Materiały źródłowe

• #1 MERS-CoV worldwide overview

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-situation-update

  Since the previous update on 18 March 2025, and as of 7 April 2025, no new MERS-CoV cases have been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) or national health authorities. […] Since the beginning of 2025, and as of 7 April 2025, one MERS case has been reported with date of onset in 2025 in Saudi Arabia. […] Since April 2012, and as of 7 April 2025, a total of 2 629 cases of MERS, including 955 deaths, have been reported by health authorities worldwide.

• #2 Epidemiology and evolution of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2012–2020 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-021-00853-0

  The ongoing transmission of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the Middle East and its expansion to other regions are raising concerns of a potential pandemic. An in-depth analysis about both population and molecular epidemiology of this pathogen is needed. […] A total of 2562 confirmed MERS cases with 150 case clusters were reported with a case fatality rate of 32.7% (95% CI: 30.9-34.6%). Saudi Arabia accounted for 83.6% of the cases. […] MERS-CoV remains primarily locally transmitted in the Middle East, with opportunistic exportation to other continents and a potential of causing transmission clusters of human cases. […] Transportation network is the leading driver for the spatial diffusion of the disease. […] Current epidemiological studies suggest that human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV is inefficient, and the primary infection mode is via direct/indirect contact with dromedary camels, although other mammals may also serve as the reservoir.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers

  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a virus transferred to humans from infected dromedary camels. MERS-CoV has been identified in dromedaries in several countries in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. In total, 27 countries have reported cases since 2012, leading to 858 known deaths due to the infection and related complications. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible, but only a few such transmissions have been found among family members living in the same household. In health care settings, however, human-to-human transmission appears to be more frequent. […] Approximately 35% of patients with MERS-CoV have died, but this may be an overestimate of the true mortality rate, as mild cases of MERS may be missed by existing surveillance systems. The case fatality rates are currently counted only amongst the laboratory-confirmed cases.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] Approximately 35% of MERS cases reported to WHO have died. […] MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted between animals and people. MERS-CoV has been identified and linked to human infections in dromedary camels in several Member States in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible and has occurred predominantly among close contacts and in health care settings. […] Since the identification of MERS-CoV in 2012, 27 Member States have reported cases of MERS to WHO under the International Health Regulations (2005). […] The largest outbreaks have occurred in health care facilities in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Republic of Korea.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers

  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a virus transferred to humans from infected dromedary camels. MERS-CoV has been identified in dromedaries in several countries in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. In total, 27 countries have reported cases since 2012, leading to 858 known deaths due to the infection and related complications. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible, but only a few such transmissions have been found among family members living in the same household. In health care settings, however, human-to-human transmission appears to be more frequent. […] Approximately 35% of patients with MERS-CoV have died, but this may be an overestimate of the true mortality rate, as mild cases of MERS may be missed by existing surveillance systems. The case fatality rates are currently counted only amongst the laboratory-confirmed cases.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome-Coronavirus-(MERS-CoV)-Epidemiology.aspx

  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents a novel human coronavirus that was initially reported from Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] Since 2012, when the virus emerged, almost 2000 laboratory-proven human infections with MERS-CoV have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO), appearing primarily in the countries of the Arabian peninsula. […] Most of the cases have occurred in Saudi Arabia, but cases have also been seen in other regions, including Europe, Asia, North America and North Africa. […] The largest outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula was noted in the Republic of Korea, which was initiated by the index patient upon returning from a trip to multiple countries in the Middle East (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE). […] MERS-CoV is an example of a zoonotic virus transmitted from animals to humans.

• #7 Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

  https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/krankheiten/krankheiten-im-ueberblick/mers.html

  Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a new coronavirus that causes acute pneumonia. It was discovered in 2012 in a patient in the Middle East. […] Since 2012 the WHO has recorded a total of 2,428 confirmed cases of MERS-CoV worldwide, including 838 fatalities. […] Autochthonous (locally acquired) cases have so far only been reported in Middle Eastern countries: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar and Yemen. […] Most infections have been recorded on the Arabian Peninsula, particularly Saudi Arabia (85 percent of the confirmed cases). […] Travellers in endemic areas run the risk of being infected. […] The FOPH also advises following any further local recommendations. […] WHO: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) […] European Center for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC): MERS-CoV.

• #8 About Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | MERS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mers/about/index.html

  Most MERS cases have been detected in countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula. […] The largest known outbreak of MERS outside the Arabian Peninsula occurred in the Republic of Korea in 2015. Multiple healthcare facilities were affected by the outbreak, which was associated with a traveler returning from the Arabian Peninsula. […] Researchers continue to investigate clusters of MERS cases to better understand how the virus spreads.

• #9 MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS)

  https://oeps.wv.gov/mers/pages/default.aspx

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is caused by a coronavirus called MERS-CoV. Most people who have been confirmed to have MERS-CoV infection developed severe acute respiratory illness. They had fever, cough, and shortness of breath. About 30% of these people died. So far, all the cases have been linked to countries in the Arabian Peninsula. This virus has spread from ill people to others through close contact, such as caring for or living with an infected person. However, there is no evidence of sustained spreading in community settings. MERS-CoV is an emerging disease in the United States. The situation in the U.S. represents a very low risk to the general public in this country. Only two patients in the U.S. have ever tested positive for MERS-CoV infection, both in May 2014. Both cases were among healthcare providers who lived and worked in Saudi Arabia. Both traveled to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia, where they are believed to have been infected. Both were hospitalized in the U.S. and later discharged after fully recovering. Since May 2015, the Republic of Korea has been investigating an outbreak of MERS-CoV. It is the largest known outbreak of MERS-CoV outside the Arabian Peninsula. To date, all cases have been linked to a single chain of transmission and are associated with health care facilities. […] Surveillance Protocol […] Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Specimens from Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) for MERS-CoV.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-014-9506-5

  The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a newly emerged infection in humans affecting the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, and North Africa. […] The epidemiology of MERS-CoV was reviewed and compared to SARS. Each observed feature of MERS-CoV epidemiology was summarized and fitted to either an epidemic or one of two sporadic scenarios (either animal or deliberate release). […] MERS-CoV has a more sporadic pattern unlike the clear epidemic pattern seen with SARS, and an unusual concentration of cases in the Middle East, without epidemics in other countries to which it has spread. […] A high proportion of asymptomatic or otherwise undetected cases have been postulated as an explanation for the unusual epidemiology, yet active surveillance does not support this. […] When the observed data were fitted to different disease patterns, the features of MERS-CoV fit better with a sporadic pattern, with evidence for either deliberate release or an animal source.

• #11 Epidemiology and evolution of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2012–2020 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-021-00853-0

  We summarized the epidemiological features and spatiotemporal spread of MERS around the globe. […] We limited the spatiotemporal diffusion analysis to the Middle East Region, the main endemic region of MERS. […] The first case was reported in Bisha, central-west Saudi Arabia in September 2012. The disease spread more rapidly towards the east (UAE and Oman) than towards other directions. […] The diffusion appears to be accelerating in recent years. […] The spatiotemporal transmission pattern of clade C was characterized by intense local migration within the Middle East and occasional long distance exportation. […] Despite its current incompetence for human-to-human transmission, MERS-CoV has successfully expanded its enzootic range throughout the Middle East, North and East Africa, and West and Southwest Asia, and imposing imminent pandemic threat through genetic mutation or recombination with other human coronaviruses.

• #12 MERS-CoV worldwide overview

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-situation-update

  Since the previous update on 18 March 2025, and as of 7 April 2025, no new MERS-CoV cases have been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) or national health authorities. […] Since the beginning of 2025, and as of 7 April 2025, one MERS case has been reported with date of onset in 2025 in Saudi Arabia. […] Since April 2012, and as of 7 April 2025, a total of 2 629 cases of MERS, including 955 deaths, have been reported by health authorities worldwide.

• #13 Study Details Evolution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

  https://globalbiodefense.com/2025/01/01/study-details-evolution-of-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/

  Spillovers of MERS-CoV into the human population in the Arabian Peninsula pose a substantial public health concern. […] A new study published in Emerging Infectious Diseases reinforces the urgent need for surveillance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and phenotypic studies to monitor MERS-CoV spillover, adaptation, and pandemic potential. […] Since 2012, a total of 2,626 cases of MERS-CoV, including 953 deaths, have been reported by health authorities worldwide. […] Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, few human cases of MERS-CoV have been reported in Saudi Arabia, in stark contrast to the large epidemic outbreaks reported during 2012-2019. […] The distinct sublineages in clade B5-2023 did not cluster geographically, indicating that dromedary camels are maintaining virus diversity across different sites within the central Arabian Peninsula, noted the study authors.

• #14

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] Approximately 35% of MERS cases reported to WHO have died. […] MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted between animals and people. MERS-CoV has been identified and linked to human infections in dromedary camels in several Member States in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible and has occurred predominantly among close contacts and in health care settings. […] Since the identification of MERS-CoV in 2012, 27 Member States have reported cases of MERS to WHO under the International Health Regulations (2005). […] The largest outbreaks have occurred in health care facilities in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Republic of Korea.

• #15 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  The continued detection of new MERS-CoV cases, the low estimated basic reproduction number of the infection (R0), and the detection of multiple distinct MERS-CoV genotypes suggest the existence of a persistent possible zoonotic source. […] By August 2014, the evidence is accumulating that the dromedary camel is a host species for MERS-CoV and that camels play an important role in the transmission to humans. […] The hypothesis that dromedary camels are hosts of MERS CoV has been proven by the viral RNA detection in different specimens collected from these animals in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Egypt and the isolation of the virus from nasal and faecal samples. […] The transmission of the virus from person to person has been documented in several human clusters (i.e. two or more persons with onset of symptoms within the same 14-day period, and who are associated with a specific setting) in healthcare facilities, households and workplace, both in the Middle East and in Europe.

• #16 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  The continued detection of new MERS-CoV cases, the low estimated basic reproduction number of the infection (R0), and the detection of multiple distinct MERS-CoV genotypes suggest the existence of a persistent possible zoonotic source. […] By August 2014, the evidence is accumulating that the dromedary camel is a host species for MERS-CoV and that camels play an important role in the transmission to humans. […] The hypothesis that dromedary camels are hosts of MERS CoV has been proven by the viral RNA detection in different specimens collected from these animals in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Egypt and the isolation of the virus from nasal and faecal samples. […] The transmission of the virus from person to person has been documented in several human clusters (i.e. two or more persons with onset of symptoms within the same 14-day period, and who are associated with a specific setting) in healthcare facilities, households and workplace, both in the Middle East and in Europe.

• #17 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | New Scientist

  https://www.newscientist.com/definition/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a new disease in humans. The first recorded cases were in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, it has spread to 26 other countries, with 2494 confirmed cases reported to the World Health Authority by 2020. […] With a fatality rate of around 35 per cent, MERS is far more deadly than two similar diseases, SARS and covid-19, which have also emerged in humans in recent years. However, MERS is much less contagious. […] Genetic analysis of related viruses indicate that the MERS virus, MERS-CoV, probably originated in bats in Africa and made the leap to humans after it acquired the ability to infect an intermediate host, camels, in the Arabian Peninsular.

• #18 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) coverage – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-coverage

  MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, which means it is a virus that is transmitted between animals and people. […] MERS-CoV has been identified in dromedaries in several countries in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. […] According to the analysis of different virus genomes, it is believed that it may have originated in bats and was transmitted to camels sometime in the distant past.

• #19 Eurosurveillance | Cross-sectional surveillance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels and other mammals in Egypt, August 2015 to January 2016

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.11.30487

  A cross-sectional study was conducted in Egypt to determine the prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in imported and resident camels and bats, as well as to assess possible transmission of the virus to domestic ruminants and equines. […] Overall, of 1,031 serologically-tested camels, 871 (84.5%) had MERS-CoV neutralising antibodies. […] Seroprevalence was significantly higher in imported (614/692; 88.7%) than resident camels (257/339; 5.8%) (p0.05). […] All tested samples from domestic animals and bats were negative for MERS-CoV antibodies except one sheep sample which showed a 1:640 titre. […] Of 1,078 camels, 41 (3.8%) were positive for MERS-CoV genetic material. […] The presence of neutralising antibodies in one sheep apparently in contact with seropositive camels calls for further studies on domestic animals in contact with camels.

• #20

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] Approximately 35% of MERS cases reported to WHO have died. […] MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted between animals and people. MERS-CoV has been identified and linked to human infections in dromedary camels in several Member States in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible and has occurred predominantly among close contacts and in health care settings. […] Since the identification of MERS-CoV in 2012, 27 Member States have reported cases of MERS to WHO under the International Health Regulations (2005). […] The largest outbreaks have occurred in health care facilities in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Republic of Korea.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers

  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a virus transferred to humans from infected dromedary camels. MERS-CoV has been identified in dromedaries in several countries in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. In total, 27 countries have reported cases since 2012, leading to 858 known deaths due to the infection and related complications. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible, but only a few such transmissions have been found among family members living in the same household. In health care settings, however, human-to-human transmission appears to be more frequent. […] Approximately 35% of patients with MERS-CoV have died, but this may be an overestimate of the true mortality rate, as mild cases of MERS may be missed by existing surveillance systems. The case fatality rates are currently counted only amongst the laboratory-confirmed cases.

• #22 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  The continued detection of new MERS-CoV cases, the low estimated basic reproduction number of the infection (R0), and the detection of multiple distinct MERS-CoV genotypes suggest the existence of a persistent possible zoonotic source. […] By August 2014, the evidence is accumulating that the dromedary camel is a host species for MERS-CoV and that camels play an important role in the transmission to humans. […] The hypothesis that dromedary camels are hosts of MERS CoV has been proven by the viral RNA detection in different specimens collected from these animals in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Egypt and the isolation of the virus from nasal and faecal samples. […] The transmission of the virus from person to person has been documented in several human clusters (i.e. two or more persons with onset of symptoms within the same 14-day period, and who are associated with a specific setting) in healthcare facilities, households and workplace, both in the Middle East and in Europe.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] Approximately 35% of MERS cases reported to WHO have died. […] MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted between animals and people. MERS-CoV has been identified and linked to human infections in dromedary camels in several Member States in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible and has occurred predominantly among close contacts and in health care settings. […] Since the identification of MERS-CoV in 2012, 27 Member States have reported cases of MERS to WHO under the International Health Regulations (2005). […] The largest outbreaks have occurred in health care facilities in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Republic of Korea.

• #24 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  Nosocomial transmission has been a hallmark of MERS-CoV, both in the Middle East and in Europe. […] Current evidence from contact tracing suggests that transmission did not extend beyond close contacts into the community. […] The median incubation period for human-to-human secondary cases is estimated to be just over five days, but could be as long as two weeks. […] The WHO surveillance recommendations provide guidance on who should be tested for MERS-CoV, based on the clinical picture and possible exposure patterns. […] Infection control in healthcare settings requires the implementation of control measures, organised hierarchically according to their effectiveness in the form of administrative measures, engineering/environmental measures and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

• #25 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0065

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) (WHO, 2019). […] Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted between animals and people mostly in countries in the Middle East (WHO, 2019), however, an importation of MERS-CoV into the Republic of Korea in 2015 led to the largest MERS outbreak outside of the Middle East. […] Since 2012, 27 countries have reported cases of MERS globally and 12 of them are located in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Approximately 80% of human cases have been reported by Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2019). […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has published guidance on case classification and surveillance standards (WHO, 2017). […] Although most human cases of MERS-CoV infections have been attributed to human-to-human infections due to close contact in health care settings of patients, healthcare workers or among family members, human-to-human transmission has been limited to date. About 20% of MERS cases occurred in healthcare workers so infection prevention and control measures are critical to prevent the possible spread of MERSCoV in healthcare facilities. Healthcare associated outbreaks have occurred in several countries, with the largest outbreaks seen in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Republic of Korea (WHO, 2019).

• #26 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  Nosocomial transmission has been a hallmark of MERS-CoV, both in the Middle East and in Europe. […] Current evidence from contact tracing suggests that transmission did not extend beyond close contacts into the community. […] The median incubation period for human-to-human secondary cases is estimated to be just over five days, but could be as long as two weeks. […] The WHO surveillance recommendations provide guidance on who should be tested for MERS-CoV, based on the clinical picture and possible exposure patterns. […] Infection control in healthcare settings requires the implementation of control measures, organised hierarchically according to their effectiveness in the form of administrative measures, engineering/environmental measures and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

• #27

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mers-cov-risk-assessment/phe-risk-assessment-of-mers-cov

  Over 2,600 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). The majority of MERS-CoV cases have been reported from the Arabian Peninsula, most frequently from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with one large outbreak outside this region in the Republic of Korea (RoK) in 2015. Sporadic cases and small clusters have been detected in countries outside of the Middle East, including the UK, typically imported cases as a result of travel from the Middle East. […] In KSA, cases of MERS-CoV occur throughout the year. There is currently no evidence of sustained community transmission; limited human-to-human transmission can occur, particularly in healthcare facilities and household clusters. Large outbreaks linked to healthcare facilities are a feature of MERS-CoV and have occurred both within the Middle East and RoK. This underlines the significance of healthcare facilities as a risk factor for amplifying infection, but also the importance of effective and rapid implementation of infection prevention and control practices for possible cases to limit the potential for onward transmission to other patients and staff.

• #28

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)

  Approximately 80% of human cases have been reported by Saudi Arabia, largely as a result of direct or indirect contact with infected dromedary camels or infected individuals in health care facilities. […] WHO continues to work with public health and animal health specialists, clinicians and scientists in affected and at-risk Member States to gather and share scientific evidence to better understand the virus and the disease it causes, and to determine optimal and integrated surveillance strategies for MERS and other respiratory diseases. […] WHO continues to strongly encourage all Member States maintain surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI), including MERS in Member States where MERS-CoV is known to be circulating in dromedary camels. […] Under the provisions of the International Health Regulations (2005), WHO continues to request that Member States report to WHO all confirmed and probable cases of infection with MERS-CoV.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)

  Approximately 80% of human cases have been reported by Saudi Arabia, largely as a result of direct or indirect contact with infected dromedary camels or infected individuals in health care facilities. […] WHO continues to work with public health and animal health specialists, clinicians and scientists in affected and at-risk Member States to gather and share scientific evidence to better understand the virus and the disease it causes, and to determine optimal and integrated surveillance strategies for MERS and other respiratory diseases. […] WHO continues to strongly encourage all Member States maintain surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI), including MERS in Member States where MERS-CoV is known to be circulating in dromedary camels. […] Under the provisions of the International Health Regulations (2005), WHO continues to request that Member States report to WHO all confirmed and probable cases of infection with MERS-CoV.

• #30 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  MERS-CoV is a newly identified coronavirus that has recently emerged in the Middle East. […] Since it was first identified in Saudi Arabia in September 2012, MERS-CoV has been detected in over 850 cases in over 20 countries. In Europe, six countries have reported confirmed cases, all with direct or indirect connection with the Middle East. […] All confirmed or possible cases diagnosed in the EU/EEA should immediately be reported by the national authorities to the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) and to WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005). […] There is growing evidence that the dromedary camel is a host species for the virus and that this species might play an important role in the direct or indirect transmission to humans. […] Since March 2012, autochthonous MERS cases have been detected only in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Yemen, Lebanon and Iran).

• #31 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0065

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) (WHO, 2019). […] Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted between animals and people mostly in countries in the Middle East (WHO, 2019), however, an importation of MERS-CoV into the Republic of Korea in 2015 led to the largest MERS outbreak outside of the Middle East. […] Since 2012, 27 countries have reported cases of MERS globally and 12 of them are located in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Approximately 80% of human cases have been reported by Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2019). […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has published guidance on case classification and surveillance standards (WHO, 2017). […] Although most human cases of MERS-CoV infections have been attributed to human-to-human infections due to close contact in health care settings of patients, healthcare workers or among family members, human-to-human transmission has been limited to date. About 20% of MERS cases occurred in healthcare workers so infection prevention and control measures are critical to prevent the possible spread of MERSCoV in healthcare facilities. Healthcare associated outbreaks have occurred in several countries, with the largest outbreaks seen in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Republic of Korea (WHO, 2019).

• #32 Summary of Assessment of Public Health Risk to Canada Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/emerging-respiratory-pathogens/coronavirus/summary-assessment-public-health-risk-canada-associated-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-1.html

  Secondary transmission of MERS-CoV has largely been associated with nosocomial outbreaks; however, family clusters have also been reported. […] Nosocomial outbreaks of MERS have played a significant role in increasing the magnitude of reported cases. […] To date, large scale hospital outbreaks have been reported in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. […] The current evidence from contact tracing studies suggests that transmission did not extend beyond close contacts into the community. […] Health care professionals are encouraged to maintain vigilance for cases of MERS-CoV infection, and notify the appropriate Public Health Departments of any persons under investigation. […] The national case definition for MERS-CoV is to be used for the surveillance of MERS-CoV. […] Laboratory confirmation is obtained by detection of the virus using (a) MERS-CoV specific nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) with up to two separate targets and/or sequencing; or (b) virus isolation in tissue culture; or (c) serology on serum tested in a WHO collaborating center with established testing methods. […] For more detailed information, refer to the National Surveillance Guidelines for Human Infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

• #33 Summary of Assessment of Public Health Risk to Canada Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/emerging-respiratory-pathogens/coronavirus/summary-assessment-public-health-risk-canada-associated-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-1.html

  Secondary transmission of MERS-CoV has largely been associated with nosocomial outbreaks; however, family clusters have also been reported. […] Nosocomial outbreaks of MERS have played a significant role in increasing the magnitude of reported cases. […] To date, large scale hospital outbreaks have been reported in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. […] The current evidence from contact tracing studies suggests that transmission did not extend beyond close contacts into the community. […] Health care professionals are encouraged to maintain vigilance for cases of MERS-CoV infection, and notify the appropriate Public Health Departments of any persons under investigation. […] The national case definition for MERS-CoV is to be used for the surveillance of MERS-CoV. […] Laboratory confirmation is obtained by detection of the virus using (a) MERS-CoV specific nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) with up to two separate targets and/or sequencing; or (b) virus isolation in tissue culture; or (c) serology on serum tested in a WHO collaborating center with established testing methods. […] For more detailed information, refer to the National Surveillance Guidelines for Human Infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

• #34 Summary of Assessment of Public Health Risk to Canada Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/emerging-respiratory-pathogens/coronavirus/summary-assessment-public-health-risk-canada-associated-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-1.html

  Secondary transmission of MERS-CoV has largely been associated with nosocomial outbreaks; however, family clusters have also been reported. […] Nosocomial outbreaks of MERS have played a significant role in increasing the magnitude of reported cases. […] To date, large scale hospital outbreaks have been reported in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. […] The current evidence from contact tracing studies suggests that transmission did not extend beyond close contacts into the community. […] Health care professionals are encouraged to maintain vigilance for cases of MERS-CoV infection, and notify the appropriate Public Health Departments of any persons under investigation. […] The national case definition for MERS-CoV is to be used for the surveillance of MERS-CoV. […] Laboratory confirmation is obtained by detection of the virus using (a) MERS-CoV specific nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) with up to two separate targets and/or sequencing; or (b) virus isolation in tissue culture; or (c) serology on serum tested in a WHO collaborating center with established testing methods. […] For more detailed information, refer to the National Surveillance Guidelines for Human Infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

• #35 Event based surveillance of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS- CoV) in Bangladesh among pilgrims and travelers from the Middle East: An update for the period 2013–2016 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189914

  There was no evidence of MERS-CoV carriage among pilgrims from Bangladesh, suggesting no events of acquisition of MERS-CoV infection during the Hajj with other pilgrims and/ or contact with local people. […] In order to detect and investigate any possible cases of MERS-CoV infection among returning pilgrims and travelers with epidemiological links, many countries, including Bangladesh, have established enhanced surveillance systems. Fortunately, none of the returning pilgrims were detected for MERS-CoV and few sporadic travel-associated MERS-CoV cases have been reported outside the Arabian Peninsula, mainly in Europe, North Africa, and Asia. […] To conclude, despite the lack of nasal carriage and lower transmission rate of this virus; higher incidence of morbidity and mortality and recent outbreak in South Korea with devastating outcome demands continuous monitoring and further investigations to ensure public health security.

• #36

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)

  Approximately 80% of human cases have been reported by Saudi Arabia, largely as a result of direct or indirect contact with infected dromedary camels or infected individuals in health care facilities. […] WHO continues to work with public health and animal health specialists, clinicians and scientists in affected and at-risk Member States to gather and share scientific evidence to better understand the virus and the disease it causes, and to determine optimal and integrated surveillance strategies for MERS and other respiratory diseases. […] WHO continues to strongly encourage all Member States maintain surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI), including MERS in Member States where MERS-CoV is known to be circulating in dromedary camels. […] Under the provisions of the International Health Regulations (2005), WHO continues to request that Member States report to WHO all confirmed and probable cases of infection with MERS-CoV.

• #37 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – coronavirus (MERS)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/mers.shtml

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory infection caused by a virus. Most people who became ill with MERS had traveled to, lived in, or were in close contact with someone who had traveled to the Arabian peninsula. […] Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] There is currently no vaccine to protect people against MERS.

• #38 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel coronavirus which causes acute respiratory illness in infected patients. […] MERS-CoV was first reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 22 September 2012. Till date, MERS-CoV infection has been reported in at least 27 countries, with the majority of cases reported in the Middle East region. […] Person-to-person transmission is possible, and limited transmission has occurred among close contacts of confirmed cases in household and healthcare settings. There has been no evidence of sustained community spread and transmission of the virus from person to person had occurred mainly in healthcare settings. […] Risk factors include: Travel to or residence in the Middle East, Contact with infected dromedary camels in the Middle East, or consumption or exposure to their contaminated products (e.g., raw meat, unpasteurised milk, urine), Close contact with a confirmed or suspect case of MERS, while the case was ill, Exposure in a healthcare facility with an outbreak. […] MERS-CoV is a legally notifiable disease in Singapore.

• #39 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Taiwan Centers for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=XbD7XaSggXFHlvMS_ujXwg

  The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the first case of a novel coronavirus (later called the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV) in a resident of the Middle East in September 2012. Since then, several laboratory-confirmed cases had been reported in countries including Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Qatar, United Kingdom, Germany, France, etc.. Human to human transmission has been observed to a limited extent in households. […] Since the first confirmed case was identified in 2012, cases have been reported in the Middle East, Africa, Europe and Asia, with the majority (85%) reported to have epidemiological links in the Middle East. The outbreak in the Republic of Korea is the largest outbreak outside of the Middle East, and while concerning, there is no evidence of sustained human to human transmission in the Republic of Korea. Most of reported cases were associated with nosocomial outbreaks, and they are asymptomatic or with mild symptoms. So far, no confirmed case has been reported in Taiwan. […] Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System-MERS-CoV […] Fever screening at international airports and seaports. […] Selfreporting through the tollfree 1922 hotline or local public health authority.

• #40 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Taiwan Centers for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/Category/ListContent/bg0g_VU_Ysrgkes_KRUDgQ?uaid=XbD7XaSggXFHlvMS_ujXwg

  The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the first case of a novel coronavirus (later called the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV) in a resident of the Middle East in September 2012. Since then, several laboratory-confirmed cases had been reported in countries including Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Qatar, United Kingdom, Germany, France, etc.. Human to human transmission has been observed to a limited extent in households. […] Since the first confirmed case was identified in 2012, cases have been reported in the Middle East, Africa, Europe and Asia, with the majority (85%) reported to have epidemiological links in the Middle East. The outbreak in the Republic of Korea is the largest outbreak outside of the Middle East, and while concerning, there is no evidence of sustained human to human transmission in the Republic of Korea. Most of reported cases were associated with nosocomial outbreaks, and they are asymptomatic or with mild symptoms. So far, no confirmed case has been reported in Taiwan. […] Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System-MERS-CoV […] Fever screening at international airports and seaports. […] Selfreporting through the tollfree 1922 hotline or local public health authority.

• #41 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | Policy&Services : KDCA

  https://www.kdca.go.kr/menu.es?mid=a30329000000

  Management and Response for MERS infection is to identify early detection of suspected MERS infection and manage it to prevent transmission in communities and hospitals. […] The Center for Disease Control and Prevention maintains a monitoring and surveillance system throughout the MERS countermeasures and emergency operation center(EOC) in order to prevent the spread of infection and early detect of suspected case by influx in overseas countries. […] Special quarantine service will be provided to foreign tourists arriving from the Middle east area. […] Any person who complies with the MERS suspected case is immediately transferred to a nationally designated hospital and isolated. […] Figure2. Number of notification and patients under investigation (PUIs) of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection by week, 2018 * Haji : Both during and returning from Haji travel.

• #42 High correlation of Middle East respiratory syndrome spread with Google search and Twitter trends in Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep32920

  The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was exported to Korea in 2015, resulting in a threat to neighboring nations. […] MERS is a highly fatal respiratory disease: a total of 1,782 cases and 634 deaths were reported in 27 countries as of July 2016. […] The outbreak in South Korea was triggered by one imported case. This outbreak caused 186 laboratory-confirmed infections, including 38 (20%) deaths as of December 22, 2015, which resulted in a global threat to neighboring nations, such as China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan. […] Therefore, it is important to develop a surveillance system for detecting, tracking, reporting, and responding to MERS. […] This study showed high correlations between the results obtained by searching for MERS-related keywords using Google search and Twitter and the number of confirmed MERS cases.

• #43 High correlation of Middle East respiratory syndrome spread with Google search and Twitter trends in Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep32920

  The digital surveillance methodology used in this study found increases in searches or tweets three days prior to laboratory confirmations. […] Given uncertain conditions associated with emerging diseases, this availability of earlier information for monitoring infectious disease will be helpful for making decisions related to disease control. […] Subgroup analyses show that a digital surveillance system could be more helpful for monitoring the spread of an emerging infectious disease than for detecting its outbreak because the correlation coefficients of the acceleration and deceleration period were higher than those of the initiation (pre-acceleration) period and all other periods. […] Based on the present study, it may be sufficient to monitor case confirmations using simple keywords, such as the name of a disease like MERS in English or Korean; the symptoms of the disease; or a particular hospital where patients with the disease are being treated.

• #44 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-infection

  MERS-CoV primary cases have been isolated to the Middle East (most commonly Saudi Arabia), travel-related cases have been reported in western Europe, North America and eastern Asia. The average age is ~50 years with a slight male predominance of 1.5:1. […] MERS-CoV infection can result in pneumonia, acute renal failure, pericarditis, and coagulopathy. […] Human-to-human transmission occurs and is responsible for the international spread.

• #45 State of Knowledge and Data Gaps of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Humans – PLOS Currents Outbreaks

  http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/article/state-of-knowledge-and-data-gaps-of-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-in-humans-2/

  The number of cases reported rose markedly starting in April 2013 compared with the previous six months since virus discovery. […] The majority (63.4%) of patients experienced severe respiratory disease while 29.8% were reported to have non-severe disease, including 18 cases reported as asymptomatic. […] Seventy-six per cent of patients are reported to have at least one underlying medical condition and fatal cases were more likely to have an underlying condition. […] A number of the cases in France, Italy, Jordan, KSA, Tunisia, UAE, UK and Qatar have been reported in clusters, providing evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred in HCS, households, and the workplace. […] Transmission in all reported clusters has been observed to be limited, and current evidence from contact tracing suggests that transmission did not extend beyond close contacts into the community.

• #46 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel coronavirus which causes acute respiratory illness in infected patients. […] MERS-CoV was first reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 22 September 2012. Till date, MERS-CoV infection has been reported in at least 27 countries, with the majority of cases reported in the Middle East region. […] Person-to-person transmission is possible, and limited transmission has occurred among close contacts of confirmed cases in household and healthcare settings. There has been no evidence of sustained community spread and transmission of the virus from person to person had occurred mainly in healthcare settings. […] Risk factors include: Travel to or residence in the Middle East, Contact with infected dromedary camels in the Middle East, or consumption or exposure to their contaminated products (e.g., raw meat, unpasteurised milk, urine), Close contact with a confirmed or suspect case of MERS, while the case was ill, Exposure in a healthcare facility with an outbreak. […] MERS-CoV is a legally notifiable disease in Singapore.

• #47 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel coronavirus which causes acute respiratory illness in infected patients. […] MERS-CoV was first reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 22 September 2012. Till date, MERS-CoV infection has been reported in at least 27 countries, with the majority of cases reported in the Middle East region. […] Person-to-person transmission is possible, and limited transmission has occurred among close contacts of confirmed cases in household and healthcare settings. There has been no evidence of sustained community spread and transmission of the virus from person to person had occurred mainly in healthcare settings. […] Risk factors include: Travel to or residence in the Middle East, Contact with infected dromedary camels in the Middle East, or consumption or exposure to their contaminated products (e.g., raw meat, unpasteurised milk, urine), Close contact with a confirmed or suspect case of MERS, while the case was ill, Exposure in a healthcare facility with an outbreak. […] MERS-CoV is a legally notifiable disease in Singapore.

• #48 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel coronavirus which causes acute respiratory illness in infected patients. […] MERS-CoV was first reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 22 September 2012. Till date, MERS-CoV infection has been reported in at least 27 countries, with the majority of cases reported in the Middle East region. […] Person-to-person transmission is possible, and limited transmission has occurred among close contacts of confirmed cases in household and healthcare settings. There has been no evidence of sustained community spread and transmission of the virus from person to person had occurred mainly in healthcare settings. […] Risk factors include: Travel to or residence in the Middle East, Contact with infected dromedary camels in the Middle East, or consumption or exposure to their contaminated products (e.g., raw meat, unpasteurised milk, urine), Close contact with a confirmed or suspect case of MERS, while the case was ill, Exposure in a healthcare facility with an outbreak. […] MERS-CoV is a legally notifiable disease in Singapore.

• #49 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel coronavirus which causes acute respiratory illness in infected patients. […] MERS-CoV was first reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 22 September 2012. Till date, MERS-CoV infection has been reported in at least 27 countries, with the majority of cases reported in the Middle East region. […] Person-to-person transmission is possible, and limited transmission has occurred among close contacts of confirmed cases in household and healthcare settings. There has been no evidence of sustained community spread and transmission of the virus from person to person had occurred mainly in healthcare settings. […] Risk factors include: Travel to or residence in the Middle East, Contact with infected dromedary camels in the Middle East, or consumption or exposure to their contaminated products (e.g., raw meat, unpasteurised milk, urine), Close contact with a confirmed or suspect case of MERS, while the case was ill, Exposure in a healthcare facility with an outbreak. […] MERS-CoV is a legally notifiable disease in Singapore.

• #50 Centre for Health Protection – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/26528.html

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] At present, the exact route of transmission is still unclear. Scientific studies support that dromedary camels serve as a major reservoir host for MERS-CoV and an animal source of infection in humans. […] Approximately 35% of reported MERS patients died. […] Secondary cases were mainly healthcare workers who were in close contact with or providing unprotected care to patients with MERS-CoV infection and were infected within healthcare settings. […] There is currently no specific treatment for the disease. Treatment is supportive. […] No vaccine is currently available to protect against MERS. […] Pilgrims with pre-existing major medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, chronic lung disease, chronic renal disease, immunodeficiency, etc.) are more likely to develop severe infection for MERS if they are exposed to the virus.

• #51 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers

  People with underlying illnesses that make them more vulnerable to respiratory disease may also be at a higher risk of becoming very unwell or dying due to MERS. […] Health professionals should be alert to the possibility of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in unwell travellers returning from the Middle East and obtain a full travel and exposure history. […] It is unlikely but possible that a patient in primary care with respiratory symptoms will have Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), so be alert for the possibility of MERS in returned travellers.

• #52 MERS – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus known as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS was first discovered in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. To date, all individuals who have been diagnosed with MERS were linked to travel to or lived in countries in and near the Arabian Peninsula. Certain people may be at higher risk for developing severe disease, including those with weakened immune systems, older people, and people with chronic diseases, such as kidney disease, diabetes, cancer, and lung disease. […] While the exact mode of transmission is not clear, MERS-CoV is felt to be spread by close contact by respiratory droplets from an infected person to another person. Symptoms usually appear 5 or 6 days after exposure, with a range of 2-14 days. MERS is diagnosed based on the patients history, epidemiological data, symptoms and signs, imaging findings, and laboratory data. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for MERS. The current mortality rate from MERS is about 30-40%.

• #53 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an infection spread from contact with infected camels. […] MERS is most often found in the Middle East, particularly Saudia Arabia. It has also been found in parts of Africa and south Asia. […] The risk of catching it is very low for most people. […] There’s no vaccine available for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). […] Symptoms of MERS usually start 5 or 6 days after being infected, but you can get them any time from 2 to 14 days after. […] You have recently travelled to an area where there’s a risk of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), or been in close contact with someone who has, and: […] Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) can be life-threatening and you will usually be treated in isolation in hospital if you have it.

• #54 State of Knowledge and Data Gaps of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Humans – PLOS Currents Outbreaks

  http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/article/state-of-knowledge-and-data-gaps-of-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-in-humans-2/

  The number of cases reported rose markedly starting in April 2013 compared with the previous six months since virus discovery. […] The majority (63.4%) of patients experienced severe respiratory disease while 29.8% were reported to have non-severe disease, including 18 cases reported as asymptomatic. […] Seventy-six per cent of patients are reported to have at least one underlying medical condition and fatal cases were more likely to have an underlying condition. […] A number of the cases in France, Italy, Jordan, KSA, Tunisia, UAE, UK and Qatar have been reported in clusters, providing evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred in HCS, households, and the workplace. […] Transmission in all reported clusters has been observed to be limited, and current evidence from contact tracing suggests that transmission did not extend beyond close contacts into the community.

• #55 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/mers-cov

  MERS-CoV is a new coronavirus identified in June 2012 that causes severe respiratory illnesses. As of October 2022, 2,600 laboratory-confirmed cases (including 935 associated deaths) have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO), with most cases occurring in Saudi Arabia (84%). […] Most laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infections have occurred in people with chronic medical conditions or immunosuppression. […] According to WHO, approximately 10-30% of laboratory confirmed cases have had asymptomatic or mild illness. […] The best way to avoid getting or spreading any respiratory virus is to wash your hands, cover your cough, and stay home if you’re sick with a respiratory infection. […] To identify infections due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). […] To prevent the spread of MERS-CoV.

• #56 Middle East respiratory syndrome | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome/

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus — the same family of viruses that causes the common cold — called MERS-CoV. MERS-CoV was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, it’s been reported in other countries in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia and the United States. Most cases outside of the Middle East have been reported by people who recently traveled there. […] MERS-CoV, like other coronaviruses, is thought to spread from an infected person’s respiratory secretions, such as through coughing. However, the exact ways the virus spreads are not currently well understood. […] MERS-CoV infection causes fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Pneumonia is common, and sometimes it may cause injury to organs, such as the kidneys. Some people only have mild symptoms.

• #57 Middle East respiratory syndrome | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome/

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus — the same family of viruses that causes the common cold — called MERS-CoV. MERS-CoV was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, it’s been reported in other countries in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia and the United States. Most cases outside of the Middle East have been reported by people who recently traveled there. […] MERS-CoV, like other coronaviruses, is thought to spread from an infected person’s respiratory secretions, such as through coughing. However, the exact ways the virus spreads are not currently well understood. […] MERS-CoV infection causes fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Pneumonia is common, and sometimes it may cause injury to organs, such as the kidneys. Some people only have mild symptoms.

• #58 Middle East respiratory syndrome | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome/

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus — the same family of viruses that causes the common cold — called MERS-CoV. MERS-CoV was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, it’s been reported in other countries in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia and the United States. Most cases outside of the Middle East have been reported by people who recently traveled there. […] MERS-CoV, like other coronaviruses, is thought to spread from an infected person’s respiratory secretions, such as through coughing. However, the exact ways the virus spreads are not currently well understood. […] MERS-CoV infection causes fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Pneumonia is common, and sometimes it may cause injury to organs, such as the kidneys. Some people only have mild symptoms.

• #59 Middle East respiratory syndrome | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome/

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus — the same family of viruses that causes the common cold — called MERS-CoV. MERS-CoV was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, it’s been reported in other countries in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia and the United States. Most cases outside of the Middle East have been reported by people who recently traveled there. […] MERS-CoV, like other coronaviruses, is thought to spread from an infected person’s respiratory secretions, such as through coughing. However, the exact ways the virus spreads are not currently well understood. […] MERS-CoV infection causes fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Pneumonia is common, and sometimes it may cause injury to organs, such as the kidneys. Some people only have mild symptoms.

• #60 Middle East respiratory syndrome | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome/

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus — the same family of viruses that causes the common cold — called MERS-CoV. MERS-CoV was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, it’s been reported in other countries in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, Asia and the United States. Most cases outside of the Middle East have been reported by people who recently traveled there. […] MERS-CoV, like other coronaviruses, is thought to spread from an infected person’s respiratory secretions, such as through coughing. However, the exact ways the virus spreads are not currently well understood. […] MERS-CoV infection causes fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Pneumonia is common, and sometimes it may cause injury to organs, such as the kidneys. Some people only have mild symptoms.

• #61 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-infection

  MERS-CoV primary cases have been isolated to the Middle East (most commonly Saudi Arabia), travel-related cases have been reported in western Europe, North America and eastern Asia. The average age is ~50 years with a slight male predominance of 1.5:1. […] MERS-CoV infection can result in pneumonia, acute renal failure, pericarditis, and coagulopathy. […] Human-to-human transmission occurs and is responsible for the international spread.

• #62

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov)

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] Approximately 35% of MERS cases reported to WHO have died. […] MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted between animals and people. MERS-CoV has been identified and linked to human infections in dromedary camels in several Member States in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible and has occurred predominantly among close contacts and in health care settings. […] Since the identification of MERS-CoV in 2012, 27 Member States have reported cases of MERS to WHO under the International Health Regulations (2005). […] The largest outbreaks have occurred in health care facilities in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Republic of Korea.

• #63 About Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | MERS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mers/about/index.html

  Most MERS cases have been detected in countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula. […] The largest known outbreak of MERS outside the Arabian Peninsula occurred in the Republic of Korea in 2015. Multiple healthcare facilities were affected by the outbreak, which was associated with a traveler returning from the Arabian Peninsula. […] Researchers continue to investigate clusters of MERS cases to better understand how the virus spreads.

• #64 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome-Coronavirus-(MERS-CoV)-Epidemiology.aspx

  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents a novel human coronavirus that was initially reported from Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] Since 2012, when the virus emerged, almost 2000 laboratory-proven human infections with MERS-CoV have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO), appearing primarily in the countries of the Arabian peninsula. […] Most of the cases have occurred in Saudi Arabia, but cases have also been seen in other regions, including Europe, Asia, North America and North Africa. […] The largest outbreak outside the Arabian Peninsula was noted in the Republic of Korea, which was initiated by the index patient upon returning from a trip to multiple countries in the Middle East (Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE). […] MERS-CoV is an example of a zoonotic virus transmitted from animals to humans.

• #65 High correlation of Middle East respiratory syndrome spread with Google search and Twitter trends in Korea | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep32920

  The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was exported to Korea in 2015, resulting in a threat to neighboring nations. […] MERS is a highly fatal respiratory disease: a total of 1,782 cases and 634 deaths were reported in 27 countries as of July 2016. […] The outbreak in South Korea was triggered by one imported case. This outbreak caused 186 laboratory-confirmed infections, including 38 (20%) deaths as of December 22, 2015, which resulted in a global threat to neighboring nations, such as China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan. […] Therefore, it is important to develop a surveillance system for detecting, tracking, reporting, and responding to MERS. […] This study showed high correlations between the results obtained by searching for MERS-related keywords using Google search and Twitter and the number of confirmed MERS cases.

• #66 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | PreventionWeb

  https://www.preventionweb.net/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/bi0065

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) (WHO, 2019). […] Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted between animals and people mostly in countries in the Middle East (WHO, 2019), however, an importation of MERS-CoV into the Republic of Korea in 2015 led to the largest MERS outbreak outside of the Middle East. […] Since 2012, 27 countries have reported cases of MERS globally and 12 of them are located in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Approximately 80% of human cases have been reported by Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2019). […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has published guidance on case classification and surveillance standards (WHO, 2017). […] Although most human cases of MERS-CoV infections have been attributed to human-to-human infections due to close contact in health care settings of patients, healthcare workers or among family members, human-to-human transmission has been limited to date. About 20% of MERS cases occurred in healthcare workers so infection prevention and control measures are critical to prevent the possible spread of MERSCoV in healthcare facilities. Healthcare associated outbreaks have occurred in several countries, with the largest outbreaks seen in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and the Republic of Korea (WHO, 2019).

• #67 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3895322/

  The novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) had, as of Aug 8, 2013, caused 111 virologically confirmed or probable human cases of infection worldwide. […] We analysed epidemiological and genetic data to assess the extent of human infection, the performance of case detection, and the transmission potential of MERS-CoV with and without control measures. […] The estimated number of symptomatic cases up to Aug 8, 2013, is 940 (95% CI 2902200), indicating that at least 62% of human symptomatic cases have not been detected. […] We find that the case-fatality ratio of primary cases detected via routine surveillance (74%; 95% CI 4991) is biased upwards because of detection bias; the case-fatality ratio of secondary cases was 20% (742). […] Analysis of human clusters indicated that chains of transmission were not self-sustaining when infection control was implemented, but that R in the absence of controls was in the range 0813.

• #68 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3895322/

  We conclude that at least 62% of clinically apparent cases have been missed. […] Our analysis demonstrates that the transmissibility of MERS-CoV in man is close to the critical threshold of R=1 required for self-sustaining transmission. […] Improved surveillance, international collaboration, and data-sharing are therefore crucial to refining our understanding of the transmission dynamics and epidemiology of this novel human virus and of the risk it poses.

• #69 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | New Scientist

  https://www.newscientist.com/definition/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a new disease in humans. The first recorded cases were in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, it has spread to 26 other countries, with 2494 confirmed cases reported to the World Health Authority by 2020. […] With a fatality rate of around 35 per cent, MERS is far more deadly than two similar diseases, SARS and covid-19, which have also emerged in humans in recent years. However, MERS is much less contagious. […] Genetic analysis of related viruses indicate that the MERS virus, MERS-CoV, probably originated in bats in Africa and made the leap to humans after it acquired the ability to infect an intermediate host, camels, in the Arabian Peninsular.

• #70 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  The continued detection of new MERS-CoV cases, the low estimated basic reproduction number of the infection (R0), and the detection of multiple distinct MERS-CoV genotypes suggest the existence of a persistent possible zoonotic source. […] By August 2014, the evidence is accumulating that the dromedary camel is a host species for MERS-CoV and that camels play an important role in the transmission to humans. […] The hypothesis that dromedary camels are hosts of MERS CoV has been proven by the viral RNA detection in different specimens collected from these animals in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Egypt and the isolation of the virus from nasal and faecal samples. […] The transmission of the virus from person to person has been documented in several human clusters (i.e. two or more persons with onset of symptoms within the same 14-day period, and who are associated with a specific setting) in healthcare facilities, households and workplace, both in the Middle East and in Europe.

• #71 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  The continued detection of new MERS-CoV cases, the low estimated basic reproduction number of the infection (R0), and the detection of multiple distinct MERS-CoV genotypes suggest the existence of a persistent possible zoonotic source. […] By August 2014, the evidence is accumulating that the dromedary camel is a host species for MERS-CoV and that camels play an important role in the transmission to humans. […] The hypothesis that dromedary camels are hosts of MERS CoV has been proven by the viral RNA detection in different specimens collected from these animals in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Egypt and the isolation of the virus from nasal and faecal samples. […] The transmission of the virus from person to person has been documented in several human clusters (i.e. two or more persons with onset of symptoms within the same 14-day period, and who are associated with a specific setting) in healthcare facilities, households and workplace, both in the Middle East and in Europe.

• #72 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  The continued detection of new MERS-CoV cases, the low estimated basic reproduction number of the infection (R0), and the detection of multiple distinct MERS-CoV genotypes suggest the existence of a persistent possible zoonotic source. […] By August 2014, the evidence is accumulating that the dromedary camel is a host species for MERS-CoV and that camels play an important role in the transmission to humans. […] The hypothesis that dromedary camels are hosts of MERS CoV has been proven by the viral RNA detection in different specimens collected from these animals in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Egypt and the isolation of the virus from nasal and faecal samples. […] The transmission of the virus from person to person has been documented in several human clusters (i.e. two or more persons with onset of symptoms within the same 14-day period, and who are associated with a specific setting) in healthcare facilities, households and workplace, both in the Middle East and in Europe.

• #73 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3895322/

  The novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) had, as of Aug 8, 2013, caused 111 virologically confirmed or probable human cases of infection worldwide. […] We analysed epidemiological and genetic data to assess the extent of human infection, the performance of case detection, and the transmission potential of MERS-CoV with and without control measures. […] The estimated number of symptomatic cases up to Aug 8, 2013, is 940 (95% CI 2902200), indicating that at least 62% of human symptomatic cases have not been detected. […] We find that the case-fatality ratio of primary cases detected via routine surveillance (74%; 95% CI 4991) is biased upwards because of detection bias; the case-fatality ratio of secondary cases was 20% (742). […] Analysis of human clusters indicated that chains of transmission were not self-sustaining when infection control was implemented, but that R in the absence of controls was in the range 0813.

• #74 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3895322/

  We conclude that at least 62% of clinically apparent cases have been missed. […] Our analysis demonstrates that the transmissibility of MERS-CoV in man is close to the critical threshold of R=1 required for self-sustaining transmission. […] Improved surveillance, international collaboration, and data-sharing are therefore crucial to refining our understanding of the transmission dynamics and epidemiology of this novel human virus and of the risk it poses.

• #75 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3895322/

  The novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) had, as of Aug 8, 2013, caused 111 virologically confirmed or probable human cases of infection worldwide. […] We analysed epidemiological and genetic data to assess the extent of human infection, the performance of case detection, and the transmission potential of MERS-CoV with and without control measures. […] The estimated number of symptomatic cases up to Aug 8, 2013, is 940 (95% CI 2902200), indicating that at least 62% of human symptomatic cases have not been detected. […] We find that the case-fatality ratio of primary cases detected via routine surveillance (74%; 95% CI 4991) is biased upwards because of detection bias; the case-fatality ratio of secondary cases was 20% (742). […] Analysis of human clusters indicated that chains of transmission were not self-sustaining when infection control was implemented, but that R in the absence of controls was in the range 0813.

• #76 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3895322/

  By showing that a slowly growing epidemic is underway either in human beings or in an animal reservoir, quantification of uncertainty in transmissibility estimates, and provision of the first estimates of the scale of the epidemic and extent of case detection biases, we provide valuable information for more informed risk assessment. […] Although progress has been made in characterising the epidemiology of MERS-CoV, many uncertainties remain. […] If the severe cases currently being detected represent only a small sentinel minority of a much larger number of milder cases, the case-fatality ratio might be substantially lower than what current surveillance data suggest. […] Our report is the first to estimate the total number of symptomatic cases from returning non-resident traveller cases and to quantify detection biases towards severe cases.

• #77

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers

  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a virus transferred to humans from infected dromedary camels. MERS-CoV has been identified in dromedaries in several countries in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. In total, 27 countries have reported cases since 2012, leading to 858 known deaths due to the infection and related complications. […] Human-to-human transmission is possible, but only a few such transmissions have been found among family members living in the same household. In health care settings, however, human-to-human transmission appears to be more frequent. […] Approximately 35% of patients with MERS-CoV have died, but this may be an overestimate of the true mortality rate, as mild cases of MERS may be missed by existing surveillance systems. The case fatality rates are currently counted only amongst the laboratory-confirmed cases.

• #78 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3895322/

  We conclude that at least 62% of clinically apparent cases have been missed. […] Our analysis demonstrates that the transmissibility of MERS-CoV in man is close to the critical threshold of R=1 required for self-sustaining transmission. […] Improved surveillance, international collaboration, and data-sharing are therefore crucial to refining our understanding of the transmission dynamics and epidemiology of this novel human virus and of the risk it poses.

• #79 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: quantification of the extent of the epidemic, surveillance biases, and transmissibility

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3895322/

  We conclude that at least 62% of clinically apparent cases have been missed. […] Our analysis demonstrates that the transmissibility of MERS-CoV in man is close to the critical threshold of R=1 required for self-sustaining transmission. […] Improved surveillance, international collaboration, and data-sharing are therefore crucial to refining our understanding of the transmission dynamics and epidemiology of this novel human virus and of the risk it poses.

• #80 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | Epidemic Control Toolkit

  https://epidemics.ifrc.org/manager/disease/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a zoonotic disease and was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012, with 27 countries now having reported cases. Approximately 35 per cent of MERS-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection cases are fatal. This may, however, be an overestimate of the true mortality rate, as mild cases may be missed by existing surveillance systems. Until more is known about the disease, the case fatality rates are counted only amongst the laboratory-confirmed cases. […] The attack rate is the risk of getting a disease during a specific time period (such as during an outbreak). Attack rates will vary from one outbreak to another. In case of an outbreak, consult the latest information provided by health authorities. […] In MERS, a One Health approach is particularly important including animal surveillance initiatives like community-based surveillance for animal health and early warning systems.

• #81

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mers-cov-risk-assessment/phe-risk-assessment-of-mers-cov

  The previous sporadic cases to the UK highlight the continued risk of imported cases to the UK, reflecting the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East. It is therefore imperative that health professionals remain vigilant for clinical presentations compatible with Middle East respiratory syndrome. Symptoms of MERS-CoV typically include fever and cough that can progress to severe pneumonia. MERS CoV is a high consequence infectious disease, therefore early identification is essential through prompt testing and rapid implementation of infection control measures for persons who meet the possible case definition. Local health protection teams should be informed. […] The majority of outbreaks of MERS-CoV in the Middle East have been linked to healthcare settings. A previous WHO mission to Saudi Arabia concluded that gaps in infection control measures have most likely contributed to these outbreaks; this reinforced the importance of strict adherence to recommended infection control measures in healthcare facilities. […] The risk to contacts of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection is low, but contacts should be followed up for 14 days following last exposure and any new febrile or respiratory illness investigated urgently for MERS-CoV.

• #82 Key Points about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Hajj 2018 – Clinicians

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/clinicians/key-points-about-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers-and-hajj-2018/

  In the past, health departments have seen an increase in patients under investigation (PUIs) for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) two to three weeks after the completion of Hajj, as travelers return to the United States. […] Virginia Department of Health (VDH) recommends that healthcare providers routinely ask patients about their travel history and evaluate patients for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection when both clinical features and epidemiologic risk are present. […] Standard, contact, and airborne precautions are recommended for managing patients suspected to have MERS. […] A MERS fact sheet is available at https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/.

• #83 One Health Approach & Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – Surveillance, Preparedness, and Response – EMARIS Conference 2023

  https://emarisconference.com/one-health-approach-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers-surveillance-preparedness-and-response/

  As circulation of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels is continuing, the risk of zoonotic transmission remains high. Moreover, as the COVID-19 pandemic declines, public health measures are being lifted and IPC measures in health care settings are feared to be relaxed, hence the number of cases of other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, RSV, and MERS are expected to increase. This therefore necessitates a renewed effort to sustain preparedness for better response to potential respiratory outbreaks. The control of MERS, as for any other zoonotic disease, requires committed national leadership, robust surveillance systems, trained human resources, clear communication strategy, transparency and data sharing, public trust, and robust coordination between human and animal health. […] Leveraging on the gains made thus far by Tri- and Quadripartite collaboration at country, regional and global levels, it is suggested that a holistic One Health approach be adopted and implemented at country level, in the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases especially MERS.

• #84 State of Knowledge and Data Gaps of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Humans – PLOS Currents Outbreaks

  http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/article/state-of-knowledge-and-data-gaps-of-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-in-humans-2/

  Our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical presentation of MERS-CoV infection is heavily influenced by the recommended surveillance strategies for case detection, which largely focus on severe illness and virologic testing. […] Confirmed cases include only those with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in accordance with the laboratory guidelines for virus genetic material. […] While the majority of cases now reported have likely acquired infection through human-to-human transmission the primary sporadic cases in clusters are more likely to have been acquired through contact with non-human sources of the virus. […] Between April 2012 and 22 October 2013, 144 laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases have been identified in nine countries: France, Germany, Italy, Jordan, KSA, Qatar, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the United Kingdom (UK).

• #85 Summary of Assessment of Public Health Risk to Canada Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/emerging-respiratory-pathogens/coronavirus/summary-assessment-public-health-risk-canada-associated-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-1.html

  The public health risk posed by MERS-CoV to Canada remains low. […] To date, no human cases of MERS have been reported in Canada. […] As of October 30, 2018, 2266 cases including 804 deaths (case fatality rate [CFR]~35%) have been reported from 27 countries since emergence in 2012, with approximately 80% of cases being reported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. […] Infection is associated with exposure to infected dromedary camels and contact with infected individuals, most often in healthcare settings. […] The most likely threat to Canadians remains a risk of importation to Canada from travelers infected while in the Middle East. […] MERS-CoV infections largely exist in the Arabian Peninsula. […] More than 80% of the MERS cases have been reported from the Arabian Peninsula. […] This geographic distribution has been associated with the high camel density in this area.

• #86 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS): Who is at risk? – UK Health Security Agency

  https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2015/06/10/middle-eastern-respiratory-syndrome-mers-who-is-at-risk/

  Whether youre a health professional, a regular traveller to the Middle East, or you’re planning to visit the region for Hajj and Umrah, you may have heard of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or „MERS”. […] Following its identification in 2012, cases have continued to occur primarily within Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, with 97% of cases reported from the Middle East. […] Public Health England lab staff have developed a series of tools for diagnosis and surveillance of MERS-CoV, giving other scientists the ability to generate genomic sequences and measure antibody responses. […] The risk of contracting infection in the UK remains very low. […] Public Health England is closely monitoring the MERS outbreak in South Korea. The outbreak is linked to an individual with a history of travel to the Middle East, and subsequent transmission has taken place in healthcare settings.

• #87 Summary of Assessment of Public Health Risk to Canada Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/emerging-respiratory-pathogens/coronavirus/summary-assessment-public-health-risk-canada-associated-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-1.html

  The public health risk posed by MERS-CoV to Canada remains low. […] To date, no human cases of MERS have been reported in Canada. […] As of October 30, 2018, 2266 cases including 804 deaths (case fatality rate [CFR]~35%) have been reported from 27 countries since emergence in 2012, with approximately 80% of cases being reported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. […] Infection is associated with exposure to infected dromedary camels and contact with infected individuals, most often in healthcare settings. […] The most likely threat to Canadians remains a risk of importation to Canada from travelers infected while in the Middle East. […] MERS-CoV infections largely exist in the Arabian Peninsula. […] More than 80% of the MERS cases have been reported from the Arabian Peninsula. […] This geographic distribution has been associated with the high camel density in this area.

• #88

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mers-cov-risk-assessment/phe-risk-assessment-of-mers-cov

  The previous sporadic cases to the UK highlight the continued risk of imported cases to the UK, reflecting the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East. It is therefore imperative that health professionals remain vigilant for clinical presentations compatible with Middle East respiratory syndrome. Symptoms of MERS-CoV typically include fever and cough that can progress to severe pneumonia. MERS CoV is a high consequence infectious disease, therefore early identification is essential through prompt testing and rapid implementation of infection control measures for persons who meet the possible case definition. Local health protection teams should be informed. […] The majority of outbreaks of MERS-CoV in the Middle East have been linked to healthcare settings. A previous WHO mission to Saudi Arabia concluded that gaps in infection control measures have most likely contributed to these outbreaks; this reinforced the importance of strict adherence to recommended infection control measures in healthcare facilities. […] The risk to contacts of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection is low, but contacts should be followed up for 14 days following last exposure and any new febrile or respiratory illness investigated urgently for MERS-CoV.

• #89 One Health Approach & Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – Surveillance, Preparedness, and Response – EMARIS Conference 2023

  https://emarisconference.com/one-health-approach-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers-surveillance-preparedness-and-response/

  As circulation of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels is continuing, the risk of zoonotic transmission remains high. Moreover, as the COVID-19 pandemic declines, public health measures are being lifted and IPC measures in health care settings are feared to be relaxed, hence the number of cases of other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, RSV, and MERS are expected to increase. This therefore necessitates a renewed effort to sustain preparedness for better response to potential respiratory outbreaks. The control of MERS, as for any other zoonotic disease, requires committed national leadership, robust surveillance systems, trained human resources, clear communication strategy, transparency and data sharing, public trust, and robust coordination between human and animal health. […] Leveraging on the gains made thus far by Tri- and Quadripartite collaboration at country, regional and global levels, it is suggested that a holistic One Health approach be adopted and implemented at country level, in the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases especially MERS.

• #90 One Health Approach & Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – Surveillance, Preparedness, and Response – EMARIS Conference 2023

  https://emarisconference.com/one-health-approach-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers-surveillance-preparedness-and-response/

  As circulation of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels is continuing, the risk of zoonotic transmission remains high. Moreover, as the COVID-19 pandemic declines, public health measures are being lifted and IPC measures in health care settings are feared to be relaxed, hence the number of cases of other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, RSV, and MERS are expected to increase. This therefore necessitates a renewed effort to sustain preparedness for better response to potential respiratory outbreaks. The control of MERS, as for any other zoonotic disease, requires committed national leadership, robust surveillance systems, trained human resources, clear communication strategy, transparency and data sharing, public trust, and robust coordination between human and animal health. […] Leveraging on the gains made thus far by Tri- and Quadripartite collaboration at country, regional and global levels, it is suggested that a holistic One Health approach be adopted and implemented at country level, in the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases especially MERS.

• #91 MERS – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/

  Unlike COVID-19, a vaccine to prevent MERS is not currently available. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the following preventive measures: Anyone visiting places where camels are present should practice good general hygiene by washing hands before and after contact with these animals. People at higher risk of severe MERS illness should avoid close contact with camels.

• #92 MERS – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/

  Unlike COVID-19, a vaccine to prevent MERS is not currently available. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the following preventive measures: Anyone visiting places where camels are present should practice good general hygiene by washing hands before and after contact with these animals. People at higher risk of severe MERS illness should avoid close contact with camels.

• #93 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers

  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Countries considered in or near the Arabian Peninsula include: Bahrain; Iraq; Iran; Israel, the West Bank and Gaza; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syria; the United Arab Emirates; and Yemen; because the risk for MERS-CoV transmission from camels in North, West, and East Africa is not yet fully understood, consider MERS evaluation for travelers coming from these regions who develop severe respiratory illness within 14 days of direct physical camel contact […] For patients with suspected or confirmed infection, regardless of clinical stability, healthcare workers should, at a minimum, wear: Gloves, Gown, N95 or higher respiratory protection, Eye protection (goggles, face shield) […] Within 14 days before symptom onset, a history of travel from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula OR Within 14 days before symptom onset, history of close contact with a person who themselves developed fever and acute respiratory illness within 14 days of travel to countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula OR Within 14 days before symptom onset, a history of direct physical camel contact in North, West, or East Africa […] Because the risk for MERS-CoV transmission from camels is not yet fully understood, consider MERS evaluation for travelers from these regions who develop severe respiratory illness within 14 days of direct camel contact.

• #94 Key Points about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Hajj 2018 – Clinicians

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/clinicians/key-points-about-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers-and-hajj-2018/

  In the past, health departments have seen an increase in patients under investigation (PUIs) for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) two to three weeks after the completion of Hajj, as travelers return to the United States. […] Virginia Department of Health (VDH) recommends that healthcare providers routinely ask patients about their travel history and evaluate patients for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection when both clinical features and epidemiologic risk are present. […] Standard, contact, and airborne precautions are recommended for managing patients suspected to have MERS. […] A MERS fact sheet is available at https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/.

• #95

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mers-cov-risk-assessment/phe-risk-assessment-of-mers-cov

  The previous sporadic cases to the UK highlight the continued risk of imported cases to the UK, reflecting the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East. It is therefore imperative that health professionals remain vigilant for clinical presentations compatible with Middle East respiratory syndrome. Symptoms of MERS-CoV typically include fever and cough that can progress to severe pneumonia. MERS CoV is a high consequence infectious disease, therefore early identification is essential through prompt testing and rapid implementation of infection control measures for persons who meet the possible case definition. Local health protection teams should be informed. […] The majority of outbreaks of MERS-CoV in the Middle East have been linked to healthcare settings. A previous WHO mission to Saudi Arabia concluded that gaps in infection control measures have most likely contributed to these outbreaks; this reinforced the importance of strict adherence to recommended infection control measures in healthcare facilities. […] The risk to contacts of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection is low, but contacts should be followed up for 14 days following last exposure and any new febrile or respiratory illness investigated urgently for MERS-CoV.

• #96

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mers-cov-risk-assessment/phe-risk-assessment-of-mers-cov

  The previous sporadic cases to the UK highlight the continued risk of imported cases to the UK, reflecting the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East. It is therefore imperative that health professionals remain vigilant for clinical presentations compatible with Middle East respiratory syndrome. Symptoms of MERS-CoV typically include fever and cough that can progress to severe pneumonia. MERS CoV is a high consequence infectious disease, therefore early identification is essential through prompt testing and rapid implementation of infection control measures for persons who meet the possible case definition. Local health protection teams should be informed. […] The majority of outbreaks of MERS-CoV in the Middle East have been linked to healthcare settings. A previous WHO mission to Saudi Arabia concluded that gaps in infection control measures have most likely contributed to these outbreaks; this reinforced the importance of strict adherence to recommended infection control measures in healthcare facilities. […] The risk to contacts of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection is low, but contacts should be followed up for 14 days following last exposure and any new febrile or respiratory illness investigated urgently for MERS-CoV.

• #97 MERS – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/

  Unlike COVID-19, a vaccine to prevent MERS is not currently available. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the following preventive measures: Anyone visiting places where camels are present should practice good general hygiene by washing hands before and after contact with these animals. People at higher risk of severe MERS illness should avoid close contact with camels.

• #98 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – coronavirus (MERS)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/mers.shtml

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory infection caused by a virus. Most people who became ill with MERS had traveled to, lived in, or were in close contact with someone who had traveled to the Arabian peninsula. […] Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] There is currently no vaccine to protect people against MERS.

• #99 Centre for Health Protection – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/26528.html

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. […] At present, the exact route of transmission is still unclear. Scientific studies support that dromedary camels serve as a major reservoir host for MERS-CoV and an animal source of infection in humans. […] Approximately 35% of reported MERS patients died. […] Secondary cases were mainly healthcare workers who were in close contact with or providing unprotected care to patients with MERS-CoV infection and were infected within healthcare settings. […] There is currently no specific treatment for the disease. Treatment is supportive. […] No vaccine is currently available to protect against MERS. […] Pilgrims with pre-existing major medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, chronic lung disease, chronic renal disease, immunodeficiency, etc.) are more likely to develop severe infection for MERS if they are exposed to the virus.

• #100 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/mers-cov

  MERS-CoV is a new coronavirus identified in June 2012 that causes severe respiratory illnesses. As of October 2022, 2,600 laboratory-confirmed cases (including 935 associated deaths) have been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO), with most cases occurring in Saudi Arabia (84%). […] Most laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infections have occurred in people with chronic medical conditions or immunosuppression. […] According to WHO, approximately 10-30% of laboratory confirmed cases have had asymptomatic or mild illness. […] The best way to avoid getting or spreading any respiratory virus is to wash your hands, cover your cough, and stay home if you’re sick with a respiratory infection. […] To identify infections due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). […] To prevent the spread of MERS-CoV.

Zobacz więcej