Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects one in eight people 60 years of age or older and is the most common cause of irreversible blindness in older persons in developed countries. According to thorough estimates, 200 million people worldwide are estimated to have AMD, and by 2040, this number is projected to rise to close to 300 million. By 2050, 5.4 million Americans are anticipated to be affected by rising patterns similar to this one. […] Due to its chronic character, which necessitates consistent long-term management, AMD has become and will remain a public health concern for both high- and low-income countries, with significant socioeconomic ramifications and increases in healthcare costs. […] AMD prevalence varies greatly by ethnicity, with non-Hispanic White Europeans carrying the majority of the disease burden. Notwithstanding a little fluctuation, there is still a significant chronic burden among Hispanics (10.4%), Africans (7.5%), and Asians (7.4%). […] In a population-based cohort study that combined data from three population-based cohort studies (mean age: 60.1-65.7 years), age-adjusted dry AMD incidence ranged from 0.3% to 0.4%, with follow-up times ranging from 4.8 to 6.5 years; increased incidence was linked to late-stage AMD disease at baseline.

• #2 Epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): associations with cardiovascular disease phenotypes and lipid factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5178091/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in adults over 50 years old. […] Many of the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with AMD are also associated with other complex degenerative diseases of advanced age, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). […] Despite a number of studies showing significant associations between AMD and these lipid/cardiovascular factors, results have been mixed and as such the relationships among these factors and AMD remain controversial. […] The prevalence of AMD in the U.S. is anticipated to increase to 22 million by the year 2050, while the global prevalence is expected to increase to 288 million by the year 2040. […] This high prevalence leads to an annual $4.6 billion direct healthcare cost due to AMD in the U.S.

• #2 Epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): associations with cardiovascular disease phenotypes and lipid factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5178091/

  Understanding the relationships among diseases that may share overlapping pathophysiology and/or are co-morbid pathologies with AMD could help to uncover disease etiology in AMD. […] Some of these epidemiological risk factors for AMD can be modified, and include body-mass index (BMI), smoking tobacco, diet, and blood lipid and cholesterol levels. […] Many recent studies have investigated the relationship between co-occurrences of AMD and cardiovascular-associated conditions, often with apparently contradictory findings. […] Age and tobacco smoking have been well-established as risk factors for both cardiovascular conditions and the development of AMD. […] The majority of these studies suggest a significant association between the presence of atherosclerotic plaques and the occurrence of AMD.

• #3 Macular degeneration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration is a main cause of central blindness among the working-aged population worldwide. […] As of 2022, it affects more than 200 million people globally with the prevalence expected to increase to 300 million people by 2040 as the proportion of elderly persons in the population increases. […] It affects females more frequently than males, and it is more common in those of European or North American ancestry. […] In 2013, it was the fourth most common cause of blindness, after cataracts, preterm birth, and glaucoma. […] It most commonly occurs in people over the age of fifty and in the United States is the most common cause of vision loss in this age group. […] About 0.4% of people between 50 and 60 have the disease, while it occurs in 0.7% of people 60 to 70, 2.3% of those 70 to 80, and nearly 12% of people over 80 years old.

• #4 VEHSS Modeled Estimates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/prevalence-estimates/amd-prevalence.html

  The Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) prevalence estimate of AMD is CDCs primary estimate of the prevalence of AMD in the United States. […] VEHSS researchers used a statistical method called Bayesian meta-regression to combine information from multiple data sources to produce AMD prevalence estimates among the entire US population in 2019. […] In 2019, an estimated 19.8 million (12.6%) Americans aged 40 and older were living with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] Prevalence of AMD increased with age from 2% (95% Uncertainty Interval [UI]: 1.3 to 2.9) among people aged 40 to 44 to 46.6% (95% UI: 28.4 to 72.4) among people aged 85. […] CDC uses the VEHSS estimate as the primary estimate to assess the percentage of people with AMD in the United States by state, county, and across different age groups, racial and ethnic groups, and sex. […] The VEHSS Composite Estimates of AMD are CDCs estimate of the percentage of US residents who have AMD, where they live, and who they are.

• #5 Prevalence of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/amd-prevalence-vehss/

  A 2022 study found that, in 2019, an estimated 19.83 million Americans were living with some form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This is an increase of approximately more than 2.75 times previous estimates (which used a more conservative definition of early AMD based on larger drusen size). […] An estimated 18.34 million Americans had early AMD and 1.49 million had the late stage vision threatening form of AMD (late AMD included geographic atrophy in this study). […] Approximately one in 10 Americans aged 50 and older have the early form of AMD and approximately 1 out of every 100 Americans ages 50 and older have the vision threatening late form of AMD. […] Among persons aged 80 and older, approximately 3 in 10 had early AMD, and approximately 1 and 10 have the vision threatening late form of AMD. […] The prevalence of both early and late AMD varied widely by U.S. county. After standardizing by gender and race/ethnicity, rates for vision threatening AMD were the highest in the Midwest and New England regions of the country, and in Florida.

• #6 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), one of the most common causes of blindness, affects more than 200 million people worldwide. It is projected that its frequency will increase due to the aging population in many countries. […] Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with neovascularization is a prevalent cause of vision loss worldwide. Over 200 million individuals worldwide are affected by neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the most widespread causes of blindness. With the aging population in many nations, it is anticipated that its prevalence will rise. […] Although AMD is increasingly common as people age, if we can stop AMD from advancing to more severe forms, we can reduce the prevalence of blindness in the general population. […] The pathogenesis of AMD includes oxidative stress and retinal inflammatory pathways. Wet AMD and dry AMD are the two main categories of the illness. After the development of new blood vessels in the retina and subretinal region, dry AMD may evolve into wet AMD (nAMD).

• #7 Age-related macular degeneration – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of severe central vision loss and legal blindness in adults. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AMD will be reviewed here. […] AMD is a degenerative disease of the photoreceptors of the central portion of the retina (the macula) and the supporting retinal pigment epithelium. It is characterized by loss of central vision. […] For clinical purposes, AMD is classified as either „dry” or „wet”. The more common form (affecting approximately 75 percent of patients) is dry AMD (also known as nonexudative or nonneovascular AMD). The less common form is wet AMD (also known as exudative or neovascular AMD). […] Both forms of the disease are characterized by the presence of lipid-rich extracellular deposits under the retinal pigment epithelium called drusen, as well as retinal pigmentary and atrophic changes. Wet AMD is characterized by new vessel formation in and under the retina. These abnormal blood vessels have a tendency to leak, leading to collections of fluid and/or blood in and/or beneath the retina. […] Dry AMD progresses to wet AMD in a minority of patients. The risk of developing wet AMD in people with bilateral, early, dry AMD (bilateral soft drusen) was estimated at approximately 3 per 100 person-years if both eyes have early- or intermediate-stage AMD.

• #8 Age-related Macular Degeneration: Progression from Atrophic to Proliferative. EyeRounds.org – Ophthalmology – The University of Iowa

  http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/118-amd-progression.htm

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ocular disease affecting 35% of individuals over the age of 75. It is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in elderly people in the United States. Both forms of AMD, atrophic (dry) and neovascular (wet), are thought to be initially caused by oxidative stress to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Atrophic macular degeneration is more common (85%) than neovascular macular degeneration, with progression from dry to wet in approximately 10% of individuals diagnosed with dry AMD. […] AMD affects 35% of individuals over the age of 75 (85% of cases are atrophic and 15% are neovascular).

• #9 Disease Burden of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Macular Edema

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/disease-burden-of-neovascular-age-related-macular-degeneration-and-diabetic-macular-edema

  Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are leading causes of vision impairment among adults. There are nearly 20 million people in the United States who are living with some form of AMD; approximately 18 million people aged 40 years and older are living with early-onset AMD while an estimated 1.49 million have late-stage or vision-threatening nAMD. AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in people aged 60 years and older. The prevalence of AMD increases with age. Data from 2019 indicate the prevalence of AMD among adults aged 40 to 44 years was 2%, and it increased to 46% in people aged 85 years and older. Racial and ethnic groups are disproportionately affected by AMD. Caucasians and Asians are at greatest risk while non-Hispanic Blacks are least likely to develop AMD. There is also geographic variation in the prevalence of AMD. When broken down by state, the crude prevalence in the United States ranged from a low of 6.2% in the District of Columbia to a high of 18.3% in Florida. Compared with AMD, there are approximately 21 million people worldwide living with DME. Patients diagnosed with diabetes before age 30 years have a 10-year incidence rate for DME of approximately 20%; this rate approaches nearly 40% in patients diagnosed with diabetes after age 30 years. Despite these data, an estimated 40% of people with diabetes skip recommended annual retinal screenings for diabetic eye disease. […] The patient burden of disease remains significant, which has led to the pursuit of more effective treatment options in the management of nAMD and DME.

• #10 Epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): associations with cardiovascular disease phenotypes and lipid factors | Eye and Vision | Full Text

  https://eandv.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40662-016-0063-5

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in adults over 50 years old. […] Approximately 11 million individuals are affected with AMD in the United States (U.S.) alone, with a global prevalence of 170 million. […] The prevalence of AMD in the U.S. is similar to that of all invasive cancers combined and more than double the prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease. […] This high prevalence leads to an annual $4.6 billion direct healthcare cost due to AMD in the U.S. […] As the aging population increases, this expenditure is likewise expected to increase proportionately. […] The prevalence of AMD varies greatly by ethnicity with non-Hispanic White Europeans having the greatest disease burden. […] A recent study by Wong et al. calculated pooled prevalence of ethnically diverse population-based studies of AMD (age range of 45-85 years) and confirmed that prevalence was greatest among those individuals of European descent at 12.3-30% with increasing age.

• #11 Frontiers | Age-Related Macular Degeneration Revisited: From Pathology and Cellular Stress to Potential Therapies

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.612812/full

  Epidemiologic studies have also identified key risk factors for AMD, with advanced age acknowledged as the main one and cigarette smoking coming in second. Additional risk factors include but are not limited to positive family history, sex (female), hyperopia, light iris color, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and elevated inflammatory markers (Seddon et al., 1996, 2003; Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group, 2000; Hyman et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2001; Klein et al., 2003; Tomany et al., 2004; Malek and Lad, 2014; Armstrong and Mousavi, 2015). […] Importantly, the prevalence of the advanced forms of AMD appears to vary in different ethnic and racial groups, with the highest risk reported in the Caucasian population (5.4%) and lowest in African-Americans (2.4%); and the risk for Hispanics and Asians falling in between (4.2 and 4.6%, respectively) (Frank et al., 2000; Klein et al., 2004; Choudhury et al., 2016; Cheung et al., 2017).

• #12 Epidemiology of AMD | amdbook.org

  http://www.amdbook.org/node/5

  In order to better compare the prevalence rates among studies, age-specific prevalence rates need to be estimated. This has been done in a meta-analysis performed in 2004 by Friedman et al. The authors concluded that prevalence rates were not different among Caucasian populations of industrialized countries, including the United States, Australia and the Netherlands. Similarly, in the EUREYE Study, which included 7 European countries (Norway, Estonia, Ireland, France, Italy, Greece, Spain), no significant differences were found among the participating countries. Therefore, the prevalence of late AMD appears to be similar in the Caucasian populations from the United States, Australia and European countries, despite major geographical and lifestyle differences. […] Most of the cited studies were multi-ethnic and performed direct comparisons between African-Americans and Caucasians. Statistical power was generally low for these comparisons, but these studies globally suggest that the prevalence of late AMD is at least 2-fold lower in African-Americans.

• #12 Epidemiology of AMD | amdbook.org

  http://www.amdbook.org/node/5

  Although age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third cause of blindness worldwide, and the first in industrialized countries, epidemiological data on this disease remain scarce and partial. The very first studies were published in the 1980s. Since then, a number of population-based studies have been conducted, first in Caucasian populations of the United States and other industrialized countries (Australia, Europe). Studies have more recently been extended to other ethnical subgroups of industrialized countries (African Americans, Latinos) and to other parts of the world (India, China, and Japan). […] The included studies were restricted to those having classified AMD from retinal photographs and used the international classification, in order to make comparisons between studies easier. In these studies, late AMD is defined by the presence of neovascular AMD and/or geographic atrophy. In the United States, the prevalence of late AMD ranged from 0.2% to 1.6% according to studies. Since the prevalence of late AMD increases sharply with age, most of the differences between studies were due to differences in the age distribution.

• #13 Age-related Macular Degeneration in Asia – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2009-sept/0909_06-php

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the elderly in Asian countries, and the number is growing significantly. This may be due to the urbanization of Asian populations, Westernization of lifestyles, and increasing disease awareness. […] The perception that AMD is much less common in Asians than in whites may no longer be true with increasing evidence from recent population-based studies. The Hisayama Study in Japan reported that, in a Japanese population aged 50 years of age or older, the prevalence of early AMD was 12.7% and late AMD was 0.87%. […] The overall impression was that the prevalence of AMD in Asians is not greatly different from that in whites. […] Future research in Asia will begin to evaluate incidence and risk factors. […] The magnitude and awareness of AMD in Asia are growing. AMD in Asian populations have many differences from the Western populations, especially in phenotype manifestations and prevalence of clinical subtypes. Accurate diagnoses of AMD subtypes are important for appropriate patient management.

• #14 Regional differences in the global burden of age-related macular degeneration | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8445-y

  Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness. This study aims to analyze regional differences on the global burden of AMD and help direct related policy making. […] Global age-standardized DALY rates have decreased since 2011. Based on the WHO region system, age-standardized DALY rates in African and Eastern Mediterranean region were significantly lower than those of other four regions. […] The age-standardized AMD burden had a decreasing tendency recently. Lower socioeconomic status and fewer education years were associated with higher AMD burden. […] In our study, results showed that the African and Eastern Mediterranean regions held higher AMD burden than the American, South-East Asian and Western Pacific regions, and the latter three regions shared no significant difference of AMD burden.

• #14 Regional differences in the global burden of age-related macular degeneration | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8445-y

  AMD burden differed significantly among regions of different socioeconomic status, and a negative relationship existed between these two parameters. […] This study is the first to explain the regional differences of AMD burden from latitude, socioeconomic status, education and public health expenditure. The results showed a decreased level of global burden of AMD recently with significant disparity across different WHO regions; the African region with the lowest HDI and the fewest education years had a considerably high AMD burden; and the European region in the contrary with the highest HDI and the most education years owned a fairly low AMD burden.

• #15 Geographic distributions of age-related macular degeneration incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/105/10/1427

  Purpose We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise the geographic distribution of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) incidence. […] Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness throughout the world. It is estimated that the number of AMD patients may increase from 9.1 million in 2010 to 17.8 million in 2050 across all scenarios. […] While a number of reports have systematically reviewed the prevalence of AMD throughout the world, few have focused on the incidence. […] Understanding the geographic patterns and distributions of AMD incidence are crucial for clinical management and health resource allocations from a global perspective. […] In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we reported that the pooled global annual incidences of early and late AMD were 1.59% and 0.19%, respectively.

• #16 Geographic distributions of age-related macular degeneration incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis | British Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://bjo.bmj.com/content/105/10/1427

  The annual incidence rate of both early and late AMD was found to be highest in Europeans. Average age at baseline, ethnicity, region and gender were predictors for incident late AMD while only average age at baseline and ethnicity were associated with incident early AMD. […] Understanding the worldwide geographic distribution of incidence is crucial for developing global strategies for disease prevention. […] Our systematic review and meta-analysis updates two earlier incidence reviews which only focused in whites by summarising the incidence of AMD globally and the public health implications of the findings might be considerable. […] These findings provide vital guidance for the design and accomplishment of public health approaches such as screening programmes in both specific geographic locations and racial groups, as well as worldwide.

• #17 Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): A Review on its Epidemiology and Risk Factors

  https://openophthalmologyjournal.com/VOLUME/13/PAGE/90/FULLTEXT/

  Klein et al. estimated that in the United States, the incidence of AMD in the elderly will rise significantly from 8% in 2005 to 54% in 2025. […] Aging is the most consistent non-modifiable environmental risk factors for AMD. Besides aging, ethnicity and gender are also significant non-modifiable risk factors. […] Smoking, higher body mass index, cardiovascular disease, high fat diet with restricted anti-oxidant compounds (e.g. vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc oxide) and unhealthy lifestyle are environmental risk factors associated with AMD. […] Twin and familial aggregation/segregation studies have revealed that family history can be a risk factor in AMD. […] Several chromosomal loci associated with AMD have been identified. There are two major genetic regions contributing to AMD. […] Future therapies for AMD may target genetic and epigenetic variations but additional studies are required to acquire full understanding at a molecular level how they are related to AMD pathogenesis.

• #18 Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): A Review on its Epidemiology and Risk Factors

  https://www.openophthalmologyjournal.com/VOLUME/13/PAGE/90/FULLTEXT/

  Klein et al. estimated that in the United States, the incidence of AMD in the elderly will rise significantly from 8% in 2005 to 54% in 2025. […] The advanced levels of AMD are categorized into two forms: non-neovascular (dry, non-exudative or geographical) and neovascular (wet or exudative) AMD. […] Aging is the most consistent non-modifiable environmental risk factors for AMD. Besides aging, ethnicity and gender are also significant non-modifiable risk factors. […] Smoking, higher body mass index, cardiovascular disease, high fat diet with restricted anti-oxidant compounds (e.g. vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc oxide) and unhealthy lifestyle are environmental risk factors associated with AMD. […] The risk of late AMD in siblings of parents with advanced AMD is approximately 4-fold higher compared to intermediate AMD.

• #19 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration

  The costs of AMD to society and the patient have been divided into direct costs (direct ophthalmologic cost and direct non-ophthalmogic cost) and indirect costs. […] The annual loss of GDP due to neovascular AMD in one study was calculated to be $5.396 billion, and $24.395 billion for non-neovascular AMD.

• #20 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) by Gregory S. Hageman, Karen Gaehrs, Lincoln V. Johnson and Don Anderson – Webvision

  https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-xii-cell-biology-of-retinal-degenerations/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of worldwide blindness in the elderly, is a bilateral ocular condition that affects the central area of retina known as the macula. […] AMD has a tremendous impact on the physical and mental health of the geriatric population and their families. […] The cost to society is only now being appreciated. A recent analysis of AMD in Australia predicts that the disease costs $2.6 billion per year. […] Clinically, AMD is classified into the nonexudative dry or atrophic form and the exudative wet or neovascular form. […] The typical clinical sign of dry AMD is pigment disruption and drusen in the retina. […] The natural history of dry AMD is progressive, with gradual loss of visual function that may span over many years time. […] In approximately 10-15% of patients the condition progresses to the wet or neovascular form.

• #21 Genentech: About AMD

  https://www.gene.com/patients/disease-education/amd-fact-sheet

  AMD is a leading cause of irreversible blindness or vision loss in people over 60, if left untreated. […] Approximately 20 million people in the United States have AMD, and nearly 1.5 million Americans have the advanced form of the disease. […] About 200,000 new cases of wet AMD are diagnosed each year in North America. […] Between 2010 and 2050, the estimated number of people with AMD will more than double from 2.1 million to 5.4 million.

• #22

  https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1568150/

  By 2040, the number of individuals in Europe with early AMD will range between 14.9 and 21.5 million, and for late AMD between 3.9 and 4.8 million. […] We observed a decreasing prevalence of AMD and an improvement in visual acuity in CNV occuring over the past 2 decades in Europe. […] Nevertheless, the numbers of affected subjects will increase considerably in the next 2 decades. AMD continues to remain a significant public health problem among Europeans.

• #22

  https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1568150/

  Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Europe: The Past and the Future. […] Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a frequent, complex disorder in elderly of European ancestry. […] We determined the prevalence of early and late AMD in Europe from 1990 to 2013 using the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium, and made projections for the future. […] Prevalence of early AMD increased from 3.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1%-5.0%) in those aged 55-59 years to 17.6% (95% CI 13.6%-21.5%) in those aged 85 years; for late AMD these figures were 0.1% (95% CI 0.04%-0.3%) and 9.8% (95% CI 6.3%-13.3%), respectively. […] We observed a decreasing prevalence of late AMD after 2006, which became most prominent after age 70. […] Projections of AMD showed an almost doubling of affected persons despite a decreasing prevalence.

• #23 Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Epidemiology Forecast 2020-2034 – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250321329114/en/Dry-Age-Related-Macular-Degeneration-Epidemiology-Forecast-2020-2034—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  According to estimates, the US accounted for around 20 million prevalent cases of dry AMD in 2023, and these cases are expected to increase during the forecast period. […] In 2023, the geographical atrophy accounted for nearly 955,000 cases in EU4 and the UK. […] According to the estimates, in Japan, it is observed that age-specific cases of geographic atrophy were most prevalent in the 85+ years age group, accounting for over 40% of total cases in 2023. […] The total prevalent cases of AMD in the 7MM was nearly 68,347,000 in 2023. […] Among the 7MM, the US accounted for the highest prevalent cases of dry AMD in 2023, with around 20,970,000 cases; these cases are expected to increase during the forecast period. […] Several researchers reported a declining prevalence of late AMD in the United States when comparing data from the 2000s with data gathered in previous decades.

• #24 Case Definitions: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/case-definitions/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd.html

  The Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) reports the prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) for the following categories based on the method of identification: […] The VEHSS Prevalence Estimates for AMD are the primary surveillance outcomes reported by VEHSS for AMD. […] The VEHSS prevalence estimate of AMD is CDCs primary estimate of the prevalence of AMD in the United States. […] The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) included identification of AMD based on retinal images. VEHSS summarizes the NHANES results, which represent a population-level prevalence estimate of AMD. […] VEHSS summarizes the prevalence of self-reported diagnosed AMD, which represents indicators of population prevalence of previously diagnosed AMD. […] Diagnosed age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is identified based on the presence of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes in patient claims or electronic health record (EHR) systems. […] VEHSS defines the following summary subgroups indicating vision-threatening AMD. These summary groups are mutually exclusive and sum to equal the category total of all patients with diagnosed AMD of any stage.

• #25 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – Ophthalmology Advisor

  https://www.ophthalmologyadvisor.com/ddi/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an acquired retinal disease that affects the macula, is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults. AMD is responsible for approximately 46% of cases of severe vision loss (visual acuity 20/200 or worse) in this population. […] The most recent data on the prevalence of AMD in the US was published in JAMA Ophthalmology in 2022. This retrospective study, which was the first US-based AMD prevalence study done in over a decade, utilized data from the American Community Survey, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services claims for fee-for-service beneficiaries, and population-based studies. […] Here are some of its key findings: 18.34 million people over the age of 40 years are living with early-stage AMD. This translates to a crude prevalence of 11.64%. 1.49 million people are living with late-stage AMD. This translates to a crude prevalence of 0.94%. The overall prevalence of AMD ranges from 2% among individuals aged 40 to 44 years to 46.6% among individuals over the age of 85 years.

• #26 Prevalence and risk factors of undiagnosed age-related macular degeneration: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–2020 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-94830-4

  This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for undiagnosed age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Korean population. […] The prevalence and risk factors for undiagnosed AMD were analyzed. Among the patients identified to having AMD through KNHANES, the prevalence of undiagnosed AMD was 95.25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.1396.37). […] The high prevalence of undiagnosed AMD in the Korean population highlights the need for regular fundus examinations to facilitate accurate detection of AMD. […] To date, numerous studies have reported the prevalence of AMD. However, the prevalence and risk factors for undiagnosed AMD remain to be elucidated, and such information would be invaluable for improving population health and developing strategies to promote the early detection of AMD.

• #27 Prevalence and risk factors of undiagnosed age-related macular degeneration: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–2020 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-94830-4

  In the present study, the prevalence of undiagnosed AMD was high, reaching 95.25% in the adult Korean population. […] The most important risk factor for undiagnosed AMD was a low education level. […] These findings demonstrate the importance of regular fundus examinations, particularly for individuals with lower education levels, to accurately identify the presence of AMD.

• #28 Disease burden of age-related macular degeneration in China from 1990 to 2019: findings from the global burden of disease study — JOGH

  https://jogh.org/disease-burden-of-age-related-macular-degeneration-in-china-from-1990-to-2019-findings-from-the-global-burden-of-disease-study/

  In recent years, an increasing number of epidemiological studies of AMD have been conducted, most of which focused on the incidence and distribution of AMD. The estimates were, however, contingent upon the characteristics of individual studies: the age structure of the study sample, case definition, geographic factors and classification of AMD. Furthermore, there were few studies focusing on the disease burden of AMD in China. Disease burden is typically measured by the disability-adjusted life years (DALY), which can quantify the healthy cost caused by the disease compared to the traditional epidemiological indicators. It is, therefore, important to have an updated investigation of the prevalence and disease burden of AMD in China. In this study, we extracted data from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study which provided the AMD prevalence and disease burden in China and six neighboring countries from 1990 to 2019. These findings can contribute to providing critical information to stakeholders and guide health policies and health service approaches in China.

• #29 AMD: Epidemiology and Risk Factors | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44772

  Population studies give prevalence figures of 2-10% for ARM in the age range 50-75. Thereafter, the frequency rapidly increases to figures of around 15% and nearing 50% in those over the age of 85. […] Epidemiological data for many of the issues outlined here is often scarce and may be non-comparable between studies, however epidemiological studies remain an important tool for assessing the distribution and determinants of disease in a population and can be used to evaluate interventions.

• #30 New Study Finds Higher Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Cases than Previously Determined and a High Degree of County Variation | NORC at the University of Chicago

  https://www.norc.org/research/library/new-study-finds-higher-prevalence-of-age-related-macular-degener.html

  AMD is a leading cause of vision loss for Americans ages 50 and older. AMD prevalence has not been estimated for the United States in over a decade and early AMD prevalence estimates are scarce and have been inconsistently measured. […] Age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. With the aging of the U.S. population, there may be an increased burden of this condition on the functioning and independence of older adults, said CDC epidemiologist Elizabeth Lundeen, PhD, MPH. Providing updated data on the distribution of AMD across U.S. states and counties, this first analysis of its kind, can aid in the prioritization and planning of public health interventions to mitigate the disability-related consequences of this common eye disease. […] Study estimates were developed using data within CDCs Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS). […] This granular level of detail on AMD cases across the country helps medical communities and decision makers gain a better understanding of where the greatest need is for treatment, public health outreach, and resources.

• #31 70+ Key Companies Advancing in Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration Clinical Trial Therapeutic Space | DelveInsight

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/70-key-companies-advancing-in-dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-clinical-trial-therapeutic-space–delveinsight-302358146.html

  Dry macular degeneration is a common eye disorder among people aged above 50 years. It causes blurred or reduced central vision due to thinning of the macula. The pharmaceutical industry is increasingly focused on developing pathway-based therapies for dry AMD, with promising treatments like ALK-001 and LBS-008 in trials, though a combination approach may be needed to fully inhibit disease progression. […] Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the top four causes of blindness in older adults and the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Around 170 million people globally are affected by AMD, making it the third most common cause of vision loss worldwide. […] Currently, no approved treatments exist for dry AMD. Management involves regular monitoring, timely detection of visual deterioration, appropriate rehabilitation, and early identification of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Research is underway to explore therapeutic strategies to prevent AMD, slow its progression, or restore vision.

• #32 Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020 | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-03050-z

  From 2000 to 2020, the estimated crude prevalence of AMD-related blindness decreased globally by 19.29%, while the prevalence of MSVI increased by 10.08%. […] The estimated increase in the number of individuals with AMD-related blindness and MSVI globally urges the creation of novel treatment modalities and the expansion of rehabilitation services. […] The prevalence of blindness and MSVI due to AMD is higher in older age groups, and countries with a growing life expectancy should take this information into account for better health service planning. […] Policymakers and the academic community should consider that AMD’s social and economic impact is expected to increase substantially due to population growth and ageing.

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