Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  The treatment of superficial venous thrombosis depends on the conditions etiology, extent, and symptoms. Duplex ultrasonography (US) gives an accurate appraisal of the extent of disease and thus allows the administration of a more rational therapy. […] For the superficial, localized, mildly tender area of thrombophlebitis that occurs in a varicose vein, treatment with mild analgesics, such as aspirin, and the use of some type of elastic support usually are sufficient. Patients are encouraged to continue their usual daily activities. If extensive varicosities are present or if symptoms persist, phlebectomy of the involved segment may be indicated. […] More severe thrombophlebitis, as indicated by the degree of pain, redness, and the extent of the abnormality, should be treated with elevation of the extremity and the application of massive hot wet compresses.

• #2 Superficial vein thrombosis and phlebitis of the lower extremity veins – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/superficial-vein-thrombosis-and-phlebitis-of-the-lower-extremity-veins

  Phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins is generally a benign, self-limited disorder; however, when the axial veins are involved (eg, great saphenous vein, accessory saphenous vein, small saphenous vein), thrombus propagation into the deep vein system (ie, deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and even pulmonary embolism can occur. Treatment is aimed at relieving local symptoms and preventing thromboembolic complications. […] Treatment of phlebitis includes pain management and compression therapy. […] Treatment of SVT includes: low risk for VTE: no anticoagulation, intermediate risk for VTE: prophylactic anticoagulation, elevated risk for VTE: therapeutic anticoagulation. […] Treatment of specific veins includes: great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein, perforating veins, tributary veins.

• #3 Thrombophlebitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354613

  Superficial thrombophlebitis can be treated by applying heat to the painful area and elevating your leg. You may also take drugs to relieve swelling and irritation and wear compression stockings. From there, it usually improves on its own. For superficial and deep vein thrombosis, or DVT, you might take medications that thin the blood and dissolve clots. You may wear compression stockings that are available by prescription to prevent swelling and prevent complications of DVT. If you can’t take blood thinners, a filter can be placed into the main vein in your abdomen to keep clots from lodging in your lungs. Sometimes varicose veins are removed with surgery. […] For superficial thrombophlebitis, your doctor might recommend applying heat to the painful area, elevating the affected leg, using an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and possibly wearing compression stockings. The condition usually improves on its own.

• #4 Phlebitis (superficial thrombophlebitis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phlebitis/

  Treatment for phlebitis may not be needed if your symptoms are mild. […] But treatment may be recommended if your symptoms are severe or do not go away. […] Treatments may include: anti-inflammatory medicines cream or gel can be used if the affected area is small, compression stockings these increase blood flow to the legs but are only suitable for some people with phlebitis, blood-thinning medicine to reduce the risk of blood clots and help stop phlebitis coming back.

• #5

• #6 What is Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/phlebitis

  Superficial phlebitis affects veins on the skin surface. The condition is rarely serious and, with proper care, usually resolves rapidly. […] An anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can help lessen the pain and inflammation of superficial phlebitis. But check with your doctor first. […] Prescription leg compression stockings (knee or thigh high) improve your blood flow and may help to relieve your pain and swelling. […] If you have deep vein thrombophlebitis, you may need to stay in the hospital for a few days for diagnosis and treatment to ensure that no complications occur. […] If your evaluation shows superficial phlebitis and you are otherwise healthy, you can likely go home. You will need to use compression stockings and probably anti-inflammatory medications to control your symptoms.

• #7 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is treated with elevation of the leg, anti-inflammatory medicines such as Motrin, mild pain relievers if needed and warm, moist soaks to the area either continuously or every 4-6 hours as needed. […] Elastic bandages or compression stockings are also used from the base of the toes to below the knee or higher. […] A short course of low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH), Lovenox or Fondaparinux may also be prescribed. […] Antibiotics are used if there is sign of infection. […] Additionally, certain patients may benefit from surgical correction of superficial venous insufficiency.

• #8 Thrombophlebitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354613

  Your doctor might also recommend these treatments for both types of thrombophlebitis: Blood-thinning medications. If you have deep vein thrombosis, injection of a blood-thinning (anticoagulant) medication, such as low molecular weight heparin, fondaparinux (Arixtra) or apixaban (Eliquis), can help prevent clots from growing bigger. After the first treatment, you’ll likely be told to take warfarin (Jantoven) or rivaroxaban (Xarelto) for several months to keep preventing clot growth. Blood thinners can cause excessive bleeding. Always follow your doctor’s instructions carefully. […] Compression stockings. Prescription-strength compression stockings help prevent swelling and reduce the chances of complications of DVT. […] If you can’t take blood thinners, a filter may be inserted into the main vein in your abdomen (vena cava) to prevent clots that break loose in leg veins from lodging in your lungs. Usually, the filter is removed when it’s no longer needed. […] A surgeon can remove varicose veins that cause pain or recurrent thrombophlebitis. The procedure involves removing a long vein through small incisions. Removing the vein won’t affect blood flow in your leg because veins deeper in the leg take care of the increased volumes of blood.

• #9 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  Anticoagulants are usually not indicated in superficial thrombophlebitis unless the process extends into the deep venous system or persistent inflammation is present in an affected area. […] Current pharmacologic treatment options are aimed at resolving symptoms, preventing recurrence and most importantly, and preventing extension to the deep venous system, which may potentially result in thromboembolism. […] Previous treatment options were based on a Cochrane review published in 2007 that showed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) are the first options. […] A second Cochrane review published in 2013 added, among others, a large randomized control study that included more than 3000 patients with superficial thrombophlebitis and compared fondaparinux with placebo.

• #10 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Based on the Cochrane review published in 2018, these patients should receive fondaparinux 2.5 mg/day subcutaneously for 45 days.

• #11 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17523-superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, or superficial vein thrombosis, is a blood clot that occurs in veins under the skin (superficial veins). The condition typically happens in the arms or legs and causes inflammation, pain, redness and swelling. Healthcare providers treat pain and swelling with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] If the area is swollen or painful, your healthcare provider may recommend that you: […] Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Some people with superficial thrombophlebitis develop DVT. If you have a condition that affects how your blood clots or a history of DVT, your provider may recommend that you take an anticoagulant, which is a blood thinner medication. […] In superficial thrombophlebitis, a blood clot forms in a vein under your skin. The condition causes inflammation, pain, redness and swelling. Healthcare providers treat pain and inflammation with elevation, compression and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The condition typically resolves in a few weeks.

• #12 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Medication: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Anticoagulants, Hematologic, Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-medication

  Some anti-inflammatory drugs may be of benefit in the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis. Salicylates, indomethacin, and ibuprofen have been reported to be effective. In addition, salicylates, ibuprofen, and dipyridamole have been used as antithrombotic agents, but their effectiveness has not been documented in this setting. […] Because thrombophlebitis is primarily due to inflammation and fibrin clot, antithrombotic or antiplatelet-aggregating agents would seem to have little value. Anticoagulants are usually not indicated unless the process extends into the deep venous system. […] Additionally, in rare cases in which persistent inflammation is present in an area of superficial thrombophlebitis, a brief course of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) can be used as an alternative to excision of the vein in order to bring the inflammation under control. This treatment alternative may be necessary for management of superficial thrombophlebitis associated with pregnancy.

• #13 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro

  Exercise reduces pain and the possibility of DVT. Only in cases in which pain is very severe is bed rest necessary. DVT prophylaxis should be established in patients with reduced mobility. […] Topical anti-inflammatory creams applied locally to the superficial vein thrombosis/superficial thrombophlebitis area controls mild symptoms. Otherwise an oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and/or paracetamol will be required for pain relief. […] Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and fondaparinux have been shown to reduce the risk of superficial vein thrombosis extension and recurrence. […] Prophylactic fondaparinux given for 45 days appears to be an effective option for superficial thrombophlebitis for most people. […] Antibiotics are only required if there is evidence of infection. […] If there are recurrences of the thrombophlebitis associated with extensive varicose veins, they should be excised.

• #14 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/varicose-veins-leaflet/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is inflammation of a vein just under the skin, usually in the leg. Treatments can ease pain or discomfort. […] One or more of the following treatments may be advised, depending on your symptoms and the severity of the condition: Keep active. Try to keep up your normal activities. This should be possible unless the pain is severe. […] Apply a warm compress (a hot cloth) over the vein. This may ease the pain. […] Painkilling tablets. Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as ibuprofen may ease the pain (but are not advised if you are pregnant). Paracetamol is an alternative. […] Anti-inflammatory creams or gels. An example is ibuprofen gel. These are an alternative if superficial thrombophlebitis is mild and only affects a small area of vein. […] Hirudoid cream (heparinoid) may improve your symptoms, although there is some evidence that heparin gel may be more effective.

• #15 Management of superficial vein thrombosis and thrombophlebitis: status and expert opinion document – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17478877/

  Superficial vein thrombosis is characterized by clotting of superficial veins (ie, following direct trauma) with minimal inflammatory components. Superficial thrombophlebitis is a minimally thrombotic process of superficial veins associated with inflammatory changes and/or infection. Treatments generally include analgesics, elastic compression, anti-inflammatory agents, exercise and ambulation, and, in some cases, local or systemic anticoagulants. It is better to avoid bed rest and reduced mobility. Topical analgesia with nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory creams applied locally to the superficial vein thrombosis/superficial thrombophlebitis area controls symptoms. Hirudoid cream (heparinoid) shortens the duration of signs/symptoms. Locally acting anticoagulants/antithrombotics (Viatromb, Lipohep, spray Na-heparin) have positive effects on pain and on the reduction in thrombus size. Intravenous catheters should be changed every 24 to 48 hours (depending on venous flow and clinical parameters) to prevent superficial vein thrombosis/superficial thrombophlebitis and removed in case of events. Low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis and nitroglycerin patches distal to peripheral lines may reduce the incidence of superficial vein thrombosis/superficial thrombophlebitis in patients with vein catheters. In case of superficial vein thrombosis/superficial thrombophlebitis, vein lines should be removed. In neoplastic diseases and hematological disorders, anticoagulants may be necessary. Exercise reduces pain and the possibility of deep vein thrombosis. Only in cases in which pain is very severe is bed rest necessary. Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis should be established in patients with reduced mobility. Antibiotics usually do not have a place in superficial vein thrombosis/superficial thrombophlebitis unless there are documented infections. Prevention of superficial vein thrombosis should be considered on the basis of patient’s history and clinical evaluation.

• #16 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/varicose-veins-leaflet/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Fondaparinux (also called Arixtra) is an injected medicine which inhibits one of the body’s clotting factors. When given for six weeks it reduces the risk of DVT and of extension and recurrence of thrombophlebitis. […] Raising the affected leg. When you rest (when watching TV, or reading a book, etc), if you raise an affected leg so that your foot is higher than your hip, it helps to reduce swelling and discomfort. […] Compression (support) stockings. These may be advised by your doctor if a vein in your leg is affected. They may ease discomfort and reduce swelling whilst the inflammation settles.

• #17 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  A third Cochrane review, published in 2018, found that prophylactic-dose fondaparinux for 45 days appeared to be a valid therapeutic option for most patients. […] A 2024 review by Di Nisio et al concluded that fondaparinux 2.5 mg once daily for 45 days is the treatment of choice for most patients with superficial thrombophlebitis and that intermediate-dose LMWH or the direct oral factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban may be considered as potential alternatives; however, further evidence is needed regarding the utilization of the last two. […] Fondaparinux is an anticoagulant derived from the binding region of heparin and antithrombin. […] The 2007 Cochrane review cited above suggested that anticoagulation with LMWH is better in reducing local signs and symptoms, along with reducing propagation to deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

• #18 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Medication: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Anticoagulants, Hematologic, Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-medication

  Antibiotics are usually not necessary in superficial thrombophlebitis unless the process is suppurative. In persistent cases or even as early definitive therapy, excision of the inflammatory process is effective. The wounds usually heal well with primary closure; the inflammatory process, except in suppurative phlebitis, is usually nonbacterial and localized and is removed completely. […] Heparin is essential for patients with superficial thrombophlebitis that is progressive and for those with particular risk factors for progression or recurrence. Heparin should always be used when thrombophlebitis involves the great saphenous vein. Heparin is the mainstay of treatment when deep system involvement is suggested, but anticoagulation alone does not guarantee a successful outcome. The disease may progress despite full and effective heparin anticoagulation.

• #19 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Ligation vs. Anticoagulation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0515/p2150.html

  The utility of low-molecular-weight heparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin remains unclear. So does the appropriate duration of medical anticoagulation therapy; six weeks of anticoagulation appears appropriate followed by additional anticoagulation if concomitant deep venous thrombosis or extension into the deep venous system is noted on follow-up duplex ultrasound scanning.

• #20 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  This Cochrane review also evaluated topical and surgical treatments. […] However, it noted that the data regarding these treatments and their effects on venous thromboembolic disease is too limited, so further studies are recommended at this time. […] Rivaroxaban 10 mg daily for 45 days was found to be non-inferior to fondaparinux in preventing venous thromboembolic complications, with a comparable safety profile in the SURPRISE trial. […] However, the Cochrane review recommended further research on its use and the other direct oral factor-X or thrombin inhibitors. […] Additionally, further study is recommended on the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and low molecular weight heparins. […] Multiple agents have been evaluated for treatment in patients who develop superficial thrombophlebitis from an infusion.

• #21 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/s/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis gets better by itself, usually within 2 6 weeks. Your body breaks down the blood clot and the inflammation goes away. […] In the meantime, you can use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory creams or gels which you buy over the counter at a pharmacy. Or you can take pain killers by mouth, eg, paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (if they are safe for you to use.) […] You can get compression stockings to help with pain through a pharmacy or practice nurse at your medical centre. You need to be measured for these to work well and you will need to pay for them yourself. […] If your superficial thrombophlebitis is longer than 8 cm or near your groin, your healthcare provider will talk with you about anticoagulants (medicines that help to stop blood clots forming) because of the risk of the clot extending into your deep veins.

• #22 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Medication: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Anticoagulants, Hematologic, Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-medication

  When unfractionated heparin is used, an aPTT of at least 1.5 times the control value is necessary for a therapeutic effect. To achieve this, unfractionated heparin must be given intravenously in adequate doses. Low-dose, subcutaneous unfractionated heparin should not be used, as it is not an effective therapy for thrombophlebitis and does not provide effective prophylaxis against progression of the disease. […] Warfarin should not be used in the acute treatment of superficial phlebitis, because the early risk of increased thrombogenesis outweighs any convenience of oral therapy.

• #23 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Compression Stockings, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-treatment

  The efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is similar to that of LMWH in reducing the risk of extension of superficial thrombophlebitis into the deep venous system along with decreasing recurrence. […] Antibiotics are not routinely indicated for treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis, in that the erythema and tenderness are local inflammatory reactions, not allergic reactions. […] If thrombophlebitis is associated with a cannula or a catheter, the device should be immediately removed and cultured. […] Follow-up should be performed 2-3 days after treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis, either with an office visit or by telephone, to be sure that the patient is progressing in a satisfactory manner.

• #24 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Per the 2015 Cochrane review of this topic, there is no consensus recommendation on the safety, dose required, or therapy duration for topical treatments, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, or systemic anticoagulation. […] Practices in the United Kingdom suggest using compression stockings with or without additional therapies. […] However, there is no current recommendation for or against their use in the United States of America. […] Antibiotics are useful only with clear infection. […] For Trousseau syndrome, the main priority is to eliminate the underlying malignancy. […] However, as this is commonly a challenge, heparin is the recommended treatment, given that multiple pathways contribute to developing the thrombus. […] Low molecular weight heparins have been used, but some have been less effective than heparin; therefore, further studies are recommended.

• #25 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Topical heparinoid or diclofenac gels appear to significantly reduce the intensity of clinical signs and symptoms and achieve higher complete resolution. […] According to the 2008 guidelines of the American College of Chest Physicians these patients can be treated with an oral anti-inflammatory drug, topical diclofenac gel, or heparin gel until resolution of symptoms or for up to two weeks. […] A venous duplex ultrasound is recommended in patients with spontaneous SVT because concomitant deep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurs in 6-36% of patients. […] If symptoms persist after 48 hrs of conservative management, patient develops fever, erythema extends beyond the cannulated vein, or purulence develops at the cannulation site, blood cultures to evaluate for bacteremia, antibiotic therapy, and early surgical consultation are very important as these are signs of suppurative SVT.

• #26 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Antibiotics should be taken if an infection is present. […] Puncture and evacuation this procedure gives rapid relief and resolution of a palpable clot that causes extreme pain. It involves puncture incision with a needle and evacuation of the clot after local anaesthesia. […] Surgical excision and ligation patients with septic thrombophlebitis require urgent venous excision to stop the spread of bacterial infection. This is done with a direct cut over the vein and removal of the infected segment and any surrounding infected or necrotic tissue. This procedure may also benefit patients with recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis that do not respond to any other treatments.

• #27 Superficial thrombophlebitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  To reduce discomfort and swelling, your provider may recommend that you: […] Wear support stockings, if your leg is affected. […] Keep the affected leg or arm raised above heart level. […] Apply a warm compress to the area. […] If you have a catheter or intravenous (IV) line, it will likely be removed if it is the cause of the thrombophlebitis. […] Medicines called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, may be prescribed to reduce pain and swelling. […] If clots in the deeper veins are also present, your provider may prescribe medicines to thin your blood. These medicines are called anticoagulants. Antibiotics are prescribed if you have an infection. […] Surgical removal (phlebectomy), stripping, or sclerotherapy of the affected vein may be needed. These treat large varicose veins or are done to prevent thrombophlebitis in high-risk people.

• #28 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Ligation vs. Anticoagulation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0515/p2150.html

  Lower extremity superficial thrombophlebitis is usually treated conservatively with compression support, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and lower extremity elevation. […] Although anticoagulation is the most effective approach to reduce pulmonary embolism in patients with AK-STP and deep venous involvement, the optimal approach to AK-STP without extension is unclear. […] Surgical treatment of AK-STP appears to significantly reduce pain as well as superficial thrombus extension more rapidly than conventional medical therapy. […] Medical treatment with anticoagulant therapy more effectively prevents pulmonary embolism, minimizes morbidity, and preserves the greater saphenous vein for future use in bypass procedures. […] The authors conclude that, based on the current literature, a conclusion cannot be drawn as to the superiority of surgical versus anticoagulant therapy for AK-STP without deep venous extension.

• #29 Should I See a Vein Specialist for Superficial Thrombophlebitis? : Center for Varicose Veins: Board Certified Vascular and Interventional Radiologists

  https://www.centerforvaricoseveins.com/blog/should-i-see-a-vein-specialist-for-superficial-thrombophlebitis

  If you are at high risk for developing a complication, your vein specialist might recommend newer nonsurgical procedures. Endovenous thermal ablation is one such procedure. Your doctor will make a tiny hole in your calf and place a catheter into the saphenous vein. Laser or radiofrequency energy will then run through the catheter, closing the vein. Closing off this vein will result in the superficial varicose veins diminishing in size. […] Sclerotherapy may also play a role in treating superficial thrombophlebitis. Instead of treating the saphenous vein, your vein specialist will inject a solution directly into the adjacent enlarged varicose veins. The veins will shrink and eventually turn into scar tissue. […] If you think you have superficial thrombophlebitis, Dr. Vinay Madan and the Center for Varicose Veins can help. Dr. Madan offers endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, sclerotherapy, and other treatments. With his help, you can recover quickly and safely. Contact the Center for Varicose Veins to schedule an evaluation today.

• #30 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superficial-thrombophlebitis?lang=us

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is generally considered a self-limiting condition. However, concurrent deep venous thrombosis can be seen in 25% of cases. There is risk of superimposed infection. […] Management depends on risk-stratification of the disease which is generally determined on the basis of underlying etiology, length of thrombosis and distance from the deep venous system: […] low risk (symptomatic management with topical or oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications) […] intermediate risk (typically prophylactic-dose anticoagulation e.g. 40mg enoxaparin subcutaneously or 10mg rivaroxaban orally once-daily) […] high risk (treatment-dose anticoagulation as per DVT/PE) […] Suggested treatment lengths include 45 days of intermediate-risk and 3 months for high-risk SVTs.

• #31 Current management of superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limb – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/current-management-of-superficial-thrombophlebitis-of-the-lower-limb/

  A randomized, double-blind trial of 427 patients that compared LMWH (enoxaparin 40 mg and 1.5 mg/ kg) with an NSAID (tenoxicam) or elastic stockings alone for 10 days showed that the prophylactic dose of LMWH (enoxaparin 40 mg) was the most effective treatment. […] In summary, all patients with STP should have bilateral duplex scanning to exclude DVT. As far as treatment is concerned, LMWH in intermediate doses for at least 1 month or fondaparinux 2.5 mg daily for at least 4 weeks are effective therapies. Surgery is no more effective than LMWH, but when the thrombus is close to the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junctions, both are acceptable options depending on the patients characteristics and the treating physicians preference. For isolated STP at the below knee segment confined to varicosities, local application of heparinoids, NSAIDs and elastic stockings form an acceptable treatment option.

• #32 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30109

  Additionally, further study is recommended on the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and low molecular weight heparins. […] For Trousseau syndrome, the main priority is to eliminate the underlying malignancy. However, as this is commonly a challenge, heparin is the recommended treatment, given that multiple pathways contribute to developing the thrombus. […] Mondor disease, discussed separately, is usually self-limited and benign and resolve in 4 to 8 weeks. However, if it is due to vasculitis, malignancy, or a hypercoagulable state, treatment is aimed at the underlying cause.

• #33 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Fondaparinux has also been evaluated but found to be less efficacious than heparin, and the utility of this agent also requires further study. […] Mondor disease, discussed separately, is usually self-limited and benign and resolve in 4 to 8 weeks. […] However, if it is due to vasculitis, malignancy, or a hypercoagulable state, treatment is aimed at the underlying cause.

• #34 Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity – Di Nisio, M – 2015 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011015.pub2/

  The best treatment for these blood clots in the hands and arms remains unclear. […] While local treatment has the potential to improve the painful symptoms and patient discomfort, it may not prevent complications, including infection or the extension or transit of the clot into the deep vein system. […] The overall quality of the evidence for each of the outcomes varied from low to moderate mainly due to risk of bias and imprecision, with only single trials contributing to most comparisons. […] The evidence about the treatment of acute infusion superficial thrombophlebitis is limited and of low quality. Data appear too preliminary to assess the effectiveness and safety of topical treatments, systemic anticoagulation or oral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. […] The prompt removal of the catheter is generally associated with an improvement of the clinical signs and symptoms.

• #35 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters remains the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion and leads to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. […] Our review shares evidence-based information on the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment, and prevention of infusion-related superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Although no consensus exists on the SVT management, prompt removal of the catheter is generally performed when patients develop pain and erythema or swelling at the catheter site. This usually leads to a quick resolution of symptoms. […] If discomfort persists after catheter removal, conservative therapy is initiated and includes elevation of the affected site, cold compressions, analgesics, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, as well as medications to help maintain patency of the vein.

• #36 Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity – Di Nisio, M – 2015 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011015.pub2/

  There is no consensus on the optimal management of superficial thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity in clinical practice, although several therapies have been proposed in the literature, including topical and systemic medical treatments. […] The 2008 guidelines of the American College of Chest Physicians suggested treating patients experiencing symptomatic infusion superficial thrombophlebitis with an oral antiinflammatory drug, topical diclofenac gel, or heparin gel until resolution of symptoms or for up to two weeks.

• #37 Specialist Phlebitis Treatments

  https://thewhiteleyclinic.co.uk/conditions/phlebitis/treatment/

  If the scan shows that there is only a small amount of clot causing the phlebitis, then aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be used to reduce inflammation and pain. […] In virtually all cases, graduated pressure stockings will also be used both to give the patient comfort and support as well as to further reduce the risk of extension of the clot in the veins and therefore reducing the risk of worsening phlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). […] We know that almost all phlebitis in the legs is due to varicose veins or hidden varicose veins. […] Thus treatment of the venous incompetence will stop the venous reflux and therefore treat the varicose veins or hidden varicose veins. This will prevent any further phlebitis. […] Treatment of the underlying varicose veins using the methods outlined in The Whiteley Protocol will give both the lowest possible chance of getting phlebitis back again in the future as well is getting the lowest possible chance of developing recurrent varicose veins.

• #38 What is Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/phlebitis

  If you have a history of deep vein thrombophlebitis, or if the phlebitis might possibly spread to the deep veins, you will need to take a blood thinner (anticoagulant). The duration of anticoagulant treatment ranges from 3 to 12 months. […] If the superficial phlebitis has progressed to involve the deep veins, then it is a serious condition that may even require hospital admission for treatment and further evaluation. […] Phlebitis in the superficial veins is rarely serious and usually responds to pain control, elevation, and warm compresses for 1-2 weeks.

• #39 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, Risks & Causes

  https://www.usaveinclinics.com/vein-disease/superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis sometimes resolves on its own and without complications. Symptoms such as pain and swelling can go away in about two weeks, but hardness in the veins can linger for months. Even if painful symptoms resolve, its still recommended that an appointment with a medical professional be made.

• #40 Superficial phlebitis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/superficial-phlebitis

  For those with a higher risk of blood clot formation, especially in individuals with a history of blood clots or clotting disorders, healthcare professionals may prescribe anticoagulant medications. […] Addressing any underlying conditions, such as varicose veins or blood clotting disorders, is important to prevent recurrence. Regular follow-up with a healthcare professional is important to monitor the condition and prevent complications, especially if the phlebitis is near the groin or presents other risk factors for complications.

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