Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a common inflammatory-thrombotic disorder in which a thrombus develops in a vein located near the surface of the skin. Most superficial veins that develop thrombosis also have phlebitis, in contrast to deep venous thrombosis (DVT), a sometimes asymptomatic condition in which phlebitis may be absent. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triadthat is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] In the absence of a triggering event, neither venous stasis nor abnormal coagulability alone causes clinically important thrombosis, but vascular endothelial injury does reliably result in thrombus formation. The initiating injury triggers an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion at the injury site. Further platelet aggregation is mediated by thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and by thrombin.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. It usually affects lower limbs, particularly the great saphenous vein (60% to 80%) or the small/short saphenous vein (10% to 20%). However, it can occur at other sites (10% to 20%) and may occur bilaterally (5% to 10%). […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis starts with microscopic thrombosis. When venous turbulence or stasis, vessel wall injuries, abnormal coagulability, or vessel wall injuries, microthrombi could propagate and subsequently form macroscopic thrombi. Vascular endothelial injury reliably results in thrombus formation by triggering an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion. Platelet aggregation is mediated by thrombin and thromboxane A2.

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. It usually affects lower limbs, particularly the great saphenous vein (60% to 80%) or the small/short saphenous vein (10% to 20%). However, it can occur at other sites (10% to 20%) and may occur bilaterally (5% to 10%). […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis starts with microscopic thrombosis. When venous turbulence or stasis, vessel wall injuries, abnormal coagulability, or vessel wall injuries, microthrombi could propagate and subsequently form macroscopic thrombi. Vascular endothelial injury reliably results in thrombus formation by triggering an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion. Platelet aggregation is mediated by thrombin and thromboxane A2.

• #4 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a common inflammatory-thrombotic disorder in which a thrombus develops in a vein located near the surface of the skin. Most superficial veins that develop thrombosis also have phlebitis, in contrast to deep venous thrombosis (DVT), a sometimes asymptomatic condition in which phlebitis may be absent. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triadthat is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] In the absence of a triggering event, neither venous stasis nor abnormal coagulability alone causes clinically important thrombosis, but vascular endothelial injury does reliably result in thrombus formation. The initiating injury triggers an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion at the injury site. Further platelet aggregation is mediated by thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and by thrombin.

• #5 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superficial-thrombophlebitis?lang=us

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a thrombus in the lumen of a superficial vein, accompanied by inflammatory reaction of adjacent tissues. […] Like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), its occurrence is also related to Virchow triad. […] There are a large number of potential causes which does overlap with the causes of DVT: varicose veins (most common), morphological changes that predispose to stasis and consequently to the development of thrombotic process, prolonged immobilization, surgery/trauma, obesity, hypercoagulable states, e.g. factor V Leiden thrombophilia, oral contraceptive use, past history SVT or DVT, intravenous cannula or catheter use, malignancies, autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, in particular, Behcet disease and Buerger disease.

• #6 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a common inflammatory-thrombotic disorder in which a thrombus develops in a vein located near the surface of the skin. Most superficial veins that develop thrombosis also have phlebitis, in contrast to deep venous thrombosis (DVT), a sometimes asymptomatic condition in which phlebitis may be absent. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triadthat is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] In the absence of a triggering event, neither venous stasis nor abnormal coagulability alone causes clinically important thrombosis, but vascular endothelial injury does reliably result in thrombus formation. The initiating injury triggers an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion at the injury site. Further platelet aggregation is mediated by thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and by thrombin.

• #7 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superficial-thrombophlebitis?lang=us

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a thrombus in the lumen of a superficial vein, accompanied by inflammatory reaction of adjacent tissues. […] Like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), its occurrence is also related to Virchow triad. […] There are a large number of potential causes which does overlap with the causes of DVT: varicose veins (most common), morphological changes that predispose to stasis and consequently to the development of thrombotic process, prolonged immobilization, surgery/trauma, obesity, hypercoagulable states, e.g. factor V Leiden thrombophilia, oral contraceptive use, past history SVT or DVT, intravenous cannula or catheter use, malignancies, autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, in particular, Behcet disease and Buerger disease.

• #8 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a common inflammatory-thrombotic disorder in which a thrombus develops in a vein located near the surface of the skin. Most superficial veins that develop thrombosis also have phlebitis, in contrast to deep venous thrombosis (DVT), a sometimes asymptomatic condition in which phlebitis may be absent. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triadthat is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] In the absence of a triggering event, neither venous stasis nor abnormal coagulability alone causes clinically important thrombosis, but vascular endothelial injury does reliably result in thrombus formation. The initiating injury triggers an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion at the injury site. Further platelet aggregation is mediated by thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and by thrombin.

• #9 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  Studies have indicated that people with SVT have a prevalence of various thrombophilic factors that is approximately 2–3 times higher than those without SVT. Indeed, the common presence of hereditary thrombophilia, such as factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation G20210A, or protein C, S, or antithrombin (AT) deficiency, indicated a pathogenesis similar to DVT. […] The most serious complication associated with SVT is the extension to the deep vein and the embolization to pulmonary circulation. In the literature, several factors were found to be associated with an increased risk of such complications. […] Despite several studies investigating SVT, there are no risk prediction models for predicting complications in SVT. A project is currently underway to analyse data from four large patient registries and develop and validate new models to evaluate three types of complications: the first is to assess the poor control of SVT symptoms and/or the possibility of SVT extending to the sapheno–femoral junction (SFJ) within 14 days of diagnosis; the second model aims to evaluate the progression of the clot towards the DVT and/or PE onset within 45 days after diagnosis of SVT; and for the third model, the endpoint is SVT recurrence within 12 months.

• #10 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. It usually affects lower limbs, particularly the great saphenous vein (60% to 80%) or the small/short saphenous vein (10% to 20%). However, it can occur at other sites (10% to 20%) and may occur bilaterally (5% to 10%). […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis starts with microscopic thrombosis. When venous turbulence or stasis, vessel wall injuries, abnormal coagulability, or vessel wall injuries, microthrombi could propagate and subsequently form macroscopic thrombi. Vascular endothelial injury reliably results in thrombus formation by triggering an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion. Platelet aggregation is mediated by thrombin and thromboxane A2.

• #11 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30109

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis starts with microscopic thrombosis. When venous turbulence or stasis, vessel wall injuries, abnormal coagulability, or vessel wall injuries, microthrombi could propagate and subsequently form macroscopic thrombi. Vascular endothelial injury reliably results in thrombus formation by triggering an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion. Platelet aggregation is mediated by thrombin and thromboxane A2.

• #12 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30109

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis starts with microscopic thrombosis. When venous turbulence or stasis, vessel wall injuries, abnormal coagulability, or vessel wall injuries, microthrombi could propagate and subsequently form macroscopic thrombi. Vascular endothelial injury reliably results in thrombus formation by triggering an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion. Platelet aggregation is mediated by thrombin and thromboxane A2.

• #13 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. It usually affects lower limbs, particularly the great saphenous vein (60% to 80%) or the small/short saphenous vein (10% to 20%). However, it can occur at other sites (10% to 20%) and may occur bilaterally (5% to 10%). […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis starts with microscopic thrombosis. When venous turbulence or stasis, vessel wall injuries, abnormal coagulability, or vessel wall injuries, microthrombi could propagate and subsequently form macroscopic thrombi. Vascular endothelial injury reliably results in thrombus formation by triggering an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion. Platelet aggregation is mediated by thrombin and thromboxane A2.

• #14 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. It usually affects lower limbs, particularly the great saphenous vein (60% to 80%) or the small/short saphenous vein (10% to 20%). However, it can occur at other sites (10% to 20%) and may occur bilaterally (5% to 10%). […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis starts with microscopic thrombosis. When venous turbulence or stasis, vessel wall injuries, abnormal coagulability, or vessel wall injuries, microthrombi could propagate and subsequently form macroscopic thrombi. Vascular endothelial injury reliably results in thrombus formation by triggering an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion. Platelet aggregation is mediated by thrombin and thromboxane A2.

• #15 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a common inflammatory-thrombotic disorder in which a thrombus develops in a vein located near the surface of the skin. Most superficial veins that develop thrombosis also have phlebitis, in contrast to deep venous thrombosis (DVT), a sometimes asymptomatic condition in which phlebitis may be absent. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triadthat is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] In the absence of a triggering event, neither venous stasis nor abnormal coagulability alone causes clinically important thrombosis, but vascular endothelial injury does reliably result in thrombus formation. The initiating injury triggers an inflammatory response that results in immediate platelet adhesion at the injury site. Further platelet aggregation is mediated by thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and by thrombin.

• #16 Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/phlebitis-6835673

  During a venous injury, the activation of these cells can cause the formation of clots that can block superficial veins, leading to SVT. […] Thrombophilia, also known as hypercoagulation, is another possible cause of SVT. The condition is either due to the lack of proteins that regulate blood clotting or to the overproduction of clotting factors that promote clotting. […] Autoimmune diseases are those in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. In cases of SVT, connective tissues that make up blood vessels are the target of the assault. […] Cancerous tumors cause phlebitis by releasing chemicals that stimulate the production of clotting factors. Clotting factors are proteins made by the liver that combine with platelets to form blood clots.

• #17 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters remains the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion and leads to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. […] Local inflammation of the wall of the vein at the catheter site is considered to be the initiating event in a cascade that ultimately leads to thrombophlebitis. The venous endothelium can be injured by the chemical irritation caused by the infusate, physical trauma by the catheter, or microorganisms colonizing the cannula. Injury to the venous endothelium causes a prostaglandin-mediated activation of the inflammatory cascade and the coagulation pathway leading to thrombosis. Furthermore, inflammation of the endothelium causes venoconstriction at the catheter leading to local stasis of the blood which in turn promotes thrombosis and increased irritation of the endothelium by the infusate. Histopathologic studies confirm this cascade by showing that peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis is associated with swelling of the endothelial cells, leukocytic infiltration of the vein wall, and fibrin deposition and thrombus formation.

• #18 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters remains the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion and leads to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. […] Local inflammation of the wall of the vein at the catheter site is considered to be the initiating event in a cascade that ultimately leads to thrombophlebitis. The venous endothelium can be injured by the chemical irritation caused by the infusate, physical trauma by the catheter, or microorganisms colonizing the cannula. Injury to the venous endothelium causes a prostaglandin-mediated activation of the inflammatory cascade and the coagulation pathway leading to thrombosis. Furthermore, inflammation of the endothelium causes venoconstriction at the catheter leading to local stasis of the blood which in turn promotes thrombosis and increased irritation of the endothelium by the infusate. Histopathologic studies confirm this cascade by showing that peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis is associated with swelling of the endothelial cells, leukocytic infiltration of the vein wall, and fibrin deposition and thrombus formation.

• #19 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters remains the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion and leads to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. […] Local inflammation of the wall of the vein at the catheter site is considered to be the initiating event in a cascade that ultimately leads to thrombophlebitis. The venous endothelium can be injured by the chemical irritation caused by the infusate, physical trauma by the catheter, or microorganisms colonizing the cannula. Injury to the venous endothelium causes a prostaglandin-mediated activation of the inflammatory cascade and the coagulation pathway leading to thrombosis. Furthermore, inflammation of the endothelium causes venoconstriction at the catheter leading to local stasis of the blood which in turn promotes thrombosis and increased irritation of the endothelium by the infusate. Histopathologic studies confirm this cascade by showing that peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis is associated with swelling of the endothelial cells, leukocytic infiltration of the vein wall, and fibrin deposition and thrombus formation.

• #20 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters remains the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion and leads to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. […] Local inflammation of the wall of the vein at the catheter site is considered to be the initiating event in a cascade that ultimately leads to thrombophlebitis. The venous endothelium can be injured by the chemical irritation caused by the infusate, physical trauma by the catheter, or microorganisms colonizing the cannula. Injury to the venous endothelium causes a prostaglandin-mediated activation of the inflammatory cascade and the coagulation pathway leading to thrombosis. Furthermore, inflammation of the endothelium causes venoconstriction at the catheter leading to local stasis of the blood which in turn promotes thrombosis and increased irritation of the endothelium by the infusate. Histopathologic studies confirm this cascade by showing that peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis is associated with swelling of the endothelial cells, leukocytic infiltration of the vein wall, and fibrin deposition and thrombus formation.

• #21 Management of superficial venous thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters: A review. | Published in Global Journal of Surgery and Case Reports

  https://www.gjscr.com/article/118529-management-of-superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-associated-with-peripheral-venous-catheters-a-review

  Superficial thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheters remains the most frequent complication of peripheral venous infusion and leads to serious medical complications that impact negatively both patients and healthcare institutions. […] Local inflammation of the wall of the vein at the catheter site is considered to be the initiating event in a cascade that ultimately leads to thrombophlebitis. The venous endothelium can be injured by the chemical irritation caused by the infusate, physical trauma by the catheter, or microorganisms colonizing the cannula. Injury to the venous endothelium causes a prostaglandin-mediated activation of the inflammatory cascade and the coagulation pathway leading to thrombosis. Furthermore, inflammation of the endothelium causes venoconstriction at the catheter leading to local stasis of the blood which in turn promotes thrombosis and increased irritation of the endothelium by the infusate. Histopathologic studies confirm this cascade by showing that peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis is associated with swelling of the endothelial cells, leukocytic infiltration of the vein wall, and fibrin deposition and thrombus formation.

• #22 Superficial Venous Thrombosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/venous-disorders/superficial-venous-thrombosis

  Superficial venous thrombosis is inflammation and clotting in a superficial vein, usually in the arms or legs. […] Superficial venous thrombosis most often affects the superficial veins (veins located just under the skin) in the legs but may also affect superficial veins in the groin or in the arms. […] Unlike deep vein thrombosis, which causes very little inflammation, superficial venous thrombosis involves a sudden (acute) inflammatory reaction that causes the blood clot (thrombus) to adhere firmly to the vein wall and lessens the likelihood that it will break loose. […] For these reasons, superficial venous thrombosis rarely causes a blood clot to break loose (embolism). […] Migratory phlebitis or migratory thrombophlebitis is superficial venous thrombosis that repeatedly occurs in normal veins. It may indicate a serious underlying disorder, such as cancer of an internal organ.

• #23 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Platelet aggregation due to TxA2 is inhibited irreversibly by aspirin and reversibly by other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation, on the other hand, is not affected by NSAIDs, including aspirin. This is why aspirin and other NSAIDs are somewhat effective in preventing arterial thrombosis, where platelet aggregation is mediated via TxA2, as seen in patients with stroke and myocardial infarction (MI), but are not very effective in preventing venous thrombophlebitis, where it is believed that clot formation is more of a result of thrombin activation.

• #24 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Platelet aggregation due to TxA2 is inhibited irreversibly by aspirin and reversibly by other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation, on the other hand, is not affected by NSAIDs, including aspirin. This is why aspirin and other NSAIDs are somewhat effective in preventing arterial thrombosis, where platelet aggregation is mediated via TxA2, as seen in patients with stroke and myocardial infarction (MI), but are not very effective in preventing venous thrombophlebitis, where it is believed that clot formation is more of a result of thrombin activation.

• #25 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Platelet aggregation due to TxA2 is inhibited irreversibly by aspirin and reversibly by other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation, on the other hand, is not affected by NSAIDs, including aspirin. This is why aspirin and other NSAIDs are somewhat effective in preventing arterial thrombosis, where platelet aggregation is mediated via TxA2, as seen in patients with stroke and myocardial infarction (MI), but are not very effective in preventing venous thrombophlebitis, where it is believed that clot formation is more of a result of thrombin activation.

• #26 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a superficial vein due to a blood clot and is found just under the skin. […] The cause of superficial thrombophlebitis is not completely clear but it is believed to be associated with a change in the dynamic balance of haemostasis. […] In 1846, the German pathologist Virchow showed that damage to a blood vessel wall, abnormal blood flow, or a change in blood constituents causing abnormal blood clotting, could lead to inflammation or formation of blood clots in the veins. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously and without apparent reason. […] There are various conditions or drugs that can make blood clot more easily and cause superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Thrombophlebitis is especially of concern in pregnant women who carry prothrombin G20210A gene mutation or factor V Leiden, as they have a predisposition to clotting.

• #27 Dr Johan Blignaut | Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://www.veinsurgery.co.za/superficial-thrombophlebitis.html

  Superficial thrombophlebitis simply means blood clotting and inflammation in the superficial veins. This is a common inflammatory disorder of veins in the legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously, especially in the greater saphenous vein in the legs. Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the following: vein injury (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stagnant or turbulent blood flow (often found in varicose veins), or changes in blood constituents (dehydration for instance lowers the water content of blood, making it more prone to clotting). […] Complications are an uncommon feature of superficial thrombophlebitis. However, the following can happen – extension of the clot into the deep vein, with resultant deep vein thrombosis and possible pulmonary embolism. Conversion into an infected form of phlebitis known as septic thrombophlebitis. After the acute episode, hyperpigmentation of the skin can persist. Also, a persistent firm nodule under the skin.

• #28 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688629/all/Superficial_Thrombophlebitis?q=Psittacosis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis refers to a thrombosis-related inflammatory process of superficial veins. […] Classically, it was considered a benign and self-limiting process, but recent evidence associates it with increased risk of thromboembolic complications including progression to venous thromboembolism (VTE), subsequent VTE, or recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis. […] The process for thrombosis and phlebitis in superficial thrombophlebitis is variable but follows similar processes underlying thrombus formation in other vessels. These include venous stasis, vascular wall injury, microthrombi with subsequent platelet aggregation, and hypercoagulable states. […] Varicose veins play a primary role in etiology of lower extremity thrombophlebitis. […] Mondor disease pathophysiology not completely understood but thought to be related to local trauma/direct injury. […] Less commonly due to infection (i.e., septic).

• #29 Superficial Venous Thrombophlebitis Phlebitis Treatments | Austin Texas

  https://austinvaricosevein.com/superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-and-phlebitis-treatments/

  Superficial venous thrombophlebitis (SVT) is defined as an abnormal process of inflammation and clotting of a vein located at the level of the skin or just below the skin surface. […] The reason that varicose veins often lead to phlebitis is because of the abnormal pooling of blood or stagnation of blood within the defective vein. […] When the flow of blood slows and blood pools, this often leads to blood clots forming in these diseased veins. […] After blood clots form, the human body sets up an inflammatory reaction inside the vein and within the vein wall that leads to pain, tenderness, swelling, and redness. […] Another possible cause is abnormal thickening of the blood, referred to as a hyper-coagulable state. […] The prognosis of people with superficial thrombophlebitis depends on its etiology, the extent of involvement, and whether there was extension of blood clot into the deep venous system.

• #30 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/varicose-veins-leaflet/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Many cases occur for no apparent reason. A slight injury to the vein may trigger the inflammation in some cases. […] There are a number of risk factors that make it more likely for inflammation to develop in a vein: Varicose veins – many cases occur in people who have varicose veins of the legs. Varicose veins are prone to minor injuries which can lead to inflammation. […] Sometimes the affected vein becomes infected. The pain may then become worse and the redness spreads. […] In some cases, the blood clot can extend further up the vein. If the clot extends to where the superficial and deep veins join, a DVT can develop. This is more likely if the superficial thrombophlebitis is in the upper thigh or the groin, near to where the superficial veins and the deep veins of the leg meet. […] It is common for people with varicose veins to have repeated (recurrent) bouts of superficial thrombophlebitis. However, for a small number of people this may be the first sign of a more serious condition.

• #31 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Symptoms and Cause | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a blood clot near the surface of the skin that causes inflammation of the vein. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis may form as a result of: An injury to a vein, An inherited blood-clotting disorder, Being immobile for long periods of time, such as sitting on a plane or recovering from surgery, Having an intravenous (IV) line placed. […] Your risk of superficial thrombophlebitis increases if you: Are overweight or obese, Are pregnant or have just given birth, Are receiving cancer treatment, Have varicose veins, Smoke. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis often improves on its own. If it doesn’t, we’ll work with you to develop an individualized treatment plan that may include compression garments, medication, or more advanced procedures.

• #32 Phlebitis: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/phlebitis

  The most common causes of phlebitis are injury or irritation to the lining of a blood vessel or a blood clot inside the vein. […] Causes of deep vein phlebitis may include irritation or injury due to physical trauma, such as surgery, a broken bone, or serious injury. […] Blood that is more likely to clot, which may be due to medications, cancer, connective tissue disorders, or inherited blood clotting conditions. […] Anticoagulants reduce your blood’s ability to clot. This can help prevent an existing clot from becoming larger and reduce the risk of additional clots. […] Thrombolytics dissolve a clot. They’re typically used for more serious cases of DVT. […] Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein, caused by a blood clot or damage to the vein wall. Superficial phlebitis affects veins close to the surface of your skin. Deep vein phlebitis affects veins deep within your muscles. […] Treatment options for phlebitis include anticoagulant medications or surgical removal of blood clots.

• #33 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  One of the common risk factors for phlebitis is trauma. For example, a trauma or an injury to the arm or leg can cause an injury to the underlying vein resulting in inflammation or phlebitis. […] Prolonged immobility is another common risk factor for phlebitis. Blood that is stored in the veins of the lower extremities normally is pumped toward the heart by the contraction of the lower leg muscles. If the muscle contraction is limited due to prolonged (hours) immobility by sitting on a plane or a car, the blood in the veins can become stagnant and clot formation can result in thrombophlebitis. […] Other risk factors for phlebitis include: Hormone therapy (HT), birth control pills, and pregnancy all increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Smoking in combination with birth control pills can substantially increase the risk of thromboembolism. Obesity is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Certain cancers are known to increase the risk of clot formation (referred to as a hypercoagulable state) by causing abnormalities in the normal clotting system (coagulation pathway). Some cancers with hypercoagulable states cause phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. Inherited (primary) or acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable states are associated with an increased risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. Some, but not all, of these states can be identified by appropriate laboratory testing. Recent surgery of any type can be associated with the conditions. The highest risk seems to come with major orthopedic procedures and procedures for cancers.

• #34 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  One of the common risk factors for phlebitis is trauma. For example, a trauma or an injury to the arm or leg can cause an injury to the underlying vein resulting in inflammation or phlebitis. […] Prolonged immobility is another common risk factor for phlebitis. Blood that is stored in the veins of the lower extremities normally is pumped toward the heart by the contraction of the lower leg muscles. If the muscle contraction is limited due to prolonged (hours) immobility by sitting on a plane or a car, the blood in the veins can become stagnant and clot formation can result in thrombophlebitis. […] Other risk factors for phlebitis include: Hormone therapy (HT), birth control pills, and pregnancy all increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Smoking in combination with birth control pills can substantially increase the risk of thromboembolism. Obesity is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Certain cancers are known to increase the risk of clot formation (referred to as a hypercoagulable state) by causing abnormalities in the normal clotting system (coagulation pathway). Some cancers with hypercoagulable states cause phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. Inherited (primary) or acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable states are associated with an increased risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. Some, but not all, of these states can be identified by appropriate laboratory testing. Recent surgery of any type can be associated with the conditions. The highest risk seems to come with major orthopedic procedures and procedures for cancers.

• #35 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  One of the common risk factors for phlebitis is trauma. For example, a trauma or an injury to the arm or leg can cause an injury to the underlying vein resulting in inflammation or phlebitis. […] Prolonged immobility is another common risk factor for phlebitis. Blood that is stored in the veins of the lower extremities normally is pumped toward the heart by the contraction of the lower leg muscles. If the muscle contraction is limited due to prolonged (hours) immobility by sitting on a plane or a car, the blood in the veins can become stagnant and clot formation can result in thrombophlebitis. […] Other risk factors for phlebitis include: Hormone therapy (HT), birth control pills, and pregnancy all increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Smoking in combination with birth control pills can substantially increase the risk of thromboembolism. Obesity is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Certain cancers are known to increase the risk of clot formation (referred to as a hypercoagulable state) by causing abnormalities in the normal clotting system (coagulation pathway). Some cancers with hypercoagulable states cause phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. Inherited (primary) or acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable states are associated with an increased risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. Some, but not all, of these states can be identified by appropriate laboratory testing. Recent surgery of any type can be associated with the conditions. The highest risk seems to come with major orthopedic procedures and procedures for cancers.

• #36 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superficial-thrombophlebitis?lang=us

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a thrombus in the lumen of a superficial vein, accompanied by inflammatory reaction of adjacent tissues. […] Like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), its occurrence is also related to Virchow triad. […] There are a large number of potential causes which does overlap with the causes of DVT: varicose veins (most common), morphological changes that predispose to stasis and consequently to the development of thrombotic process, prolonged immobilization, surgery/trauma, obesity, hypercoagulable states, e.g. factor V Leiden thrombophilia, oral contraceptive use, past history SVT or DVT, intravenous cannula or catheter use, malignancies, autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, in particular, Behcet disease and Buerger disease.

• #37 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  One of the common risk factors for phlebitis is trauma. For example, a trauma or an injury to the arm or leg can cause an injury to the underlying vein resulting in inflammation or phlebitis. […] Prolonged immobility is another common risk factor for phlebitis. Blood that is stored in the veins of the lower extremities normally is pumped toward the heart by the contraction of the lower leg muscles. If the muscle contraction is limited due to prolonged (hours) immobility by sitting on a plane or a car, the blood in the veins can become stagnant and clot formation can result in thrombophlebitis. […] Other risk factors for phlebitis include: Hormone therapy (HT), birth control pills, and pregnancy all increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Smoking in combination with birth control pills can substantially increase the risk of thromboembolism. Obesity is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Certain cancers are known to increase the risk of clot formation (referred to as a hypercoagulable state) by causing abnormalities in the normal clotting system (coagulation pathway). Some cancers with hypercoagulable states cause phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. Inherited (primary) or acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable states are associated with an increased risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. Some, but not all, of these states can be identified by appropriate laboratory testing. Recent surgery of any type can be associated with the conditions. The highest risk seems to come with major orthopedic procedures and procedures for cancers.

• #38 Dr Johan Blignaut | Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://www.veinsurgery.co.za/superficial-thrombophlebitis.html

  Superficial thrombophlebitis simply means blood clotting and inflammation in the superficial veins. This is a common inflammatory disorder of veins in the legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously, especially in the greater saphenous vein in the legs. Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the following: vein injury (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stagnant or turbulent blood flow (often found in varicose veins), or changes in blood constituents (dehydration for instance lowers the water content of blood, making it more prone to clotting). […] Complications are an uncommon feature of superficial thrombophlebitis. However, the following can happen – extension of the clot into the deep vein, with resultant deep vein thrombosis and possible pulmonary embolism. Conversion into an infected form of phlebitis known as septic thrombophlebitis. After the acute episode, hyperpigmentation of the skin can persist. Also, a persistent firm nodule under the skin.

• #39 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  One of the common risk factors for phlebitis is trauma. For example, a trauma or an injury to the arm or leg can cause an injury to the underlying vein resulting in inflammation or phlebitis. […] Prolonged immobility is another common risk factor for phlebitis. Blood that is stored in the veins of the lower extremities normally is pumped toward the heart by the contraction of the lower leg muscles. If the muscle contraction is limited due to prolonged (hours) immobility by sitting on a plane or a car, the blood in the veins can become stagnant and clot formation can result in thrombophlebitis. […] Other risk factors for phlebitis include: Hormone therapy (HT), birth control pills, and pregnancy all increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Smoking in combination with birth control pills can substantially increase the risk of thromboembolism. Obesity is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Certain cancers are known to increase the risk of clot formation (referred to as a hypercoagulable state) by causing abnormalities in the normal clotting system (coagulation pathway). Some cancers with hypercoagulable states cause phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. Inherited (primary) or acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable states are associated with an increased risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. Some, but not all, of these states can be identified by appropriate laboratory testing. Recent surgery of any type can be associated with the conditions. The highest risk seems to come with major orthopedic procedures and procedures for cancers.

• #40 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a common inflammatory-thrombotic disorder in which a thrombus develops in a vein located near the surface of the skin. […] Septic thrombophlebitis is a condition characterized by venous thrombosis, inflammation, and bacteremia or fungemia. […] A number of primary and secondary hypercoagulable states can be assessed by obtaining an appropriate patient history and review of systems. […] Inherited hypercoagulable states are divided by experts into five main categories, as follows: Qualitative or quantitative defects of coagulation factor inhibitors, Increased level or function of coagulation factors, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Defects of the fibrinolytic system, Altered platelet function. […] The specific inherited thrombophilias are listed below. […] Resistance to APC is the most common genetic risk factor associated with venous thrombosis.

• #41 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  Studies have indicated that people with SVT have a prevalence of various thrombophilic factors that is approximately 2–3 times higher than those without SVT. Indeed, the common presence of hereditary thrombophilia, such as factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation G20210A, or protein C, S, or antithrombin (AT) deficiency, indicated a pathogenesis similar to DVT. […] The most serious complication associated with SVT is the extension to the deep vein and the embolization to pulmonary circulation. In the literature, several factors were found to be associated with an increased risk of such complications. […] Despite several studies investigating SVT, there are no risk prediction models for predicting complications in SVT. A project is currently underway to analyse data from four large patient registries and develop and validate new models to evaluate three types of complications: the first is to assess the poor control of SVT symptoms and/or the possibility of SVT extending to the sapheno–femoral junction (SFJ) within 14 days of diagnosis; the second model aims to evaluate the progression of the clot towards the DVT and/or PE onset within 45 days after diagnosis of SVT; and for the third model, the endpoint is SVT recurrence within 12 months.

• #42 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a superficial vein due to a blood clot and is found just under the skin. […] The cause of superficial thrombophlebitis is not completely clear but it is believed to be associated with a change in the dynamic balance of haemostasis. […] In 1846, the German pathologist Virchow showed that damage to a blood vessel wall, abnormal blood flow, or a change in blood constituents causing abnormal blood clotting, could lead to inflammation or formation of blood clots in the veins. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously and without apparent reason. […] There are various conditions or drugs that can make blood clot more easily and cause superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Thrombophlebitis is especially of concern in pregnant women who carry prothrombin G20210A gene mutation or factor V Leiden, as they have a predisposition to clotting.

• #43 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview

  Although endothelial damage is speculated to be necessary for symptomatic thrombosis to occur, venous thrombosis may be associated with a deficiency in one of several anticoagulant factors. […] The mechanism for thromboembolic disease in women who use oral contraceptives is multifactorial. […] The highest rate of thromboembolism occurs with the use of large doses of estrogen, with some studies showing an 11-fold increase in thromboembolism. […] The hypercoagulable condition of the immediate antepartum period is responsible, in large part, for the development of superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT in 0.15% and 0.04% of this patient population, respectively. […] Hypercoagulability occurs in association with a number of malignancies, with the classic example being Trousseau syndromea thrombotic event occurring prior to an occult malignancy, usually a mucin-producing visceral carcinoma. […] Thrombophlebitis in this patient population is promoted by a combination of hypercoagulability and venous stasis.

• #44 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview

  Although endothelial damage is speculated to be necessary for symptomatic thrombosis to occur, venous thrombosis may be associated with a deficiency in one of several anticoagulant factors. […] The mechanism for thromboembolic disease in women who use oral contraceptives is multifactorial. […] The highest rate of thromboembolism occurs with the use of large doses of estrogen, with some studies showing an 11-fold increase in thromboembolism. […] The hypercoagulable condition of the immediate antepartum period is responsible, in large part, for the development of superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT in 0.15% and 0.04% of this patient population, respectively. […] Hypercoagulability occurs in association with a number of malignancies, with the classic example being Trousseau syndromea thrombotic event occurring prior to an occult malignancy, usually a mucin-producing visceral carcinoma. […] Thrombophlebitis in this patient population is promoted by a combination of hypercoagulability and venous stasis.

• #45 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview

  Although endothelial damage is speculated to be necessary for symptomatic thrombosis to occur, venous thrombosis may be associated with a deficiency in one of several anticoagulant factors. […] The mechanism for thromboembolic disease in women who use oral contraceptives is multifactorial. […] The highest rate of thromboembolism occurs with the use of large doses of estrogen, with some studies showing an 11-fold increase in thromboembolism. […] The hypercoagulable condition of the immediate antepartum period is responsible, in large part, for the development of superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT in 0.15% and 0.04% of this patient population, respectively. […] Hypercoagulability occurs in association with a number of malignancies, with the classic example being Trousseau syndromea thrombotic event occurring prior to an occult malignancy, usually a mucin-producing visceral carcinoma. […] Thrombophlebitis in this patient population is promoted by a combination of hypercoagulability and venous stasis.

• #46 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview

  Although endothelial damage is speculated to be necessary for symptomatic thrombosis to occur, venous thrombosis may be associated with a deficiency in one of several anticoagulant factors. […] The mechanism for thromboembolic disease in women who use oral contraceptives is multifactorial. […] The highest rate of thromboembolism occurs with the use of large doses of estrogen, with some studies showing an 11-fold increase in thromboembolism. […] The hypercoagulable condition of the immediate antepartum period is responsible, in large part, for the development of superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT in 0.15% and 0.04% of this patient population, respectively. […] Hypercoagulability occurs in association with a number of malignancies, with the classic example being Trousseau syndromea thrombotic event occurring prior to an occult malignancy, usually a mucin-producing visceral carcinoma. […] Thrombophlebitis in this patient population is promoted by a combination of hypercoagulability and venous stasis.

• #47 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  One of the common risk factors for phlebitis is trauma. For example, a trauma or an injury to the arm or leg can cause an injury to the underlying vein resulting in inflammation or phlebitis. […] Prolonged immobility is another common risk factor for phlebitis. Blood that is stored in the veins of the lower extremities normally is pumped toward the heart by the contraction of the lower leg muscles. If the muscle contraction is limited due to prolonged (hours) immobility by sitting on a plane or a car, the blood in the veins can become stagnant and clot formation can result in thrombophlebitis. […] Other risk factors for phlebitis include: Hormone therapy (HT), birth control pills, and pregnancy all increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Smoking in combination with birth control pills can substantially increase the risk of thromboembolism. Obesity is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Certain cancers are known to increase the risk of clot formation (referred to as a hypercoagulable state) by causing abnormalities in the normal clotting system (coagulation pathway). Some cancers with hypercoagulable states cause phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. Inherited (primary) or acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable states are associated with an increased risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. Some, but not all, of these states can be identified by appropriate laboratory testing. Recent surgery of any type can be associated with the conditions. The highest risk seems to come with major orthopedic procedures and procedures for cancers.

• #48 Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1086399-overview

  Although endothelial damage is speculated to be necessary for symptomatic thrombosis to occur, venous thrombosis may be associated with a deficiency in one of several anticoagulant factors. […] The mechanism for thromboembolic disease in women who use oral contraceptives is multifactorial. […] The highest rate of thromboembolism occurs with the use of large doses of estrogen, with some studies showing an 11-fold increase in thromboembolism. […] The hypercoagulable condition of the immediate antepartum period is responsible, in large part, for the development of superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT in 0.15% and 0.04% of this patient population, respectively. […] Hypercoagulability occurs in association with a number of malignancies, with the classic example being Trousseau syndromea thrombotic event occurring prior to an occult malignancy, usually a mucin-producing visceral carcinoma. […] Thrombophlebitis in this patient population is promoted by a combination of hypercoagulability and venous stasis.

• #49 Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/phlebitis-6835673

  During a venous injury, the activation of these cells can cause the formation of clots that can block superficial veins, leading to SVT. […] Thrombophilia, also known as hypercoagulation, is another possible cause of SVT. The condition is either due to the lack of proteins that regulate blood clotting or to the overproduction of clotting factors that promote clotting. […] Autoimmune diseases are those in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. In cases of SVT, connective tissues that make up blood vessels are the target of the assault. […] Cancerous tumors cause phlebitis by releasing chemicals that stimulate the production of clotting factors. Clotting factors are proteins made by the liver that combine with platelets to form blood clots.

• #50 Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/phlebitis-6835673

  During a venous injury, the activation of these cells can cause the formation of clots that can block superficial veins, leading to SVT. […] Thrombophilia, also known as hypercoagulation, is another possible cause of SVT. The condition is either due to the lack of proteins that regulate blood clotting or to the overproduction of clotting factors that promote clotting. […] Autoimmune diseases are those in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. In cases of SVT, connective tissues that make up blood vessels are the target of the assault. […] Cancerous tumors cause phlebitis by releasing chemicals that stimulate the production of clotting factors. Clotting factors are proteins made by the liver that combine with platelets to form blood clots.

• #51 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Migratory thrombophlebitis or thrombophlebitis migrans is an inflammatory reaction of the vein accompanied by a thrombus. It is characterized by the involvement of one vein group first, then improving and followed by the involvement of other vein groups. […] Thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory reaction of the vein accompanied by a thrombus. Migratory thrombophlebitis or thrombophlebitis migrans is characterized by the involvement of 1 vein group first, then improving and followed by the involvement of other vein groups. […] Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis is associated with systemic diseases like hypertension, Buerger syndrome/thrombophlebitis obliterans, hypercoagulable conditions like protein C, S deficiencies, lupus anticoagulant, factor XII deficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, Behcet disease, and pancreatic cancer.

• #52 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Migratory thrombophlebitis or thrombophlebitis migrans is an inflammatory reaction of the vein accompanied by a thrombus. It is characterized by the involvement of one vein group first, then improving and followed by the involvement of other vein groups. […] Thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory reaction of the vein accompanied by a thrombus. Migratory thrombophlebitis or thrombophlebitis migrans is characterized by the involvement of 1 vein group first, then improving and followed by the involvement of other vein groups. […] Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis is associated with systemic diseases like hypertension, Buerger syndrome/thrombophlebitis obliterans, hypercoagulable conditions like protein C, S deficiencies, lupus anticoagulant, factor XII deficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, Behcet disease, and pancreatic cancer.

• #53 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superficial-thrombophlebitis?lang=us

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a thrombus in the lumen of a superficial vein, accompanied by inflammatory reaction of adjacent tissues. […] Like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), its occurrence is also related to Virchow triad. […] There are a large number of potential causes which does overlap with the causes of DVT: varicose veins (most common), morphological changes that predispose to stasis and consequently to the development of thrombotic process, prolonged immobilization, surgery/trauma, obesity, hypercoagulable states, e.g. factor V Leiden thrombophilia, oral contraceptive use, past history SVT or DVT, intravenous cannula or catheter use, malignancies, autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, in particular, Behcet disease and Buerger disease.

• #54 Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/phlebitis-6835673

  During a venous injury, the activation of these cells can cause the formation of clots that can block superficial veins, leading to SVT. […] Thrombophilia, also known as hypercoagulation, is another possible cause of SVT. The condition is either due to the lack of proteins that regulate blood clotting or to the overproduction of clotting factors that promote clotting. […] Autoimmune diseases are those in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. In cases of SVT, connective tissues that make up blood vessels are the target of the assault. […] Cancerous tumors cause phlebitis by releasing chemicals that stimulate the production of clotting factors. Clotting factors are proteins made by the liver that combine with platelets to form blood clots.

• #55 Superficial vein thrombosis and phlebitis of the lower extremity veins – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/phlebitis-and-thrombosis-of-the-superficial-lower-extremity-veins

  Phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins is generally a benign, self-limited disorder; however, when the axial veins are involved (eg, great saphenous vein, accessory saphenous vein, small saphenous vein), thrombus propagation into the deep vein system (ie, deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and even pulmonary embolism can occur. Treatment is aimed at relieving local symptoms and preventing thromboembolic complications. […] Definitions — The term phlebitis refers to the presence of inflammation within a vein, whereas thrombosis indicates the presence of a clot within the vein. In this review, we will refer to the terminology surrounding this condition in the following manner: Superficial phlebitis — The term superficial phlebitis denotes the presence of pain and inflammation involving a vein in the absence of a thrombus. Superficial phlebitis is usually an initial clinical diagnosis referring to the clinical findings of pain, tenderness, induration, and erythema along the course of a superficial vein. It is due to inflammation and, less commonly, an infection of the vein. If a thrombus is apparent as a thickened cord or subsequently identified with imaging studies (often the case), the terms superficial thrombophlebitis or superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) are preferred.

• #56 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688629/all/Superficial_Thrombophlebitis?q=Psittacosis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis refers to a thrombosis-related inflammatory process of superficial veins. […] Classically, it was considered a benign and self-limiting process, but recent evidence associates it with increased risk of thromboembolic complications including progression to venous thromboembolism (VTE), subsequent VTE, or recurrent superficial thrombophlebitis. […] The process for thrombosis and phlebitis in superficial thrombophlebitis is variable but follows similar processes underlying thrombus formation in other vessels. These include venous stasis, vascular wall injury, microthrombi with subsequent platelet aggregation, and hypercoagulable states. […] Varicose veins play a primary role in etiology of lower extremity thrombophlebitis. […] Mondor disease pathophysiology not completely understood but thought to be related to local trauma/direct injury. […] Less commonly due to infection (i.e., septic).

• #57 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  Studies have indicated that people with SVT have a prevalence of various thrombophilic factors that is approximately 2–3 times higher than those without SVT. Indeed, the common presence of hereditary thrombophilia, such as factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation G20210A, or protein C, S, or antithrombin (AT) deficiency, indicated a pathogenesis similar to DVT. […] The most serious complication associated with SVT is the extension to the deep vein and the embolization to pulmonary circulation. In the literature, several factors were found to be associated with an increased risk of such complications. […] Despite several studies investigating SVT, there are no risk prediction models for predicting complications in SVT. A project is currently underway to analyse data from four large patient registries and develop and validate new models to evaluate three types of complications: the first is to assess the poor control of SVT symptoms and/or the possibility of SVT extending to the sapheno–femoral junction (SFJ) within 14 days of diagnosis; the second model aims to evaluate the progression of the clot towards the DVT and/or PE onset within 45 days after diagnosis of SVT; and for the third model, the endpoint is SVT recurrence within 12 months.

• #58 Current management of superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limb – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/current-management-of-superficial-thrombophlebitis-of-the-lower-limb/

  Thrombus extension from the superficial system into the deep veins may occur through the saphenofemoral and saphenopopliteal junctions and the perforating veins. […] It should be noted that STP may be a risk factor for the development and recurrence of DVT. […] In the literature, pulmonary embolism in patients with STP has been reported at rates varying from 1.5% to 33%. […] However, it is unclear whether pulmonary embolism associated with STP results from a thrombus in the superficial veins, or after its progression to the deep venous system. […] The typical clinical presentation of STP includes local pain, warmth, erythema, and swelling, with the superficial vein becoming solid like a cord. […] The treatment of STP varies greatly in clinical practice. […] The role of antibiotics is of no benefit in the management of STP unless the cause of thrombosis is secondary to an indwelling intravenous catheter. […] In summary, all patients with STP should have bilateral duplex scanning to exclude DVT.

• #59 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/varicose-veins-leaflet/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Many cases occur for no apparent reason. A slight injury to the vein may trigger the inflammation in some cases. […] There are a number of risk factors that make it more likely for inflammation to develop in a vein: Varicose veins – many cases occur in people who have varicose veins of the legs. Varicose veins are prone to minor injuries which can lead to inflammation. […] Sometimes the affected vein becomes infected. The pain may then become worse and the redness spreads. […] In some cases, the blood clot can extend further up the vein. If the clot extends to where the superficial and deep veins join, a DVT can develop. This is more likely if the superficial thrombophlebitis is in the upper thigh or the groin, near to where the superficial veins and the deep veins of the leg meet. […] It is common for people with varicose veins to have repeated (recurrent) bouts of superficial thrombophlebitis. However, for a small number of people this may be the first sign of a more serious condition.

• #60 Current management of superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limb – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/current-management-of-superficial-thrombophlebitis-of-the-lower-limb/

  Thrombus extension from the superficial system into the deep veins may occur through the saphenofemoral and saphenopopliteal junctions and the perforating veins. […] It should be noted that STP may be a risk factor for the development and recurrence of DVT. […] In the literature, pulmonary embolism in patients with STP has been reported at rates varying from 1.5% to 33%. […] However, it is unclear whether pulmonary embolism associated with STP results from a thrombus in the superficial veins, or after its progression to the deep venous system. […] The typical clinical presentation of STP includes local pain, warmth, erythema, and swelling, with the superficial vein becoming solid like a cord. […] The treatment of STP varies greatly in clinical practice. […] The role of antibiotics is of no benefit in the management of STP unless the cause of thrombosis is secondary to an indwelling intravenous catheter. […] In summary, all patients with STP should have bilateral duplex scanning to exclude DVT.

• #61 What is Phlebitis – Treatment and Symptoms | Truffles Vein Specialists – Varicose Vein Treatment | Truffles Vein Specialists

  https://www.trufflesveinspecialists.com/what-is-vein-disease/phlebitis/

  Inflammation of a vein is called Phlebitis. Thrombophlebitis occurs when inflammation of the vein causes a blood clot. […] Superficial phlebitis is phlebitis that is in a superficial vein under the surface of the skin. Deep vein thrombophlebitis refers to a blood clot causing phlebitis in the deeper veins. […] A blood clot (thrombus) in the saphenous vein is the exception because the saphenous vein connects directly into the common femoral vein. This is the large, long vein on the inner side of the legs. Thrombophlebitis in the saphenous vein can sometimes be associated with underlying deep vein thrombophlebitis. […] Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis can cause or result in deep vein thrombus.

• #62 What is Phlebitis – Treatment and Symptoms | Truffles Vein Specialists – Varicose Vein Treatment | Truffles Vein Specialists

  https://www.trufflesveinspecialists.com/what-is-vein-disease/phlebitis/

  Inflammation of a vein is called Phlebitis. Thrombophlebitis occurs when inflammation of the vein causes a blood clot. […] Superficial phlebitis is phlebitis that is in a superficial vein under the surface of the skin. Deep vein thrombophlebitis refers to a blood clot causing phlebitis in the deeper veins. […] A blood clot (thrombus) in the saphenous vein is the exception because the saphenous vein connects directly into the common femoral vein. This is the large, long vein on the inner side of the legs. Thrombophlebitis in the saphenous vein can sometimes be associated with underlying deep vein thrombophlebitis. […] Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis can cause or result in deep vein thrombus.

• #63 Superficial Venous Thrombophlebitis Phlebitis Treatments | Austin Texas

  https://austinvaricosevein.com/superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-and-phlebitis-treatments/

  Superficial venous thrombophlebitis (SVT) is defined as an abnormal process of inflammation and clotting of a vein located at the level of the skin or just below the skin surface. […] The reason that varicose veins often lead to phlebitis is because of the abnormal pooling of blood or stagnation of blood within the defective vein. […] When the flow of blood slows and blood pools, this often leads to blood clots forming in these diseased veins. […] After blood clots form, the human body sets up an inflammatory reaction inside the vein and within the vein wall that leads to pain, tenderness, swelling, and redness. […] Another possible cause is abnormal thickening of the blood, referred to as a hyper-coagulable state. […] The prognosis of people with superficial thrombophlebitis depends on its etiology, the extent of involvement, and whether there was extension of blood clot into the deep venous system.

• #64 Superficial Venous Thrombosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/venous-disorders/superficial-venous-thrombosis

  Superficial venous thrombosis is inflammation and clotting in a superficial vein, usually in the arms or legs. […] Superficial venous thrombosis most often affects the superficial veins (veins located just under the skin) in the legs but may also affect superficial veins in the groin or in the arms. […] Unlike deep vein thrombosis, which causes very little inflammation, superficial venous thrombosis involves a sudden (acute) inflammatory reaction that causes the blood clot (thrombus) to adhere firmly to the vein wall and lessens the likelihood that it will break loose. […] For these reasons, superficial venous thrombosis rarely causes a blood clot to break loose (embolism). […] Migratory phlebitis or migratory thrombophlebitis is superficial venous thrombosis that repeatedly occurs in normal veins. It may indicate a serious underlying disorder, such as cancer of an internal organ.

• #65 Superficial Venous Thrombosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/venous-disorders/superficial-venous-thrombosis

  Superficial venous thrombosis is inflammation and clotting in a superficial vein, usually in the arms or legs. […] Superficial venous thrombosis most often affects the superficial veins (veins located just under the skin) in the legs but may also affect superficial veins in the groin or in the arms. […] Unlike deep vein thrombosis, which causes very little inflammation, superficial venous thrombosis involves a sudden (acute) inflammatory reaction that causes the blood clot (thrombus) to adhere firmly to the vein wall and lessens the likelihood that it will break loose. […] For these reasons, superficial venous thrombosis rarely causes a blood clot to break loose (embolism). […] Migratory phlebitis or migratory thrombophlebitis is superficial venous thrombosis that repeatedly occurs in normal veins. It may indicate a serious underlying disorder, such as cancer of an internal organ.

• #66 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Phlebitic syndrome in association with cancer is distinctive, and its pathogenesis is not well understood. Research has reported the spectrum of overlapping mechanisms in Trousseau syndrome. […] Reports exist of tissue factor (TF) as a cause of Trousseau syndrome. Cancer cells express abnormally high TF and release TF-positive microparticles that are highly procoagulant. […] In patients with cancer, deep veins are also involved, and pulmonary embolism is a frequent complication. […] The characteristic presentation demonstrates the absence of predisposing factors like extreme old age, obesity, postoperative state, immobility, morbidity, varicose veins, and local trauma. […] Cancer procoagulant, also described as cysteine proteinase, expressed by malignant cells and normal cells (except fetal tissue), directly induces the conversion of factor X to factor Xa. […] There are reports that hypoxia increases the expression of TF and plasminogen activator inhibitor type1 that facilitates coagulation.

• #67 Dr Johan Blignaut | Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://www.veinsurgery.co.za/superficial-thrombophlebitis.html

  Superficial thrombophlebitis simply means blood clotting and inflammation in the superficial veins. This is a common inflammatory disorder of veins in the legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously, especially in the greater saphenous vein in the legs. Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the following: vein injury (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stagnant or turbulent blood flow (often found in varicose veins), or changes in blood constituents (dehydration for instance lowers the water content of blood, making it more prone to clotting). […] Complications are an uncommon feature of superficial thrombophlebitis. However, the following can happen – extension of the clot into the deep vein, with resultant deep vein thrombosis and possible pulmonary embolism. Conversion into an infected form of phlebitis known as septic thrombophlebitis. After the acute episode, hyperpigmentation of the skin can persist. Also, a persistent firm nodule under the skin.

• #68 POTD: Superficial Thrombophlebitis (feat. Dr. Doge Pologe) — Maimonides Emergency Medicine Residency

  https://www.maimonidesem.org/blog/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis on ultrasound will demonstrate heterogeneous internal echoes within a superficial vein. […] As with treatment of below the knee VTE, the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis is controversial. […] For these uncomplicated cases, treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and prevention of propagation. […] Patients that do not qualify as low risk or if they have recurrent thromboembolism should be considered for anticoagulation. Although studies looking at anticoagulation for SVT are small and flawed, NSAIDs, LMWH, and fondaparinux have all been shown to decrease incidence of DVT. […] In addition, thromboembolism can become suppurative. Signs and symptoms include high fever (as opposed to the low-grade fever that accompany simple thrombophlebitis) and purulent drainage (duh). In these cases, consider antibiotics.

• #69 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  Studies have indicated that people with SVT have a prevalence of various thrombophilic factors that is approximately 2–3 times higher than those without SVT. Indeed, the common presence of hereditary thrombophilia, such as factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation G20210A, or protein C, S, or antithrombin (AT) deficiency, indicated a pathogenesis similar to DVT. […] The most serious complication associated with SVT is the extension to the deep vein and the embolization to pulmonary circulation. In the literature, several factors were found to be associated with an increased risk of such complications. […] Despite several studies investigating SVT, there are no risk prediction models for predicting complications in SVT. A project is currently underway to analyse data from four large patient registries and develop and validate new models to evaluate three types of complications: the first is to assess the poor control of SVT symptoms and/or the possibility of SVT extending to the sapheno–femoral junction (SFJ) within 14 days of diagnosis; the second model aims to evaluate the progression of the clot towards the DVT and/or PE onset within 45 days after diagnosis of SVT; and for the third model, the endpoint is SVT recurrence within 12 months.

• #70 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  Studies have indicated that people with SVT have a prevalence of various thrombophilic factors that is approximately 2–3 times higher than those without SVT. Indeed, the common presence of hereditary thrombophilia, such as factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation G20210A, or protein C, S, or antithrombin (AT) deficiency, indicated a pathogenesis similar to DVT. […] The most serious complication associated with SVT is the extension to the deep vein and the embolization to pulmonary circulation. In the literature, several factors were found to be associated with an increased risk of such complications. […] Despite several studies investigating SVT, there are no risk prediction models for predicting complications in SVT. A project is currently underway to analyse data from four large patient registries and develop and validate new models to evaluate three types of complications: the first is to assess the poor control of SVT symptoms and/or the possibility of SVT extending to the sapheno–femoral junction (SFJ) within 14 days of diagnosis; the second model aims to evaluate the progression of the clot towards the DVT and/or PE onset within 45 days after diagnosis of SVT; and for the third model, the endpoint is SVT recurrence within 12 months.

• #71 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  Studies have indicated that people with SVT have a prevalence of various thrombophilic factors that is approximately 2–3 times higher than those without SVT. Indeed, the common presence of hereditary thrombophilia, such as factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation G20210A, or protein C, S, or antithrombin (AT) deficiency, indicated a pathogenesis similar to DVT. […] The most serious complication associated with SVT is the extension to the deep vein and the embolization to pulmonary circulation. In the literature, several factors were found to be associated with an increased risk of such complications. […] Despite several studies investigating SVT, there are no risk prediction models for predicting complications in SVT. A project is currently underway to analyse data from four large patient registries and develop and validate new models to evaluate three types of complications: the first is to assess the poor control of SVT symptoms and/or the possibility of SVT extending to the sapheno–femoral junction (SFJ) within 14 days of diagnosis; the second model aims to evaluate the progression of the clot towards the DVT and/or PE onset within 45 days after diagnosis of SVT; and for the third model, the endpoint is SVT recurrence within 12 months.

• #72 Red, Hot, Legs: Thrombophlebitis of the Superficial Veins of the Lower Extremity — BROWN EMERGENCY MEDICINE BLOG

  http://brownemblog.com/blogposts/2022/1/15/red-hot-legs-thrombophlebitis-of-the-superficial-veins-of-the-lower-extremity

  To summarize, low risk patients can be managed with NSAIDs (as tolerated), compression stockings and repeat US (guidelines recommend within 2-3 days if managing SVT and within 7-10 days if following superficial thrombophlebitis/phlebitis). Intermediate risk patients should be treated with 45-days of prophylactic anticoagulation. High-risk patients should be treated with therapeutic anticoagulation (same duration as if treating for a DVT).

• #73 Red, Hot, Legs: Thrombophlebitis of the Superficial Veins of the Lower Extremity — BROWN EMERGENCY MEDICINE BLOG

  http://brownemblog.com/blogposts/2022/1/15/red-hot-legs-thrombophlebitis-of-the-superficial-veins-of-the-lower-extremity

  To summarize, low risk patients can be managed with NSAIDs (as tolerated), compression stockings and repeat US (guidelines recommend within 2-3 days if managing SVT and within 7-10 days if following superficial thrombophlebitis/phlebitis). Intermediate risk patients should be treated with 45-days of prophylactic anticoagulation. High-risk patients should be treated with therapeutic anticoagulation (same duration as if treating for a DVT).

• #74 Red, Hot, Legs: Thrombophlebitis of the Superficial Veins of the Lower Extremity — BROWN EMERGENCY MEDICINE BLOG

  http://brownemblog.com/blogposts/2022/1/15/red-hot-legs-thrombophlebitis-of-the-superficial-veins-of-the-lower-extremity

  To summarize, low risk patients can be managed with NSAIDs (as tolerated), compression stockings and repeat US (guidelines recommend within 2-3 days if managing SVT and within 7-10 days if following superficial thrombophlebitis/phlebitis). Intermediate risk patients should be treated with 45-days of prophylactic anticoagulation. High-risk patients should be treated with therapeutic anticoagulation (same duration as if treating for a DVT).

• #75

  https://www.rclinic.com.au/condition/phlebitis-and-superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  The main differences between superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT are where the blood clots occur and how dangerous the condition is. […] Blood clots in the deep veins are dangerous because they can travel to the lungs and stop blood flow (pulmonary embolism). Superficial thrombophlebitis occurs in the superficial veins, closer to the skin. Its typically a less dangerous condition than DVT. […] For superficial thrombophlebitis, your doctor might recommend applying heat to the painful area, elevating the affected leg, using an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and possibly wearing compression stockings. The condition usually improves on its own. […] For more serious condition, your doctor may prescribe medicines (anticoagulants) to thin your blood. Antibiotics are prescribed if you have an infection.

• #76

  https://www.rclinic.com.au/condition/phlebitis-and-superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  The main differences between superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT are where the blood clots occur and how dangerous the condition is. […] Blood clots in the deep veins are dangerous because they can travel to the lungs and stop blood flow (pulmonary embolism). Superficial thrombophlebitis occurs in the superficial veins, closer to the skin. Its typically a less dangerous condition than DVT. […] For superficial thrombophlebitis, your doctor might recommend applying heat to the painful area, elevating the affected leg, using an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and possibly wearing compression stockings. The condition usually improves on its own. […] For more serious condition, your doctor may prescribe medicines (anticoagulants) to thin your blood. Antibiotics are prescribed if you have an infection.

• #77

  https://www.rclinic.com.au/condition/phlebitis-and-superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  The main differences between superficial thrombophlebitis and DVT are where the blood clots occur and how dangerous the condition is. […] Blood clots in the deep veins are dangerous because they can travel to the lungs and stop blood flow (pulmonary embolism). Superficial thrombophlebitis occurs in the superficial veins, closer to the skin. Its typically a less dangerous condition than DVT. […] For superficial thrombophlebitis, your doctor might recommend applying heat to the painful area, elevating the affected leg, using an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and possibly wearing compression stockings. The condition usually improves on its own. […] For more serious condition, your doctor may prescribe medicines (anticoagulants) to thin your blood. Antibiotics are prescribed if you have an infection.

• #78

  https://revistamedicasinergia.com/index.php/rms/user/setLocale/en_US?source=%2Findex.php%2Frms%2Farticle%2Fview%2F175%3Fsource%3D%2Findex.php%2Frms%2Farticle%2Fview%2F175

  The presence of a thrombus at the level of a superficial vein and the inflammatory response that comes with it, they trigger the clinical picture of superficial thrombophlebitis, this pathology initially was considered a local disorder, fast resolution and benign course, with the best knowledge of the natural history of the disease has proven the high probability of developing thromboembolic complications that compromise life. […] The potential risk of developing venous thromboembolism has led to a change in the treatment, which rather than treat the discomfort for the patient, It is oriented on avoid such complications.

• #79 Superficial Venous Thrombophlebitis Phlebitis Treatments | Austin Texas

  https://austinvaricosevein.com/superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-and-phlebitis-treatments/

  Typically, once an episode of SVT occurs there is a much higher incidence of another future episode of the same process. […] When varicose veins and venous reflux disease have caused the SVT, it is generally advised to have the abnormal veins treated with intervention in order to prevent future SVT recurrence.

• #80 Superficial Venous Thrombophlebitis Phlebitis Treatments | Austin Texas

  https://austinvaricosevein.com/superficial-venous-thrombophlebitis-and-phlebitis-treatments/

  Typically, once an episode of SVT occurs there is a much higher incidence of another future episode of the same process. […] When varicose veins and venous reflux disease have caused the SVT, it is generally advised to have the abnormal veins treated with intervention in order to prevent future SVT recurrence.

• #81 Recurrent Superficial Vein Thrombosis, Thrombophilia, Recurrent Recanalization of GSVs, Ulcerations, and AVF – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2019-aug/recurrent-superficial-vein-thrombosis-thrombophilia-recurrent-recanalization-of-gsvs-ulcerations-and-avf

  Dr. Kiguchi: Yes. Patients with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without provocation should be considered for evaluation of a hypercoagulable state. W tym przypadku, z historią wielu nawracających epizodów, istotne jest nie tylko miejsce i zakres zakrzepicy, ale także etiologia utrzymujących się nawrotów powinna być zbadana, aby zapobiec przyszłym zdarzeniom. […] Dr. Dillavou: Tak, bym to zrobił. Rzadko zlecę badania na hiperkoagulację, ponieważ rzadko mają one wpływ kliniczny, ale z jego długą historią choroby żylnej byłoby to pomocne. Jeśli wynik byłby pozytywny, umieściłbym go na antykoagulacji. […] Dr. Dillavou: Zacząłbym od kompresji. Ablacja obustronnych GSV, jeśli byłby na to gotowy, ponieważ ma długą historię problemów, ma obecne objawy i myślę, że prawdopodobnie będzie miał więcej zakrzepicy, jeśli GSV nie zostaną zamknięte.

• #82 POTD: Superficial Thrombophlebitis (feat. Dr. Doge Pologe) — Maimonides Emergency Medicine Residency

  https://www.maimonidesem.org/blog/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis on ultrasound will demonstrate heterogeneous internal echoes within a superficial vein. […] As with treatment of below the knee VTE, the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis is controversial. […] For these uncomplicated cases, treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and prevention of propagation. […] Patients that do not qualify as low risk or if they have recurrent thromboembolism should be considered for anticoagulation. Although studies looking at anticoagulation for SVT are small and flawed, NSAIDs, LMWH, and fondaparinux have all been shown to decrease incidence of DVT. […] In addition, thromboembolism can become suppurative. Signs and symptoms include high fever (as opposed to the low-grade fever that accompany simple thrombophlebitis) and purulent drainage (duh). In these cases, consider antibiotics.

• #83 Superficial thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is due to inflammation and/or thrombosis, and, less commonly, infection of the vein. […] Thrombophlebitis is a risk factor for the development of DVT, and vice versa. […] Lower extremity superficial phlebitis (inflamed vein) is associated with conditions that increase the risk of thrombosis, including abnormalities of coagulation or of fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction, infection, venous stasis, intravenous therapy, and intravenous drug use. […] Clinical evaluation is the primary diagnostic tool for thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex ultrasound identifies the presence, location and extent of venous thrombosis, and can help identify other pathology that may be a source of the patient’s complaints. […] Anticoagulation is recommended for patients with lower extremity superficial thrombophlebitis at increased risk for thromboembolism (affected venous segment of 5 cm, in proximity to deep venous system, positive medical risk factors). […] Treatment with fondaparinux reduces the risk of subsequent venous thromboembolism.

• #84 POTD: Superficial Thrombophlebitis (feat. Dr. Doge Pologe) — Maimonides Emergency Medicine Residency

  https://www.maimonidesem.org/blog/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis on ultrasound will demonstrate heterogeneous internal echoes within a superficial vein. […] As with treatment of below the knee VTE, the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis is controversial. […] For these uncomplicated cases, treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and prevention of propagation. […] Patients that do not qualify as low risk or if they have recurrent thromboembolism should be considered for anticoagulation. Although studies looking at anticoagulation for SVT are small and flawed, NSAIDs, LMWH, and fondaparinux have all been shown to decrease incidence of DVT. […] In addition, thromboembolism can become suppurative. Signs and symptoms include high fever (as opposed to the low-grade fever that accompany simple thrombophlebitis) and purulent drainage (duh). In these cases, consider antibiotics.

• #85 POTD: Superficial Thrombophlebitis (feat. Dr. Doge Pologe) — Maimonides Emergency Medicine Residency

  https://www.maimonidesem.org/blog/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis on ultrasound will demonstrate heterogeneous internal echoes within a superficial vein. […] As with treatment of below the knee VTE, the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis is controversial. […] For these uncomplicated cases, treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and prevention of propagation. […] Patients that do not qualify as low risk or if they have recurrent thromboembolism should be considered for anticoagulation. Although studies looking at anticoagulation for SVT are small and flawed, NSAIDs, LMWH, and fondaparinux have all been shown to decrease incidence of DVT. […] In addition, thromboembolism can become suppurative. Signs and symptoms include high fever (as opposed to the low-grade fever that accompany simple thrombophlebitis) and purulent drainage (duh). In these cases, consider antibiotics.

• #86 POTD: Superficial Thrombophlebitis (feat. Dr. Doge Pologe) — Maimonides Emergency Medicine Residency

  https://www.maimonidesem.org/blog/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis on ultrasound will demonstrate heterogeneous internal echoes within a superficial vein. […] As with treatment of below the knee VTE, the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis is controversial. […] For these uncomplicated cases, treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and prevention of propagation. […] Patients that do not qualify as low risk or if they have recurrent thromboembolism should be considered for anticoagulation. Although studies looking at anticoagulation for SVT are small and flawed, NSAIDs, LMWH, and fondaparinux have all been shown to decrease incidence of DVT. […] In addition, thromboembolism can become suppurative. Signs and symptoms include high fever (as opposed to the low-grade fever that accompany simple thrombophlebitis) and purulent drainage (duh). In these cases, consider antibiotics.

• #87 Current management of superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limb – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/current-management-of-superficial-thrombophlebitis-of-the-lower-limb/

  Thrombus extension from the superficial system into the deep veins may occur through the saphenofemoral and saphenopopliteal junctions and the perforating veins. […] It should be noted that STP may be a risk factor for the development and recurrence of DVT. […] In the literature, pulmonary embolism in patients with STP has been reported at rates varying from 1.5% to 33%. […] However, it is unclear whether pulmonary embolism associated with STP results from a thrombus in the superficial veins, or after its progression to the deep venous system. […] The typical clinical presentation of STP includes local pain, warmth, erythema, and swelling, with the superficial vein becoming solid like a cord. […] The treatment of STP varies greatly in clinical practice. […] The role of antibiotics is of no benefit in the management of STP unless the cause of thrombosis is secondary to an indwelling intravenous catheter. […] In summary, all patients with STP should have bilateral duplex scanning to exclude DVT.

• #88 Superficial vein thrombosis and phlebitis of the lower extremity veins – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/phlebitis-and-thrombosis-of-the-superficial-lower-extremity-veins

  Phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins is generally a benign, self-limited disorder; however, when the axial veins are involved (eg, great saphenous vein, accessory saphenous vein, small saphenous vein), thrombus propagation into the deep vein system (ie, deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and even pulmonary embolism can occur. Treatment is aimed at relieving local symptoms and preventing thromboembolic complications. […] Definitions — The term phlebitis refers to the presence of inflammation within a vein, whereas thrombosis indicates the presence of a clot within the vein. In this review, we will refer to the terminology surrounding this condition in the following manner: Superficial phlebitis — The term superficial phlebitis denotes the presence of pain and inflammation involving a vein in the absence of a thrombus. Superficial phlebitis is usually an initial clinical diagnosis referring to the clinical findings of pain, tenderness, induration, and erythema along the course of a superficial vein. It is due to inflammation and, less commonly, an infection of the vein. If a thrombus is apparent as a thickened cord or subsequently identified with imaging studies (often the case), the terms superficial thrombophlebitis or superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) are preferred.

• #89 Superficial thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is due to inflammation and/or thrombosis, and, less commonly, infection of the vein. […] Thrombophlebitis is a risk factor for the development of DVT, and vice versa. […] Lower extremity superficial phlebitis (inflamed vein) is associated with conditions that increase the risk of thrombosis, including abnormalities of coagulation or of fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction, infection, venous stasis, intravenous therapy, and intravenous drug use. […] Clinical evaluation is the primary diagnostic tool for thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex ultrasound identifies the presence, location and extent of venous thrombosis, and can help identify other pathology that may be a source of the patient’s complaints. […] Anticoagulation is recommended for patients with lower extremity superficial thrombophlebitis at increased risk for thromboembolism (affected venous segment of 5 cm, in proximity to deep venous system, positive medical risk factors). […] Treatment with fondaparinux reduces the risk of subsequent venous thromboembolism.

• #90 Superficial thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is due to inflammation and/or thrombosis, and, less commonly, infection of the vein. […] Thrombophlebitis is a risk factor for the development of DVT, and vice versa. […] Lower extremity superficial phlebitis (inflamed vein) is associated with conditions that increase the risk of thrombosis, including abnormalities of coagulation or of fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction, infection, venous stasis, intravenous therapy, and intravenous drug use. […] Clinical evaluation is the primary diagnostic tool for thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex ultrasound identifies the presence, location and extent of venous thrombosis, and can help identify other pathology that may be a source of the patient’s complaints. […] Anticoagulation is recommended for patients with lower extremity superficial thrombophlebitis at increased risk for thromboembolism (affected venous segment of 5 cm, in proximity to deep venous system, positive medical risk factors). […] Treatment with fondaparinux reduces the risk of subsequent venous thromboembolism.

• #91 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  SVT is not a benign disease since it is not free from complications, including extension to the deep venous system and embolization at the level of the pulmonary vascular bed. A prompt clinical and ultrasound evaluation allows for the set up of an appropriate therapy that, in the case of SVT with an extension greater than 5 cm and adequately distant from the deep circle, consists of a six-week treatment with 2.5 mg of fondaparinux mg daily. However, in certain cases and clinical contexts, treatment of different durations and dosages may be considered, but further studies are needed to assess the real benefit and economic impact.

• #92 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  SVT is not a benign disease since it is not free from complications, including extension to the deep venous system and embolization at the level of the pulmonary vascular bed. A prompt clinical and ultrasound evaluation allows for the set up of an appropriate therapy that, in the case of SVT with an extension greater than 5 cm and adequately distant from the deep circle, consists of a six-week treatment with 2.5 mg of fondaparinux mg daily. However, in certain cases and clinical contexts, treatment of different durations and dosages may be considered, but further studies are needed to assess the real benefit and economic impact.

• #93 Superficial Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/4/500

  SVT is not a benign disease since it is not free from complications, including extension to the deep venous system and embolization at the level of the pulmonary vascular bed. A prompt clinical and ultrasound evaluation allows for the set up of an appropriate therapy that, in the case of SVT with an extension greater than 5 cm and adequately distant from the deep circle, consists of a six-week treatment with 2.5 mg of fondaparinux mg daily. However, in certain cases and clinical contexts, treatment of different durations and dosages may be considered, but further studies are needed to assess the real benefit and economic impact.

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