Żylakowatość powierzchowna (tromboflebitis powierzchowna) – Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Żylakowatość powierzchowna (tromboflebitis powierzchowna)
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Żylakowatość powierzchowna (tromboflebitis powierzchowna) cechuje się zazwyczaj dobrym rokowaniem, zwłaszcza w przypadkach niskiego ryzyka, z ustępowaniem objawów w ciągu 1-2 tygodni, choć twardość żyły może utrzymywać się do kilku miesięcy. Ryzyko nawrotu waha się od 1,6-12,2% w leczeniu oraz 3,3-36,7% bez leczenia, szczególnie u pacjentów z żylakami kończyn dolnych, gdzie brak leczenia operacyjnego zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo nawrotu. U około 10% leczonych pacjentów obserwuje się nawrót, progresję lub rozszerzenie choroby, w tym przejście do zakrzepicy żył głębokich (DVT). Powikłania takie jak zakażenia (cellulitis), DVT oraz zatorowość płucna (PE) są rzadkie, ale istotne klinicznie, zwłaszcza przy propagacji zakrzepów do układu głębokiego, co występuje u 6-36% pacjentów, a u 15% dochodzi do progresji do DVT. Szczególnie niebezpieczne jest zajęcie żyły odpiszczelowej powyżej kolana, gdzie zatorowość płucna stwierdzono u 33,3% chorych, a zakrzepica w odległości do 3 cm od połączenia odpiszczelowo-udowego wymaga leczenia jak DVT ze względu na ryzyko progresji (14-70%).

Prognoza żylakowatości powierzchownej (tromboflebitis powierzchowna)

Ryzyko nawrotu
Ryzyko powikłań
Rozprzestrzenianie się zakrzepów
Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie
Następstwa długoterminowe
Opcje leczenia wpływające na rokowanie
Podsumowanie prognozy
Kolejne rozdziały

Prognoza żylakowatości powierzchownej (tromboflebitis powierzchowna)

Żylakowatość powierzchowna (tromboflebitis powierzchowna) ma zazwyczaj dobre rokowanie, szczególnie w przypadkach niskiego ryzyka. Objawy ustępują zwykle w ciągu 1-2 tygodni, choć twardość żyły może utrzymywać się przez kilka tygodni do kilku miesięcy.¹²³ U większości pacjentów schorzenie ustępuje bez powikłań, a powikłania są rzadkie.⁴

Ryzyko nawrotu

Żylakowatość powierzchowna charakteryzuje się podwyższonym ryzykiem nawrotu, szczególnie u pacjentów z czynnikami ryzyka, takimi jak żylaki.⁵ Według badań, ryzyko nawrotu waha się między 1,6-12,2% w przypadkach leczonych oraz 3,3-36,7% w przypadkach nieleczonych, w zależności od obecności czynników ryzyka.⁶ Należy zaznaczyć, że jeśli żylakowatość powierzchowna występuje w kończynie dolnej w związku z żylakami, istnieje wysokie prawdopodobieństwo nawrotu, o ile nie zostanie przeprowadzone leczenie operacyjne.⁷

Alarmującym faktem jest, że u 10% pacjentów, mimo zastosowanego leczenia, obserwuje się nawrót żylakowatości powierzchownej, jej rozszerzenie lub progresję do zakrzepicy żył głębokich (DVT).⁸

Ryzyko powikłań

Mimo że prognoza dla żylakowatości powierzchownej jest zwykle dobra, istnieją potencjalne powikłania, które mogą znacząco wpłynąć na rokowanie:⁹

Zakażenia (cellulitis) – rzadkie, ale możliwe powikłanie¹⁰
Zakrzepica żył głębokich (DVT) – poważne powikłanie związane z żylakowatością powierzchowną¹¹¹²
Zatorowość płucna (PE) – rzadkie, ale potencjalnie zagrażające życiu powikłanie¹³¹⁴

Rozprzestrzenianie się zakrzepów

Znaczącym czynnikiem wpływającym na rokowanie jest możliwość rozprzestrzeniania się zakrzepów z układu powierzchownego do głębokiego. Liczne badania wykazały współwystępowanie DVT z żylakowatością powierzchowną u 6-36% pacjentów.¹⁵ Propagacja żylakowatości powierzchownej do DVT może wystąpić nawet u 15% pacjentów.¹⁶

W badaniu obejmującym 145 pacjentów, u 23% zajętych kończyn stwierdzono proksymalne rozprzestrzenianie się żylakowatości powierzchownej do połączenia żyły odpiszczelowej z udową (SFJ).¹⁷ Szczególnie niepokojące jest, że u pacjentów z zakrzepowym zapaleniem żyły odpiszczelowej wielkiej (GSV) powyżej kolana, zatorowość płucna została stwierdzona u 33,3% badanych.¹⁸

Pacjenci z zakrzepicą sięgającą do 3 cm od połączenia odpiszczelowo-udowego powinni być leczeni jak w przypadku DVT, ponieważ u 14-70% z nich choroba postępuje do DVT.¹⁹

Czynniki wpływające na rokowanie

Prognoza dla pacjentów z żylakowatością powierzchowną zależy od kilku czynników:²⁰

Przyczyna podstawowa – rokowanie jest związane z procesem wywołującym żylakowatość powierzchowną²¹
Obecność choroby nowotworowej – u pacjentów z żylakowatością powierzchowną spowodowaną chorobą nowotworową, rokowanie jest ściśle związane z procesem nowotworowym²²
Obecność żylaków – współwystępowanie DVT z żylakowatością powierzchowną jest rzadsze u pacjentów z żylakami niż u pacjentów bez żylaków (20% vs 60%)²³
Obecność nabytego czynnika ryzyka zakrzepicy – zwiększa ryzyko choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej 10-100 razy²⁴

Następstwa długoterminowe

Europejski rejestr obejmujący 4405 pacjentów z ostrą chorobą zakrzepowo-zatorową wykazał 3,1% częstość występowania zdarzeń niepożądanych w ciągu 3 miesięcy od wystąpienia początkowego incydentu. Zdarzenia te obejmowały: objawową zatorowość płucną (0,3%), nawracającą DVT (0,4%), poważne krwawienia (0,8%) oraz zgony (1,5%).²⁵

Opcje leczenia wpływające na rokowanie

Po ustąpieniu ostrego problemu, należy rozważyć następujące opcje leczenia podstawowych żylaków, co może wpłynąć na długoterminowe rokowanie:²⁶

Flebektomia ambulatoryjna – chirurgiczne usunięcie żylaków²⁷
Podwiązanie i stripping – tradycyjna metoda chirurgicznego leczenia żylaków²⁸
Ablacja endowaskularna z wykorzystaniem fal radiowych (RFA) – małoinwazyjna metoda zamknięcia chorych żył²⁹
Ablacja endowaskularna laserowa (EVLA) – małoinwazyjna metoda wykorzystująca energię lasera do zamknięcia chorych żył³⁰

Zarówno dla żylakowatości powierzchownej, jak i DVT, rokowanie jest doskonałe, jeśli leczenie zostanie wdrożone niezwłocznie. Prawidłowe leczenie powinno skutkować szybkim ustąpieniem objawów.³¹

Podsumowanie prognozy

Żylakowatość powierzchowna zazwyczaj ustępuje samoistnie, a objawy zanikają w ciągu 1-2 tygodni, chociaż twardość żyły może utrzymywać się dłużej.³²³³ Niska żylakowatość powierzchowna ma na ogół korzystne rokowanie, ale istnieje wyraźne ryzyko nawrotu choroby. W przypadku żylakowatości powierzchownej wyższego ryzyka, ogólne rokowanie jest również pozytywne przy odpowiednim leczeniu.³⁴

Należy jednak pamiętać, że nie jest to powikłanie, które można lekceważyć. Nieleczona żylakowatość powierzchowna może prowadzić do rozprzestrzenienia się stanu zapalnego i zakrzepu przez żyły przeszywające do układu żył głębokich, co może skutkować uszkodzeniem zastawek i potencjalnie zatorowością płucną.³⁵

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro
The prognosis is usually good for uncomplicated superficial thrombophlebitis. Symptoms generally subside in 1-2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may persist for several weeks to months. […] The risk of recurrence ranges between 1.6-12.2% in treated cases and 3.3-36.7% in untreated cases, depending on the presence or absence of underlying risk factors. […] It rarely leads to PE, although it can occur if the process extends into a deep vein. […] People with superficial venous thrombosis do not seem predisposed to develop DVT but superficial venous thrombosis does frequently occur in association with DVT, especially with stasis ulceration around the ankle. […] Where venous thromboembolism precedes thrombophlebitis, there is an increased risk of recurrent VTE.
#2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms & Causes
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17523-superficial-thrombophlebitis
Superficial thrombophlebitis resolves in most people. […] Talk to your healthcare provider if you have varicose veins or other conditions that make superficial thrombophlebitis more likely to recur. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis typically resolves within a few weeks.
#3 Superficial thrombophlebitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis
This is usually a short-term condition that does not cause complications. Symptoms often go away in 1 to 2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may remain for much longer. […] Complications are rare. Possible problems may include the following: Infections (cellulitis) […] Deep vein thrombosis.
#4 Superficial thrombophlebitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis
This is usually a short-term condition that does not cause complications. Symptoms often go away in 1 to 2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may remain for much longer. […] Complications are rare. Possible problems may include the following: Infections (cellulitis) […] Deep vein thrombosis.
#5 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
Alarmingly, in 10% of cases, SVT either recurs, extends, or progresses to DVT despite treatment. […] SVT in the presence of an acquired thrombotic risk factor increases the risk of VT by 10- to 100-fold. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence. […] Coincidental DVT with SVT is reportedly more common in patients without varicose veins than in those with varicose veins (60% vs 20%). […] In a study of 145 patients, superficial thrombophlebitis in 23% of the affected limbs had proximal extension into the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). […] PE was found in seven (33.3%) of 21 patients with thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) above the knee. […] Seventeen of the 21 patients had varicose veins. […] A European registry of 4405 patients with acute VTE had a 3.1% rate of adverse events in the 3 months following the initial insult. These adverse events included symptomatic PE (0.3%), recurrent DVT (0.4%), major bleeding (0.8%), and death (1.5%).
#6 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro
The prognosis is usually good for uncomplicated superficial thrombophlebitis. Symptoms generally subside in 1-2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may persist for several weeks to months. […] The risk of recurrence ranges between 1.6-12.2% in treated cases and 3.3-36.7% in untreated cases, depending on the presence or absence of underlying risk factors. […] It rarely leads to PE, although it can occur if the process extends into a deep vein. […] People with superficial venous thrombosis do not seem predisposed to develop DVT but superficial venous thrombosis does frequently occur in association with DVT, especially with stasis ulceration around the ankle. […] Where venous thromboembolism precedes thrombophlebitis, there is an increased risk of recurrent VTE.
#7 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview
The prognosis in superficial thrombophlebitis is usually good. Superficial phlebitis is rarely associated with PE, though it can occur, particularly if the process extends into a deep vein. However, individuals with superficial venous thrombosis do not seem to have a great tendency to develop DVT. In contrast, patients with DVT are frequently found to have superficial venous thrombosis. […] The patient should be told to expect the disease process to persist for 3-4 weeks or longer. If it occurs in the lower extremity in association with varicose veins, it has a high likelihood of recurrence unless excision is performed.
#8 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
Alarmingly, in 10% of cases, SVT either recurs, extends, or progresses to DVT despite treatment. […] SVT in the presence of an acquired thrombotic risk factor increases the risk of VT by 10- to 100-fold. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence. […] Coincidental DVT with SVT is reportedly more common in patients without varicose veins than in those with varicose veins (60% vs 20%). […] In a study of 145 patients, superficial thrombophlebitis in 23% of the affected limbs had proximal extension into the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). […] PE was found in seven (33.3%) of 21 patients with thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) above the knee. […] Seventeen of the 21 patients had varicose veins. […] A European registry of 4405 patients with acute VTE had a 3.1% rate of adverse events in the 3 months following the initial insult. These adverse events included symptomatic PE (0.3%), recurrent DVT (0.4%), major bleeding (0.8%), and death (1.5%).
#9 Superficial thrombophlebitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis
This is usually a short-term condition that does not cause complications. Symptoms often go away in 1 to 2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may remain for much longer. […] Complications are rare. Possible problems may include the following: Infections (cellulitis) […] Deep vein thrombosis.
#10 Superficial thrombophlebitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis
This is usually a short-term condition that does not cause complications. Symptoms often go away in 1 to 2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may remain for much longer. […] Complications are rare. Possible problems may include the following: Infections (cellulitis) […] Deep vein thrombosis.
#11 Superficial thrombophlebitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis
This is usually a short-term condition that does not cause complications. Symptoms often go away in 1 to 2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may remain for much longer. […] Complications are rare. Possible problems may include the following: Infections (cellulitis) […] Deep vein thrombosis.
#12 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
The prognosis for Superficial thrombophlebitis is related to the underlying cause. Low-risk SVT is generally favorable, but there is a definite risk for recurrent disease. In those with higher-risk SVT, the overall prognosis is also positive with appropriate treatment. For those with SVT due to underlying malignancy, the prognosis is related to the causative process. […] DVT and PE are significant complications of superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple studies have found concomitant DVT with SVT in 6 to 36% of patients. These same studies clinically suspected concomitant PE in 2 to 13%, and regular performance of lung scans revealed the rate of asymptomatic PE approached 33%. […] Patients with thrombus up to 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction should be treated for DVT, given that 14 to 70% progress to DVT.
#13 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro
The prognosis is usually good for uncomplicated superficial thrombophlebitis. Symptoms generally subside in 1-2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may persist for several weeks to months. […] The risk of recurrence ranges between 1.6-12.2% in treated cases and 3.3-36.7% in untreated cases, depending on the presence or absence of underlying risk factors. […] It rarely leads to PE, although it can occur if the process extends into a deep vein. […] People with superficial venous thrombosis do not seem predisposed to develop DVT but superficial venous thrombosis does frequently occur in association with DVT, especially with stasis ulceration around the ankle. […] Where venous thromboembolism precedes thrombophlebitis, there is an increased risk of recurrent VTE.
#14 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
The prognosis for Superficial thrombophlebitis is related to the underlying cause. Low-risk SVT is generally favorable, but there is a definite risk for recurrent disease. In those with higher-risk SVT, the overall prognosis is also positive with appropriate treatment. For those with SVT due to underlying malignancy, the prognosis is related to the causative process. […] DVT and PE are significant complications of superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple studies have found concomitant DVT with SVT in 6 to 36% of patients. These same studies clinically suspected concomitant PE in 2 to 13%, and regular performance of lung scans revealed the rate of asymptomatic PE approached 33%. […] Patients with thrombus up to 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction should be treated for DVT, given that 14 to 70% progress to DVT.
#15 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
The prognosis for Superficial thrombophlebitis is related to the underlying cause. Low-risk SVT is generally favorable, but there is a definite risk for recurrent disease. In those with higher-risk SVT, the overall prognosis is also positive with appropriate treatment. For those with SVT due to underlying malignancy, the prognosis is related to the causative process. […] DVT and PE are significant complications of superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple studies have found concomitant DVT with SVT in 6 to 36% of patients. These same studies clinically suspected concomitant PE in 2 to 13%, and regular performance of lung scans revealed the rate of asymptomatic PE approached 33%. […] Patients with thrombus up to 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction should be treated for DVT, given that 14 to 70% progress to DVT.
#16 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
For both SVT and DVT, the prognosis is excellent if treatment is initiated promptly. Proper treatment should result in rapid resolution. […] After resolution of the acute problem, the following treatment options for the underlying varicose veins should be considered: ambulatory phlebectomy, ligation and stripping, endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA), and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). […] DVT causes edema (79.8%), pain (74.6%), and erythema (26.1%), according to a large Italian registry. […] Similarly, superficial thrombophlebitis is not a complication that should be taken lightly. If it goes untreated, the inflammation and clot may spread through the perforating veins to the deep venous system. This extension may lead to valvular damage and possible PE. […] Propagation of SVT to DVT may occur in as many as 15% of patients.
#17 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
Alarmingly, in 10% of cases, SVT either recurs, extends, or progresses to DVT despite treatment. […] SVT in the presence of an acquired thrombotic risk factor increases the risk of VT by 10- to 100-fold. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence. […] Coincidental DVT with SVT is reportedly more common in patients without varicose veins than in those with varicose veins (60% vs 20%). […] In a study of 145 patients, superficial thrombophlebitis in 23% of the affected limbs had proximal extension into the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). […] PE was found in seven (33.3%) of 21 patients with thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) above the knee. […] Seventeen of the 21 patients had varicose veins. […] A European registry of 4405 patients with acute VTE had a 3.1% rate of adverse events in the 3 months following the initial insult. These adverse events included symptomatic PE (0.3%), recurrent DVT (0.4%), major bleeding (0.8%), and death (1.5%).
#18 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
Alarmingly, in 10% of cases, SVT either recurs, extends, or progresses to DVT despite treatment. […] SVT in the presence of an acquired thrombotic risk factor increases the risk of VT by 10- to 100-fold. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence. […] Coincidental DVT with SVT is reportedly more common in patients without varicose veins than in those with varicose veins (60% vs 20%). […] In a study of 145 patients, superficial thrombophlebitis in 23% of the affected limbs had proximal extension into the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). […] PE was found in seven (33.3%) of 21 patients with thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) above the knee. […] Seventeen of the 21 patients had varicose veins. […] A European registry of 4405 patients with acute VTE had a 3.1% rate of adverse events in the 3 months following the initial insult. These adverse events included symptomatic PE (0.3%), recurrent DVT (0.4%), major bleeding (0.8%), and death (1.5%).
#19 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
The prognosis for Superficial thrombophlebitis is related to the underlying cause. Low-risk SVT is generally favorable, but there is a definite risk for recurrent disease. In those with higher-risk SVT, the overall prognosis is also positive with appropriate treatment. For those with SVT due to underlying malignancy, the prognosis is related to the causative process. […] DVT and PE are significant complications of superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple studies have found concomitant DVT with SVT in 6 to 36% of patients. These same studies clinically suspected concomitant PE in 2 to 13%, and regular performance of lung scans revealed the rate of asymptomatic PE approached 33%. […] Patients with thrombus up to 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction should be treated for DVT, given that 14 to 70% progress to DVT.
#20 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
The prognosis for Superficial thrombophlebitis is related to the underlying cause. Low-risk SVT is generally favorable, but there is a definite risk for recurrent disease. In those with higher-risk SVT, the overall prognosis is also positive with appropriate treatment. For those with SVT due to underlying malignancy, the prognosis is related to the causative process. […] DVT and PE are significant complications of superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple studies have found concomitant DVT with SVT in 6 to 36% of patients. These same studies clinically suspected concomitant PE in 2 to 13%, and regular performance of lung scans revealed the rate of asymptomatic PE approached 33%. […] Patients with thrombus up to 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction should be treated for DVT, given that 14 to 70% progress to DVT.
#21 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
The prognosis for Superficial thrombophlebitis is related to the underlying cause. Low-risk SVT is generally favorable, but there is a definite risk for recurrent disease. In those with higher-risk SVT, the overall prognosis is also positive with appropriate treatment. For those with SVT due to underlying malignancy, the prognosis is related to the causative process. […] DVT and PE are significant complications of superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple studies have found concomitant DVT with SVT in 6 to 36% of patients. These same studies clinically suspected concomitant PE in 2 to 13%, and regular performance of lung scans revealed the rate of asymptomatic PE approached 33%. […] Patients with thrombus up to 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction should be treated for DVT, given that 14 to 70% progress to DVT.
#22 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
The prognosis for Superficial thrombophlebitis is related to the underlying cause. Low-risk SVT is generally favorable, but there is a definite risk for recurrent disease. In those with higher-risk SVT, the overall prognosis is also positive with appropriate treatment. For those with SVT due to underlying malignancy, the prognosis is related to the causative process. […] DVT and PE are significant complications of superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple studies have found concomitant DVT with SVT in 6 to 36% of patients. These same studies clinically suspected concomitant PE in 2 to 13%, and regular performance of lung scans revealed the rate of asymptomatic PE approached 33%. […] Patients with thrombus up to 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction should be treated for DVT, given that 14 to 70% progress to DVT.
#23 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
Alarmingly, in 10% of cases, SVT either recurs, extends, or progresses to DVT despite treatment. […] SVT in the presence of an acquired thrombotic risk factor increases the risk of VT by 10- to 100-fold. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence. […] Coincidental DVT with SVT is reportedly more common in patients without varicose veins than in those with varicose veins (60% vs 20%). […] In a study of 145 patients, superficial thrombophlebitis in 23% of the affected limbs had proximal extension into the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). […] PE was found in seven (33.3%) of 21 patients with thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) above the knee. […] Seventeen of the 21 patients had varicose veins. […] A European registry of 4405 patients with acute VTE had a 3.1% rate of adverse events in the 3 months following the initial insult. These adverse events included symptomatic PE (0.3%), recurrent DVT (0.4%), major bleeding (0.8%), and death (1.5%).
#24 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
Alarmingly, in 10% of cases, SVT either recurs, extends, or progresses to DVT despite treatment. […] SVT in the presence of an acquired thrombotic risk factor increases the risk of VT by 10- to 100-fold. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence. […] Coincidental DVT with SVT is reportedly more common in patients without varicose veins than in those with varicose veins (60% vs 20%). […] In a study of 145 patients, superficial thrombophlebitis in 23% of the affected limbs had proximal extension into the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). […] PE was found in seven (33.3%) of 21 patients with thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) above the knee. […] Seventeen of the 21 patients had varicose veins. […] A European registry of 4405 patients with acute VTE had a 3.1% rate of adverse events in the 3 months following the initial insult. These adverse events included symptomatic PE (0.3%), recurrent DVT (0.4%), major bleeding (0.8%), and death (1.5%).
#25 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
Alarmingly, in 10% of cases, SVT either recurs, extends, or progresses to DVT despite treatment. […] SVT in the presence of an acquired thrombotic risk factor increases the risk of VT by 10- to 100-fold. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence. […] Coincidental DVT with SVT is reportedly more common in patients without varicose veins than in those with varicose veins (60% vs 20%). […] In a study of 145 patients, superficial thrombophlebitis in 23% of the affected limbs had proximal extension into the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). […] PE was found in seven (33.3%) of 21 patients with thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) above the knee. […] Seventeen of the 21 patients had varicose veins. […] A European registry of 4405 patients with acute VTE had a 3.1% rate of adverse events in the 3 months following the initial insult. These adverse events included symptomatic PE (0.3%), recurrent DVT (0.4%), major bleeding (0.8%), and death (1.5%).
#26 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
For both SVT and DVT, the prognosis is excellent if treatment is initiated promptly. Proper treatment should result in rapid resolution. […] After resolution of the acute problem, the following treatment options for the underlying varicose veins should be considered: ambulatory phlebectomy, ligation and stripping, endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA), and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). […] DVT causes edema (79.8%), pain (74.6%), and erythema (26.1%), according to a large Italian registry. […] Similarly, superficial thrombophlebitis is not a complication that should be taken lightly. If it goes untreated, the inflammation and clot may spread through the perforating veins to the deep venous system. This extension may lead to valvular damage and possible PE. […] Propagation of SVT to DVT may occur in as many as 15% of patients.
#27 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
For both SVT and DVT, the prognosis is excellent if treatment is initiated promptly. Proper treatment should result in rapid resolution. […] After resolution of the acute problem, the following treatment options for the underlying varicose veins should be considered: ambulatory phlebectomy, ligation and stripping, endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA), and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). […] DVT causes edema (79.8%), pain (74.6%), and erythema (26.1%), according to a large Italian registry. […] Similarly, superficial thrombophlebitis is not a complication that should be taken lightly. If it goes untreated, the inflammation and clot may spread through the perforating veins to the deep venous system. This extension may lead to valvular damage and possible PE. […] Propagation of SVT to DVT may occur in as many as 15% of patients.
#28 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
For both SVT and DVT, the prognosis is excellent if treatment is initiated promptly. Proper treatment should result in rapid resolution. […] After resolution of the acute problem, the following treatment options for the underlying varicose veins should be considered: ambulatory phlebectomy, ligation and stripping, endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA), and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). […] DVT causes edema (79.8%), pain (74.6%), and erythema (26.1%), according to a large Italian registry. […] Similarly, superficial thrombophlebitis is not a complication that should be taken lightly. If it goes untreated, the inflammation and clot may spread through the perforating veins to the deep venous system. This extension may lead to valvular damage and possible PE. […] Propagation of SVT to DVT may occur in as many as 15% of patients.
#29 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
For both SVT and DVT, the prognosis is excellent if treatment is initiated promptly. Proper treatment should result in rapid resolution. […] After resolution of the acute problem, the following treatment options for the underlying varicose veins should be considered: ambulatory phlebectomy, ligation and stripping, endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA), and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). […] DVT causes edema (79.8%), pain (74.6%), and erythema (26.1%), according to a large Italian registry. […] Similarly, superficial thrombophlebitis is not a complication that should be taken lightly. If it goes untreated, the inflammation and clot may spread through the perforating veins to the deep venous system. This extension may lead to valvular damage and possible PE. […] Propagation of SVT to DVT may occur in as many as 15% of patients.
#30 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
For both SVT and DVT, the prognosis is excellent if treatment is initiated promptly. Proper treatment should result in rapid resolution. […] After resolution of the acute problem, the following treatment options for the underlying varicose veins should be considered: ambulatory phlebectomy, ligation and stripping, endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA), and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). […] DVT causes edema (79.8%), pain (74.6%), and erythema (26.1%), according to a large Italian registry. […] Similarly, superficial thrombophlebitis is not a complication that should be taken lightly. If it goes untreated, the inflammation and clot may spread through the perforating veins to the deep venous system. This extension may lead to valvular damage and possible PE. […] Propagation of SVT to DVT may occur in as many as 15% of patients.
#31 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
For both SVT and DVT, the prognosis is excellent if treatment is initiated promptly. Proper treatment should result in rapid resolution. […] After resolution of the acute problem, the following treatment options for the underlying varicose veins should be considered: ambulatory phlebectomy, ligation and stripping, endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA), and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). […] DVT causes edema (79.8%), pain (74.6%), and erythema (26.1%), according to a large Italian registry. […] Similarly, superficial thrombophlebitis is not a complication that should be taken lightly. If it goes untreated, the inflammation and clot may spread through the perforating veins to the deep venous system. This extension may lead to valvular damage and possible PE. […] Propagation of SVT to DVT may occur in as many as 15% of patients.
#32 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms & Causes
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17523-superficial-thrombophlebitis
Superficial thrombophlebitis resolves in most people. […] Talk to your healthcare provider if you have varicose veins or other conditions that make superficial thrombophlebitis more likely to recur. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis typically resolves within a few weeks.
#33 Superficial thrombophlebitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/superficial-thrombophlebitis
This is usually a short-term condition that does not cause complications. Symptoms often go away in 1 to 2 weeks. Hardness of the vein may remain for much longer. […] Complications are rare. Possible problems may include the following: Infections (cellulitis) […] Deep vein thrombosis.
#34 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/
The prognosis for Superficial thrombophlebitis is related to the underlying cause. Low-risk SVT is generally favorable, but there is a definite risk for recurrent disease. In those with higher-risk SVT, the overall prognosis is also positive with appropriate treatment. For those with SVT due to underlying malignancy, the prognosis is related to the causative process. […] DVT and PE are significant complications of superficial thrombophlebitis. Multiple studies have found concomitant DVT with SVT in 6 to 36% of patients. These same studies clinically suspected concomitant PE in 2 to 13%, and regular performance of lung scans revealed the rate of asymptomatic PE approached 33%. […] Patients with thrombus up to 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction should be treated for DVT, given that 14 to 70% progress to DVT.
#35 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview
For both SVT and DVT, the prognosis is excellent if treatment is initiated promptly. Proper treatment should result in rapid resolution. […] After resolution of the acute problem, the following treatment options for the underlying varicose veins should be considered: ambulatory phlebectomy, ligation and stripping, endovenous radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA), and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). […] DVT causes edema (79.8%), pain (74.6%), and erythema (26.1%), according to a large Italian registry. […] Similarly, superficial thrombophlebitis is not a complication that should be taken lightly. If it goes untreated, the inflammation and clot may spread through the perforating veins to the deep venous system. This extension may lead to valvular damage and possible PE. […] Propagation of SVT to DVT may occur in as many as 15% of patients.