Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, increasingly known as superficial venous thrombosis, is no longer considered benign. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of superficial venous thrombosis and highlights the healthcare team’s role in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). […] Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Compressive ultrasonography is recommended. […] Physical examination does not adequately identify the extent of the disease; it has been shown to underestimate it in up to 77% of instances.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #3 Specialist Phlebitis Treatments

  https://thewhiteleyclinic.co.uk/conditions/phlebitis/treatment/

  In the past, doctors and nurses used to think that phlebitis (properly called superficial venous thrombophlebitis) of the leg was a simple condition that caused pain and discomfort, but never caused any risk to the patient. Unfortunately this has proven to be wrong. […] Research and recommendations published between 2010 and 2012 have shown that the clots in the superficial veins that cause phlebitis can extend into the deep veins causing a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and can also fly off to the venous system causing the potentially very serious pulmonary embolism (PE). […] Therefore the old treatment of making the diagnosis clinically and without a scan, and then treating with aspirin (or even worse antibiotics), heat or cold compresses and support stockings is now a completely outdated and could potentially allow a serious or even potentially life-threatening condition to develop.

• #4 Specialist Phlebitis Treatments

  https://thewhiteleyclinic.co.uk/conditions/phlebitis/treatment/

  As such the American College of Chest Physicians and the British Committee for Standards in Haematology have produced guidelines that help doctors get the very best diagnosis and treatments for their patients. […] The Whiteley Clinic have developed a protocol to investigate and treat patients with phlebitis or suspected phlebitis based on these guidelines. […] As soon as phlebitis (superficial venous thrombophlebitis) is suspected or diagnosed, an urgent venous duplex ultrasound scan should be arranged. This scan should be performed by specialists used to looking at veins. […] The venous duplex ultrasound scan has two main functions in the diagnosis of phlebitis: Firstly to check if the phlebitis has an underlying deep vein thrombosis (DVT) associated with it; Secondly to check the position and extent of the clot in the superficial veins that is causing the phlebitis.

• #5 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is a condition where you have pain and swelling that happen in relation to a blood clot in one of your veins. It most often happens in veins in your legs but can happen in any vein in your body. […] Healthcare providers usually diagnose thrombophlebitis in a hospital setting, especially in an emergency room. That’s because thrombophlebitis has close connections to severe, potentially life-threatening conditions like DVT. […] Your provider will diagnose thrombophlebitis based on a combination of a physical exam, imaging tests and lab tests. Combining these various methods is important because a physical examination alone is usually not enough to diagnose thrombophlebitis. Several conditions have similar symptoms, some of which are especially dangerous, which makes imaging and lab tests even more useful if not critical in preventing serious complications.

• #6 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, increasingly known as superficial venous thrombosis, is no longer considered benign. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of superficial venous thrombosis and highlights the healthcare team’s role in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). […] Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Compressive ultrasonography is recommended. […] Physical examination does not adequately identify the extent of the disease; it has been shown to underestimate it in up to 77% of instances.

• #7 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17523-superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, or superficial vein thrombosis, is a blood clot that occurs in veins under the skin (superficial veins). […] Your healthcare provider does a physical examination to diagnose superficial thrombophlebitis. You’ll also have a vascular ultrasound to confirm superficial thrombophlebitis. […] If you have superficial thrombophlebitis, you may experience symptoms near the blood clot, including: Pain. Red or discolored skin. Swelling (including sudden swelling). Warm or hot skin. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis typically resolves within a few weeks. […] In superficial thrombophlebitis, a blood clot forms in a vein under your skin. The condition causes inflammation, pain, redness and swelling. Healthcare providers treat pain and inflammation with elevation, compression and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

• #8 Superficial vein thrombosis and phlebitis of the lower extremity veins – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/superficial-vein-thrombosis-and-phlebitis-of-the-lower-extremity-veins

  Phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins is generally a benign, self-limited disorder; however, when the axial veins are involved (eg, great saphenous vein, accessory saphenous vein, small saphenous vein), thrombus propagation into the deep vein system (ie, deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and even pulmonary embolism can occur. Treatment is aimed at relieving local symptoms and preventing thromboembolic complications. […] The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins are reviewed here. […] Definitions — The term phlebitis refers to the presence of inflammation within a vein, whereas thrombosis indicates the presence of a clot within the vein. […] Superficial phlebitis — The term superficial phlebitis denotes the presence of pain and inflammation involving a vein in the absence of a thrombus. Superficial phlebitis is usually an initial clinical diagnosis referring to the clinical findings of pain, tenderness, induration, and erythema along the course of a superficial vein. It is due to inflammation and, less commonly, an infection of the vein. If a thrombus is apparent as a thickened cord or subsequently identified with imaging studies (often the case), the terms superficial thrombophlebitis or superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) are preferred.

• #9 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17523-superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, or superficial vein thrombosis, is a blood clot that occurs in veins under the skin (superficial veins). […] Your healthcare provider does a physical examination to diagnose superficial thrombophlebitis. You’ll also have a vascular ultrasound to confirm superficial thrombophlebitis. […] If you have superficial thrombophlebitis, you may experience symptoms near the blood clot, including: Pain. Red or discolored skin. Swelling (including sudden swelling). Warm or hot skin. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis typically resolves within a few weeks. […] In superficial thrombophlebitis, a blood clot forms in a vein under your skin. The condition causes inflammation, pain, redness and swelling. Healthcare providers treat pain and inflammation with elevation, compression and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

• #10 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17523-superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, or superficial vein thrombosis, is a blood clot that occurs in veins under the skin (superficial veins). […] Your healthcare provider does a physical examination to diagnose superficial thrombophlebitis. You’ll also have a vascular ultrasound to confirm superficial thrombophlebitis. […] If you have superficial thrombophlebitis, you may experience symptoms near the blood clot, including: Pain. Red or discolored skin. Swelling (including sudden swelling). Warm or hot skin. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis typically resolves within a few weeks. […] In superficial thrombophlebitis, a blood clot forms in a vein under your skin. The condition causes inflammation, pain, redness and swelling. Healthcare providers treat pain and inflammation with elevation, compression and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

• #11 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/superficial-thrombophlebitis-a-to-z

  Thrombophlebitis is a blood clot (thrombus) inside an inflamed vein. When it affects the body’s superficial veins those that are seen easily near the surface of the skin it’s known as superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Your doctor looks for redness, warmth, swelling and tenderness in the affected vein and in the surrounding skin. The clotted and inflamed vein also can be very firm and can feel like a hard line or string under the skin. […] Your doctor usually can diagnose thrombophlebitis with a simple physical examination. In people with many episodes of thrombophlebitis, or with thrombophlebitis involving more than one vein, further tests may be necessary to check for problems with blood flow in the veins.

• #12 Superficial thrombophlebitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000199.htm

  Thrombophlebitis is a swollen or inflamed vein due to a blood clot. Superficial refers to veins just below the skin’s surface. […] Your health care provider will diagnose this condition based mainly on the appearance of the affected area. Frequent checks of the pulse, blood pressure, temperature, skin condition, and blood flow may be needed. […] Ultrasound of the blood vessels helps confirm the condition. […] If there are signs of an infection, skin or blood cultures may be done.

• #13 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #14 Specialist Phlebitis Treatments

  https://thewhiteleyclinic.co.uk/conditions/phlebitis/treatment/

  As such the American College of Chest Physicians and the British Committee for Standards in Haematology have produced guidelines that help doctors get the very best diagnosis and treatments for their patients. […] The Whiteley Clinic have developed a protocol to investigate and treat patients with phlebitis or suspected phlebitis based on these guidelines. […] As soon as phlebitis (superficial venous thrombophlebitis) is suspected or diagnosed, an urgent venous duplex ultrasound scan should be arranged. This scan should be performed by specialists used to looking at veins. […] The venous duplex ultrasound scan has two main functions in the diagnosis of phlebitis: Firstly to check if the phlebitis has an underlying deep vein thrombosis (DVT) associated with it; Secondly to check the position and extent of the clot in the superficial veins that is causing the phlebitis.

• #15 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #16 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are not useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected superficial or deep thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex US evaluation is the diagnostic study of choice for venous thrombosis. […] All patients with superficial thrombophlebitis above the knee should undergo duplex US as the initial diagnostic modality of choice to rule out DVT. […] After an initial diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, especially in the thigh region, a follow-up duplex US examination in 48-72 hours should be performed to look for progression of disease after treatment is initiated.

• #17 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are not useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected superficial or deep thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex US evaluation is the diagnostic study of choice for venous thrombosis. […] All patients with superficial thrombophlebitis above the knee should undergo duplex US as the initial diagnostic modality of choice to rule out DVT. […] After an initial diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, especially in the thigh region, a follow-up duplex US examination in 48-72 hours should be performed to look for progression of disease after treatment is initiated.

• #18 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #19 Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Superficial Venous Thrombosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1466

  Duplex ultrasound (DUS) is an invaluable tool that provides the location of SVT, the proximity to the sapheno–femoral junction, and the clot length, all of which influence the decision for optimal management. […] A systematic review of 17 studies concluded that compression ultrasonography is a viable alternative to standard contrast venography also in upper extremity vein thrombosis. […] Therefore, DUS should be performed in all patients with SVT in order to evaluate the presence of a possible DVT. […] The treatment of SVT should be symptomatic, pathogenic (limiting the extension of thrombosis), and prognostic (to prevent complications). […] The decision for initiation, intensity, and length of anticoagulation is based on the eventual risk of progression to DVT or PE, which can be high, intermediate, or low.

• #20 Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Superficial Venous Thrombosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1466

  Duplex ultrasound (DUS) is an invaluable tool that provides the location of SVT, the proximity to the sapheno–femoral junction, and the clot length, all of which influence the decision for optimal management. […] A systematic review of 17 studies concluded that compression ultrasonography is a viable alternative to standard contrast venography also in upper extremity vein thrombosis. […] Therefore, DUS should be performed in all patients with SVT in order to evaluate the presence of a possible DVT. […] The treatment of SVT should be symptomatic, pathogenic (limiting the extension of thrombosis), and prognostic (to prevent complications). […] The decision for initiation, intensity, and length of anticoagulation is based on the eventual risk of progression to DVT or PE, which can be high, intermediate, or low.

• #21 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #22 Current management of superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limb – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/current-management-of-superficial-thrombophlebitis-of-the-lower-limb/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a manifestation of thrombosis that involves the superficial venous system of the lower limb. […] Diagnosis by ultrasound scanning is essential to exclude deep venous thrombosis and confirm the extent of the superficial thrombophlebitis. […] As STP may coexist with DVT in 6%-53% of patients presenting with STP, it is important to perform a duplex scan to exclude DVT and to confirm the presence of STP and its extent. […] It is important to reiterate here the value of Duplex ultrasound for the confirmation of STP, estimation of thrombus extent, exclusion of DVT and for follow-up. […] In summary, all patients with STP should have bilateral duplex scanning to exclude DVT.

• #23 Dr Johan Blignaut | Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://www.veinsurgery.co.za/superficial-thrombophlebitis.html

  Superficial thrombophlebitis simply means blood clotting and inflammation in the superficial veins. This is a common inflammatory disorder of veins in the legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is diagnosed by a doctor on clinical grounds. Examination of the area would reveal tender superficial veins, redness, warm and slight swelling. Further investigation with duplex ultrasound might be undertaken to ascertain the extent of the thrombosis or clotting. […] The treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis depends on the cause, extent, and symptoms. Ultrasound scanning gives an accurate assessment of the extent of the disease and thus allows the administration of a tailored therapy.

• #24 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #25 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are not useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected superficial or deep thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex US evaluation is the diagnostic study of choice for venous thrombosis. […] All patients with superficial thrombophlebitis above the knee should undergo duplex US as the initial diagnostic modality of choice to rule out DVT. […] After an initial diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, especially in the thigh region, a follow-up duplex US examination in 48-72 hours should be performed to look for progression of disease after treatment is initiated.

• #26 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  If your D-dimer level is high, it could mean a clot is breaking down. If your results are negative, it means you probably dont have a clot. But a positive result doesnt mean you have a clot. Your doctor will need to order imaging studies to visualize the clot. […] MR venography and CT venography. If the results of your ultrasound arent clear, your doctor will use these imaging studies to confirm the presence of a clot. They will inject a dye into your vein, and the image will show up on an X-ray. Possible side effects include pain and an allergic reaction to the dye. […] CT scan. If your doctor is concerned that a deep vein clot has moved to your lung, they might order this test to get a better image.

• #27 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis may be made based on appearance of the affected area. […] Other tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis, including: […] Ultrasound […] Venography […] Blood culture, if there is a sign of infection.

• #28 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  If your D-dimer level is high, it could mean a clot is breaking down. If your results are negative, it means you probably dont have a clot. But a positive result doesnt mean you have a clot. Your doctor will need to order imaging studies to visualize the clot. […] MR venography and CT venography. If the results of your ultrasound arent clear, your doctor will use these imaging studies to confirm the presence of a clot. They will inject a dye into your vein, and the image will show up on an X-ray. Possible side effects include pain and an allergic reaction to the dye. […] CT scan. If your doctor is concerned that a deep vein clot has moved to your lung, they might order this test to get a better image.

• #29 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Thrombophlebitis Diagnosis […] The doctor will start by asking about your symptoms and taking a look at veins near the surface of your skin. Theyll do a physical exam. They also may order blood and circulation tests, or imaging exams such as a CT scan or MRI. Other tests might include: […] Duplex ultrasound. This painless imaging test doesnt have radiation the way an X-ray does. It uses sound waves to create a picture. The doctor spreads warm gel on your skin and then rubs a wand over the area where they think the clot is. The wand sends sound waves into your body. The echoes go to a computer, which makes pictures of your blood vessels. […] A radiologist will review the images and send a report to your primary care doctor or to the doctor who requested the ultrasound. […] D-dimer test. This is a blood test to look for a protein, called D-dimer, thats made when a blood clot breaks down. Your doctor will order this test if they think youve got a dangerous clot, such as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

• #30 Superficial Thrombophlebitis vs Chronic Venous Insufficiency: What’s the Difference?

  https://veincenter.doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-vs-chronic-venous-insufficiency/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a venous disease that happens when blood clots block circulation in a vein. The condition may cause pain and swelling in the legs, depending on the location and severity of the clots. […] Medical procedures are necessary to treat superficial thrombophlebitis. Many treatment plans are non-invasive, which means you’ll be having no surgical scars and less recovery time. […] A doctor’s consultation will begin with taking down your medical history. Questions about prior illnesses and treatments will help give your doctor an idea of the possible diagnosis. A physical exam might follow, depending on the initial assessment. Blood tests and other procedures may also help determine if you have superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Doctors may order a duplex ultrasound for some patients. This imaging procedure primarily uses sound waves to show a picture of the legs, making it easier to find the area which has blood clots. Some doctors also order blood tests to look for D-dimer, a protein produced by the body when it breaks down clots. […] In severe cases, doctors may order a CT scan to check if a clot moved to other areas of the body, like the lungs. These more severe cases will need more urgent medical intervention.

• #31 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #32 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Thrombophlebitis Diagnosis […] The doctor will start by asking about your symptoms and taking a look at veins near the surface of your skin. Theyll do a physical exam. They also may order blood and circulation tests, or imaging exams such as a CT scan or MRI. Other tests might include: […] Duplex ultrasound. This painless imaging test doesnt have radiation the way an X-ray does. It uses sound waves to create a picture. The doctor spreads warm gel on your skin and then rubs a wand over the area where they think the clot is. The wand sends sound waves into your body. The echoes go to a computer, which makes pictures of your blood vessels. […] A radiologist will review the images and send a report to your primary care doctor or to the doctor who requested the ultrasound. […] D-dimer test. This is a blood test to look for a protein, called D-dimer, thats made when a blood clot breaks down. Your doctor will order this test if they think youve got a dangerous clot, such as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

• #33 Phlebitis – Paris Veine Institut

  https://www.veine-institut.paris/en/phlebitis/

  Phlebitis” refers to inflammation of a vein. […] „Phlebitis” is actually the „thrombosis” of a vein, i.e. the presence of a clot (thrombus) in a vein. The presence of a clot in a vein causes inflammation, hence the term phlebitis. […] To be more precise, we speak of thrombophlebitis. […] The diagnosis of phlebitis is made on clinical examination, which reveals pain on palpation of the calf muscles, pain on flexion-extension of the ankle, warmth of the skin, edema of the leg, and sometimes painful, indurated redness of the skin in the case of superficial phlebitis. […] There is also a biological test that can detect phlebitis through a simple blood test. This is the „D-dimer” test, performed by a simple blood test. If this biological test is negative (D-dimer levels are normal), it is almost certain that phlebitis is not present. On the other hand, an increase in D-dimer levels may be the result of other inflammatory phenomena. It is the clinical context that will guide the diagnosis when D-dimer levels are elevated.

• #34 Phlebitis – Types | Causes | Symptoms | Risk | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/heart-circulatory-health/phlebitis

  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and computed tomography (CT scan) are other imaging tests helpful in diagnosing the clots present in the veins. […] D-dimer is a chemical substance released from the clots during their breakdown. In this test, the D-dimer values are measured. A negative value of D-dimer indicates an absence of blood clots. However, a false-positive test result is also possible in conditions like pregnancy, the presence of cancer, and recent trauma or surgery.

• #35 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #36 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #37 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #38 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #39 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #40 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #41 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #42 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #43 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #44 Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/thrombophlebitis

  Generally, diagnosing thrombophlebitis involves a thorough physical examination, symptom review, and medical history. […] Additional diagnostic tests may include: […] Blood tests: […] D-dimer test: The D-dimer test checks the blood for a small protein fragment called D-dimer. A positive result may indicate the presence of elevated clotting mechanisms. […] Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC measures the levels of red and white blood cells and platelets. […] Coagulation studies: These tests evaluate the bloods ability to clot and identify abnormalities in the clotting process. […] Imaging tests: […] Duplex ultrasound: This noninvasive test allows doctors to see how blood moves through the veins and identify any blood clots. […] MRI scan: In some cases, an MRI scan may provide more detailed images of the veins and detect any abnormalities or blood clots. […] Venogram: This imaging test involves injecting a contrast dye into the veins and taking X-ray images to visualize blood clots or blockages.

• #45 Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/thrombophlebitis

  Generally, diagnosing thrombophlebitis involves a thorough physical examination, symptom review, and medical history. […] Additional diagnostic tests may include: […] Blood tests: […] D-dimer test: The D-dimer test checks the blood for a small protein fragment called D-dimer. A positive result may indicate the presence of elevated clotting mechanisms. […] Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC measures the levels of red and white blood cells and platelets. […] Coagulation studies: These tests evaluate the bloods ability to clot and identify abnormalities in the clotting process. […] Imaging tests: […] Duplex ultrasound: This noninvasive test allows doctors to see how blood moves through the veins and identify any blood clots. […] MRI scan: In some cases, an MRI scan may provide more detailed images of the veins and detect any abnormalities or blood clots. […] Venogram: This imaging test involves injecting a contrast dye into the veins and taking X-ray images to visualize blood clots or blockages.

• #46 Superficial thrombophlebitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000199.htm

  Thrombophlebitis is a swollen or inflamed vein due to a blood clot. Superficial refers to veins just below the skin’s surface. […] Your health care provider will diagnose this condition based mainly on the appearance of the affected area. Frequent checks of the pulse, blood pressure, temperature, skin condition, and blood flow may be needed. […] Ultrasound of the blood vessels helps confirm the condition. […] If there are signs of an infection, skin or blood cultures may be done.

• #47 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis may be made based on appearance of the affected area. […] Other tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis, including: […] Ultrasound […] Venography […] Blood culture, if there is a sign of infection.

• #48 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are not useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected superficial or deep thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex US evaluation is the diagnostic study of choice for venous thrombosis. […] All patients with superficial thrombophlebitis above the knee should undergo duplex US as the initial diagnostic modality of choice to rule out DVT. […] After an initial diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, especially in the thigh region, a follow-up duplex US examination in 48-72 hours should be performed to look for progression of disease after treatment is initiated.

• #49 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-differential

  Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis include the following: […] Patients who lack deep system involvement may rarely progress to develop DVT over time. Also, patients who present with clinical evidence of superficial phlebitis may rarely have deep system involvement that is clinically occult. The incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) in these patients is not insignificant. Any chest symptoms, no matter how minor, should be considered extremely worrisome in a patient with superficial thrombophlebitis, in that PE is not uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose. […] Phlebitis that has progressed to involve any other deep veins (anterior or posterior tibial veins, proximal peroneal vein, popliteal vein, or femoral vein at any level) is a life-threatening condition that must not be confused with superficial venous thrombophlebitis. […] The principal deep vein of the thigh, the femoral vein, often is referred to incorrectly as the superficial femoral vein. It is vital not to be misled by this common but erroneous usage. A thrombus in the femoral vein is the most serious type of DVT.

• #50 Phlebitis (superficial thrombophlebitis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phlebitis/

  Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein near the surface of the skin. Its not usually serious and often gets better on its own after 1 or 2 weeks. […] Phlebitis is also sometimes known as superficial thrombophlebitis or superficial vein thrombosis. […] The main symptoms are: pain, tenderness or swelling in the affected area; warm and itchy skin over the affected area; changes to the colour and texture of the surrounding skin for example, the skin may be red and it may be thick and hard. […] Its important to get these symptoms checked in case its something more serious like deep vein thrombosis (a type of blood clot). […] Treatment for phlebitis may not be needed if your symptoms are mild. But treatment may be recommended if your symptoms are severe or do not go away. […] Treatments may include: anti-inflammatory medicines cream or gel can be used if the affected area is small; compression stockings these increase blood flow to the legs but are only suitable for some people with phlebitis; blood-thinning medicine to reduce the risk of blood clots and help stop phlebitis coming back.

• #51 Specialist Phlebitis Treatments

  https://thewhiteleyclinic.co.uk/conditions/phlebitis/treatment/

  Of course if the scan shows there is no clot underlying the phlebitis, then it will show the diagnosis was wrong and the correct treatment can be started for whatever the problem actually turns out to be – often a local infection called cellulitis. […] In virtually all cases, graduated pressure stockings will also be used both to give the patient comfort and support as well as to further reduce the risk of extension of the clot in the veins and therefore reducing the risk of worsening phlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

• #52 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  D-Dimer is a useful blood test that can suggest phlebitis. This is a chemical that is released by blood clots when they start to degrade. A normal D-Dimer makes the diagnosis of thrombophlebitis unlikely. […] Conditions that mimic phlebitis include cellulitis (superficial skin infection), insect bites, or lymphangitis (swelling and inflammation of lymph nodes) and can be distinguished by obtaining a careful medical history and physical examination by a physician. Sometimes, a biopsy of the skin may be required to establish a definite diagnosis.

• #53 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  D-Dimer is a useful blood test that can suggest phlebitis. This is a chemical that is released by blood clots when they start to degrade. A normal D-Dimer makes the diagnosis of thrombophlebitis unlikely. […] Conditions that mimic phlebitis include cellulitis (superficial skin infection), insect bites, or lymphangitis (swelling and inflammation of lymph nodes) and can be distinguished by obtaining a careful medical history and physical examination by a physician. Sometimes, a biopsy of the skin may be required to establish a definite diagnosis.

• #54 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  D-Dimer is a useful blood test that can suggest phlebitis. This is a chemical that is released by blood clots when they start to degrade. A normal D-Dimer makes the diagnosis of thrombophlebitis unlikely. […] Conditions that mimic phlebitis include cellulitis (superficial skin infection), insect bites, or lymphangitis (swelling and inflammation of lymph nodes) and can be distinguished by obtaining a careful medical history and physical examination by a physician. Sometimes, a biopsy of the skin may be required to establish a definite diagnosis.

• #55 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-differential

  Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis include the following: […] Patients who lack deep system involvement may rarely progress to develop DVT over time. Also, patients who present with clinical evidence of superficial phlebitis may rarely have deep system involvement that is clinically occult. The incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) in these patients is not insignificant. Any chest symptoms, no matter how minor, should be considered extremely worrisome in a patient with superficial thrombophlebitis, in that PE is not uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose. […] Phlebitis that has progressed to involve any other deep veins (anterior or posterior tibial veins, proximal peroneal vein, popliteal vein, or femoral vein at any level) is a life-threatening condition that must not be confused with superficial venous thrombophlebitis. […] The principal deep vein of the thigh, the femoral vein, often is referred to incorrectly as the superficial femoral vein. It is vital not to be misled by this common but erroneous usage. A thrombus in the femoral vein is the most serious type of DVT.

• #56 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-differential

  Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis include the following: […] Patients who lack deep system involvement may rarely progress to develop DVT over time. Also, patients who present with clinical evidence of superficial phlebitis may rarely have deep system involvement that is clinically occult. The incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) in these patients is not insignificant. Any chest symptoms, no matter how minor, should be considered extremely worrisome in a patient with superficial thrombophlebitis, in that PE is not uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose. […] Phlebitis that has progressed to involve any other deep veins (anterior or posterior tibial veins, proximal peroneal vein, popliteal vein, or femoral vein at any level) is a life-threatening condition that must not be confused with superficial venous thrombophlebitis. […] The principal deep vein of the thigh, the femoral vein, often is referred to incorrectly as the superficial femoral vein. It is vital not to be misled by this common but erroneous usage. A thrombus in the femoral vein is the most serious type of DVT.

• #57 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-differential

  Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis include the following: […] Patients who lack deep system involvement may rarely progress to develop DVT over time. Also, patients who present with clinical evidence of superficial phlebitis may rarely have deep system involvement that is clinically occult. The incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) in these patients is not insignificant. Any chest symptoms, no matter how minor, should be considered extremely worrisome in a patient with superficial thrombophlebitis, in that PE is not uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose. […] Phlebitis that has progressed to involve any other deep veins (anterior or posterior tibial veins, proximal peroneal vein, popliteal vein, or femoral vein at any level) is a life-threatening condition that must not be confused with superficial venous thrombophlebitis. […] The principal deep vein of the thigh, the femoral vein, often is referred to incorrectly as the superficial femoral vein. It is vital not to be misled by this common but erroneous usage. A thrombus in the femoral vein is the most serious type of DVT.

• #58 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Migratory thrombophlebitis or thrombophlebitis migrans is an inflammatory reaction of the vein accompanied by a thrombus. […] This activity reviews the etiology, evaluation, and management of migratory thrombophlebitis and highlights the role of an interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Determine the appropriate history, physical exam findings, and evaluation of migratory thrombophlebitis. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is a clinical diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of migratory thrombophlebitis is essential, as it correlates with cancer and other systemic disorders and can be the initial presentation of underlying occult malignancy. […] These patients should undergo evaluation for underlying malignancy and other systemic disorders when superficial migratory thrombophlebitis is diagnosed.

• #59 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Migratory thrombophlebitis or thrombophlebitis migrans is an inflammatory reaction of the vein accompanied by a thrombus. […] This activity reviews the etiology, evaluation, and management of migratory thrombophlebitis and highlights the role of an interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Determine the appropriate history, physical exam findings, and evaluation of migratory thrombophlebitis. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is a clinical diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of migratory thrombophlebitis is essential, as it correlates with cancer and other systemic disorders and can be the initial presentation of underlying occult malignancy. […] These patients should undergo evaluation for underlying malignancy and other systemic disorders when superficial migratory thrombophlebitis is diagnosed.

• #60 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Migratory thrombophlebitis or thrombophlebitis migrans is an inflammatory reaction of the vein accompanied by a thrombus. […] This activity reviews the etiology, evaluation, and management of migratory thrombophlebitis and highlights the role of an interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Determine the appropriate history, physical exam findings, and evaluation of migratory thrombophlebitis. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is a clinical diagnosis. […] Diagnosis of migratory thrombophlebitis is essential, as it correlates with cancer and other systemic disorders and can be the initial presentation of underlying occult malignancy. […] These patients should undergo evaluation for underlying malignancy and other systemic disorders when superficial migratory thrombophlebitis is diagnosed.

• #61 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  A comprehensive survey includes: A complete history to evaluate symptoms and signs of cancer, A thorough physical examination, including a digital rectal examination, testing for fetal occult blood, and pelvic examination in women, Laboratory testing, including complete blood count with peripheral smear, basic metabolic panel, liver function tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urinalysis, tumor markers, autoimmune workup, and studies for hypercoagulability, Chest radiograph, A chest, abdominal, and pelvic CT scan, Age-appropriate cancer screening, including mammography and a Papanicolaou smear in women, upper and lower GI tract evaluation. […] The treatment goal is to relieve local symptoms and prevent the propagation of the thrombus. […] Supportive care is indicated in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis involving a vein segment of size less than 5 cm, a thrombus site remote from the saphenofemoral and saphenopopliteal junction, and no medical risk factors for venous thromboembolism.

• #62 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #63 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30109

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. […] Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Traditionally, superficial thrombophlebitis was a clinical diagnosis. However, with the increased realization of association with concomitant DVT or PE, compressive ultrasonography is recommended. […] Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #64 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/varicose-veins-leaflet/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is inflammation of a vein just under the skin, usually in the leg. […] Your doctor is usually able to diagnose superficial thrombophlebitis by talking to you and examining the affected area. Investigations are not usually needed, especially if you have one of the risk factors for superficial thrombophlebitis (see above). […] However, if your doctor is concerned that you may have a DVT (see below), they may advise that you have some tests to exclude this. This usually means a special ultrasound scan of the affected area to look for any clots in the deep veins. […] If you have recurrent bouts of thrombophlebitis, especially if you have no real risk factors for superficial thrombophlebitis, your doctor may suggest some tests to check that you do not have any problems with the clotting of your blood.

• #65 How to diagnose phlebitis | GPonline

  https://www.gponline.com/diagnose-phlebitis/haematology/article/1211154

  The diagnosis is made on clinical grounds, which is not always easy unless you have seen many cases before, and particularly not in primary care, with limited access to skilled ultrasound services. […] Superficial phlebitis in a varicose vein will frequently recur, because the resolution of the inflammation does not alter the basic underlying problem with the damaged vein surface.

• #66 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are not useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected superficial or deep thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex US evaluation is the diagnostic study of choice for venous thrombosis. […] All patients with superficial thrombophlebitis above the knee should undergo duplex US as the initial diagnostic modality of choice to rule out DVT. […] After an initial diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, especially in the thigh region, a follow-up duplex US examination in 48-72 hours should be performed to look for progression of disease after treatment is initiated.

• #67 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are not useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected superficial or deep thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex US evaluation is the diagnostic study of choice for venous thrombosis. […] All patients with superficial thrombophlebitis above the knee should undergo duplex US as the initial diagnostic modality of choice to rule out DVT. […] After an initial diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, especially in the thigh region, a follow-up duplex US examination in 48-72 hours should be performed to look for progression of disease after treatment is initiated.

• #68 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #69 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #70 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30109

  Patients with superficial thrombophlebitis should have compressive ultrasonography of both the affected and contralateral limb to evaluate for concomitant venous thromboembolic disease. […] Anticoagulation with fondaparinux 2.5 mg/day should be considered in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Experts do not routinely recommend investigation for thrombophilia and underlying malignancy. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity.

• #71 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #72 Phlebitis: Facts & Fallacies

  https://veinhealthcarecenter.com/vein-health-news-articles-detail.php?Phlebitis-Facts-Fallacies-6

  She emphasizes that although untreated phlebitis can present very dramatically, early and aggressive care can „nip it in the bud.” […] While many physicians have been trained to treat phlebitis with antibiotics or anti-coagulation, the proper treatment for phlebitis is to apply heat (NEVER ice) to the area, elevate the legs, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine. […] Before ultrasound, all phlebitis was treated as septic phlebitis (caused by bacteria in the venous system) and the treatment was a course of antibiotics. […] The only time that anti-coagulation is appropriate is when the thrombophlebitis is within at least two centimeters from the saphenofemoral junction (where the great saphenous vein in the superficial vein system enters the deep vein system). […] To review, phlebitis (also known as superficial phlebitis) is the inflammation of a vein, usually in the leg. Symptoms include redness, swelling, tenderness, and pain in or along a vein. Thrombophlebitis is a blood clot in the superficial vein system.

• #73 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #74 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #75 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #76 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #77 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #78 Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Superficial Venous Thrombosis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1466

  The strongest recommendation from the ESVS 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis is the use of fondaparinux 2.5 mg subcutaneously daily for 45 days. […] Anticoagulant therapy is currently considered a central pillar in SVT management, playing a crucial role in preventing early proximal extension and recurrent or subsequent VTE.

• #79 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30109

  Patients with superficial thrombophlebitis should have compressive ultrasonography of both the affected and contralateral limb to evaluate for concomitant venous thromboembolic disease. […] Anticoagulation with fondaparinux 2.5 mg/day should be considered in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Experts do not routinely recommend investigation for thrombophilia and underlying malignancy. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity.

• #80 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #81 Current management of superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limb – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/current-management-of-superficial-thrombophlebitis-of-the-lower-limb/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a manifestation of thrombosis that involves the superficial venous system of the lower limb. […] Diagnosis by ultrasound scanning is essential to exclude deep venous thrombosis and confirm the extent of the superficial thrombophlebitis. […] As STP may coexist with DVT in 6%-53% of patients presenting with STP, it is important to perform a duplex scan to exclude DVT and to confirm the presence of STP and its extent. […] It is important to reiterate here the value of Duplex ultrasound for the confirmation of STP, estimation of thrombus extent, exclusion of DVT and for follow-up. […] In summary, all patients with STP should have bilateral duplex scanning to exclude DVT.

• #82 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30109

  Patients with superficial thrombophlebitis should have compressive ultrasonography of both the affected and contralateral limb to evaluate for concomitant venous thromboembolic disease. […] Anticoagulation with fondaparinux 2.5 mg/day should be considered in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Experts do not routinely recommend investigation for thrombophilia and underlying malignancy. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity.

• #83 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  The prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are not useful in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected superficial or deep thrombophlebitis. […] Duplex US evaluation is the diagnostic study of choice for venous thrombosis. […] All patients with superficial thrombophlebitis above the knee should undergo duplex US as the initial diagnostic modality of choice to rule out DVT. […] After an initial diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, especially in the thigh region, a follow-up duplex US examination in 48-72 hours should be performed to look for progression of disease after treatment is initiated.

• #84 Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/phlebitis-6835673

  Phlebitis is the inflammation of a superficial vein in the leg. […] It also explains how phlebitis is diagnosed and treated based on the underlying cause. […] Given the increased risk of DVT, your healthcare provider will likely order an ultrasound. In an ultrasound, a handheld device uses sound waves to create detailed images of blood vessels and other soft tissues. This imaging study can help rule out DVT or diagnose borderline cases in which a blood clot is situated closer to a larger vein. […] Other tests may be ordered if SVT is unexplained, recurrent, and/or develops in the absence of varicose veins. These may include blood tests to detect thrombophilia, autoimmune diseases like lupus, or antiphospholipid syndrome. Cancer screening may also be advised based on your family history and individual risk factors.

• #85 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #86 Superficial thrombophlebitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000199.htm

  Thrombophlebitis is a swollen or inflamed vein due to a blood clot. Superficial refers to veins just below the skin’s surface. […] Your health care provider will diagnose this condition based mainly on the appearance of the affected area. Frequent checks of the pulse, blood pressure, temperature, skin condition, and blood flow may be needed. […] Ultrasound of the blood vessels helps confirm the condition. […] If there are signs of an infection, skin or blood cultures may be done.

• #87 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-differential

  Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis include the following: […] Patients who lack deep system involvement may rarely progress to develop DVT over time. Also, patients who present with clinical evidence of superficial phlebitis may rarely have deep system involvement that is clinically occult. The incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) in these patients is not insignificant. Any chest symptoms, no matter how minor, should be considered extremely worrisome in a patient with superficial thrombophlebitis, in that PE is not uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose. […] Phlebitis that has progressed to involve any other deep veins (anterior or posterior tibial veins, proximal peroneal vein, popliteal vein, or femoral vein at any level) is a life-threatening condition that must not be confused with superficial venous thrombophlebitis. […] The principal deep vein of the thigh, the femoral vein, often is referred to incorrectly as the superficial femoral vein. It is vital not to be misled by this common but erroneous usage. A thrombus in the femoral vein is the most serious type of DVT.

• #88 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, increasingly known as superficial venous thrombosis, is no longer considered benign. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of superficial venous thrombosis and highlights the healthcare team’s role in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory disorder of superficial veins with coexistent venous thrombosis. […] More recently, superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), has been associated with other venous thromboembolic disorders, primarily deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). […] Therefore, it involves more than a purely clinical diagnosis with supportive treatment. […] Compressive ultrasonography is recommended. […] Physical examination does not adequately identify the extent of the disease; it has been shown to underestimate it in up to 77% of instances.

• #89 Specialist Phlebitis Treatments

  https://thewhiteleyclinic.co.uk/conditions/phlebitis/treatment/

  In the past, doctors and nurses used to think that phlebitis (properly called superficial venous thrombophlebitis) of the leg was a simple condition that caused pain and discomfort, but never caused any risk to the patient. Unfortunately this has proven to be wrong. […] Research and recommendations published between 2010 and 2012 have shown that the clots in the superficial veins that cause phlebitis can extend into the deep veins causing a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and can also fly off to the venous system causing the potentially very serious pulmonary embolism (PE). […] Therefore the old treatment of making the diagnosis clinically and without a scan, and then treating with aspirin (or even worse antibiotics), heat or cold compresses and support stockings is now a completely outdated and could potentially allow a serious or even potentially life-threatening condition to develop.

• #90 Specialist Phlebitis Treatments

  https://thewhiteleyclinic.co.uk/conditions/phlebitis/treatment/

  As such the American College of Chest Physicians and the British Committee for Standards in Haematology have produced guidelines that help doctors get the very best diagnosis and treatments for their patients. […] The Whiteley Clinic have developed a protocol to investigate and treat patients with phlebitis or suspected phlebitis based on these guidelines. […] As soon as phlebitis (superficial venous thrombophlebitis) is suspected or diagnosed, an urgent venous duplex ultrasound scan should be arranged. This scan should be performed by specialists used to looking at veins. […] The venous duplex ultrasound scan has two main functions in the diagnosis of phlebitis: Firstly to check if the phlebitis has an underlying deep vein thrombosis (DVT) associated with it; Secondly to check the position and extent of the clot in the superficial veins that is causing the phlebitis.

• #91 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #92 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Venography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-workup

  Key questions in cases of superficial thrombophlebitis concern the location and extent of the thrombosis, as well as its proximity to the deep venous system at the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction. […] Patients who present with spontaneous thrombophlebitis without a previous indwelling intravenous (IV) catheter or other precipitating cause should be considered for evaluation for a hypercoagulable state. Certainly, all patients with a past history of another thromboembolic event should undergo a workup as well. […] Blood tests are rarely helpful for diagnosing thrombophlebitis, except in patients at risk for an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several common hypercoagulable states, including the following, can be identified through laboratory studies: Resistance to activated protein C (most often due to factor V Leiden), Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Antithrombin III deficiency, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Prothrombin gene 2010-a mutation (factor II mutation).

• #93 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Compressive ultrasonography can identify concomitant DVT, evaluate the extent of the thrombus, and confirm the diagnosis. […] The Prospective Observational Superficial Thrombophlebitis (POST) study reviewed venous duplex screening of the affected lower limb and showed that 23.5% of patients had concurrent DVT. […] These findings support the regular use of ultrasound to evaluate SVT. […] Experts debate whether patients who present with extensive superficial thrombophlebitis without an apparent inciting reason should have an evaluation for thrombophilia, given that hypercoagulability is associated with SVT. […] However, to date, no conclusive studies have identified causation between hypercoagulability and SVT. […] Patients older than 40 years with their first episode of thrombophlebitis should also be evaluated for underlying neoplasm.

• #94 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Despite the number of studies performed, there is still debate on the appropriate treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Multiple strategies have been proposed to control symptoms and decrease the extension of thrombosis and risk for PE in low-risk superficial thrombophlebitis. […] In these cases, the consensus is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, heat, and anticoagulants are all reasonable. […] Those who are at higher risk include patients with an SVT in the lower extremity that is at least 5 cm in length; SVT proximal to the knee, especially within 10 cm of the saphenofemoral junction; the presence of severe symptoms; greater saphenous vein involvement; previous SVT/venous thromboembolic disease; active malignancy; or recent surgery. […] Given the incidence of concomitant venous thromboembolic disease and the possibility of extension, it is paramount for healthcare team members to recognize that superficial thrombophlebitis is no longer considered a benign entity. […] Thus, if non-providers observe such symptoms, the concern can be brought to providers’ attention.

• #95 Specialist Phlebitis Treatments

  https://thewhiteleyclinic.co.uk/conditions/phlebitis/treatment/

  Using the results of the scan, the correct treatment can be selected. […] If an underlying deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is identified, then it is the DVT that needs urgent treatment and anticoagulation (blood thinning medication) will be started immediately unless there is a very serious reason not to do so. […] If there is no deep vein thrombosis (DVT) but there is extensive clot in the superficial veins that is at risk of causing a deep vein thrombosis, then it is recommended to start anticoagulation (blood thinning medication) to stop the clot extending and forming a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and possible pulmonary embolism (PE). […] If the scan shows that there is only a small amount of clot causing the phlebitis, then aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be used to reduce inflammation and pain.

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