blood clots can come back. Prevention of future phlebitis and blood clots may be possible. Stay active and keep your legs moving, wear loose clothing, stay hydrated and follow your doctors instructions for reducing your risk.

• #42 Phlebitis: Facts & Fallacies

  https://veinhealthcarecenter.com/vein-health-news-articles-detail.php?Phlebitis-Facts-Fallacies-6

  If phlebitis does occur and is not treated in its early stages, thrombophlebitis, or the formation of a blood clot associated with phlebitis, can develop. […] She emphasizes that although untreated phlebitis can present very dramatically, early and aggressive care can „nip it in the bud.” […] While many physicians have been trained to treat phlebitis with antibiotics or anti-coagulation, the proper treatment for phlebitis is to apply heat (NEVER ice) to the area, elevate the legs, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine. […] The only time that anti-coagulation is appropriate is when the thrombophlebitis is within at least two centimeters from the saphenofemoral junction (where the great saphenous vein in the superficial vein system enters the deep vein system). […] Dr. Asbjornsen advises that „all the things that prevent DVT” also keep phlebitis at bay, including evaluation by a board certified phlebologist if venous disease symptoms are present in the legs: spider veins, varicose veins, heaviness, achiness, and/or discoloration or changes of the skin. […] Also, stay adequately hydrated and stay active to promote circulation. Avoid prolonged periods of inactivity (such as after surgery or long stretches of sitting). Last, but not least, maintain a healthy weight, eat a healthy diet, and don’t smoke.

• #43 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro

  If there are recurrences of the thrombophlebitis associated with extensive varicose veins, they should be excised. […] The prognosis is usually good for uncomplicated superficial thrombophlebitis. Symptoms generally subside in 1-2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may persist for several weeks to months.

• #44 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  Fondaparinux is an anticoagulant derived from the binding region of heparin and antithrombin. […] The 2007 Cochrane review cited above suggested that anticoagulation with LMWH is better in reducing local signs and symptoms, along with reducing propagation to deep venous thrombosis (DVT). […] Patients with contraindications to anticoagulation or those receiving adequate anticoagulation treatment who have progression of thrombosis should be considered for saphenous ligation at the junction with the deep venous system. […] Antibiotics are not routinely indicated for treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis, in that the erythema and tenderness are local inflammatory reactions, not allergic reactions. […] If thrombophlebitis is associated with a cannula or a catheter, the device should be immediately removed and cultured. […] Follow-up should be performed 2-3 days after treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis, either with an office visit or by telephone, to be sure that the patient is progressing in a satisfactory manner.

• #45 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.superficial-thrombophlebitis-care-instructions.uf8404

  Prop up the sore leg or arm on a pillow anytime you sit or lie down. Try to keep it above the level of your heart. […] Exercise. Keep blood moving in your legs to keep new clots from forming. […] Ask your doctor about compression stockings. These may help prevent blood clots from forming in your legs. But there are different types of stockings, and they need to fit right. So your doctor will recommend what you need. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have signs of a blood clot, such as: Pain in your calf, back of the knee, thigh, or groin. Redness and swelling in your leg or groin. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #46 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.superficial-thrombophlebitis-care-instructions.uf8404

  Prop up the sore leg or arm on a pillow anytime you sit or lie down. Try to keep it above the level of your heart. […] Exercise. Keep blood moving in your legs to keep new clots from forming. […] Ask your doctor about compression stockings. These may help prevent blood clots from forming in your legs. But there are different types of stockings, and they need to fit right. So your doctor will recommend what you need. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have signs of a blood clot, such as: Pain in your calf, back of the knee, thigh, or groin. Redness and swelling in your leg or groin. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #47 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is not usually a serious condition and often settles down and goes away on its own within 26 weeks. However, it can be recurrent and persistent and cause significant pain and immobility. In addition, complications may occur if the affected veins become infected or the blood clot moves further up the vein to where the superficial and deep veins join; leading to a more serious condition called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

• #48 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  If an intravenous catheter is a cause, then it should be removed. If the phlebitis is infected, then antibiotics are used. In severe cases of infected thrombophlebitis, surgical exploration may be necessary. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis (blood clots) is evaluated by an ultrasound to exclude deep venous thrombophlebitis, especially those involving the saphenous vein. […] If deep venous thrombophlebitis is suspected or diagnosed, or if its risk of developing is considerable, then anti-coagulation (thinning of the blood) may be necessary. […] Recovery of symptoms from superficial phlebitis can last a few weeks. Thrombophlebitis may take weeks to months to recover. […] Complications of phlebitis may include local infection and abscess formation, clot formation, and progression to a deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

• #49 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  When pronounced deep venous thrombophlebitis has seriously damaged the leg veins, this can lead to post-phlebitic syndrome. The post-phlebitic syndrome is characterized by chronic swelling of the involved leg and can be associated with leg pain, discoloration, and ulcers. […] Preventive measures for phlebitis include: Early mobilization after surgery, Leg exercises during a long car travel or airplane ride, Good nursing hygiene and prompt removal of intravenous catheters, Smoking cessation. […] Compression stockings are required in many patients after an episode of phlebitis, especially deep venous phlebitis. These, and other measures, reduce post-phlebitic swelling and the risk of recurrent phlebitis.

• #50 Superficial Vein Phlebitis

  https://inoviavein.com/superficial-vein-phlebitis/

  Most clinical presentations are uncomplicated with typical findings of tenderness, firm skin, pain, and redness along the varicose vein. […] The biggest concern in the short term is spread from the superficial veins to the deep veins. […] Long term, the phlebitis can re-occur. […] In these patients, IV antibiotics are required, and possibly removal of the infected vein. […] The need for duplex ultrasound or further evaluation with laboratory or other studies depends upon the clinical scenario. […] Most feel that duplex examination is essential for patients with suspected superficial vein thrombosis due to the high rate of concurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT). […] For uncomplicated disease, treatment is primarily aimed at alleviating symptoms and preventing spread of clot into the deep venous system.

• #51 Superficial vein thrombosis and phlebitis of the lower extremity veins – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/phlebitis-and-thrombosis-of-the-superficial-lower-extremity-veins

  Phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins is generally a benign, self-limited disorder; however, when the axial veins are involved (eg, great saphenous vein, accessory saphenous vein, small saphenous vein), thrombus propagation into the deep vein system (ie, deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and even pulmonary embolism can occur. Treatment is aimed at relieving local symptoms and preventing thromboembolic complications. […] The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins are reviewed here. […] Definitions — The term phlebitis refers to the presence of inflammation within a vein, whereas thrombosis indicates the presence of a clot within the vein. In this review, we will refer to the terminology surrounding this condition in the following manner: Superficial phlebitis — The term superficial phlebitis denotes the presence of pain and inflammation involving a vein in the absence of a thrombus. Superficial phlebitis is usually an initial clinical diagnosis referring to the clinical findings of pain, tenderness, induration, and erythema along the course of a superficial vein. It is due to inflammation and, less commonly, an infection of the vein. If a thrombus is apparent as a thickened cord or subsequently identified with imaging studies (often the case), the terms superficial thrombophlebitis or superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) are preferred.

• #52 5 Postpartum Thrombophlebitis Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/postpartum-thrombophlebitis-nursing-care-plans/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is more prevalent postpartum than during pregnancy and is seen more in women experiencing varices. It involves the saphenous vein of the lower leg and is characterized by a painful, hard, reddened, warm vein that is easily seen. […] Nursing management focuses on preventing thrombotic conditions, promoting adequate circulation if thrombosis occurs, and educating the client about preventive measures, anticoagulant therapy, and danger signs. […] Nursing care plan goals for a client diagnosed with postpartum thrombophlebitis include enhancing tissue perfusion, facilitating the resolution of thrombus, promoting optimal comfort, preventing complications, and providing information and emotional support. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with postpartum thrombophlebitis: Anticoagulant therapy. Initiating and managing appropriate anticoagulant therapy to prevent the progression of blood clots and reduce the risk of complications.

• #53 Nursing Care Plan For Thrombophlebitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-thrombophlebitis/

  By conducting a thorough nursing assessment for thrombophlebitis, healthcare providers can guide appropriate interventions, identify risk factors, and promote patient education to enhance overall management and prevent complications associated with venous thrombosis. […] Nursing diagnoses guide the development of a comprehensive care plan for individuals with thrombophlebitis, addressing both immediate symptoms and potential complications associated with venous thrombosis. […] Nursing interventions for thrombophlebitis aim to address the immediate symptoms, prevent complications, and empower the patient through education and support. Individualized care plans should consider the specific needs and risk factors of each patient. […] Ultimately, the nursing care plan for thrombophlebitis embodies a commitment to individualized, patient-centered care that extends beyond mere symptom management. It seeks to address the holistic needs of those affected by thrombophlebitis, promoting resilience, informed decision-making, and an improved quality of life. Through adherence to the principles outlined in the care plan, healthcare providers aim to enhance the overall well-being and long-term outcomes of individuals navigating the challenges posed by this vascular disorder.

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