Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  The greatest global root of irremediable amaurosis in the venerable is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a complex eye condition. […] Age-related cellular and metabolic imbalance are made worse by the creation of excessive amounts of free radical species, which causes mitochondrial malfunction. […] As a result, in AMD-affected eyes, the deprivation of melanocytes, confection, and eventually atrophy within the retinal tissue are caused by the continued proliferation of oxidative stress caused by systemic antioxidant capacity depletion. […] Although several causes and mechanisms for the dysfunction and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have previously been identified, the conditions symptoms are still not fully understood. Etiopathogenesis is still not entirely understood.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration

  The degenerating retina succumbs to the final end point of geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization and pigment epithelial detachment. […] Treatments targeting intermediate disease mechanisms or initiating disease factors are in the minority, but may offer a more successful approach to vision preservation than those targeting relatively later steps in AMD pathophysiology (i.e., choroidal neovascularization). […] Complement factor H (CFH) is an important gene in the pathogenesis of AMD. […] Biochemical pathways and genetic association studies have shed light on the possible biochemical pathways that go awry in AMD. […] Two polymorphisms, Tyr402His at 10q26 (Complement factor H locus), and Ala69Ser (LOC387715) may be responsible for up to 50-75% of the genetic risk of AMD. […] Aside from explaining some of the genetic predisposition in AMD, these loci have uncovered new biochemical pathways hitherto unlinked to AMD pathogenesis, providing novel therapeutic targets.

• #1 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. The 10q26 region contains two genes of interest, ARMS2 and HTRA1. Changes in both genes have been studied as possible risk factors for the disease. However, because the two genes are so close together, it is difficult to tell which gene is associated with age-related macular degeneration risk, or whether increased risk results from variations in both genes. […] Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoproteins (HDL, also known as „good” cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease. […] Researchers have also examined nongenetic factors that contribute to the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Age appears to be the most important risk factor; the chance of developing the condition increases significantly as a person gets older. Smoking is another established risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Other factors that may increase the risk of this condition include high blood pressure; heart disease; a diet that is high in fat, high in easily digested foods (high glycemic index), or low in certain nutrients (such as antioxidants and zinc); obesity; and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. However, it is unclear how these factors influence the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration

  The complement system is a three-pronged pathway involved in natural and acquired immunity. […] Activation of the complement system results in cellular damage that is central in the pathogenesis of dry and wet forms of AMD, and this is supported by the presence of many complement system proteins within drusen in patients with AMD. […] In AMD, it is believed that an early „seeding event,” such as an area of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy with cellular debris, induces innate immune system activation at the RPE-choroid-Bruch’s membrane complex.

• #1 Low Vision? Read About the Causes of Macular Degeneration

  https://www.enhancedvision.com/low-vision-info/eye-conditions/causes-of-macular-degeneration.html?srsltid=AfmBOor2qeZKDWG5p64wKiVohg6Lmu6FZ4Rqviz0Jl6G73Gt1FM1h1vp

  The lifetime risk of developing late-stage macular degeneration is 50% for people who have a relative with macular degeneration versus 12% for people whose relatives do not have macular degeneration (4x the risk). […] Smoking is the single most controllable risk factor that contributes to the development of macular degeneration. Every cigarette that is smoked causes damage to ones vision. Smoking causes vasoconstriction or narrowing of the blood vessels which reduces the blood supply to the eyes. Smoking also creates free radicals which causes cellular damage while decreasing ones levels of antioxidants. […] A Harvard study done by Dr. Johanna Seddon in 1994 concluded that those who ate at least 5 servings of dark leafy greens per week had a 43% lower risk of developing AMD than those who ate small amounts or none at all.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes

  As the name suggests, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is more common in older folks. But it’s not just age that raises your chances of getting the disease. […] Some things that are linked to AMD are out of your control, like the genes that your parents passed down to you. Others, like smoking, diet, or high blood pressure, are things you can do something about. […] Scientists have identified 20 or so genes that may be linked to more than half of AMD cases. This helps explain why you have a higher risk of AMD if other members of your family have it. […] Age. This is the No. 1 thing that puts you at risk for AMD. About 2% of people in their 50s have AMD, and almost a third of people over 75 do. […] Smoking. If you smoke, your risk for AMD could be up to four times as much as someone whos never smoked. This is probably because smoking reduces the amount of oxygen that goes to different parts of your body, including your eyes.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From One Medical Student to Another. EyeRounds :: The University of Iowa, Ophthalmology

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/AMD-medical-student/index.htm

  Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the Western world. Currently it is estimated that about 2 million Americans are affected by AMD and by the year 2020 it is projected to be closer to 3 million as life expectancy increases and the aging population expands. […] Risk factors for AMD include increasing age, smoking, family history, and race. AMD is rarely found in individuals younger than 50 and has been reported in 30% of Americans over the age of 85. […] A family history of AMD does confer an increased risk, which is typically multifactorial in nature. Polymorphisms in the complement factor H (CFH) gene, HTRA/ARMS2, and at other loci have been shown to confer an increased risk of AMD among Caucasians. […] Smoking is the most significant modifiable risk factor and cessation should be encouraged at each visit to prevent continued vision loss.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From One Medical Student to Another. EyeRounds :: The University of Iowa, Ophthalmology

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/AMD-medical-student/index.htm

  Other speculated risk factors for AMD include obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperopia, light iris color, female gender, cardiovascular disease, and nutritional deficiencies. […] The pathogenesis of AMD is not completely clear. Scientists feel that AMD is likely a pathological extension of normal aging that occurs within the eye. It does not appear that there is one mechanism that causes AMD, but that it stems from a collection of complex processes that combine to create the disease state with age. However, it is clear that both genetics and the environment play a role in the pathogenesis. […] Aging is also associated with thinning and breakdown of the central elastin layer within Bruchs membrane. Thinning of this layer increases the risk of neovascularization as it reduces the number of bound anti-angiogenic proteins. In addition, elastin breakdown products (elastin-derived proteins) are themselves angiogenic. Therefore, breakdown of elastin in Bruchs membrane not only causes a reduction in the barrier to neovascularization, but also stimulates vessel growth.

• #1 Pathophysiology of AMD: Vision Loss Information | Vision RELIEF

  https://provider-amd.vision-relief.com/pathophysiology-of-amd/

  Drusen play a role in inhibiting the transport of metabolites to the choroid vessels and their molecular components also initiate inflammation through the complement cascade. […] Age-related changes in the RPE cells lead to decreased efficiency in maintaining photoreceptor health. […] Several genetic variants, particularly those that regulate inflammation, lipid metabolism, and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2 or LOC387715) and high-temperature requirement A-serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) genes are implicated in the development and progression of AMD. […] nAMD is characterized by abnormal angiogenesis within the choroid, subretinal space, and retina, driven by angiogenic signaling molecules, including vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF).

• #1 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/3/1170

  The accumulation of photo-oxidized products in the RPE is believed to be an underlying cause of age-related macular degeneration. […] Aging also increases the deposition of beta-amyloid proteins in the eyes. […] With drusen and lipofuscin being essential components of nvAMD development, it has been shown that drusen components, as well as A2E, could activate NLRP3 leading to the activation of the caspase-1 cascade. […] Neovascular AMD, wherein abnormal vessels break through Bruch’s membrane, is one of the leading causes of blindness in the West.

• #1

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/six-things-about-amd

  Many people dont know that age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in those 60 and older. […] While AMD is not inherited (passed down from your parents), having a family history of the disease does raise your risk. […] While vision loss from AMD cannot be reversed, early treatment can help save the vision you do have. […] Many studies have found that smoking cigarettes can increase risk of AMD. […] Studies have shown that foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids are good for eye health. Studies link eating these foods with a reduced risk of AMD but not when taken as supplements. […] Many studies show getting regular exercise may benefit your eyes. One study found that exercising three times a week may help reduce your risk of getting wet AMD. Studies also show that exercise may have a protective effect against all stages of AMD.

• #1 Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Macular Disease Foundation Australia

  https://www.mdfoundation.com.au/about-macular-disease/age-related-macular-degeneration/risk-factors-for-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Major risk factors include age, family history and smoking. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. So that means the older you get, the more likely you are to develop AMD. […] Genetic factors play a role in up to 70 per cent of cases of age-related macular degeneration. […] If you have a parent or sibling with AMD, you have a 50 per cent risk of getting it, too. […] Smoking is the largest modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. […] According to the studies, if you smoke, you are three to four times more likely to develop AMD. […] Smokers may also develop the disease five to 10 years earlier than non-smokers. […] Smoking can also increase the risk of disease progression. If you have wet (neovascular) AMD and continue to smoke, you may not respond as well to treatment.

• #1 Advanced Macular Degeneration Treatment, Assil Gaur Eye Institute

  https://assileye.com/eye-care/macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in adults over 55. It is expected to affect 288 million people worldwide by the year 2040. […] The exact cause of macular degeneration is not exactly known, but research indicated it’s a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These risk factors include: Having a family history of AMD, Age (most cases are diagnosed after age 55), Smoking (Studies show that smoking is associated with 25% of severe AMD cases, and living with a smoker doubled test subjects’ risk of developing AMD), Obesity, Being Caucasian, Being female, If you take certain medications like chloroquine or phenothiazine-type drugs. […] Yes, macular degeneration can have a hereditary component. However, having a genetic predisposition to the disease does not necessarily mean an individual will develop macular degeneration. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet, and sun exposure can also increase the risk of developing the disease.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes

  High blood pressure. Like smoking, high blood pressure restricts the amount of oxygen getting to your eyes, which may raise your risk for AMD. […] Heart disease. If you’ve had a stroke, angina (a type of chest pain), or a heart attack, your risk for AMD may be 1 times as high as someone who has not had any of these problems. High cholesterol levels may also raise your risk. […] Obesity. Some studies suggest that having a body mass index over 30 can more than double your chances of AMD, although this is not yet proven. […] Spending too much time in the sun. Long-term damage to your eyes from the sun’s ultraviolet rays may raise your odds of AMD, though this is also not certain. […] Diet and alcohol. High-fat, high-sugar diets that skimp on green leafy vegetables may also add to your risk for AMD, as does having more than three alcoholic drinks a day. […] AMD in one eye. Macular degeneration in one eye means you are more likely to get it in the other eye as well.

• #1 Low Vision? Read About the Causes of Macular Degeneration

  https://www.enhancedvision.com/low-vision-info/eye-conditions/causes-of-macular-degeneration.html?srsltid=AfmBOor2qeZKDWG5p64wKiVohg6Lmu6FZ4Rqviz0Jl6G73Gt1FM1h1vp

  Dr. Michael A. Samuel the author of Macular Degeneration: A Complete Guide for Patients and Their Families writes If you have high blood pressure that is fairly well controlled, you have double the risk of wet AMD compared to someone who does not have hypertension at all. If you have uncontrolled high blood pressure that goes above 160/90 you are three times more likely to develop wet AMD. […] Those with an active lifestyle were 70% less likely to develop macular degeneration than those who did little or no exercise according to researchers from the University of Wisconsin.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://theeyecenter.com/eye-health-education/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that affects your central vision. It is a common cause of vision loss among people over age of 60. […] Its cause is unknown. […] Although AMD can occur during middle age, the risk increases as a person gets older. […] Women may be at greater risk than men, according to some studies. […] Smoking may increase the risk of AMD. […] People with a family history of AMD may be at higher risk of getting the disease. […] People with elevated levels of blood cholesterol may be at higher risk for wet AMD. […] The National Eye Institute (NEI) is supporting a number of research studies both in the laboratory and with patients to learn more about the cause of AMD. […] There is some suggestion that certain vitamins and minerals may play a role in the treatment of AMD.

• #1 Wet macular degeneration – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/symptoms-causes/syc-20351107

  Wet macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is a type of age-related macular degeneration where blood vessels leak fluid or blood into part of the retina known as the macula. The macula is responsible for central vision. […] No one knows the exact cause of wet macular degeneration, but it develops in people who have dry macular degeneration. Of all people with age-related macular degeneration, about 20% have the wet form. […] Wet macular degeneration can develop in different ways: Vision loss caused by irregular blood vessel growth. Sometimes new blood vessels grow from the choroid under and into the macula. This growth isn’t typical, and when it happens it’s known as choroidal neovascularization. […] Vision loss caused by fluid buildup in the back of the eye. When fluid leaks from the choroid, it can collect between the thin cell layer called the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina or within the layers of the retina. This may cause irregularities in the macula layers, resulting in vision loss or distortion.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  All the mechanisms involved in the etiology of AMD should be continuously probed to create covariates for other contemporaneous or future problems. […] The complicated etiology of AMD has been connected to cellular, biochemical, and molecular processes and is impacted by a number of variables, including both environmental influences and genetic predisposition, despite the fact that the pathogenesis of AMD is presently not fully known. […] The known genetic risk factors evaluated together assert that oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix biology, inflammation, liberalization of the complement cascade, and other immunological responses are involved in the pathophysiology of the illness. […] Several pathogenic mechanisms can cause AMD at the molecular and biochemical levels, according to our current understanding of the disease. These consist of oxidative damage, aberrant lipid metabolism, apoptosis, structural changes to outer photoreceptor segments, RPE ion channel malfunction, immune system changes, and abnormalities of the extracellular matrix.

• #1

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/amd-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a problem with your retina. It happens when a part of the retina called the macula is damaged. […] AMD is very common. It is a leading cause of vision loss in people 50 years or older. […] You are more likely to develop AMD if you: eat a diet high in saturated fat (found in foods like meat, butter, and cheese), are overweight, smoke cigarettes, have hypertension (high blood pressure), have a family history of AMD, are over 50 years old. […] Having heart disease is another risk factor for AMD, as is having high cholesterol levels. White people also have an elevated risk of getting AMD. […] AMD causes your vision to change over time. You may not notice these changes when they happen. But you need to catch vision changes as soon as possible. Treating them early can help slow or stop further loss of sight.

• #1 Macular Degeneration | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/macular-degeneration

  Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss in adults over age 50. […] This eye disease occurs when there are changes to the macula, a small portion of the retina that is located on the inside back layer of the eye. […] There is no cure for dry AMD, and any loss in central vision cannot be restored. […] Researchers and doctors believe there is a link between nutrition and the progression of dry AMD. […] Researchers have linked eye-friendly nutrients such as lutein and zeaxanthin, omega 3 supplements or consumption of fatty fishes, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc to reducing the risk of certain eye diseases, including macular degeneration. […] The first AREDS clinical trial, AREDS1, established AMD as a „nutrition-responsive disorder.” […] AREDS showed that taking 40-80 mg/day of zinc, along with antioxidants beta-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin C, slows the progression of AMD by about 25% and visual acuity loss by 19 % in individuals at high risk for the disease.

• #1 Macular Degeneration: Causes, Symptoms & Risk Factors

  https://www.clearvieweyes.com/blog/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors

  Exposure to sunlight and blue light has been suggested as a potential risk factor. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can damage the retina over time. […] Poor dietary habits, lack of physical activity, and smoking are significant contributors to the risk of developing AMD. Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in saturated fats may increase the likelihood of AMD. […] Other health conditions, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and obesity, have also been linked to a higher risk of AMD. […] Understanding the age-related macular degeneration risk factors is essential for prevention and early detection. […] Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for AMD. Studies have shown that smokers are significantly more likely to develop AMD compared to non-smokers. […] Being overweight or obese increases the risk of AMD, particularly wet AMD. Excess body weight can contribute to inflammation and other metabolic issues that may damage the retina.

• #1 Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration Symptoms, Causes and Treatments – Versant Health

  https://versanthealth.com/blog/understanding-age-related-macular-degeneration-symptoms-causes-and-treatments/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss among older Americans, more than glaucoma and cataracts combined. AMD is most likely to occur in those 50 and older. […] The exact cause of AMD isn’t known. However, genetic and environmental factors may play a role in the development of AMD. The development of AMD is also more likely if a person is: Overweight, A smoker, Caucasian, Female, Has a family history of macular degeneration, Eats a diet high in saturated fat. […] There is currently no known cure for AMD. However, some treatments and lifestyle changes, like exercising, avoiding smoking, and protecting your eyes from ultraviolet light, may help prevent dry macular degeneration’s progression to the wet form.

• #1 Macular degeneration – age-related Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/macular-degeneration-age-related

  Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD); AMD; Vision loss – AMD. […] AMD is caused by damage to the blood vessels that supply the macula. This change also harms the macula. […] Health care providers are not sure what causes AMD. The condition is rare before age 55. It occurs mostly in people 75 years or older. […] Risk factors for AMD are: Family history of AMD, Being White, Cigarette smoking, High-fat diet, Being female. […] Lutein and zeaxanthin, which are substances found in green leafy vegetables, may also decrease your risk for age-related macular degeneration. […] Although there is no known way to prevent macular degeneration, leading a healthy lifestyle can reduce your risk of developing AMD: Do not smoke, Maintain a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in animal fat, Exercise regularly, Maintain a healthy weight.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  The pathogenesis of AMD includes oxidative stress and retinal inflammatory pathways. […] As a result, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered proteostasis, altered lipid homeostasis, and lack of cellular control of oxidative stress combine to create an internal feedback loop that leads to the failure of the RPE and the accumulation of abnormal misfolded proteins and abnormal lipids that will eventually form drusen. […] The complement system plays a significant role in this process. […] The development of anti-VEGF medications gave people with AMD fresh hope, the necessity of long-term therapy and the frequency of injections place a considerable financial and logistical burden on both individuals and the healthcare system. […] Although AMD is increasingly common as people age, if we can stop AMD from advancing to more severe forms, we can reduce the prevalence of blindness in the general population.

• #1 Pathophysiology of AMD: Vision Loss Information | Vision RELIEF

  https://provider-amd.vision-relief.com/pathophysiology-of-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressively deteriorating eye condition primarily impacting the macula, the central portion of the retina responsible for high-acuity vision. AMD is characterized by the increasing presence and size of drusen, pigmentary changes in the RPE, atrophy of retinal cells, and potentially growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina, known as choroidal neovascularization. […] While not fully understood, a number of factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD: […] The retina is vulnerable to oxidative damage because of its high oxygen consumption and exposure to light, which leads to the accumulation of such damage and results in cellular dysfunction and death. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a crucial role in AMD progression. This inflammation damages the RPE, photoreceptor cells, and choroidal vessels and may lead to geographic atrophy.

• #1 Age-related macular degeneration – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of severe central vision loss and legal blindness in adults. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AMD will be reviewed here. […] AMD is a degenerative disease of the photoreceptors of the central portion of the retina (the macula) and the supporting retinal pigment epithelium. It is characterized by loss of central vision. […] Both forms of the disease are characterized by the presence of lipid-rich extracellular deposits under the retinal pigment epithelium called drusen, as well as retinal pigmentary and atrophic changes. Wet AMD is characterized by new vessel formation in and under the retina. These abnormal blood vessels have a tendency to leak, leading to collections of fluid and/or blood in and/or beneath the retina. […] Dry AMD progresses to wet AMD in a minority of patients. The risk of developing wet AMD in people with bilateral, early, dry AMD (bilateral soft drusen) was estimated at approximately 3 per 100 person-years if both eyes have early- or intermediate-stage AMD.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Texas Retina Associates

  https://www.texasretina.com/for-patients/retinal-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in older American adults and the most common reason patients are referred to Texas Retina Associates. It happens when a part of the retina called the macula is damaged. The macula is the central part of the retina responsible for detailed vision tasks. […] Dry AMD is characterized by accumulation of yellow deposits called drusen, thinning of the macula, and gradual deterioration of central vision. […] Geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of dry AMD, involves chronic and irreversible progressive destruction (atrophy) of central retinal cells and underlying blood vessels due to chronic inflammation. […] Wet AMD is more serious. With wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and may leak, causing accumulation of blood or other fluid.

• #1 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  There are two kinds of AMD dry and wet. The most common form of AMD is dry AMD, of which 85-90 percent of AMD patients are diagnosed. Dry AMD is caused by the appearance of small yellow deposits called drusen, which form under the retina. […] While the cause of AMD is unknown, some identified which have been identified as increasing risk for AMD include: Family history of AMD, Aging those over 60 years old, Race Caucasians have a higher rate of AMD, Light colored eyes, Smoking, Heart disease, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, High sun exposure, Poor diet with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (a low intake of anti-oxidants). […] AMD if left untreated is the leading cause of permanent impairment of reading and fine or close-up vision among people aged 65 years and older.

• #1 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-overview

  Study findings suggest that drusen formation may initiate an inflammatory cascade that may play a role in AMD progression. […] A strong association was discovered between AMD and a single nucleotide polymorphism in the complement factor H (CFH) gene on chromosome 1 and the PLEKHA1 and LOC387715 genes on chromosome 10. […] Drusen formation is not only a sign of RPE dysfunction but is also thought to be a cause of RPE loss and, in turn, photoreceptor loss. Further degeneration of the RPE can lead to dysfunction in Bruch’s membrane, which separates the choriocapillaris from the RPE. […] The end-stage of exudative AMD is the formation of a disciform scar in the macula that results in permanent loss of central vision.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/2/agerelated-macular-degeneration

  AMD is a deterioration of the retina and choroid that leads to a substantial loss in visual acuity (sharpness of vision). AMD is the leading cause of significant visual acuity loss in people over age 50 in developed countries. […] The exact cause of AMD is unknown, but the condition develops as the eye ages. There are 2 types of AMD: non-neovascular or dry AMD; and neovascular or wet AMD. […] GA is the advanced form of dry AMD, which may be associated with loss of central vision. […] In wet AMD, there is a sudden or gradual decrease in visual acuity, blind spots in the center of vision, and distortion of straight lines. The hallmark of wet AMD is choroidal neovascularization (CNV). […] CNV occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina; these can bleed or leak and cause a distortion of the retina’s structure. Ultimately, the CNV can turn into a disciform scar that replaces the normal architecture of the outer retina and leads to permanent loss of central vision.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD or ARMD) – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/retinal-disorders/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd-or-armd

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible central vision loss in older patients. AMD is the leading cause of permanent, irreversible vision loss in older adults. Risk factors include the following: Age, Genetic variants (eg, abnormal complement factor H), Family history, Smoking, Cardiovascular disease, Hypertension, Obesity, Sun exposure, A diet low in omega-3 fatty acids and dark green leafy vegetables. Although only 15% of patients with AMD have the wet form, 80 to 90% of the severe vision loss caused by AMD results from wet AMD. Dry AMD causes changes of the retinal pigment epithelium, typically visible as dark pinpoint areas. Wet AMD occurs when new abnormal blood vessels develop under the retina in a process called choroidal neovascularization (abnormal new vessel formation).

• #1 Age-related macular degeneration – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/age-related-macular-degeneration

  AMD is caused by damage to the blood vessels that supply the macula. This change also harms the macula. […] Health care providers are not sure what causes AMD. The condition is rare before age 55. It occurs mostly in people 75 years or older. […] Risk factors for AMD are: Family history of AMD, Being White, Cigarette smoking, High-fat diet, Being female. […] Lutein and zeaxanthin, which are substances found in green leafy vegetables, may also decrease your risk for age-related macular degeneration. […] Treatments in development: Stem cell research is showing some promise in restoring some vision in AMD. But this type of treatment is still years away at this point. Similarly, gene therapy may also have a place in the treatment of AMD. Levodopa, while most commonly used to treat Parkinson disease, may have a beneficial effect on wet AMD.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  All the mechanisms involved in the etiology of AMD should be continuously probed to create covariates for other contemporaneous or future problems. […] The complicated etiology of AMD has been connected to cellular, biochemical, and molecular processes and is impacted by a number of variables, including both environmental influences and genetic predisposition, despite the fact that the pathogenesis of AMD is presently not fully known. […] The known genetic risk factors evaluated together assert that oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix biology, inflammation, liberalization of the complement cascade, and other immunological responses are involved in the pathophysiology of the illness. […] Several pathogenic mechanisms can cause AMD at the molecular and biochemical levels, according to our current understanding of the disease. These consist of oxidative damage, aberrant lipid metabolism, apoptosis, structural changes to outer photoreceptor segments, RPE ion channel malfunction, immune system changes, and abnormalities of the extracellular matrix.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-overview

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that may get worse over time. Its the leading cause of serious, permanent vision loss in people older than 50. About 1 in 10 people in the U.S. are affected by the condition. […] Experts aren’t sure why some people develop AMD and others don’t. They believe that your genes and your environment may play a role. […] Risk factors for both types of age-related macular degeneration include: Smoking, High blood pressure or high cholesterol, Eating lots of saturated fat, Obesity, Being a woman or assigned female at birth, Having light skin. […] AMD is the leading cause of permanent blindness in the industrialized world (more than 170 million people affected globally) and the third cause worldwide. […] AMD researchers are looking at several genes, but two sets in particular stand out: the complement cascade group on chromosome 1 and the ARMS2/HTRA genes on chromosome 10.

• #2 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-overview

  Study findings suggest that drusen formation may initiate an inflammatory cascade that may play a role in AMD progression. […] A strong association was discovered between AMD and a single nucleotide polymorphism in the complement factor H (CFH) gene on chromosome 1 and the PLEKHA1 and LOC387715 genes on chromosome 10. […] Drusen formation is not only a sign of RPE dysfunction but is also thought to be a cause of RPE loss and, in turn, photoreceptor loss. Further degeneration of the RPE can lead to dysfunction in Bruch’s membrane, which separates the choriocapillaris from the RPE. […] The end-stage of exudative AMD is the formation of a disciform scar in the macula that results in permanent loss of central vision.

• #2 Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Macular Disease Foundation Australia

  https://www.mdfoundation.com.au/about-macular-disease/age-related-macular-degeneration/risk-factors-for-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Major risk factors include age, family history and smoking. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. So that means the older you get, the more likely you are to develop AMD. […] Genetic factors play a role in up to 70 per cent of cases of age-related macular degeneration. […] If you have a parent or sibling with AMD, you have a 50 per cent risk of getting it, too. […] Smoking is the largest modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. […] According to the studies, if you smoke, you are three to four times more likely to develop AMD. […] Smokers may also develop the disease five to 10 years earlier than non-smokers. […] Smoking can also increase the risk of disease progression. If you have wet (neovascular) AMD and continue to smoke, you may not respond as well to treatment.

• #2 Age Related Macular Degeneration: Risks and Treatment Options

  https://changeyegroup.com/age-related-macular-degeneration-risks-and-treatment-options/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an incurable eye disease that causes vision loss to a patient’s central vision. […] Aging is the primary risk factor for developing AMD. […] According to the National Eye Institute, approximately 35 percent of people over age 80 will develop AMD. […] AMD can also progress to affecting a larger area of vision over time, which means that it is common for patients that develop AMD at a younger age to experience more severe vision loss a few decades down the road than they might if they first noticed symptoms later in life. […] Caucasians tend to be more likely to develop AMD than people of other races. […] Other factors that may increase your risk of developing AMD at any age include smoking, obesity, high blood pressure or cholesterol, diabetes, eating an unhealthy diet, getting too little exercise, certain types of infections, a history of head injuries, and a family history of AMD.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From One Medical Student to Another. EyeRounds :: The University of Iowa, Ophthalmology

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/AMD-medical-student/index.htm

  Other speculated risk factors for AMD include obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperopia, light iris color, female gender, cardiovascular disease, and nutritional deficiencies. […] The pathogenesis of AMD is not completely clear. Scientists feel that AMD is likely a pathological extension of normal aging that occurs within the eye. It does not appear that there is one mechanism that causes AMD, but that it stems from a collection of complex processes that combine to create the disease state with age. However, it is clear that both genetics and the environment play a role in the pathogenesis. […] Aging is also associated with thinning and breakdown of the central elastin layer within Bruchs membrane. Thinning of this layer increases the risk of neovascularization as it reduces the number of bound anti-angiogenic proteins. In addition, elastin breakdown products (elastin-derived proteins) are themselves angiogenic. Therefore, breakdown of elastin in Bruchs membrane not only causes a reduction in the barrier to neovascularization, but also stimulates vessel growth.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  The pathogenesis of AMD includes oxidative stress and retinal inflammatory pathways. […] As a result, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered proteostasis, altered lipid homeostasis, and lack of cellular control of oxidative stress combine to create an internal feedback loop that leads to the failure of the RPE and the accumulation of abnormal misfolded proteins and abnormal lipids that will eventually form drusen. […] The complement system plays a significant role in this process. […] The development of anti-VEGF medications gave people with AMD fresh hope, the necessity of long-term therapy and the frequency of injections place a considerable financial and logistical burden on both individuals and the healthcare system. […] Although AMD is increasingly common as people age, if we can stop AMD from advancing to more severe forms, we can reduce the prevalence of blindness in the general population.

• #2 Neovascular Macular Degeneration: A Review of Etiology, Risk Factors, and Recent Advances in Research and Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/3/1170

  The accumulation of photo-oxidized products in the RPE is believed to be an underlying cause of age-related macular degeneration. […] Aging also increases the deposition of beta-amyloid proteins in the eyes. […] With drusen and lipofuscin being essential components of nvAMD development, it has been shown that drusen components, as well as A2E, could activate NLRP3 leading to the activation of the caspase-1 cascade. […] Neovascular AMD, wherein abnormal vessels break through Bruch’s membrane, is one of the leading causes of blindness in the West.

• #2 Macular degeneration – age-related Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/macular-degeneration-age-related

  Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD); AMD; Vision loss – AMD. […] AMD is caused by damage to the blood vessels that supply the macula. This change also harms the macula. […] Health care providers are not sure what causes AMD. The condition is rare before age 55. It occurs mostly in people 75 years or older. […] Risk factors for AMD are: Family history of AMD, Being White, Cigarette smoking, High-fat diet, Being female. […] Lutein and zeaxanthin, which are substances found in green leafy vegetables, may also decrease your risk for age-related macular degeneration. […] Although there is no known way to prevent macular degeneration, leading a healthy lifestyle can reduce your risk of developing AMD: Do not smoke, Maintain a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in animal fat, Exercise regularly, Maintain a healthy weight.

• #2 Age-related Macular Degeneration: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/early-signs-of-macular-degeneration/

  You can ward off plenty of health conditions by looking out for early warning signs, but there are no such indications in the early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in people over 50. […] Age-related macular degeneration is a complex condition involving multiple genes, pathways and environmental factors, says T.Y. Alvin Liu, M.D., associate professor of ophthalmology and founding director of the Wilmer Precision Ophthalmology Center of Excellence at Johns Hopkins Medicine. Theres no single, direct cause of AMD, but youre at risk for the disease if you are: […] As we age, the cumulative exposure to oxidative stress can affect the health of the retina and, in particular, the macula, Sodhi says. The blood flow to the outer retina is reduced, the delivery of oxygen to the retina can be compromised, and the ability of the retina to tolerate the additional burden of oxidative stress declines. […] Research shows that not only smokers but also people who are regularly exposed to cigarette smoke are at greater risk for AMD. […] A body mass index over 30 (obesity) is associated with the progression of AMD.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes

  High blood pressure. Like smoking, high blood pressure restricts the amount of oxygen getting to your eyes, which may raise your risk for AMD. […] Heart disease. If you’ve had a stroke, angina (a type of chest pain), or a heart attack, your risk for AMD may be 1 times as high as someone who has not had any of these problems. High cholesterol levels may also raise your risk. […] Obesity. Some studies suggest that having a body mass index over 30 can more than double your chances of AMD, although this is not yet proven. […] Spending too much time in the sun. Long-term damage to your eyes from the sun’s ultraviolet rays may raise your odds of AMD, though this is also not certain. […] Diet and alcohol. High-fat, high-sugar diets that skimp on green leafy vegetables may also add to your risk for AMD, as does having more than three alcoholic drinks a day. […] AMD in one eye. Macular degeneration in one eye means you are more likely to get it in the other eye as well.

• #2 Low Vision? Read About the Causes of Macular Degeneration

  https://www.enhancedvision.com/low-vision-info/eye-conditions/causes-of-macular-degeneration.html?srsltid=AfmBOor2qeZKDWG5p64wKiVohg6Lmu6FZ4Rqviz0Jl6G73Gt1FM1h1vp

  The lifetime risk of developing late-stage macular degeneration is 50% for people who have a relative with macular degeneration versus 12% for people whose relatives do not have macular degeneration (4x the risk). […] Smoking is the single most controllable risk factor that contributes to the development of macular degeneration. Every cigarette that is smoked causes damage to ones vision. Smoking causes vasoconstriction or narrowing of the blood vessels which reduces the blood supply to the eyes. Smoking also creates free radicals which causes cellular damage while decreasing ones levels of antioxidants. […] A Harvard study done by Dr. Johanna Seddon in 1994 concluded that those who ate at least 5 servings of dark leafy greens per week had a 43% lower risk of developing AMD than those who ate small amounts or none at all.

• #2 8 Macular Degeneration Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/macular-degeneration-causes-risk-factors-3421731

  The exact cause of macular degeneration, often called AMD or ARMD (age-related macular degeneration), is not known. Researchers note that age, genetic vulnerability, and other risk factors all can contribute to AMD, which affects the retina of the eye and your central vision. […] Age is the most significant risk factor for macular degeneration. Being 50 or older increases your chance of developing age-related macular degeneration. […] There may be a genetic component to AMD, although researchers continue to work to understand the genes involved and how they contribute to disease development. […] Obesity and being overweight may be associated with developing age-related macular degeneration. […] High blood pressure, stroke, and other cardiovascular (heart) conditions increase the likelihood of developing macular degeneration.

• #2 Macular Degeneration | Simon Eye

  https://www.simoneye.com/conditions/macular-degeneration/

  Macular degeneration, also called age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a condition that occurs when the macula the small central portion of your retina, wears down. […] Though macular degeneration is most commonly associated with aging, research suggests that genetics can also play a role. While the exact cause of AMD is not known, it has been linked to a number of risk factors, including: […] While approximately 10% of patients age 66 to 74 will have experienced AMD, the prevalence increases to 30% for patients 75 to 85 years of age. […] AMD is a highly heritable condition. If you have a family history of AMD, you are at an increased risk for developing it yourself. […] Smokers are up to 4x more likely than non-smokers to develop AMD. […] High blood pressure restricts the amount of oxygen getting to your eyes, which can raise your odds of developing AMD. […] If you’ve had a stroke, angina, or a heart attack, your risk for AMD may be 1.5 times as high as someone without cardiovascular problems. […] Abdominal obesity is a risk factor, especially among men.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Texas Retina Associates

  https://www.texasretina.com/for-patients/retinal-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd

  Macular degeneration primarily affects older, white individuals. However, cases have been reported in younger patients and those not of Caucasian descent. Additional risk factors predispose people to the development and progression of the disease, including poor diet (high in saturated fat) and being overweight, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, cigarette smoking, sunlight exposure, and having a family member with AMD. […] Much research has been done regarding the genetics of AMD. Adult relatives of AMD patients should schedule an appointment with a retina specialist and undergo a baseline evaluation and dilated eye exam. […] The most effective treatments for wet AMD are medications that block a molecule called VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor). […] For many years, there was no way to treat the dry form of AMD other than vitamin supplements that the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) demonstrated could slow progression. However, on February 17, 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved intravitreal pegcetacoplan (brand name Syfovre), the first-ever treatment for GA secondary to AMD.

• #2 Macular Degeneration: Causes, Symptoms & Risk Factors

  https://www.clearvieweyes.com/blog/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors

  Exposure to sunlight and blue light has been suggested as a potential risk factor. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can damage the retina over time. […] Poor dietary habits, lack of physical activity, and smoking are significant contributors to the risk of developing AMD. Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in saturated fats may increase the likelihood of AMD. […] Other health conditions, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and obesity, have also been linked to a higher risk of AMD. […] Understanding the age-related macular degeneration risk factors is essential for prevention and early detection. […] Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for AMD. Studies have shown that smokers are significantly more likely to develop AMD compared to non-smokers. […] Being overweight or obese increases the risk of AMD, particularly wet AMD. Excess body weight can contribute to inflammation and other metabolic issues that may damage the retina.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Specialists | Austin Retina

  https://www.austinretina.com/retina-conditions/age-related-macular-degeneration

  AMD is the leading cause of blindness in adults over 55 years of age in the United States. […] It is theorized that years of damage from UV light as well as blood flow alterations and inflammation may lead to or worsen AMD. […] Certain studies indicate that cardiovascular disease and high lipid levels may also contribute to the formation or worsening of AMD. […] Although we do not know the precise cause of macular degeneration, we do know there are specific risk factors which increase the likelihood of developing AMD. […] AMD incidence increases with age. […] We also know that high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease are associated with AMD. […] Research has shown that AMD is associated with inflammation. […] Most experts agree there is a relationship between heavy sunlight exposure and the development of AMD.

• #2 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. The 10q26 region contains two genes of interest, ARMS2 and HTRA1. Changes in both genes have been studied as possible risk factors for the disease. However, because the two genes are so close together, it is difficult to tell which gene is associated with age-related macular degeneration risk, or whether increased risk results from variations in both genes. […] Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoproteins (HDL, also known as „good” cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease. […] Researchers have also examined nongenetic factors that contribute to the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Age appears to be the most important risk factor; the chance of developing the condition increases significantly as a person gets older. Smoking is another established risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Other factors that may increase the risk of this condition include high blood pressure; heart disease; a diet that is high in fat, high in easily digested foods (high glycemic index), or low in certain nutrients (such as antioxidants and zinc); obesity; and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. However, it is unclear how these factors influence the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration.

• #2 8 Tips to Reduce the Risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration – International Eye Cataract Retina Centre

  https://eyecataractretina.com/age-related-macular-degeneration-singapore-prevention-amd/

  Research from the large-scale Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) found that taking a daily dose of vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, lutein and zeaxanthin caused a significant reduction in the progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration. […] High blood pressure and high cholesterol can damage the blood vessels that supply the retina, reducing its blood flow which accelerates ageing of the delicate cells in the macula. Looking after your heart by maintaining a healthy weight, exercising and controlling blood pressure will also reduce your risk of developing AMD.

• #2 8 Common Causes of Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)! – By Dr. Rajeev Gupta | Lybrate

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/8-common-causes-of-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/3d06ce3da96a57a9f35f25973881209d

  The risk of developing the Age-related Macular Degeneration increases if it runs in your family, i.e. if your parents and siblings are suffering from it, then your chances of developing it are quite high as compared to the ones who do not have any family history. […] The obese people have the higher chances of developing Age-related Macular Degeneration. […] Higher alcohol consumption also puts you at the risk of AMD, which is why one should always take alcohol in limited quantity only. […] As going out in sunlight without sunscreen is harmful to your skin, the same is harmful to your eyes for longer duration, and one should always wear UV-absorbing sunglasses to protect his eyes from AMD. […] The white and Chinese are more prone to developing AMD as compared to the black people. […] The persons who have suffered diseases that affect the heart and other blood vessel are at higher risk of macular degeneration.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw176039

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that causes blurring of your central vision. […] The cause of the damage to the nerve cells is unknown. A person’s genes and family history may play a role. […] Older age is the biggest risk factor for getting AMD. […] You are much more likely to get AMD if a close relative has it. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop AMD than non-smokers. […] Certain vitamin and mineral supplements may help slow vision loss. […] Studies show that antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements can help delay the onset of advanced AMD. […] There are many studies being done to see if certain vitamin and mineral supplements and combinations of supplements may help prevent age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] Some studies have found that supplementing your diet with high levels of vitamins C, E, lutein, and zeaxanthin, which are all antioxidants, and the minerals zinc and copper may help slow the progress of advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

• #2 Age-related macular degeneration | Discover symptoms & treatments | Fight for Sight

  https://www.fightforsight.org.uk/a-z-eye-conditions/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Smoking smoking greatly increases the risk of developing AMD. […] Lifestyle some studies have linked high blood pressure, being overweight and lack of exercise as possible risk factors. Some studies have also suggested diet and exposure to high levels of sunlight may also influence the risk of developing AMD but the extent of these potential links isnt fully established. […] Some studies have also suggested a persons diet and exposure to high levels of sunlight, may also be factors that can influence the risk of developing AMD but the extent of these potential links isnt fully established.

• #2 Macular Degeneration: Causes, Symptoms & Risk Factors

  https://www.clearvieweyes.com/blog/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors

  Diets lacking in essential nutrients, particularly antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, may increase the risk of developing AMD. Foods rich in vitamins C and E, zinc, and lutein are believed to be beneficial for eye health. […] Cardiovascular diseases, including high blood pressure and high cholesterol, have been linked to an increased risk of AMD. Maintaining heart health through diet, exercise, and medication management is essential. […] Prolonged exposure to UV rays from the sun may damage retinal cells. Wearing sunglasses that block UV rays can help reduce this risk.

• #2 Age-related macular degeneration | Discover symptoms & treatments | Fight for Sight

  https://www.fightforsight.org.uk/a-z-eye-conditions/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Macular degeneration happens when cells within the macula, a tiny area within the retina at the back of the eye, become damaged and scarred. These cells are photoreceptor cells, which means theyre sensitive to light and play a vital role in our ability to see details and colour. […] Although the exact causes of AMD are unclear, some of the factors that are thought to increase the risk of developing the condition include: […] Age AMD is mostly diagnosed in people over 65, but it can affect people from the age of 50. […] Gender more women develop AMD than men (this is probably because women tend to live longer) […] Family history of AMD the condition can sometimes run in families, and a number of faulty genes that increase the risk of AMD have been discovered. But AMD is not always inherited.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Age-Related-Macular-Degeneration.aspx

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eye condition that affects the central area of vision. It most commonly affects people age 50 and over, and can affect one eye or both eyes. […] The exact cause of AMD is unknown, but there are links to suggest that smoking, being overweight or having high blood pressure increase your chances of developing AMD. […] Having a family history of AMD can also increase your chances of developing the disease, and there have been nearly 20 genes identified that can contribute to the risk of developing AMD. […] Research has shown that AMD is more common amongst Caucasian populations than Hispanics/Latinos or African-Americans.

• #2 Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Retina Care Center | MD | PA | DE

  https://retinacarecenter.com/conditions/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of poor central vision after age 60 and is caused by both genetic and environmental causes. In recent years, numerous genetic mutations have been identified which predispose to the development of the disease. Increasing age, smoking, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and blue eyes have also been identified as risk factors. […] The wet form of AMD occurs much less frequently (one out of 10 people with AMD) but is associated with more severe visual problems. Wet AMD is characterized by the development of abnormal blood vessel growth under the macula called choroidal neovascularization. These abnormal vessels may leak fluid, bleed or scar down compromising central vision.

• #2 Causes and Risk Factors of Macular Degeneration

  https://www.health.com/macular-degeneration-causes-8546482

  Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is the most common form of vision loss in older adults. It occurs when light-sensitive cells in the central part of the retina (the nervous tissue lining the back of the eye), or macula, die. This occurs either as a result of aging or due to abnormal blood vessel growth in tissues behind the macula. Depending on the cause, the changes in vision can either be very gradualtaking yearsor rapid, happening within weeks. […] Macular degeneration occurs as cells within the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degrade and die. The RPE is a layer of light-sensitive cells in the macula, which is a small part of your eye’s retina. This cell degradation is caused by changes in the eye that occur due to aging. […] Though more work is needed, researchers have linked macular degeneration to aging-related changes in the cells within the RPE. Known contributors to this condition include immune system activity, chemical imbalances, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and various environmental factors.

• #2 Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) — About Stem Cells

  https://www.aboutstemcells.org/info/macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eye disease that can blur the sharp, central vision that you need for activities like reading and driving. As the name suggests, AMD is most common in people over 60, and more people are suffering from AMD as the population ages. […] Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that causes damage to the macula, a small area of the retina that is responsible for central vision. […] AMD develops from damage to and progressive loss of the RPE. […] In AMD, the RPE cells stop performing their support functions and the rods and cones die, resulting in a loss of central vision. […] In dry AMD (also known as geographic atrophy) small deposits, called drusen, accumulate under the retina. […] In wet AMD (also called neovascular AMD), abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the retina and macula.

• #2 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  There are two kinds of AMD dry and wet. The most common form of AMD is dry AMD, of which 85-90 percent of AMD patients are diagnosed. Dry AMD is caused by the appearance of small yellow deposits called drusen, which form under the retina. […] While the cause of AMD is unknown, some identified which have been identified as increasing risk for AMD include: Family history of AMD, Aging those over 60 years old, Race Caucasians have a higher rate of AMD, Light colored eyes, Smoking, Heart disease, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, High sun exposure, Poor diet with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (a low intake of anti-oxidants). […] AMD if left untreated is the leading cause of permanent impairment of reading and fine or close-up vision among people aged 65 years and older.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/2/agerelated-macular-degeneration

  AMD is a deterioration of the retina and choroid that leads to a substantial loss in visual acuity (sharpness of vision). AMD is the leading cause of significant visual acuity loss in people over age 50 in developed countries. […] The exact cause of AMD is unknown, but the condition develops as the eye ages. There are 2 types of AMD: non-neovascular or dry AMD; and neovascular or wet AMD. […] GA is the advanced form of dry AMD, which may be associated with loss of central vision. […] In wet AMD, there is a sudden or gradual decrease in visual acuity, blind spots in the center of vision, and distortion of straight lines. The hallmark of wet AMD is choroidal neovascularization (CNV). […] CNV occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina; these can bleed or leak and cause a distortion of the retina’s structure. Ultimately, the CNV can turn into a disciform scar that replaces the normal architecture of the outer retina and leads to permanent loss of central vision.

• #2 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-overview

  In the wet, or exudative, form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), pathologic choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) develop under the retina. The CNVM can leak fluid and blood and, if left untreated, ultimately cause a centrally blinding disciform scar. […] Approximately 10% of patients with nonexudative AMD eventually progress to the exudative form, which is responsible for the majority of the estimated 1.75 million cases of advanced AMD in the United States. […] AMD is a degenerative retinal disease, presumably caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Although age, race, sex, and family history demonstrate a consistently strong association with AMD in large epidemiologic studies, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and dietary fat intake are also reported modifiable risk factors contributing to the advancement of AMD. […] The exact pathophysiology of AMD is relatively poorly understood; however, recent discoveries are advancing our understanding. Research has concentrated on the RPE/photoreceptor/Bruch’s membrane complex.

• #2 Symptoms of Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.brightfocus.org/resource/symptoms-of-wet-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Wet AMD is caused by new blood vessels leaking fluid into the retina. This causes the retina to become wet. […] Fortunately, wet AMD can now be treated with medicines injected into the eye which stop the abnormal blood vessels from leaking. These medications work best if the wet AMD is detected promptly!

• #2 Macular Degeneration (AMD) Specialists & Surgeons | Denver, CO Metro Area

  https://www.retinacolorado.com/retinal-care/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd

  Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60, affecting nearly 20 million Americans. The risk of developing AMD increases with age, and by age 75, the likelihood rises to 1 in 3. […] While there are treatment options to maintain sight and slow disease progression, AMD is currently an incurable condition. […] Dry is the most common form of age-related macular degeneration, affecting about 80-90% of those with the condition. […] Wet macular degeneration (nAMD) is a more advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), affecting 10-15% of AMD patients. […] Geographic Atrophy (GA) is an advanced stage of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that causes permanent vision loss. […] About 30% of people with dry AMD will develop GA.

• #2 What is Macular Degeneration? – AMDF

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/what-is-macular-degeneration

  Macular Degeneration, also known as Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in adults over 60, affecting nearly 20 million Americans. The risk of developing AMD increases with age. […] While the origins of AMD are still unknown, science has uncovered many of the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to its development, along with the bodys malfunctioning mechanisms that causethe deterioration of macula the central portion of the retina. […] The specific cause of macular degeneration is not conclusively known, but the interplay between known hereditary and environmental factors is complex. The more that scientists understand the mechanisms that cause the cells of the macula to deteriorate, the more potential treatments they can develop to slow or stop the disease. The challenges are great, because multiple genes are associated with AMD and environmental factors such as smoking, diet and sun exposure also impact the disease.

• #2 What is Age Related Macular Degeneration? — Foundation Fighting Blindness

  https://www.fightingblindness.org/diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of blindness in people 55 and older in developed countries. The greatest risk factors for AMD are aging and smoking. An unhealthy diet and unprotected sunlight exposure can also increase AMD risk. Genetics is also a risk factor. […] Researchers have discovered that genetics can play a role in AMD risk. In 2005, three groups of researchers, including a team funded by the Foundation, discovered that a gene called Complement Factor H (CFH) is linked to at least 50 percent of all cases of AMD. Since that breakthrough, researchers have found several other genes linked to AMD. CFH and many of the other AMD genes are involved in the innate immune system, which fights off infection. Scientists believe that over activity of the innate immune system increases AMD risk. […] While genetics can play a role in AMD risk, people with low risk genetics can still get the condition. Likewise, people with high risk genetics may not get AMD.

• #2 Pathophysiology of AMD: Vision Loss Information | Vision RELIEF

  https://provider-amd.vision-relief.com/pathophysiology-of-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressively deteriorating eye condition primarily impacting the macula, the central portion of the retina responsible for high-acuity vision. AMD is characterized by the increasing presence and size of drusen, pigmentary changes in the RPE, atrophy of retinal cells, and potentially growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina, known as choroidal neovascularization. […] While not fully understood, a number of factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD: […] The retina is vulnerable to oxidative damage because of its high oxygen consumption and exposure to light, which leads to the accumulation of such damage and results in cellular dysfunction and death. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a crucial role in AMD progression. This inflammation damages the RPE, photoreceptor cells, and choroidal vessels and may lead to geographic atrophy.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From One Medical Student to Another. EyeRounds :: The University of Iowa, Ophthalmology

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/AMD-medical-student/index.htm

  Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the Western world. Currently it is estimated that about 2 million Americans are affected by AMD and by the year 2020 it is projected to be closer to 3 million as life expectancy increases and the aging population expands. […] Risk factors for AMD include increasing age, smoking, family history, and race. AMD is rarely found in individuals younger than 50 and has been reported in 30% of Americans over the age of 85. […] A family history of AMD does confer an increased risk, which is typically multifactorial in nature. Polymorphisms in the complement factor H (CFH) gene, HTRA/ARMS2, and at other loci have been shown to confer an increased risk of AMD among Caucasians. […] Smoking is the most significant modifiable risk factor and cessation should be encouraged at each visit to prevent continued vision loss.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | ICR

  https://icrcat.com/en/eye-conditions/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  AMD is the leading cause of blindness in elderly patients in developed countries and, therefore, multiple research studies are being developed to detect early and cure this visual condition. […] Nutrition, lifestyle and environment play an important role in eye health. A healthy diet seems to delay the onset of AMD by 25%, both in the atrophic and exsudative forms.

• #2 Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) — About Stem Cells

  https://www.aboutstemcells.org/info/macular-degeneration

  For wet AMD, doctors use drug treatments and surgical techniques to help preserve existing vision. […] Researchers are using stem cell research to better understand the cells in the eye and how they become diseased, to make cells that could replace damaged cells in the eye, and to identify new drugs that could treat AMD. […] Scientists are exploring ways to use stem cells to replace the cells lost in AMD. […] Stem cell researchers are working on ways to replace the damaged RPE layer with lab-made RPE cells, which they believe will halt or even reverse the vision loss associated with AMD. […] Researchers are taking several approaches to make RPE cells for transplantation. […] Induced pluripotent stem cells can even be made from the patient themselves to reduce the chance of rejection by the immune system upon transplantation. […] There are now several early-phase clinical trials planned or underway to test different approaches to generate and deliver lab-made RPE cells to the retina to treat AMD. […] Despite progress and encouraging clinical trial results, cell-based treatments for eye conditions are still experimental.

• #3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an acquired degeneration of the retina that causes significant central visual impairment through a combination of non-neovascular (drusen and retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities), and neovascular derangement (choroidal neovascular membrane formation). […] A genetic underpinning is inferred from its predilection to those of European ancestry, although environmental, nutritional, and developmental (ie., aging) processes interact to affect the degeneration observed in the macula. […] A combination of risk factors interplay to modify the Bruch’s membrane/choroid complex, the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. The initiating events affect one, both, or all of these tissue components. A change in one of these tissue components is thought to impart an influence on the others in such a way that an 'intermediate disease mechanism arises.

• #3 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. The 10q26 region contains two genes of interest, ARMS2 and HTRA1. Changes in both genes have been studied as possible risk factors for the disease. However, because the two genes are so close together, it is difficult to tell which gene is associated with age-related macular degeneration risk, or whether increased risk results from variations in both genes. […] Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoproteins (HDL, also known as „good” cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease. […] Researchers have also examined nongenetic factors that contribute to the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Age appears to be the most important risk factor; the chance of developing the condition increases significantly as a person gets older. Smoking is another established risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Other factors that may increase the risk of this condition include high blood pressure; heart disease; a diet that is high in fat, high in easily digested foods (high glycemic index), or low in certain nutrients (such as antioxidants and zinc); obesity; and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight. However, it is unclear how these factors influence the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration.

• #3 Causes and Risk Factors of Macular Degeneration

  https://www.health.com/macular-degeneration-causes-8546482

  A more severe form of macular degeneration, neovascular or wet AMD, sets on much more rapidly and can lead to complete central vision blindness. With this type, abnormal blood vessel develop behind the macula, often due to an overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). […] Genetics is among the factors associated with macular degeneration; however, it doesnt have a clear pattern of inheritance. Up to 20% (one in five) of those with macular degeneration have a sibling or parent with the condition. […] While all people are susceptible to developing macular degeneration, older adults are at an increased risk. Genetics and other health factors, like smoking and high blood pressure, have also been linked with this condition.

• #3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes

  As the name suggests, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is more common in older folks. But it’s not just age that raises your chances of getting the disease. […] Some things that are linked to AMD are out of your control, like the genes that your parents passed down to you. Others, like smoking, diet, or high blood pressure, are things you can do something about. […] Scientists have identified 20 or so genes that may be linked to more than half of AMD cases. This helps explain why you have a higher risk of AMD if other members of your family have it. […] Age. This is the No. 1 thing that puts you at risk for AMD. About 2% of people in their 50s have AMD, and almost a third of people over 75 do. […] Smoking. If you smoke, your risk for AMD could be up to four times as much as someone whos never smoked. This is probably because smoking reduces the amount of oxygen that goes to different parts of your body, including your eyes.

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