Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Phlebitis (superficial thrombophlebitis)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phlebitis/

  Phlebitis is inflammation of a vein near the surface of the skin. Its not usually serious and often gets better on its own after 1 or 2 weeks. […] Phlebitis is also sometimes known as superficial thrombophlebitis or superficial vein thrombosis. […] It’s not always clear what causes phlebitis. […] Often the inflammation is linked to: varicose veins (swollen and enlarged veins, usually in the legs), conditions that cause the blood to clot more easily like thrombophilia, autoimmune conditions like Behet’s disease (a rare condition that causes inflammation of the blood vessels), having injections or a small plastic tube (cannula) inserted into a vein. […] Other things that can increase your chances of getting phlebitis include: getting older, being obese, being pregnant, having cancer, having phlebitis in the past.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously, especially in the lower extremities in the GSV, or as a complication of medical or surgical interventions. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triad that is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] The most important clinically identifiable risk factors for thrombophlebitis are a prior history of superficial phlebitis, DVT, and PE. […] Some common risk markers include recent surgery or pregnancy, prolonged immobilization, and underlying malignancy. […] Phlebitis also occurs in diseases associated with vasculitis, such as polyarteritis nodosa (periarteritis nodosa) and Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans).

• #1 Vascular Health Group | Superficial Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis

  https://vascularhealthgroup.com.au/conditions/venous/superficial-thrombosis-and-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a common inflammatory thrombotic disorder in which a blood clot or thrombus develops in a vein located near the surface of the skin and results in secondary inflammation. […] There are three factors leading to thrombosis. Generally, the formation of thrombus requires two of the three factors. These are blood stasis, alteration to the vein wall and hypercoagulability (sticky blood). […] You are at more risk of developing a Superficial Thrombophlebitis if you have the following: Metabolic syndrome, Previous history of blood clots, Personal or family history of a clotting disorder, Recent major surgery or injury, Hospitalisation, History of active cancer and concurrent cancer therapy, Smoking, Obesity or being overweight, Hormone replacement therapy or high dose combined oral contraceptive pill, Pregnancy and first six weeks after delivery, Prolonged sitting, that is greater than 6-8 hours.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354607

  Thrombophlebitis is caused by a blood clot. A blood clot can form because of an injury to a vein or from having an inherited disorder that affects how your blood clots. You may also get a blood clot after not being active for long periods of time, like during a hospital stay or recovery from an injury. […] The cause of thrombophlebitis is a blood clot, which can form in your blood as a result of: An injury to a vein, An inherited blood-clotting disorder, Being immobile for long periods, such as during an injury or a hospital stay.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Symptoms and Cause | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a blood clot near the surface of the skin that causes inflammation of the vein. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis may form as a result of: An injury to a vein, An inherited blood-clotting disorder, Being immobile for long periods of time, such as sitting on a plane or recovering from surgery, Having an intravenous (IV) line placed. […] Your risk of superficial thrombophlebitis increases if you: Are overweight or obese, Are pregnant or have just given birth, Are receiving cancer treatment, Have varicose veins, Smoke.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556017/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, increasingly known as superficial venous thrombosis, is no longer considered benign. […] A hypercoagulable state, prolonged immobilization, or vessel wall trauma may increase the risk of SVT. Superficial thrombophlebitis accounts for 5.4% of the adjusted population attributable risk for initial DVT or PE. SVT has been the presenting symptom in certain inheritable thrombophilias. […] Advanced age, exogenous estrogens, autoimmune or infectious diseases, obesity, recent trauma or surgery, active malignancy, history of venous thromboembolic disease, and respiratory or cardiac failure also increase the risk of SVT. […] As noted in 75% to 88% of cases, varicose veins are considered the most important clinically identifiable predisposing factor for SVT.

• #1 Superficial Venous Thrombosis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/venous-disorders/superficial-venous-thrombosis

  Superficial venous thrombosis is inflammation and clotting in a superficial vein, usually in the arms or legs. […] Superficial venous thrombosis most often affects the superficial veins (veins located just under the skin) in the legs but may also affect superficial veins in the groin or in the arms. Superficial venous thrombosis in the arms usually results from having an IV. Superficial venous thrombosis in the legs usually results from varicose veins. However, most people with varicose veins do not develop blood clots (thrombosis). […] Even a slight injury can cause a varicose vein to become inflamed (phlebitis). […] Migratory phlebitis or migratory thrombophlebitis is superficial venous thrombosis that repeatedly occurs in normal veins. It may indicate a serious underlying disorder, such as cancer of an internal organ. When migratory phlebitis and cancer of an internal organ occur together, the disorder is called Trousseau syndrome.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a form of venous disease (disease of the veins) that occurs when a blood clot forms that partially or totally blocks blood flow in a vein in the superficial venous system. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis may occur after injury to the vein or the recent use of an intravenous (IV) line or catheter. Some people with a high risk for this condition may develop it in lieu of any of these risk factors: […] Disorders that involve increased blood clotting […] Infection […] Pregnancy […] Sitting or staying still for a prolonged period […] Use of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy […] Varicose veins […] Malignancy […] Chronic venous insufficiency.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Thrombophlebitis Causes […] First, a blood clot forms. This can be the result of several things. Most often, its caused by blood not moving the way it should through the leg veins. This can happen because of: […] Long-term bed rest. Your doctor might order this after a major illness or surgery. […] Sitting for a long time. This can happen on long trips by car or plane, or in some other place where you cant stretch your legs. […] Varicose veins. They cause your blood vessels to stretch too much. This allows blood to pool in the vessel instead of flowing straight through in one direction. This can lead to blood clots. […] […] Anyone with poor circulation in their legs may be more likely to have this condition. This could include those who may get thrombophlebitis during or after pregnancy. People whove been kept in the hospital on an IV are at risk, too. Hospital staffers try to lower this risk by changing the spots where IV lines are placed in the body.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  The increased likelihood of developing thrombophlebitis occurs through most of pregnancy and for approximately 6 weeks after delivery. […] This is partly due to increased platelet stickiness and partly due to reduced fibrinolytic activity. […] High-dose estrogen therapy is another risk factor. […] Other recognized markers of risk for venous thromboembolic disease include the following: Varicose veins, Obesity, Age older than 60 years, Cigarette smoking, IV drug abuse, Hypercoagulable states, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), AIDS – Lupus anticoagulant, Drug-induced lupus anticoagulant, Antithrombin III deficiency, Behet disease, Blood type A, Burns, Catheters, Chemotherapy, Congestive heart failure, Estrogen replacements, Fibrinogen abnormality, Fractures, Hemolytic anemias, Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, Homocysteinemia, Homocystinuria, Hyperlipidemias, Immobilization, Malignancy, MI, Phenothiazines, Plasminogen abnormality, Plasminogen activator abnormality, Polycythemia, Postoperative, Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Resistance to activated protein C, Thrombocytosis, Trauma, Ulcerative colitis (UC), Venography, Venous pacemakers, Venous stasis, Warfarin – First few days of therapy, Caustic materials, such as lighter fluid, injected intravenously.

• #1 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  High dose oestrogen treatments may increase the risk of thrombosis by 312 times. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is not usually a serious condition and often settles down and goes away on its own within 26 weeks. However, it can be recurrent and persistent and cause significant pain and immobility. […] In addition, complications may occur if the affected veins become infected or the blood clot moves further up the vein to where the superficial and deep veins join; leading to a more serious condition called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

• #1 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  Other risk factors for phlebitis include: Hormone therapy (HT), birth control pills, and pregnancy all increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Smoking in combination with birth control pills can substantially increase the risk of thromboembolism. Obesity is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Certain cancers are known to increase the risk of clot formation (referred to as a hypercoagulable state) by causing abnormalities in the normal clotting system (coagulation pathway). Some cancers with hypercoagulable states cause phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. Inherited (primary) or acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable states are associated with an increased risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. […] Complications of phlebitis may include local infection and abscess formation, clot formation, and progression to a deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

• #1 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis is associated with systemic diseases like hypertension, Buerger syndrome/thrombophlebitis obliterans, hypercoagulable conditions like protein C, S deficiencies, lupus anticoagulant, factor XII deficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, Behcet disease, and pancreatic cancer. […] Armand Trousseau first noted the association of superficial migratory thrombophlebitis and visceral malignancy in 1865. […] In patients with cancer, deep veins are also involved, and pulmonary embolism is a frequent complication. […] The characteristic presentation demonstrates the absence of predisposing factors like extreme old age, obesity, postoperative state, immobility, morbidity, varicose veins, and local trauma. […] Virtually all cancers have correlations with migratory thrombophlebitis.

• #1 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  Septic thrombophlebitis is also especially dangerous because it may mean an infection is spreading throughout your body. That can cause sepsis, which is when your immune system dangerously overreacts to an infection spreading through your body. Sepsis is an extremely deadly medical emergency that needs quick diagnosis and rapid treatment.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro

  Superficial thrombophlebitis occurs when a superficial vein (usually the long saphenous vein of the leg or its tributaries) becomes inflamed and the blood within it clots. It may be spontaneous or associated with one or more risk factors – eg, varicose veins. […] These are also thought to be risk factors for superficial venous thrombophlebitis but the relevance of hypercoagulability has been questioned. […] Other specific risk factors include: Obesity, Thrombophilia, Previous history of superficial vein thrombosis, Previous history of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, Smoking, Oral contraceptives, Pregnancy, Intravenous drug abuse, Intravenous infusion (especially if an irritant substance was infused), Varicose veins. […] Phlebitis occurs in diseases associated with vasculitis, such as polyarteritis nodosa and Buerger’s disease, which Buerger reported in 1909. […] The risk of recurrence ranges between 1.6-12.2% in treated cases and 3.3-36.7% in untreated cases, depending on the presence or absence of underlying risk factors.

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Fact Sheets

  https://melbournehaematology.com.au/fact-sheets/superficial-thrombophlebitis.html

  Superficial thrombophlebitis occurs when there is inflammation and clot in a surface vein. Inflammation in the vein often occurs after an injury (e.g. a knock to the vein) but may occur without any injury. […] The treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis depends on the cause and the type and severity of the symptoms present. In superficial thrombophlebitis of the legs, a short course (4 weeks duration) a medication that reduces the blood clotting power of the body is generally recommended. This treatment has been shown to reduce the symptoms and to also prevent clots growing and involving the deep veins. […] Other treatments available for superficial thrombophlebitis include compression bandages and oral medications called anti-inflammatory medications (e.g. Voltaren).

• #1 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments – Vein Treatment Center | Vein Clinics of Lake County | CAVC

  https://yourhealthyveins.com/superficial-thrombophlebitis-causes-symptoms-treatments/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a disorder in which a clot forms in one or more of your body’s superficial veins. […] Phlebitis is the medical term for a painful, red, and inflamed vein. Thrombophlebitis suggests the existence of a blood clot in a vein (thromboembolism), resulting in edema and pain. […] An arm or leg injury, as well as having an intravenous(IV) line, can cause superficial thrombophlebitis. The same risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) also increase the likelihood of this condition. […] This hereditary disorder increases your risk of getting blood clots (family). This can be caused by cancer and various cancer treatments (chemotherapy). […] Long durations of standing still can restrict blood flow to the legs, according to the Harvard Medical School. Here are several frequent conditions that may trigger this issue: […] Taking contraceptives or hormone therapy, particularly for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. […] If your physician diagnoses you with superficial thrombophlebitis and varicose veins, he or she may recommend surgical treatment.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17523-superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, or superficial vein thrombosis, is a blood clot that occurs in veins under the skin (superficial veins). […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is inflammation of the veins near your skin due to blood clots. […] Healthcare providers dont always know why superficial thrombophlebitis develops. But you may develop the condition if you had an injury to the area. […] You may develop superficial thrombophlebitis if you have varicose veins. The condition is also more likely to return (recur) if you have varicose veins. […] Some people with superficial thrombophlebitis develop DVT. If you have a condition that affects how your blood clots or a history of DVT, your provider may recommend that you take an anticoagulant, which is a blood thinner medication.

• #2 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a superficial vein due to a blood clot and is found just under the skin. […] The cause of superficial thrombophlebitis is not completely clear but it is believed to be associated with a change in the dynamic balance of haemostasis. […] In 1846, the German pathologist Virchow showed that damage to a blood vessel wall, abnormal blood flow, or a change in blood constituents causing abnormal blood clotting, could lead to inflammation or formation of blood clots in the veins. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously and without apparent reason. […] There are various conditions or drugs that can make blood clot more easily and cause superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Thrombophlebitis is especially of concern in pregnant women who carry prothrombin G20210A gene mutation or factor V Leiden, as they have a predisposition to clotting.

• #2 Vascular Health Group | Superficial Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis

  https://vascularhealthgroup.com.au/conditions/venous/superficial-thrombosis-and-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a common inflammatory thrombotic disorder in which a blood clot or thrombus develops in a vein located near the surface of the skin and results in secondary inflammation. […] There are three factors leading to thrombosis. Generally, the formation of thrombus requires two of the three factors. These are blood stasis, alteration to the vein wall and hypercoagulability (sticky blood). […] You are at more risk of developing a Superficial Thrombophlebitis if you have the following: Metabolic syndrome, Previous history of blood clots, Personal or family history of a clotting disorder, Recent major surgery or injury, Hospitalisation, History of active cancer and concurrent cancer therapy, Smoking, Obesity or being overweight, Hormone replacement therapy or high dose combined oral contraceptive pill, Pregnancy and first six weeks after delivery, Prolonged sitting, that is greater than 6-8 hours.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously, especially in the lower extremities in the GSV, or as a complication of medical or surgical interventions. […] Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the components of the Virchow triad that is, intimal damage (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stasis or turbulent flow, or changes in blood constituents (presumably causing increased coagulability). […] The most important clinically identifiable risk factors for thrombophlebitis are a prior history of superficial phlebitis, DVT, and PE. […] Some common risk markers include recent surgery or pregnancy, prolonged immobilization, and underlying malignancy. […] Phlebitis also occurs in diseases associated with vasculitis, such as polyarteritis nodosa (periarteritis nodosa) and Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans).

• #2 Superficial phlebitis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/superficial-phlebitis

  Various factors can contribute to the development of superficial phlebitis. These include: […] Direct injury to the vein, such as from a hard blow or trauma, can lead to phlebitis. […] People with varicose veins are at a higher risk, as these veins are already weakened and prone to inflammation. […] Long periods of sitting or standing without movement can cause blood to pool in the veins, increasing the risk of phlebitis. […] The insertion of IV catheters can irritate the vein, leading to inflammation. […] Conditions that make blood more likely to clot can predispose an individual to phlebitis. […] In some cases, an infection in the vein can cause phlebitis, especially if it is related to an IV catheter or injection. […] Some medications, like those used for hormone replacement therapy or birth control, can increase the risk of blood clots and phlebitis.

• #2 Superficial thrombophlebitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000199.htm

  Thrombophlebitis is a swollen or inflamed vein due to a blood clot. Superficial refers to veins just below the skin’s surface. […] This condition may occur after injury to the vein. It may also occur after having medicines given into your veins. If you have a high risk for blood clots, you may develop them for no apparent reason. […] Risks for thrombophlebitis include: Cancer, Deep vein thrombosis, Disorders that involve increased blood clotting (may be inherited), Infection, Liver disease, Pregnancy, Sitting or staying still for a prolonged period, Use of birth control pills, Swollen, twisted, and enlarged veins (varicose veins).

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/heart-health/varicose-veins-leaflet/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is inflammation of a vein just under the skin, usually in the leg. A small blood clot also commonly forms in the vein, but is usually not serious. […] Many cases occur for no apparent reason. A slight injury to the vein may trigger the inflammation in some cases. […] There are a number of risk factors that make it more likely for inflammation to develop in a vein: Varicose veins – many cases occur in people who have varicose veins of the legs. Varicose veins are prone to minor injuries which can lead to inflammation. […] If superficial thrombophlebitis develops in a previously normal vein (not a varicose vein). […] If you have had a DVT before. […] If you are immobile for some reason.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is a form of venous disease (disease of the veins) that occurs when a blood clot forms that partially or totally blocks blood flow in a vein in the superficial venous system. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis may occur after injury to the vein or the recent use of an intravenous (IV) line or catheter. Some people with a high risk for this condition may develop it in lieu of any of these risk factors: chemical irritation of the area, disorders that involve increased blood clotting, infection, pregnancy, sitting or staying still for a prolonged period, use of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, varicose veins, malignancy, chronic venous insufficiency. […] Diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis may be made based on appearance of the affected area. Other tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis, including ultrasound, venography, blood culture, if there is a sign of infection.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Thrombophlebitis Causes […] First, a blood clot forms. This can be the result of several things. Most often, its caused by blood not moving the way it should through the leg veins. This can happen because of: […] Long-term bed rest. Your doctor might order this after a major illness or surgery. […] Sitting for a long time. This can happen on long trips by car or plane, or in some other place where you cant stretch your legs. […] Varicose veins. They cause your blood vessels to stretch too much. This allows blood to pool in the vessel instead of flowing straight through in one direction. This can lead to blood clots. […] […] Anyone with poor circulation in their legs may be more likely to have this condition. This could include those who may get thrombophlebitis during or after pregnancy. People whove been kept in the hospital on an IV are at risk, too. Hospital staffers try to lower this risk by changing the spots where IV lines are placed in the body.

• #2 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  Phlebitis means inflammation of a vein. Thrombophlebitis refers to a blood clot causing inflammation. Phlebitis can be superficial, in the skin, or deep, in the tissues beneath the skin. […] Superficial phlebitis is phlebitis that is in a superficial vein under the surface of the skin. Deep vein thrombophlebitis refers to a blood clot causing phlebitis in the deeper veins. […] Phlebitis has many causes, such as the following: Local trauma or injury to the vein, Prolonged inactivity, such as long driving or plane rides, Insertion of intravenous catheters (IV) in hospitals, or IV-induced phlebitis, The period after surgery (post-operative period), especially orthopedic procedures, Prolonged immobility, as in hospitalized or bed-ridden patients, Varicose veins, Underlying cancers or clotting disorders, Disruption of normal venous system drainage because of removal of lymph nodes, for example, after mastectomy for breast cancer, Intravenous drug use, Patients with burns.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory condition of the veins due to a blood clot just below the surface of the skin. […] Several factors increase the risk of developing superficial thrombophlebitis. The more common risk factors include: recent IV, catheter, or injection into a vein, sitting or lying down for too long, such as on a long flight, varicose veins, pregnancy, infection, disorders that increase blood clotting, obesity, smoking, oral contraceptives and hormone replacement medications, being over the age of 60, chemical irritation, such as from cancer treatments, a stroke or injury that caused paralysis of the arms or legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is also associated with more serious medical conditions, including deep vein thrombosis, which is a blood clot in a deep vein, cancers of the abdomen, such as pancreatic cancer, Factor V Leiden, a genetic blood clotting disorder, prothrombin gene mutation, a gene mutation that causes a blood clotting disorder, thromboangiitis obliterans, a blockage of the blood vessels in the hands and feet. […] Several very rare conditions can also lead to the development of superficial thrombophlebitis: antithrombin III (AT-III) deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis causes include disorders related to increased tendency for blood clotting and reduced speed of blood in the veins such as prolonged immobility; prolonged traveling (sitting) may promote a blood clot leading to thrombophlebitis but this occurs relatively less. […] Long term use of intravenous catheters, intravenous antibiotics, and infusion of vein-irritating substances (such as potassium chloride or sclerotherapy agents) can contribute to development of thrombophlebitis. Larger size, longer duration, and some sites of insertion of catheters are risk factors for developing thrombophlebitis. […] Patients with varicose veins, current or immediately post-pregnancy, advanced age, malignancy, recent trauma or surgery, autoimmune or infectious diseases including lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome, obesity, history of venous thrombosis (DVT), respiratory or cardiac failure, and history of or current exogenous estrogen use can increase risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Those with familial clotting disorders such as protein S deficiency, protein C deficiency, or factor V Leiden are also at increased risk of thrombophlebitis.

• #2 Superficial phlebitis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/superficial-phlebitis

  Pregnancy increases the pressure in the leg veins and changes hormonal levels, which can lead to superficial phlebitis. […] Smoking is a risk factor as it affects blood circulation and can lead to vascular issues. […] Certain types of cancer and cancer treatments can increase the risk of blood clots and phlebitis.

• #2 Phlebitis (Thrombophlebitis) Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/phlebitis_and_thrombophlebitis/article.htm

  Other risk factors for phlebitis include: Hormone therapy (HT), birth control pills, and pregnancy all increase the risk of developing thrombophlebitis. Cigarette smoking is another risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Smoking in combination with birth control pills can substantially increase the risk of thromboembolism. Obesity is also a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. Certain cancers are known to increase the risk of clot formation (referred to as a hypercoagulable state) by causing abnormalities in the normal clotting system (coagulation pathway). Some cancers with hypercoagulable states cause phlebitis or thrombophlebitis. Inherited (primary) or acquired (secondary) hypercoagulable states are associated with an increased risk of phlebitis and thrombosis. […] Complications of phlebitis may include local infection and abscess formation, clot formation, and progression to a deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

• #2 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  High dose oestrogen treatments may increase the risk of thrombosis by 312 times. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is not usually a serious condition and often settles down and goes away on its own within 26 weeks. However, it can be recurrent and persistent and cause significant pain and immobility. […] In addition, complications may occur if the affected veins become infected or the blood clot moves further up the vein to where the superficial and deep veins join; leading to a more serious condition called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

• #2 Related conditions – Thrombophlebitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/smoking/related-conditions/thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a vein due to a blood clot. The term comes from a combination of thrombus, meaning blood clot, and phlebitis, meaning inflammation or infection of a vein. When blood clots form, they release a number of toxic chemicals that cause inflammation of the vein. […] A variety of things can cause inflammation of a superficial vein. One common cause is due to trauma or injury, for example, from IV catheters or some solutions and medications used in hospitals that pierce the vein wall and cause irritation. […] Sometimes, thrombophlebitis is caused by a bacterial infection in the vein. The usual culprit is a bacteria called Staphylococcus, commonly found on the skin. Thrombophlebitis can also develop in the leg veins of pregnant women, in people with varicose veins, and in some people with cancer of the pancreas. […] In some women, the use of certain types of oral contraceptives may increase the risk for forming blood clots. The risk is higher for women over 35 years of age who smoke or have a history of previous blood clots.

• #2 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis is associated with systemic diseases like hypertension, Buerger syndrome/thrombophlebitis obliterans, hypercoagulable conditions like protein C, S deficiencies, lupus anticoagulant, factor XII deficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, Behcet disease, and pancreatic cancer. […] Armand Trousseau first noted the association of superficial migratory thrombophlebitis and visceral malignancy in 1865. […] In patients with cancer, deep veins are also involved, and pulmonary embolism is a frequent complication. […] The characteristic presentation demonstrates the absence of predisposing factors like extreme old age, obesity, postoperative state, immobility, morbidity, varicose veins, and local trauma. […] Virtually all cancers have correlations with migratory thrombophlebitis.

• #2 Migratory Thrombophlebitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547702/

  Most commonly, it accompanies gastrointestinal (including pancreas and gastric), lung, and urogenital cancers. […] Diagnosis of migratory thrombophlebitis is essential, as it correlates with cancer and other systemic disorders and can be the initial presentation of underlying occult malignancy. […] Cancer can manifest months and even years after superficial migratory thrombophlebitis is diagnosed. […] In patients with Trousseau syndrome, heparin is the choice of anticoagulation. […] Migratory thrombophlebitis can be resistant to anticoagulation treatment in cancer patients, resulting in the progression of thrombus and recurrent pulmonary embolism. […] There are reports in patients with malignancy and migratory thrombophlebitis that surgical removal of cancer results in cancer cure and also improves phlebitis symptoms and reduces thrombotic events.

• #2 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/463256-overview

  The increased likelihood of developing thrombophlebitis occurs through most of pregnancy and for approximately 6 weeks after delivery. […] This is partly due to increased platelet stickiness and partly due to reduced fibrinolytic activity. […] High-dose estrogen therapy is another risk factor. […] Other recognized markers of risk for venous thromboembolic disease include the following: Varicose veins, Obesity, Age older than 60 years, Cigarette smoking, IV drug abuse, Hypercoagulable states, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), AIDS – Lupus anticoagulant, Drug-induced lupus anticoagulant, Antithrombin III deficiency, Behet disease, Blood type A, Burns, Catheters, Chemotherapy, Congestive heart failure, Estrogen replacements, Fibrinogen abnormality, Fractures, Hemolytic anemias, Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, Homocysteinemia, Homocystinuria, Hyperlipidemias, Immobilization, Malignancy, MI, Phenothiazines, Plasminogen abnormality, Plasminogen activator abnormality, Polycythemia, Postoperative, Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, Resistance to activated protein C, Thrombocytosis, Trauma, Ulcerative colitis (UC), Venography, Venous pacemakers, Venous stasis, Warfarin – First few days of therapy, Caustic materials, such as lighter fluid, injected intravenously.

• #2 Thrombophlebitis (Superficial and Migratory): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/dvt/understanding-thrombophlebitis-basics

  Other things that raise your chances of having this condition include: […] Certain cancers […] Use of the hormone estrogen for birth control or hormone replacement […] Being over age 60 […] Obesity […] Smoking […] A family or personal history of blood clots […] Catheters placed in the central veins of the arm or leg […] Anyone who has a hypercoagulable state […] If you’ve had trauma […] If you’ve had surgery and are immobilized, or are immobile for another reason

• #2 Thrombophlebitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354613

  To diagnose thrombophlebitis, a doctor might ask you about your discomfort and look for affected veins near your skin’s surface. […] A blood test can show if you have a high level of a substance that dissolves clots. This test can also rule out DVT and show if you’re at risk of having thrombophlebitis repeatedly. […] It’s also useful for ruling out deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and for identifying people at risk of developing thrombophlebitis repeatedly. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can be treated by applying heat to the painful area and elevating your leg. […] For superficial thrombophlebitis, your doctor might recommend applying heat to the painful area, elevating the affected leg, using an over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and possibly wearing compression stockings.

• #2 Superficial Vein Phlebitis

  https://inoviavein.com/superficial-vein-phlebitis/

  For uncomplicated disease, treatment is primarily aimed at alleviating symptoms and preventing spread of clot into the deep venous system. […] In some cases, anticoagulant medication is used stop the clotting process in an effort to prevent spread of the clot to the deeper veins. […] Long term if the condition was triggered by large varicose veins, then you might consider discussing if your varicose veins should be treated with procedures like Closurefast, Venaseal, Varithena, or some form of sclerotherapy to help reduce the risk of recurrence in the future.

• #3 Superficial vein thrombosis and phlebitis of the lower extremity veins – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/phlebitis-and-thrombosis-of-the-superficial-lower-extremity-veins

  Phlebitis and thrombosis of the lower extremity superficial veins is generally a benign, self-limited disorder; however, when the axial veins are involved (eg, great saphenous vein, accessory saphenous vein, small saphenous vein), thrombus propagation into the deep vein system (ie, deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and even pulmonary embolism can occur. […] Definitions — The term phlebitis refers to the presence of inflammation within a vein, whereas thrombosis indicates the presence of a clot within the vein. […] Superficial phlebitis — The term superficial phlebitis denotes the presence of pain and inflammation involving a vein in the absence of a thrombus. Superficial phlebitis is usually an initial clinical diagnosis referring to the clinical findings of pain, tenderness, induration, and erythema along the course of a superficial vein. It is due to inflammation and, less commonly, an infection of the vein. If a thrombus is apparent as a thickened cord or subsequently identified with imaging studies (often the case), the terms superficial thrombophlebitis or superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) are preferred.

• #3 Dr Johan Blignaut | Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://www.veinsurgery.co.za/superficial-thrombophlebitis.html

  Superficial thrombophlebitis simply means blood clotting and inflammation in the superficial veins. This is a common inflammatory disorder of veins in the legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously, especially in the greater saphenous vein in the legs. Although the etiology is frequently obscure, superficial venous thrombosis is most often associated with one of the following: vein injury (which can result from trauma, infection, or inflammation), stagnant or turbulent bloodflow (often found in varicose veins), or changes in blood constituents (dehydration for instance lowers the water content of blood, making it more prone to clotting).

• #3 Superficial thrombophlebitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a superficial vein due to a blood clot and is found just under the skin. […] The cause of superficial thrombophlebitis is not completely clear but it is believed to be associated with a change in the dynamic balance of haemostasis. […] In 1846, the German pathologist Virchow showed that damage to a blood vessel wall, abnormal blood flow, or a change in blood constituents causing abnormal blood clotting, could lead to inflammation or formation of blood clots in the veins. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis can occur spontaneously and without apparent reason. […] There are various conditions or drugs that can make blood clot more easily and cause superficial thrombophlebitis. […] Thrombophlebitis is especially of concern in pregnant women who carry prothrombin G20210A gene mutation or factor V Leiden, as they have a predisposition to clotting.

• #3 Phlebitis: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Treatment & Management

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/phlebitis/article_em.htm

  Phlebitis can be caused by many things, for example, sitting to long on long drives, train or plane rides, varicose veins, some cancers, and after surgery. […] Superficial phlebitis is usually caused by local trauma to a vein. Superficial phlebitis is most often caused by an intravenous catheter (IV) placed in a vein, and the vein becomes irritated. Superficial phlebitis may or not have a blood clot form to cause the pain and inflammation. In the legs, superficial phlebitis can be associated with varicose veins. […] Causes of deep vein thrombosis or thrombophlebitis include: inactivity (blood pools in the veins and tends to clot if a person is inactive for a prolonged period of time); trauma, and blood clotting abnormalities (may be inherited). […] Risk factors for DVT include: Prolonged inactivity (for example, a long airplane or car ride, an extremity immobilized in a cast or splint, being bedridden for an illness or after surgery, a sedentary lifestyle, inactivity with little or no exercise), Obesity, Smoking cigarettes, especially when combined with hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills, During pregnancy, the enlarged uterus can also compress the large veins in the pelvis increasing the risk of blood clotting, Certain medical conditions such as cancer or blood disorders that increase the potential of blood clotting, Injury to the arms or legs.

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/blood-disorders/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis happens in veins close to the surface of your skin. The vein becomes inflamed from a blood clot. […] Things that increase your chance of developing superficial thrombophlebitis include: Trauma, especially to the lower leg; Blood clotting disorder; Sitting for long periods of time, such as riding in a car or on an airplane; Prolonged bed rest; Prior episodes of phlebitis; Certain cancers; Paralysis; Family history of blood clotting disorders; Obesity; Pregnancy. […] A complication of superficial thrombophlebitis is a condition called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This blood clot in the deeper veins causes obstruction of blood flow. DVT can lead to pulmonary embolism, when the blood clot breaks free and lodges in the lungs.

• #3 Phlebitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/phlebitis-6835673

  Thrombophilia, also known as hypercoagulation, is another possible cause of SVT. […] Causes of thrombophilia include: Antiphospholipid syndrome (an autoimmune form of the disorder), Hereditary thrombophilia (an inherited genetic form of the disorder), Chronic infections like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral hepatitis, and liver disease. […] Autoimmune diseases are those in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. […] In cases of SVT, connective tissues that make up blood vessels are the target of the assault. […] Active cancer increases the risk of phlebitis, which in some cases may be an early warning sign of malignancy. […] Cancerous tumors cause phlebitis by releasing chemicals that stimulate the production of clotting factors. […] Certain chemotherapy drugs like anthracyclines and Navelbine (vinorelbine) are also associated with an increased risk of SVT (referred to as chemotherapy-induced phlebitis).

• #3 Thrombophlebitis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23311-thrombophlebitis

  IV drug use. Recreational drugs that you inject are a risk factor for thrombophlebitis. […] Lack of movement. People who sit for long periods, such as those with desk jobs, may have poor circulation, increasing their risk of thrombosis. […] Conditions or circumstances that otherwise affect clotting. Various potential risk factors include cancer, obesity, lupus and certain blood disorders. […] Being pregnant or recently giving birth. Pregnancy can increase the risk of developing blood clots for several reasons. That risk also doesn’t go away immediately after childbirth. […] Thrombophlebitis can happen in any vein in your body. However, several named conditions involve thrombophlebitis that happens for a specific reason or in a certain place. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis happens in smaller veins (or branches of the main veins) in your arms or legs. These are rarely as severe as DVT, but it can be a sign that there’s potential for DVT to happen. Superficial thrombophlebitis can also lead to other serious conditions.

• #3 Related conditions – Thrombophlebitis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/smoking/related-conditions/thrombophlebitis

  Thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a vein due to a blood clot. The term comes from a combination of thrombus, meaning blood clot, and phlebitis, meaning inflammation or infection of a vein. When blood clots form, they release a number of toxic chemicals that cause inflammation of the vein. […] A variety of things can cause inflammation of a superficial vein. One common cause is due to trauma or injury, for example, from IV catheters or some solutions and medications used in hospitals that pierce the vein wall and cause irritation. […] Sometimes, thrombophlebitis is caused by a bacterial infection in the vein. The usual culprit is a bacteria called Staphylococcus, commonly found on the skin. Thrombophlebitis can also develop in the leg veins of pregnant women, in people with varicose veins, and in some people with cancer of the pancreas. […] In some women, the use of certain types of oral contraceptives may increase the risk for forming blood clots. The risk is higher for women over 35 years of age who smoke or have a history of previous blood clots.

• #3 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superficial-thrombophlebitis?lang=us

  Superficial thrombophlebitis, also called superficial venous thrombosis (SVT), is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of a thrombus in the lumen of a superficial vein, accompanied by inflammatory reaction of adjacent tissues. […] There are a large number of potential causes which does overlap with the causes of DVT: varicose veins (most common), morphological changes that predispose to stasis and consequently to the development of thrombotic process, prolonged immobilization, surgery/trauma, obesity, hypercoagulable states, e.g. factor V Leiden thrombophilia, oral contraceptive use, past history SVT or DVT, intravenous cannula or catheter use, malignancies (see: Trousseau syndrome), autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, in particular, Behcet disease and Buerger disease.

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammatory condition of the veins due to a blood clot just below the surface of the skin. […] Several factors increase the risk of developing superficial thrombophlebitis. The more common risk factors include: recent IV, catheter, or injection into a vein, sitting or lying down for too long, such as on a long flight, varicose veins, pregnancy, infection, disorders that increase blood clotting, obesity, smoking, oral contraceptives and hormone replacement medications, being over the age of 60, chemical irritation, such as from cancer treatments, a stroke or injury that caused paralysis of the arms or legs. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is also associated with more serious medical conditions, including deep vein thrombosis, which is a blood clot in a deep vein, cancers of the abdomen, such as pancreatic cancer, Factor V Leiden, a genetic blood clotting disorder, prothrombin gene mutation, a gene mutation that causes a blood clotting disorder, thromboangiitis obliterans, a blockage of the blood vessels in the hands and feet. […] Several very rare conditions can also lead to the development of superficial thrombophlebitis: antithrombin III (AT-III) deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency.

• #3 Superficial thrombophlebitis | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/s/superficial-thrombophlebitis

  Superficial thrombophlebitis happens when a blood clot forms in a vein close to the surface of your skin. The vein gets inflamed. […] Often a blood clot forms for no obvious reason. This is more likely to happen if you have: an injury, eg, getting hit directly on your leg in a fall; varicose veins; an IV line (cannula); been stuck in a bed or chair for a long time, eg with a hospital stay; a blood clotting disorder or you’re pregnant. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis gets better by itself, usually within 2 6 weeks. Your body breaks down the blood clot and the inflammation goes away.

• #3 Superficial Thrombophlebitis: Symptoms, Risks & Causes

  https://www.usaveinclinics.com/vein-disease/superficial-thrombophlebitis/

  Superficial thrombophlebitis (ST), also known as phlebitis, is an inflammation in a vein near the skins surface. The inflammation happens when a blot clot develops in the vein. Typically, this inflammation occurs in the legs. […] There are several possible causes linked to superficial thrombophlebitis. These include: Varicose veins, An injection or IV into the vein, Long periods of sitting or bed rest, Blood clotting disorders, Autoimmune conditions that involve the veins, Cancer, Certain medications. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis is also associated with a few known risk factors, including: Obesity, Smoking, Pregnancy, Being over the age of 60, Certain medications. […] While superficial thrombophlebitis is usually not life-threatening, it can sometimes lead to serious complications, especially if left untreated. These risks are typically associated with blood clots that may develop and progress into more dangerous conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage vein disease and minimize risks. […] Superficial thrombophlebitis rarely leads to a stroke. However, the condition can sometimes result in a DVT, and a DVT can lead to a stroke.

• #3 Thrombophlebitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354613

  Your doctor might also recommend these treatments for both types of thrombophlebitis: […] If you have deep vein thrombosis, injection of a blood-thinning (anticoagulant) medication, such as low molecular weight heparin, fondaparinux (Arixtra) or apixaban (Eliquis), can help prevent clots from growing bigger. […] A surgeon can remove varicose veins that cause pain or recurrent thrombophlebitis.

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