Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7588619/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is thought to cause approximately 9% of all cases of blindness worldwide. In Germany, half of all cases of blindness and high-grade visual impairment are due to AMD. […] AMD is subdivided into early, intermediate, and late stages. The early stage is often asymptomatic; patients in the other two stages often have distorted vision or central visual field defects. […] The treatment of the exudative late form with VEGF inhibitors is labor-intensive and requires a close collaboration of the patient, the ophthalmologist, and the primary care physician. […] The proper diagnostic evaluation of AMD must always include an ophthalmological examination with measurement of best corrected visual acuity, funduscopic evaluation with dilated pupils, macular layer imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and, sometimes, fluorescein angiography.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://avera.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/TestsProcedures/85,P00509

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that affects a persons central vision. AMD is the most common cause of severe vision loss among people age 50 and older. […] The symptoms of AMD may seem like other eye conditions. Talk with an eye care provider for a diagnosis. […] In addition to a full health history and eye exam, your eye care provider may do these tests to diagnose AMD: […] The common eye chart test. It measures how clear and sharp your vision is. […] The pupil is widened with eye drops for a close-up exam of the retina. […] This is used to find wet AMD. You are asked to look at a grid and see if straight lines in a grid pattern are missing or look wavy. Both of these may mean you have AMD. […] This test is used to find wet AMD. A special dye is injected into a vein in the arm. Pictures are then taken as the dye passes through the blood vessels in the retina. This helps the eye care provider evaluate if the blood vessels are leaking. It also helps the provider figure out if the leaking can be treated. […] There is no cure. But there are treatment choices that may stop or slow the disease progression.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Dilated eye exam […] Eye doctors can check for AMD as part of a comprehensive dilated eye exam. The exam is simple and painless your doctor will give you some eye drops to dilate (widen) your pupil and then check your eyes for AMD and other eye problems. […] Your doctor may also recommend doing a test called optical coherence tomography (OCT). In an OCT test, your eye doctor will take pictures of the inside of your eye with a special machine.

• #1 Wet macular degeneration – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351113

  Maculas showing drusen. The appearance of yellow deposits, called drusen, on color photographs of the retina indicates the development of early-stage dry macular degeneration. As the condition progresses to the advanced stage, the eye may lose light-sensitive cells that make up the macula. This is known as atrophy. […] To diagnose wet macular degeneration, an eye doctor typically reviews medical and family history and does a complete eye exam. To confirm a diagnosis of macular degeneration, an eye doctor may suggest other tests, including: […] Examination of the back of the eye. An eye doctor puts drops in the eyes to dilate them and uses a special tool to examine the back of the eye. The eye doctor looks for a mottled appearance that’s caused by yellow deposits that form under the retina, called drusen. People with macular degeneration often have many drusen.

• #1 Macular Degeneration Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/macular-degeneration/diagnosis.html

  An Amsler grid test. This can detect wet AMD. If you have wet AMD, lines on the grid appear wavy or curved instead of straight. Or you may see a blank spot or hole on part of the grid. […] Other tests include: An eye angiogram or an optical coherence tomography (OCT) may be given to find out if abnormal blood vessels are growing beneath the macula. These tests are used if your doctor thinks that you may have wet AMD. The tests can also locate leaky blood vessels under the macula and help your doctor find out if they can be treated. […] A low-vision evaluation may be done if you have AMD and some loss of vision. It can help find ways for you to make the most of your remaining vision and keep your quality of life. […] The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends that all people ages 40 to 54 have a comprehensive eye exam every 2 to 4 years to help detect AMD early.

• #1 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7588619/

  OCT, in particular, now plays a key role in the diagnostic evaluation of AMD. […] Fluorescein angiography is the only technique that can directly reveal active exudation from pathologic blood vessels into the retinal parenchyma. […] The appropriate treatment for AMD depends on the stage of the disease. […] Clues to the diagnosis of AMD are provided by the typical symptoms, including distorted vision (metamorphopsia), loss of visual acuity, and central scotoma. […] The exudative type of late AMD shows the most aggressive course of all subtypes of the disease. It often causes rapid deterioration of central visual function through the pathological growth of blood vessels, along with exudation, bleeding, fibrosis, and sometimes tearing of the retinal pigment epithelium. […] Exudative late AMD is treated with intravitreally injected anti-VEGF drugs. Most patients need more than one injection, typically 7 or 8 injections, in the first year of treatment.

• #1 Wet macular degeneration – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351113

  Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography. This noninvasive imaging test displays detailed cross sections of the retina. It identifies areas of thinning, thickening or swelling. These can be caused by fluid buildup from leaking blood vessels in and under the retina. […] For people with intermediate or advanced disease, taking a high-dose formulation of antioxidant vitamins and minerals may help reduce the risk of vision loss. Research from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) has shown benefit in a formulation that includes: 500 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C, 400 international units (IU) of vitamin E, 10 mg of lutein, 2 mg of zeaxanthin, 80 mg of zinc as zinc oxide, 2 mg of copper as cupric oxide. […] Ask your eye doctor if taking supplements is right for you.

• #1 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-workup

  OCT can identify soft drusen, RPE detachments, subretinal and intraretinal fluid, CNV, and cystoid macular edema, as well as the integrity of the photoreceptor and RPE layers. […] OCT is useful for monitoring therapeutic response. […] OCT angiography is a newer technology that uses laser light reflectance off moving red blood cells to create an image of the retinal and choroidal vasculature.

• #1 How to diagnose and manage macular degeneration – EyeGuru

  https://eyeguru.org/essentials/guide-to-amd/

  AMD is a completely different disease than it was 20 years ago. […] Now that you know the features of dry and wet AMD, we can discuss how modern imaging can help us diagnose these entities, classify disease, and monitor treatment response. […] Color fundus photographs have been the traditional way to document the findings of dry AMD. […] In dry AMD, Spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) can be being used to monitor, count and quantify drusen and geographic atrophy which can be followed through time. […] Fundus autofluorescence can be used to track the progression of geographic atrophy. With wet AMD, OCT can be used to guide treatment decisions with anti-VEGF agents, as the presence of retinal edema, intraretinal fluid and subretinal fluid can easily be detected. […] FA is used to rule in or rule out equivocal cases of conversion to wet AMD, confirm the OCT findings of wet AMD, or differentiate between other neovascular diseases in the differential. […] End stage wet AMD leads to the formation of subretinal fibrosis and atrophy of the outer retina. […] SD-OCT is classically used to monitor AMD and treatment response over time.

• #1 Wet macular degeneration – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351113

  A test for changes in the center of the vision field. An Amsler grid may be used to test for changes in the center of the vision field. In macular degeneration, some of the straight lines in the grid may look faded, broken or distorted. […] Fluorescein angiography. During this test, an eye doctor injects a dye into a vein in the arm. The dye travels to and highlights the blood vessels in the eye. A special camera takes pictures as the dye travels through the blood vessels. The images may show leaking blood vessels or retinal changes. […] Indocyanine green angiography. Like fluorescein angiography, this test uses an injected dye. It may be used to confirm the findings of a fluorescein angiography or to identify problem blood vessels deeper in the retina. […] Optical coherence tomography. This noninvasive imaging test displays detailed cross sections of the retina. It identifies areas of thinning, thickening or swelling. This test also is used to help monitor how the retina responds to macular degeneration treatments.

• #1 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Symptoms, treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/152105

  How do doctors diagnose AMD? […] If vision problems start to occur, a person should contact an optometrist or ophthalmologist. […] The doctor may give the person some eye drops to dilate the pupil and then examine the eye. […] They may also recommend: […] Optical coherence tomography: During optical coherence tomography, special light rays scan the retina and take an image. The image can show whether the macula has any unusual features. […] Amsler grid: The person looks at a grid with vertical and horizontal lines. If AMD is present, some of the lines on the grid may seem distorted, broken, or faded. A person can also use the Amsler grid to check their vision daily. […] Fluorescein angiography: If they suspect wet AMD, the doctor may recommend fluorescein angiography. During this procedure, the doctor injects a dye into the person’s arm, examines their eyes with a camera, and can take pictures of the eyes that show whether the blood vessels behind the macula are leaking. […] Anyone who notices changes in their vision should consult an eye doctor. The doctor can order tests to confirm the diagnosis and advise on a suitable treatment plan.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis & Symptoms: Vision RELIEF

  https://provider-amd.vision-relief.com/diagnosis/

  An optometrist or ophthalmologist can use different imaging tests to assess, diagnose, and classify AMD, as well as to monitor treatment and disease progression. […] Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that provides high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina, retinal nerve fiber layer, and the optic nerve head. OCT can be used to determine the presence of subretinal and intraretinal fluid and retinal thickening and is used to monitor progression and therapeutic responses to therapy in patients with nAMD. […] Fluorescein angiography should be performed on patients suspected of having choroidal neovascularization based on symptoms or findings on physical examination. […] Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a non-invasive imaging modality that can identify areas of geographic atrophy and can be used to monitor these areas for disease progression.

• #1

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/amd-macular-degeneration

  Your doctor may do fluorescein angiography to see what is happening with your retina. Yellow dye (called fluorescein) is injected into a vein, usually in your arm. The dye travels through your blood vessels. A special camera takes photos of the retina as the dye travels throughout its blood vessels. This shows if abnormal new blood vessels are growing under the retina. […] Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is another way to look closely at the blood vessels in and under the retina. This is like fluorescein angiography but does not use a dye.

• #1 Macular Degeneration Disease Diagnosis | BrightFocus Foundation

  https://www.brightfocus.org/macular/diagnosis/

  During the early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), you may not have symptoms, particularly if only one eye is affected. […] AMD also causes no pain that might suggest that something is wrong, but an eye doctor may be able to detect early signs of the disease before symptoms appear. […] To help diagnose macular degeneration, an ophthalmologist or optometrist will perform a comprehensive eye exam that may include the following tests: […] Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a noninvasive imaging technique that utilizes the bodys natural fluorescence to examine the retina. […] The doctor dilates the pupils with eye drops to view the back of your retina. […] After dilating the pupil, the doctor aims a bright beam of light into the eye to check for problems. […] This test measures your sight from various distances.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Diagnosis of dry AMD

  https://dryamd.eu/diagnosis-and-monitoring/

  In general, the more common tests used are: Comprehensive eye examination, Fundus examination, Ophthalmoscopy, Fundus photography, Optical coherence tomography, Fundus fluoresceine angiography, Fundus autofluorescence. […] The main symptom experienced by people with AMD is vision loss. Hence, AMD is often diagnosed by a routine eye exam, which measures visual acuity a persons ability to see details, shapes and letters at a certain distance. […] This is a more in-depth test to help diagnose AMD. It is an optical examination of the retina at the back of the eye. […] Ophthalmoscopy is an important diagnostic tool for AMD as it allows detection of any abnormalities in the eye, like atrophy (areas of damage), drusen, pigmentary (colour) changes and choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). […] Fundus photography is carried out using a low-powered microscope to take colour images of the retina. It is commonly used in the diagnosis of AMD, as it shows abnormalities like drusen, pigmentary (colour) changes, atrophy, bleeding, and fluid build-up.

• #1 Age-related macular degeneration – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of severe central vision loss and legal blindness in adults. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of AMD will be reviewed here. […] AMD is a degenerative disease of the photoreceptors of the central portion of the retina (the macula) and the supporting retinal pigment epithelium. It is characterized by loss of central vision. […] For clinical purposes, AMD is classified as either „dry” or „wet”. The more common form (affecting approximately 75 percent of patients) is dry AMD (also known as nonexudative or nonneovascular AMD). The less common form is wet AMD (also known as exudative or neovascular AMD). […] Both forms of the disease are characterized by the presence of lipid-rich extracellular deposits under the retinal pigment epithelium called drusen, as well as retinal pigmentary and atrophic changes. Wet AMD is characterized by new vessel formation in and under the retina. These abnormal blood vessels have a tendency to leak, leading to collections of fluid and/or blood in and/or beneath the retina. […] Dry AMD progresses to wet AMD in a minority of patients. The risk of developing wet AMD in people with bilateral, early, dry AMD (bilateral soft drusen) was estimated at approximately 3 per 100 person-years if both eyes have early- or intermediate-stage AMD.

• #1 AMD Diagnosis & Treatment | BeSpoke Vision

  https://www.bespokevision.org/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Researchers have found links between AMD and some lifestyle choices, such as smoking. You might be able to reduce your risk of AMD or slow its progression by making these healthy choices: Avoid smoking, Exercise regularly, Eat a healthy diet rich in green, leafy vegetables and fish (omega 3’s). […] There are three stages of AMD defined in part by the size and number of drusen under the retina. It is possible to have AMD in one eye only, or to have one eye with a later stage of AMD than the other. […] Early AMD is diagnosed by the presence of medium-sized drusen, which are about the width of an average human hair. People with early AMD typically do not have vision loss. […] Intermediate AMD. People with intermediate AMD typically have large drusen, pigment changes in the retina, or both. Again, these changes can only be detected during an eye exam. Intermediate AMD may cause some vision loss, but most people will not experience any symptoms. […] Late AMD. In addition to drusen, people with late AMD have vision loss from damage to the macula. There are two types of late AMD: In geographic atrophy (also called dry AMD), there is a gradual breakdown of the light-sensitive cells in the macula that convey visual information to the brain, and of the supporting tissue beneath the macula. These changes cause vision loss. […] In neovascular AMD (also called wet AMD), abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the retina. (“Neovascular” literally means “new vessels.”) These vessels can leak fluid and blood, which may lead to swelling and damage of the macula. The damage may be rapid and severe, unlike the more gradual course of geographic atrophy. It is possible to have both geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD in the same eye, and either condition can appear first.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-overview

  Your doctor can check you for age-related macular degeneration when you see them for a routine eye exam and have your eyes dilated. […] These tests can help your doctor diagnose the condition: […] During your eye exam, the doctor will examine your retina after dilating your pupil with drugs. […] Your doctor also might ask you to look at an Amsler grid, a pattern of straight lines that’s like a checkerboard. If some of the lines appear wavy or are missing, that could be a sign of macular degeneration. […] If your doctor finds AMD, you might have a procedure called angiography or one called optical coherence tomography (OCT). In angiography, your doctor injects dye into a vein in your arm. They take photographs as the dye flows through blood vessels in your retina. If there are new vessels, or if vessels are leaking fluid or blood in your macula, the photos will show their location and type. OCT is an imaging scan that can show fluid or blood underneath your retina without dye. […] Its important to see your eye doctor regularly to find signs of macular degeneration early. Treatment can slow the condition or make it less serious.

• #1 AMD Diagnosis & Treatment | BeSpoke Vision

  https://www.bespokevision.org/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age is a major risk factor for AMD. The disease is most likely to occur after age 60, but it can occur earlier. Other risk factors for AMD include: Smoking. Research shows that smoking doubles the risk of AMD. […] Race. AMD is more common among Caucasians than among African-Americans or Hispanics/Latinos. […] Family history and genetics. People with a family history of AMD are at higher risk. At last count, researchers had identified nearly 20 genes that can affect the risk of developing AMD. Many more genetic risk factors are suspected. […] You may see offers for genetic testing for AMD. Because AMD is influenced by so many genes plus environmental factors such as smoking and nutrition, there are currently no genetic tests that can diagnose AMD, or predict with certainty who will develop it. The American Academy of Ophthalmology currently recommends against routine genetic testing for AMD, and insurance generally does not cover such testing.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis & Symptoms: Vision RELIEF

  https://provider-amd.vision-relief.com/diagnosis/

  Patients at higher risk should be evaluated more frequently. […] Findings of macular drusen may be an incidental funduscopic finding that should prompt providers to refer patients with significant risk factors to an ophthalmologist. […] For a patient with AMD, more frequent retinal examinations are recommended, such as moving from a 12-month follow-up interval to a 6-month interval to monitor disease progression, or every 3-4 months for those who are progressing rapidly or at high risk for choroidal neovascularization (CNV). […] The diagnosis of AMD usually is made clinically based on the patient’s history, symptoms, and a dilated eye exam using a binocular slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the ocular fundus to detect drusen, abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), geographic atrophy (GA), CNV, subretinal fluid (SRF), and hemorrhage.

• #1 A Comprehensive Review of AI Diagnosis Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/7/711

  The rapid advancement of computational infrastructure has led to unprecedented growth in machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision, fundamentally transforming the analysis of retinal images. This paper concentrates on the detection of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a significant retinal condition, by offering an exhaustive examination of recent machine learning and deep learning methodologies. Additionally, it discusses potential obstacles and constraints associated with implementing this technology in the field of ophthalmology. Through a systematic review, this research aims to assess the efficacy of machine learning and deep learning techniques in discerning AMD from different modalities as they have shown promise in the field of AMD and retinal disorders diagnosis.

• #1 Early Diagnosis Of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Wyomissing Optometric Center

  https://wyo-opto.com/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disease. It is a leading cause of blindness, affecting more than 9 million people in the U.S. alone. […] As an advanced diagnostic tool, the AdaptDx is the first instrument to provide a practical and objective measurement of dark adaptation function. […] In patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and other macular degenerations, dark adaptation function is severely impaired. […] Dr. Corbin often lectures to colleagues on the role of AdaptDx in the early diagnosis and treatment of AMD.

• #1 Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Vision Care Clinic

  https://visioncarecliniciowa.com/vision-care-products/eye-disease-diagnosis-treatment/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  Dilated eye exams allow your eye doctor to look at your retina so they can check for changes associated with AMD, and until recently, those exams were the only tool eye doctors had to detect this disease. […] Today, there are more advanced computer-based options that enable your eye doctor to identify the very earliest signs of AMD. […] The AdaptDx dark adaptometer measures how long it takes for your eyes to adjust to darkened environments. […] Optomap uses special scanning technology to capture a detailed image of your retina. […] Plus, Optomap provides cross-sectional images of the important structures of your retina, making it possible for your doctor to see the subtlest, earliest changes associated with AMD.

• #1 Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/differential-diagnosis-of-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration The diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can be challenging, particularly when the patient is in the age group commonly affected by AMD. Nonneovascular AMD is the most common type of AMD, observed in 90% of cases. Nonneovascular AMD demonstrates chorioretinal atrophy that may be difficult to differentiate from retina changes associated with other pathologies. The other major form of AMD, neovascular AMD, occurs with loss of visual acuity secondary to choroidal neovascularization (CNV). This chapter examines the differential diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration. […] The most common diseases that can present changes similar to nonneovascular AMD are central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pattern dystrophy, dominant drusen, chloroquine toxicity, central areolar choroidal dystrophy, and cuticular drusen.

• #1 Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/differential-diagnosis-of-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  The diagnostic challenge is significant for older age groups with changes in the RPE due to multifocal serous detachments. […] The presence of CNV and subretinal fluid in a patient with CSC may be difficult to distinguish from neovascular AMD. […] In the elderly patient, central areolar choroidal atrophy may be confused with AMD. […] The term CNV refers to ingrown fibrovascular tissue from the choroidal circulation into or underneath the retina. This fibrovascular tissue can progress to a disciform scar and cause irreversible vision loss. Any pathologic process that disturbs the RPE and choroid, leading to the disruption of the Bruchs membrane, can be associated with CNV. There are different causes of CNV; some of those more frequently found are age-related macular degeneration, ocular histoplasmosis, multifocal choroiditis, myopia, and trauma. CNV has been divided in two types: type I and type II. Type I CNV is characterized by a neovascular growth between the inner and outer aspects of the Bruchs membrane, and it is more frequent in AMD.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Diagnosis of dry AMD

  https://dryamd.eu/diagnosis-and-monitoring/

  Ophthalmologists and optometrists use a variety of tests and examinations to determine whether a patient may have age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This includes techniques to see the retina and the macula at the back of the eye, as well as methods to test visual function. The only way to diagnose AMD or GA is to have a thorough eye examination, including a check of the macula, by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. […] Many of the tests used to diagnose AMD are also used to monitor a patient over time following diagnosis. […] If you have been diagnosed with AMD or geographic atrophy, or are at risk of developing an eye disease, it is important to ensure you are monitoring any changes to your vision. […] It is important not to rely on an Amsler grid for diagnosis; it is not a substitute for regular eye examinations. The only way to diagnose AMD or GA is to have an eye exam, including a check of the macula, by an ophthalmologist or optometrist.

• #1 Age-Related Wet & Dry Macular Degeneration (AMD) – ConnectCenter

  https://aphconnectcenter.org/visionaware/eye-conditions/eye-conditions-associated-with-blindness-a-b/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  Once age-related macular degeneration has been diagnosed, your eye care professional may give you an Amsler Grid to use at home as an early warning system for changes in age-related macular degeneration, particularly a change from dry to wet AMD. Remember: Early detection of vision changes means timely treatment that can save your vision.

• #1 Macular Degeneration Disease Diagnosis | BrightFocus Foundation

  https://www.brightfocus.org/macular/diagnosis/

  After dilating the pupil, the doctor focuses light through the cornea, pupil, and lens. […] If your doctor suspects you may have wet AMD, they may conduct this test to detect leaking blood vessels. […] OCT is a noninvasive technique to image the retina. […] The Amsler grid can help detect early signs of retinal disease and monitor vision changes after a macular degeneration diagnosis. […] The ForeseeHome Monitor is the first FDA-cleared device for patients with dry macular degeneration to monitor the disease at home.

• #1 Genentech: Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.gene.com/patients/disease-education/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Due to the rapid progression and severe, irreversible loss of central vision associated with wet AMD, early diagnosis and treatment are important for the successful management of the disease. […] The diagnosis of wet AMD generally requires fluorescein angiography or indocyanine green angiography.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – Ophthalmology Advisor

  https://www.ophthalmologyadvisor.com/ddi/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  There are no causal or disease-modifying treatments available for AMD. Instead, management centers around slowing disease progression. Management options for AMD described in the AAOs PPP include antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, observation, photodynamic therapy, and laser photocoagulation surgery. […] Management for early-stage AMD or individuals with a family history of AMD involves regular self-testing using an Amsler grid, scheduled follow-up dilated fundoscopic examinations every 6 to 24 months, and prompt follow-up examination if symptoms of CNV present.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Eye Care Specialists | Cape Girardeau, MO

  http://www.wespecialeyes.com/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a two-step, in-office procedure. First, Visudyne, a photo-sensitive drug, is injected into the blood stream through a vein in your arm. Visudyne attaches to molecules found in abnormal blood vessels allowing a special low-power, cool laser to target them in the macula. […] Thermal laser therapy cauterizes the abnormal blood vessels with a high-energy, focused beam of light which terminates the growth and prevents further leakage.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis & Symptoms: Vision RELIEF

  https://provider-amd.vision-relief.com/diagnosis/

  When evaluating a patient who shows signs and symptoms that suggest age-related macular degeneration (AMD), it is important to conduct a comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation, paying special attention to those aspects that are relevant to AMD. […] Common in older adults, age is the most significant risk factor for AMD, with the prevalence increasing with age. […] People at higher risk for AMD should have increased vigilance for symptoms of AMD to allow for earlier detection and treatment, which can offer improved outcomes. […] The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) recommended frequency for adult comprehensive medical eye examinations for asymptomatic patients, and for patients who do not have risk factors for eye disease, is under 40 years–every 5 to 10 years; 40 to 54 years–every 2 to 4 years; 55 to 64 years–every 1 to 3 years; and 65 years or older–every 1 to 2 years.

• #1 A Comprehensive Review of AI Diagnosis Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/7/711

  This study demonstrated that the use of ML and DL algorithms in conjunction with the OCT or CFP imaging method, either alone or in combination, yields promising results in the diagnosis of various stages of AMD. OCT and OCTA are more precise for many entities viewed with these technologies and can reveal anomalies not detected by color fundus photography or fluorescein angiography. They are not replaced by using OCT and OCT angiography; rather, these additional imaging modalities enhance the former and offer more information to enhance categorization options. […] The results emphasize the importance of CFP and OCT imaging in assessing the risk of AMD in its early, middle, and late phases. The more than 250 million AMD patients who are expected to be diagnosed globally by 2040 would benefit greatly from improved triaging, counseling, and care because of the use of OCT and CFP imaging in AMD diagnosis. As of right now, CFP is more common than OCT imaging. Nevertheless, we did see a little increase in the ability to predict the development of late AMD when utilizing both OCT imaging and CFPs, indicating that the automatically determined risk from OCT imaging may provide some additional benefit to CFP. As a result, combining the two approaches might still help enhance illness progression prediction.

• #2 Macular Degeneration: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15246-macular-degeneration

  Macular degeneration is primarily an age-related retinal condition. […] In the U.S., macular degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in people who are 60 and older. […] As the term age-related macular degeneration (AMD) implies, macular degeneration is more likely to occur as you get older. […] Macular degeneration rarely causes symptoms in its early stages, so annual eye examinations are very important. […] During an eye exam, your eye care provider checks for changes to your retina and macula. […] The Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS and AREDS2) found that a combination of vitamins and minerals might slow the progression of dry AMD. […] There are drugs that treat but dont cure wet AMD. […] Your provider, generally a retina specialist, will numb your eye before giving you a shot into the vitreous (intravitreal injections). […] Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults. […] Although AMD doesnt cause complete blindness, the loss of central vision can make it harder to do everyday tasks.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00509

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that affects a persons central vision. AMD is the most common cause of severe vision loss among people age 50 and older. […] The symptoms of AMD may seem like other eye conditions. Talk with an eye care provider for a diagnosis. […] In addition to a full health history and eye exam, your eye care provider may do these tests to diagnose AMD: […] The pupil is widened with eye drops for a close-up exam of the retina. […] This is used to find wet AMD. You are asked to look at a grid and see if straight lines in a grid pattern are missing or look wavy. Both of these may mean you have AMD. […] This test is used to find wet AMD. A special dye is injected into a vein in the arm. Pictures are then taken as the dye passes through the blood vessels in the retina. This helps the eye care provider evaluate if the blood vessels are leaking. It also helps the provider figure out if the leaking can be treated. […] There is no cure. But there are treatment choices that may stop or slow the disease progression.

• #2 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd.html

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic eye disease. […] The eye doctor will first ask about the symptoms and any other medical conditions. Then your eyes will be closely examined using a microscope with a light on it, called a slit lamp, to look at the front and middle sections of the inside of your eye. The fundus (the back of the inside of your eye) is also checked. Before the examination, eye drops are used to dilate (open) your pupils. Various types of tests can help to get an idea of how much your central vision has been affected. […] Other tests can confirm the diagnosis and help to plan treatment. If the doctor thinks you have wet AMD, an examination called fluorescein angiography of the retina can be used to check whether that is true. This involves injecting a harmless dye solution into a vein in your arm. The solution is carried to the blood vessels in the retina. A special camera can then be used to detect changes in these vessels. […] Another test that might be done is known as optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT uses a laser to measure things like the thickness of the retina, as well as to detect any fluid-filled pockets. Doctors can use OCT to check on how the disease is changing over time and then adjust the treatment.

• #2 Macular Degeneration Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/macular-degeneration/diagnosis.html

  How is age-related macular degeneration (AMD) diagnosed? A doctor can usually detect AMD by doing a regular eye exam. The doctor will ask about your symptoms, past eye problems, and other health conditions. You may have some vision tests. A visual acuity test. This checks your central vision. During this test, you cover one eye and read letters on a wall chart 20 ft (6.1 m) away. Central vision gets worse over time in a person who has AMD, and a visual acuity test can measure whether your vision has become worse since your last exam. The doctor may also test your visual field, which includes both your central vision and side (peripheral) vision. […] Ophthalmoscopy. This lets your doctor look inside your eye to check for signs of AMD, such as drusen, which appear as yellowish white spots under the retina. Although some small drusen can usually be found in the macula as a normal result of aging, the presence of numerous large drusen is associated with AMD.

• #2 Wet macular degeneration – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wet-macular-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351113

  A test for changes in the center of the vision field. An Amsler grid may be used to test for changes in the center of the vision field. In macular degeneration, some of the straight lines in the grid may look faded, broken or distorted. […] Fluorescein angiography. During this test, an eye doctor injects a dye into a vein in the arm. The dye travels to and highlights the blood vessels in the eye. A special camera takes pictures as the dye travels through the blood vessels. The images may show leaking blood vessels or retinal changes. […] Indocyanine green angiography. Like fluorescein angiography, this test uses an injected dye. It may be used to confirm the findings of a fluorescein angiography or to identify problem blood vessels deeper in the retina. […] Optical coherence tomography. This noninvasive imaging test displays detailed cross sections of the retina. It identifies areas of thinning, thickening or swelling. This test also is used to help monitor how the retina responds to macular degeneration treatments.

• #2

• #2 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-workup

  OCT can identify soft drusen, RPE detachments, subretinal and intraretinal fluid, CNV, and cystoid macular edema, as well as the integrity of the photoreceptor and RPE layers. […] OCT is useful for monitoring therapeutic response. […] OCT angiography is a newer technology that uses laser light reflectance off moving red blood cells to create an image of the retinal and choroidal vasculature.

• #2 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7588619/

  OCT, in particular, now plays a key role in the diagnostic evaluation of AMD. […] Fluorescein angiography is the only technique that can directly reveal active exudation from pathologic blood vessels into the retinal parenchyma. […] The appropriate treatment for AMD depends on the stage of the disease. […] Clues to the diagnosis of AMD are provided by the typical symptoms, including distorted vision (metamorphopsia), loss of visual acuity, and central scotoma. […] The exudative type of late AMD shows the most aggressive course of all subtypes of the disease. It often causes rapid deterioration of central visual function through the pathological growth of blood vessels, along with exudation, bleeding, fibrosis, and sometimes tearing of the retinal pigment epithelium. […] Exudative late AMD is treated with intravitreally injected anti-VEGF drugs. Most patients need more than one injection, typically 7 or 8 injections, in the first year of treatment.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/2/agerelated-macular-degeneration

  Disease features related to AMD may be found in the retina and in the layers beneath it. According to these abnormal findings, AMD is classified as dry or wet. […] An AMD diagnosis is made by a clinical examination with a slit lamp and by using several types of imaging, including: Fluorescein angiography (FA), Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), Optical coherence tomography (OCT).

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration—Wet Forms Including Macular Neovascularization

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/44/age-related-macular-degeneration-wet-forms-including-macular-neovascularization

  Disease features related to wet AMD may be found in the retina and in the layers beneath it. […] A wet AMD diagnosis is made by a clinical examination with a slit lamp and by using several types of imaging, including: Fluorescein angiography (FA), Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), Optical coherence tomography (OCT), Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

• #2 How is Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosed? | AMDF

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/what-is-macular-degeneration/diagnosing-amd

  Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) is a method of imaging that shows blood flow and possible leakage (wet AMD) in the retina and choroid. […] Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) provides extremely useful information about drusen, retinal structure, new blood vessels, and hemorrhaging. […] Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging (AF) is an imaging method that uses the body’s natural fluorescence to study the retina. […] Another diagnostic for young onset macular degeneration is genetic testing, currently available for Stargardt disease and other juvenile macular degeneration diseases. Genetic testing would indicate the presence of the recessive gene which causes Stargardt disease.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common and progressive eye disorder. It ultimately leads to central vision loss, which means it affects what you see in front of you when you’re looking straight ahead. […] It’s important to have annual eye exams even if your vision appears normal. You should tell your doctor about any vision changes you experience, too. […] Your doctor can conduct a variety of tests to diagnose macular degeneration. […] For example, they can use special eye drops to dilate your eyes and then check the back of your eyes for signs of fluid, blood, or yellow deposits. […] Other tests include the following: […] Fundus photography: The doctor takes a picture of the inside surface of your eye with a special camera. […] Fluorescein angiography: Your doctor injects a colored dye into a vein in your arm. The dye will eventually travel to your eye, allowing your doctor to examine the blood vessels there.

• #2 AMD Diagnosis & Treatment | BeSpoke Vision

  https://www.bespokevision.org/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Researchers have found links between AMD and some lifestyle choices, such as smoking. You might be able to reduce your risk of AMD or slow its progression by making these healthy choices: Avoid smoking, Exercise regularly, Eat a healthy diet rich in green, leafy vegetables and fish (omega 3’s). […] There are three stages of AMD defined in part by the size and number of drusen under the retina. It is possible to have AMD in one eye only, or to have one eye with a later stage of AMD than the other. […] Early AMD is diagnosed by the presence of medium-sized drusen, which are about the width of an average human hair. People with early AMD typically do not have vision loss. […] Intermediate AMD. People with intermediate AMD typically have large drusen, pigment changes in the retina, or both. Again, these changes can only be detected during an eye exam. Intermediate AMD may cause some vision loss, but most people will not experience any symptoms. […] Late AMD. In addition to drusen, people with late AMD have vision loss from damage to the macula. There are two types of late AMD: In geographic atrophy (also called dry AMD), there is a gradual breakdown of the light-sensitive cells in the macula that convey visual information to the brain, and of the supporting tissue beneath the macula. These changes cause vision loss. […] In neovascular AMD (also called wet AMD), abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the retina. (“Neovascular” literally means “new vessels.”) These vessels can leak fluid and blood, which may lead to swelling and damage of the macula. The damage may be rapid and severe, unlike the more gradual course of geographic atrophy. It is possible to have both geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD in the same eye, and either condition can appear first.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis & Symptoms: Vision RELIEF

  https://provider-amd.vision-relief.com/diagnosis/

  When evaluating a patient who shows signs and symptoms that suggest age-related macular degeneration (AMD), it is important to conduct a comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation, paying special attention to those aspects that are relevant to AMD. […] Common in older adults, age is the most significant risk factor for AMD, with the prevalence increasing with age. […] People at higher risk for AMD should have increased vigilance for symptoms of AMD to allow for earlier detection and treatment, which can offer improved outcomes. […] The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) recommended frequency for adult comprehensive medical eye examinations for asymptomatic patients, and for patients who do not have risk factors for eye disease, is under 40 years–every 5 to 10 years; 40 to 54 years–every 2 to 4 years; 55 to 64 years–every 1 to 3 years; and 65 years or older–every 1 to 2 years.

• #2 AMD Diagnosis & Treatment | BeSpoke Vision

  https://www.bespokevision.org/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age is a major risk factor for AMD. The disease is most likely to occur after age 60, but it can occur earlier. Other risk factors for AMD include: Smoking. Research shows that smoking doubles the risk of AMD. […] Race. AMD is more common among Caucasians than among African-Americans or Hispanics/Latinos. […] Family history and genetics. People with a family history of AMD are at higher risk. At last count, researchers had identified nearly 20 genes that can affect the risk of developing AMD. Many more genetic risk factors are suspected. […] You may see offers for genetic testing for AMD. Because AMD is influenced by so many genes plus environmental factors such as smoking and nutrition, there are currently no genetic tests that can diagnose AMD, or predict with certainty who will develop it. The American Academy of Ophthalmology currently recommends against routine genetic testing for AMD, and insurance generally does not cover such testing.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis & Symptoms: Vision RELIEF

  https://provider-amd.vision-relief.com/diagnosis/

  Patients at higher risk should be evaluated more frequently. […] Findings of macular drusen may be an incidental funduscopic finding that should prompt providers to refer patients with significant risk factors to an ophthalmologist. […] For a patient with AMD, more frequent retinal examinations are recommended, such as moving from a 12-month follow-up interval to a 6-month interval to monitor disease progression, or every 3-4 months for those who are progressing rapidly or at high risk for choroidal neovascularization (CNV). […] The diagnosis of AMD usually is made clinically based on the patient’s history, symptoms, and a dilated eye exam using a binocular slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the ocular fundus to detect drusen, abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), geographic atrophy (GA), CNV, subretinal fluid (SRF), and hemorrhage.

• #2 A Comprehensive Review of AI Diagnosis Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/7/711

  The initial definition of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), described as symmetric central chorioretinopathy in the elderly, was in 1874. AMD is a chronic ocular disease that impairs the eye’s central vision. The macula, the core region of the retina responsible for sharp, clear vision, is degenerating. AMD now accounts for 8.7% of blindness worldwide and is one of the leading causes of permanent vision loss in the elderly (>50 years old). In Europe, approximately 1% of people have advanced AMD. It is projected that 288 million people worldwide will suffer from AMD by 2040. In addition to aging, hereditary and environmental variables are the primary causes of AMD. […] For prompt intervention, AMD must be accurately diagnosed and detected as early as possible. Typically, a slit-lamp examination is used by an ophthalmologist to diagnose eye conditions. Due to variations in the ophthalmologist’s analytical abilities, irregularities in the analysis of eye disorders, and problems with record keeping, slit-lamp interpretations are insufficient. Fundus images, captured through retinal imaging, provide valuable information about the structural changes in the macula associated with AMD.

• #2 A Comprehensive Review of AI Diagnosis Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/7/711

  Analyzing images from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), OCT Angiography, and fluorescein angiography (FA), or fundus cameras is known as retinal image analysis. These predominant non-invasive methods for capturing alterations in retinal structure, encompassing changes in the optic disc, blood vessels, macula, and fovea, are fundoscopy and OCT imaging. Analyzing these images assists in identifying various conditions such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), cataracts, glaucoma, AMD, myopia, and high blood pressure. […] Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) systems leverage advancements in machine learning (ML) and computer vision to diagnose conditions like DR and AMD. ML techniques exhibit significant potential in accurately categorizing AMD by identifying subtle characteristics indicative of various disease stages. These methods automate the classification process, ensuring consistent and objective assessments while reducing variability among observers and facilitating timely diagnoses. Despite the challenges involved, such as the need for extensive effort in feature extraction, analysis, and engineering, as well as a deep understanding of disease-specific traits, ML-inspired approaches have shown promising outcomes. Furthermore, the emergence of deep learning (DL) as a subfield of ML has shown promise in detecting specific retinal illnesses. DL techniques have significantly advanced the identification and classification of ocular diseases such as Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), AMD, and DR.

• #2 Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Vision Care Clinic

  https://visioncarecliniciowa.com/vision-care-products/eye-disease-diagnosis-treatment/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  Dilated eye exams allow your eye doctor to look at your retina so they can check for changes associated with AMD, and until recently, those exams were the only tool eye doctors had to detect this disease. […] Today, there are more advanced computer-based options that enable your eye doctor to identify the very earliest signs of AMD. […] The AdaptDx dark adaptometer measures how long it takes for your eyes to adjust to darkened environments. […] Optomap uses special scanning technology to capture a detailed image of your retina. […] Plus, Optomap provides cross-sectional images of the important structures of your retina, making it possible for your doctor to see the subtlest, earliest changes associated with AMD.

• #2 Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/differential-diagnosis-of-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration The diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can be challenging, particularly when the patient is in the age group commonly affected by AMD. Nonneovascular AMD is the most common type of AMD, observed in 90% of cases. Nonneovascular AMD demonstrates chorioretinal atrophy that may be difficult to differentiate from retina changes associated with other pathologies. The other major form of AMD, neovascular AMD, occurs with loss of visual acuity secondary to choroidal neovascularization (CNV). This chapter examines the differential diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration. […] The most common diseases that can present changes similar to nonneovascular AMD are central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pattern dystrophy, dominant drusen, chloroquine toxicity, central areolar choroidal dystrophy, and cuticular drusen.

• #2 Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/differential-diagnosis-of-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  The diagnostic challenge is significant for older age groups with changes in the RPE due to multifocal serous detachments. […] The presence of CNV and subretinal fluid in a patient with CSC may be difficult to distinguish from neovascular AMD. […] In the elderly patient, central areolar choroidal atrophy may be confused with AMD. […] The term CNV refers to ingrown fibrovascular tissue from the choroidal circulation into or underneath the retina. This fibrovascular tissue can progress to a disciform scar and cause irreversible vision loss. Any pathologic process that disturbs the RPE and choroid, leading to the disruption of the Bruchs membrane, can be associated with CNV. There are different causes of CNV; some of those more frequently found are age-related macular degeneration, ocular histoplasmosis, multifocal choroiditis, myopia, and trauma. CNV has been divided in two types: type I and type II. Type I CNV is characterized by a neovascular growth between the inner and outer aspects of the Bruchs membrane, and it is more frequent in AMD.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment – Moorfields Private

  https://www.moorfields.nhs.uk/private/eye-conditions-and-treatments/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/diagnosis-and-treatment

  Anti-VEGF medicines stop the abnormal blood vessels growing, then leaking and bleeding under the retina. This prevents or limits damage to the retinal light receptors and loss of central vision. These medicines are effective in preventing further central vision loss in up to 90% of treated eyes. […] Your ophthalmologist will advise if the treatment is appropriate for you and which anti-VEGF medicine will be used. Only patients with active leaking of blood and fluid can benefit from it. The treatment that’s right for you will depend on the specific condition of your central retina (macula), your vision and whether there is scarring at the macula. We perform scans and photographs of the eye which show us the different layers of the retina. These scans can show us if there is blood or fluid present within the retinal layers and help us decide on your treatment.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Eye Care Specialists | Cape Girardeau, MO

  http://www.wespecialeyes.com/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a two-step, in-office procedure. First, Visudyne, a photo-sensitive drug, is injected into the blood stream through a vein in your arm. Visudyne attaches to molecules found in abnormal blood vessels allowing a special low-power, cool laser to target them in the macula. […] Thermal laser therapy cauterizes the abnormal blood vessels with a high-energy, focused beam of light which terminates the growth and prevents further leakage.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – Ophthalmology Advisor

  https://www.ophthalmologyadvisor.com/ddi/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an acquired retinal disease that affects the macula, is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults. AMD is responsible for approximately 46% of cases of severe vision loss (visual acuity 20/200 or worse) in this population. […] The diagnostic tests that are clinically useful for initial diagnosis, evaluation of AMD progression, or informing treatment decisions include optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), fluorescein angiography, and fundus photography. […] OCT is paramount to AMD diagnosis and management. It is the only form of imaging that allows for cross-sectional visualization of the retina. […] Fluorescein angiography is warranted when there is suspicion or evidence of CNV formations.

• #2 A Comprehensive Review of AI Diagnosis Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/7/711

  To enhance the prognosis of AMD development, there are still more chances to take advantage of the abundance of data on OCT imaging. An important result of those investigations is that the phases of AMD are now well classified. The accuracy and consistency of classifying AMD into GA, intermediate AMD, normal, and wet AMD categories have improved via extensive testing and research. This improved accuracy is a vital first step in enabling patient-appropriate treatment plans. These investigations have also shed light on complex patterns and correlations seen within fundus images. These patterns make it possible to recognize the subtle signs of various stages of AMD, which can help with early detection and therapy. The CAD system facilitates improved patient care by automating the AMD diagnostic process and reducing interobserver differences.

• #3 Genentech: Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.gene.com/patients/disease-education/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Due to the rapid progression and severe, irreversible loss of central vision associated with wet AMD, early diagnosis and treatment are important for the successful management of the disease. […] The diagnosis of wet AMD generally requires fluorescein angiography or indocyanine green angiography.

• #3 Exudative (Wet) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1226030-workup

  OCT can identify soft drusen, RPE detachments, subretinal and intraretinal fluid, CNV, and cystoid macular edema, as well as the integrity of the photoreceptor and RPE layers. […] OCT is useful for monitoring therapeutic response. […] OCT angiography is a newer technology that uses laser light reflectance off moving red blood cells to create an image of the retinal and choroidal vasculature.

• #3 AMD Diagnosis & Treatment | BeSpoke Vision

  https://www.bespokevision.org/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Researchers have found links between AMD and some lifestyle choices, such as smoking. You might be able to reduce your risk of AMD or slow its progression by making these healthy choices: Avoid smoking, Exercise regularly, Eat a healthy diet rich in green, leafy vegetables and fish (omega 3’s). […] There are three stages of AMD defined in part by the size and number of drusen under the retina. It is possible to have AMD in one eye only, or to have one eye with a later stage of AMD than the other. […] Early AMD is diagnosed by the presence of medium-sized drusen, which are about the width of an average human hair. People with early AMD typically do not have vision loss. […] Intermediate AMD. People with intermediate AMD typically have large drusen, pigment changes in the retina, or both. Again, these changes can only be detected during an eye exam. Intermediate AMD may cause some vision loss, but most people will not experience any symptoms. […] Late AMD. In addition to drusen, people with late AMD have vision loss from damage to the macula. There are two types of late AMD: In geographic atrophy (also called dry AMD), there is a gradual breakdown of the light-sensitive cells in the macula that convey visual information to the brain, and of the supporting tissue beneath the macula. These changes cause vision loss. […] In neovascular AMD (also called wet AMD), abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the retina. (“Neovascular” literally means “new vessels.”) These vessels can leak fluid and blood, which may lead to swelling and damage of the macula. The damage may be rapid and severe, unlike the more gradual course of geographic atrophy. It is possible to have both geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD in the same eye, and either condition can appear first.

• #3 AMD Diagnosis & Treatment | BeSpoke Vision

  https://www.bespokevision.org/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age is a major risk factor for AMD. The disease is most likely to occur after age 60, but it can occur earlier. Other risk factors for AMD include: Smoking. Research shows that smoking doubles the risk of AMD. […] Race. AMD is more common among Caucasians than among African-Americans or Hispanics/Latinos. […] Family history and genetics. People with a family history of AMD are at higher risk. At last count, researchers had identified nearly 20 genes that can affect the risk of developing AMD. Many more genetic risk factors are suspected. […] You may see offers for genetic testing for AMD. Because AMD is influenced by so many genes plus environmental factors such as smoking and nutrition, there are currently no genetic tests that can diagnose AMD, or predict with certainty who will develop it. The American Academy of Ophthalmology currently recommends against routine genetic testing for AMD, and insurance generally does not cover such testing.

• #3 Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/differential-diagnosis-of-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration The diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can be challenging, particularly when the patient is in the age group commonly affected by AMD. Nonneovascular AMD is the most common type of AMD, observed in 90% of cases. Nonneovascular AMD demonstrates chorioretinal atrophy that may be difficult to differentiate from retina changes associated with other pathologies. The other major form of AMD, neovascular AMD, occurs with loss of visual acuity secondary to choroidal neovascularization (CNV). This chapter examines the differential diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration. […] The most common diseases that can present changes similar to nonneovascular AMD are central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pattern dystrophy, dominant drusen, chloroquine toxicity, central areolar choroidal dystrophy, and cuticular drusen.

• #4 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7588619/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is thought to cause approximately 9% of all cases of blindness worldwide. In Germany, half of all cases of blindness and high-grade visual impairment are due to AMD. […] AMD is subdivided into early, intermediate, and late stages. The early stage is often asymptomatic; patients in the other two stages often have distorted vision or central visual field defects. […] The treatment of the exudative late form with VEGF inhibitors is labor-intensive and requires a close collaboration of the patient, the ophthalmologist, and the primary care physician. […] The proper diagnostic evaluation of AMD must always include an ophthalmological examination with measurement of best corrected visual acuity, funduscopic evaluation with dilated pupils, macular layer imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and, sometimes, fluorescein angiography.

• #4 AMD Diagnosis & Treatment | BeSpoke Vision

  https://www.bespokevision.org/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Researchers have found links between AMD and some lifestyle choices, such as smoking. You might be able to reduce your risk of AMD or slow its progression by making these healthy choices: Avoid smoking, Exercise regularly, Eat a healthy diet rich in green, leafy vegetables and fish (omega 3’s). […] There are three stages of AMD defined in part by the size and number of drusen under the retina. It is possible to have AMD in one eye only, or to have one eye with a later stage of AMD than the other. […] Early AMD is diagnosed by the presence of medium-sized drusen, which are about the width of an average human hair. People with early AMD typically do not have vision loss. […] Intermediate AMD. People with intermediate AMD typically have large drusen, pigment changes in the retina, or both. Again, these changes can only be detected during an eye exam. Intermediate AMD may cause some vision loss, but most people will not experience any symptoms. […] Late AMD. In addition to drusen, people with late AMD have vision loss from damage to the macula. There are two types of late AMD: In geographic atrophy (also called dry AMD), there is a gradual breakdown of the light-sensitive cells in the macula that convey visual information to the brain, and of the supporting tissue beneath the macula. These changes cause vision loss. […] In neovascular AMD (also called wet AMD), abnormal blood vessels grow underneath the retina. (“Neovascular” literally means “new vessels.”) These vessels can leak fluid and blood, which may lead to swelling and damage of the macula. The damage may be rapid and severe, unlike the more gradual course of geographic atrophy. It is possible to have both geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD in the same eye, and either condition can appear first.

• #4 AMD Diagnosis & Treatment | BeSpoke Vision

  https://www.bespokevision.org/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age is a major risk factor for AMD. The disease is most likely to occur after age 60, but it can occur earlier. Other risk factors for AMD include: Smoking. Research shows that smoking doubles the risk of AMD. […] Race. AMD is more common among Caucasians than among African-Americans or Hispanics/Latinos. […] Family history and genetics. People with a family history of AMD are at higher risk. At last count, researchers had identified nearly 20 genes that can affect the risk of developing AMD. Many more genetic risk factors are suspected. […] You may see offers for genetic testing for AMD. Because AMD is influenced by so many genes plus environmental factors such as smoking and nutrition, there are currently no genetic tests that can diagnose AMD, or predict with certainty who will develop it. The American Academy of Ophthalmology currently recommends against routine genetic testing for AMD, and insurance generally does not cover such testing.

• #4 Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/differential-diagnosis-of-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration The diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can be challenging, particularly when the patient is in the age group commonly affected by AMD. Nonneovascular AMD is the most common type of AMD, observed in 90% of cases. Nonneovascular AMD demonstrates chorioretinal atrophy that may be difficult to differentiate from retina changes associated with other pathologies. The other major form of AMD, neovascular AMD, occurs with loss of visual acuity secondary to choroidal neovascularization (CNV). This chapter examines the differential diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration. […] The most common diseases that can present changes similar to nonneovascular AMD are central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pattern dystrophy, dominant drusen, chloroquine toxicity, central areolar choroidal dystrophy, and cuticular drusen.

• #5 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7588619/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is thought to cause approximately 9% of all cases of blindness worldwide. In Germany, half of all cases of blindness and high-grade visual impairment are due to AMD. […] AMD is subdivided into early, intermediate, and late stages. The early stage is often asymptomatic; patients in the other two stages often have distorted vision or central visual field defects. […] The treatment of the exudative late form with VEGF inhibitors is labor-intensive and requires a close collaboration of the patient, the ophthalmologist, and the primary care physician. […] The proper diagnostic evaluation of AMD must always include an ophthalmological examination with measurement of best corrected visual acuity, funduscopic evaluation with dilated pupils, macular layer imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and, sometimes, fluorescein angiography.

Zobacz więcej