Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Infection Control and Prevention Guideline for Healthcare Facilities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4716282/

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an acute viral respiratory illness with high mortality caused by a new strain of betacoronavirus (MERS-CoV). […] Therefore, to eliminate the spread of MERS-CoV, infection prevention and control measures should be implemented with rigor. […] To ensure efficient MERS-CoV infection prevention and control, care should be taken to provide comprehensive infection control measures including contact control, hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, disinfection, and environmental cleaning. […] The core of infection prevention and control is blocking the transmission of MERS-CoV through early diagnosis and intra-hospital isolation. […] Patients with a suspected or confirmed MERS-CoV infection should be diagnosed in a timely manner and placed in isolation rooms with contact and droplet precautions to control the infection source.

• #1 About Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | MERS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mers/about/index.html

  No vaccine exists to protect people against MERS. […] For travelers, the World Health Organization recommends: […] Washing your hands before and after touching camels. […] Avoiding drinking raw camel milk or camel urine or eating meat (including camel meat) that has not been properly cooked. […] Avoiding close contact with camels, if you are at higher risk for severe MERS illness.

• #1 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22633-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers

  There is no vaccine for MERS. Steps for preventing MERS are similar to those for preventing all respiratory illnesses: Wash your hands frequently. Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth. Avoid close contact with people who are sick. Clean and disinfect surfaces frequently. […] To prevent getting MERS from camels: Wash your hands after touching camels and avoid contact with sick camels. Do not consume unpasteurized camel milk or uncooked camel meat. Avoid contact with camels if you have a chronic health condition or compromised immune system. […] If you are living with or caring for a person with MERS, health officials recommend additional precautions: Wear a face mask, gown and gloves if you have contact with the persons body fluids or secretions. Wear gloves when handling and washing dishes, towels, bedding and laundry. Wash your hands after removing your gloves.

• #1 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers

  Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent MERS-CoV infection. The U.S. National Institutes of Health is exploring the possibility of developing one. […] Spokane Regional Health District advises people help protect themselves from respiratory illnesses by taking everyday preventive actions: Wash your hands often with soap and water for 20 seconds, and help young children do the same. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue in the trash. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands. Avoid personal contact, such as kissing, or sharing cups or eating utensils, with sick people. Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces and objects, such as doorknobs. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment recommended for MERS-CoV infection. Individuals with MERS often receive medical care to help relieve symptoms. For severe cases, current treatment includes care to support vital organ functions.

• #1 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – coronavirus (MERS)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/mers.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] There is currently no vaccine to protect people against MERS. You can help reduce your risk by taking these steps: […] Wash your hands regularly with soap and water. If these are not available, use hand sanitizer. […] Cover your nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing […] Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth […] Clean and disinfect often […] Avoid personal contact with people who are sick.

• #1 Centre for Health Protection – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/26528.html

  No vaccine is currently available to protect against MERS. The best preventive measure is to maintain good personal and environmental hygiene. While in Hong Kong or during travel, members of the public are advised to wear a surgical mask and seek medical advice promptly if respiratory symptoms develop. […] Maintain good personal hygiene. […] When having respiratory symptoms, wear a surgical mask, refrain from work or school, avoid going to crowded places and seek medical advice promptly. […] Maintain good environmental hygiene. […] Avoid going to crowded or poor ventilated public places; high-risk individuals may consider wearing a surgical mask when staying in such places. […] Consult a health care provider at least 6 weeks before travelling to review the risk, as pre-existing major medical conditions including diabetes, chronic lung disease, pre-existing renal failure, or immunocompromised conditions can increase the likelihood of medical problems, including MERS, during travel. […] Pilgrims should cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and wash hands after contact with respiratory secretions. If suffering from acute febrile respiratory symptoms, keep a distance of one metre with other persons.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers

  Until more is understood about MERS-CoV, people with diabetes, renal failure, chronic lung disease and immunocompromised persons are considered at high risk of severe disease from MERS-CoV infection. These people should avoid contact with camels, drinking raw camel milk or camel urine, or eating meat that has not been properly cooked. […] As a general precaution, anyone visiting farms, markets, barns, or other places where dromedary camels and other animals are present should practice general hygiene measures, including regular hand washing before and after touching animals and avoiding contact with sick animals. […] The consumption of raw or undercooked animal products, including milk and meat, carries a high risk of infection that can cause disease in humans. Animal products that are processed appropriately through cooking or pasteurization are safe for consumption but should also be handled with care to avoid cross contamination with uncooked foods.

• #1 Centre for Health Protection – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/features/26511.html

  The Department of Health advises travellers in the Middle East to avoid going to farms, barns or markets with camels, avoid contact with sick persons and animals, especially camels, birds or poultry, and avoid unnecessary visit to healthcare facilities. […] Guidelines on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome for the General Public […] Health Advice to School for the Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) […] Health Advice on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) for Properties Management […] Guidelines on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome for Participants of Public Functions […] Health Advice on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) for Driver, Crew and Operational Staff of Public Transport […] Guidelines on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome for Tour Leaders and Tour Guides Operating Overseas Tours […] Guidelines on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome for Travellers […] Health Advice on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Workplace.

• #1 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  People who may be at increased risk for MERS-CoV infection are: recent travellers from the Arabian Peninsula, close contacts of an ill traveller from the Arabian Peninsula, close contacts of a confirmed case of MERS, healthcare personnel not using recommended infection control precautions, people with exposure to camels. […] In response to the MERS outbreak, Saudi Arabia recommended that persons with conditions placing them at risk of infection or severe outcomes of MERS should postpone their participation in the annual Hajj pilgrimage in 2013 and 2014. […] No vaccine or prophylactic therapy is available for the prevention of MERS. […] According to international WHO guidance, the prevention and control of transmission in healthcare settings requires the implementation of control measures, organised hierarchically according to their effectiveness in the form of administrative measures, engineering/environmental measures and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

• #1 Risk Factors for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection among Healthcare Personnel

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5088034/

  Infections occurred exclusively among personnel who had close contact with MERS-CoV patients. […] Healthcare settings are important amplifiers of transmission. […] Current MERS-CoV infection control recommendations are based on experience with other viruses rather than on a complete understanding of the epidemiology of MERS-CoV transmission. […] The World Health Organization recently issued an urgent call for studies to better understand risk factors for infection and transmission. […] HCP who had undergone infection control training specific to MERS-CoV had a lower risk for infection. […] Education about standard and MERS-CoV infection control practices appears to be protective, suggesting that adherence to basic practices can effectively prevent MERS-CoV infection among HCP.

• #1 Prevention and Control for Hospitalized MERS Patients | MERS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Preventing transmission of respiratory pathogens including MERS-CoV in hospitals requires the application of infection control procedures and protocols including environmental and engineering controls, administrative controls, safer work practices, and personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Measures that enhance early detection and prompt triage and isolation of patients who should be evaluated for MERS-CoV are critical to ensuring effective implementation of infection control measures. […] Though these recommendations focus on the hospital setting (a setting where MERS-CoV transmission has been reported from some international locations), the recommendations for PPE, source control (i.e., placing a facemask on potentially infected patients when outside of an airborne infection isolation room), and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting.

• #1 Prevention and Control for Hospitalized MERS Patients | MERS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Ensure facility policies and practices are in place to minimize exposures to respiratory pathogens including MERS-CoV. Measures should be implemented before patient arrival, upon arrival, and throughout the duration of the affected patient’s presence in the healthcare setting. […] Take steps to ensure all persons with symptoms of a respiratory infection adhere to respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, hand hygiene, and triage procedures throughout the duration of the visit. […] Ensure rapid triage and isolation of patients who might have MERS-CoV infection. […] Immediately isolate those identified as at risk for having MERS-CoV infection. […] Provide supplies to perform hand hygiene to all patients upon arrival to facility (e.g., at entrances of facility, waiting rooms, at patient check-in) and throughout the entire duration of the visit to the healthcare setting.

• #1 Prevention and Control for Hospitalized MERS Patients | MERS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  All HCP (see section 7 for measures for non-HCP visitors) who enter the room of a patient with suspected or confirmed MERS-CoV should adhere to Standard, Contact, and Airborne precautions, including the following: […] HCP should perform hand hygiene before and after all patient contact, contact with potentially infectious material, and before putting on and upon removal of PPE, including gloves. […] Employers should select appropriate PPE and provide it to workers in accordance with OSHA’s PPE standards (29 CFR 1910 Subpart I). […] Use respiratory protection (i.e., a respirator) that is at least as protective as a fit-tested NIOSH-certified disposable N95 filtering facepiece respirator upon entry to the patient room or care area. […] Place a patient who might be infected with MERS-CoV in an Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) that has been constructed and maintained in accordance with current guidelines.

• #1 Prevention and Control for Hospitalized MERS Patients | MERS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Only performing these procedures if they are medically necessary and cannot be postponed. […] Facilities should consider caring for these patients with dedicated HCP to minimize risk of transmission and exposure to other patients and other HCP. […] Implement sick leave policies for HCP, including contract staff and part-time personnel, that are non-punitive, flexible and consistent with public health guidance. […] Provide all HCP with job- or task-specific education and training on preventing transmission of infectious agents, including refresher training. […] Ensure that cleaning and disinfection procedures are followed consistently and correctly. […] Implement mechanisms and policies that promptly alert key facility staff including infection control, healthcare epidemiology, hospital leadership, occupational health, clinical laboratory, and frontline staff about suspected or known MERS-CoV patients.

• #1 Prevention of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/prevention-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers.html

  People travelling to the Middle East or another country with a MERS outbreak can potentially be exposed to the MERS virus. You can reduce your general risk of infection by: […] washing your hands frequently and thoroughly […] avoiding people who are sick and coughing […] avoiding undercooked meat and unsafe water […] avoiding close contact with animals […] avoiding camel-based products like raw milk or meat. […] Caregivers need to be taught infection prevention and control precautions. Health care providers should follow appropriate infection prevention and control precautions at all times. […] There is currently no vaccine to protect against MERS.

• #1 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/mers/control-prevention

  Ensure that supervisors and all potentially exposed workers are aware of the symptoms of MERS. […] Workers potentially exposed to MERS-CoV who develop symptoms of MERS within the 14-day post-exposure period should seek medical evaluation. […] Train all workers with reasonably anticipated occupational exposure to MERS about the sources of MERS-CoV exposure, the hazards associated with that exposure, and appropriate workplace protocols in place to prevent or reduce the likelihood of exposure. […] Any worker who thinks he or she may have been exposed to MERS-CoV should take the following precautions: Notify your employer immediately. Monitor your health for 14 days. […] In addition to the general guidance specified above, detailed recommendations follow for protecting workers at risk for potential exposure to MERS-CoV.

• #1 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome

  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral infection acquired through the inhalation of aerosolized respiratory droplets or ingestion of bodily fluids from infected dromedary camels or through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or bodily fluids from infected persons in health care settings. Predominant occurrence is in Saudi Arabia and neighboring countries. […] Prevention includes observing respiratory hygiene (cough and sneeze etiquette) and hand hygiene (frequent, thorough handwashing). […] Travelers going to affected countries, especially older individuals and persons with underlying health conditions, should: […] Observe respiratory hygiene (cough and sneeze etiquette), hand hygiene (frequent, thorough handwashing), and social distancing (maintaining a distance of 1 m [3 ft] from ill-appearing persons).

• #1 NC DPH: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

  https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/diseases/merscov.html

  Recommendations for travelers: […] All travelers can take these everyday actions to help prevent the spread of germs and protect against colds, flu, and other illnesses: Wash your hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth. Germs spread this way. Avoid close contact with sick people. Be sure you are up-to-date with all of your shots, and if possible, see your health care provider at least 4–6 weeks before travel to get any additional shots. Visit CDC’s Travelers’ Health website for more information on healthy travel. […] Recommendations for close contacts of an ill traveler from the Arabian Peninsula: If you have had close contact with someone who recently traveled from a country in or near the Arabian Peninsula, and the traveler has/had fever and symptoms of respiratory illness, such as cough or shortness of breath, you should monitor your health for 14 days, starting from the day you were last exposed to the ill person. If you develop fever and symptoms of respiratory illness, such as cough or shortness of breath, you should call ahead to a healthcare provider and mention your recent contact with the traveler. While sick, stay home from work or school and delay future travel to reduce the possibility of spreading illness to others.

• #1 MERS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS

  The duration of infectivity is also unknown so it is unclear how long people must be isolated, but current recommendations are for 24 hours after resolution of symptoms. […] It is believed that the existing SARS research may provide a useful template for developing vaccines and therapeutics against a MERS-CoV infection.

• #1 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-treatment-and-prevention/print

  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Treatment and prevention […] The treatment and prevention of MERS-CoV are discussed here. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued recommendations for the management of severe respiratory infections suspected to be caused by MERS-CoV. […] No antiviral agents are specifically recommended for the treatment of MERS-CoV infection.

• #1 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Infection Control and Prevention Guideline for Healthcare Facilities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4716282/

  Nosocomial transmission in healthcare facilities should be prevented by placing suspected or confirmed patients in isolation rooms with adequate ventilation for efficient environmental disinfection. […] Before contacting each suspected or confirmed patient, HCWs should wear gloves, a gown, highly efficient mask, and goggles or a face shield in the proper sequence and manner. […] A suspected or confirmed patient should be required to wear a mask, gown, and gloves before exiting the room and move using isolated routes to avoid contact with non-MERS patients. […] To minimize the exposure to and transmission of MERS-CoV, infection prevention and control measures should be implemented systematically based on the standard, contact, and droplet precautions. […] Community healthcare facilities and health centers as well as national agencies such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should set up an efficient communication network and methodology to share real-time information regarding the outbreak situation.

• #2 WHO EMRO | Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | MERS-CoV | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/mers-cov/mers-cov.html

  Preventing MERS relies on avoiding unpasteurized or uncooked animal products, practicing safe hygiene habits in health care settings and around dromedaries, community education and awareness training for health workers, as well as implementing effective control measures. […] There is no specific antiviral treatment recommended for MERS-CoV infection and no vaccine currently available.

• #2 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/mers/control-prevention

  OSHA has developed the following interim guidance to help prevent worker exposure to MERS-CoV and persons with the disease. […] General guidance for workers and employers […] Employers should follow recognized good infection control practices (including standard precautions) to prevent or minimize transmission of infectious agents (i.e., MERS), and must comply with applicable requirements in the Bloodborne Pathogens (29 CFR 1910.134), Personal Protective Equipment (29 CFR 1910.132), general requirements) and the Respiratory Protection (29 CFR 1910.134) standards, among other OSHA requirements. […] Standard precautions include hand hygiene and use of PPE to avoid direct contact with laboratory specimens/samples (e.g., gloves, gown, mask, and eye protection). […] Practice good hand hygiene protocols to avoid exposure to droplets, infected blood and body fluids, contaminated objects, or other contaminated environmental surfaces. Hand hygiene consists of washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rubs containing at least 60% alcohol.

• #2 Prevention of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers/prevention-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers.html

  People travelling to the Middle East or another country with a MERS outbreak can potentially be exposed to the MERS virus. You can reduce your general risk of infection by: […] washing your hands frequently and thoroughly […] avoiding people who are sick and coughing […] avoiding undercooked meat and unsafe water […] avoiding close contact with animals […] avoiding camel-based products like raw milk or meat. […] Caregivers need to be taught infection prevention and control precautions. Health care providers should follow appropriate infection prevention and control precautions at all times. […] There is currently no vaccine to protect against MERS.

• #2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome

  Avoid physical contact with wild or farm animals and camels in affected areas of the Middle East. […] Avoid consumption of camel products (e.g., unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, and urine). […] Be aware that the presence of infection control standards sufficient to protect travelers presenting to hospitals with unrelated illnesses cannot be assumed.

• #2 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  People who may be at increased risk for MERS-CoV infection are: recent travellers from the Arabian Peninsula, close contacts of an ill traveller from the Arabian Peninsula, close contacts of a confirmed case of MERS, healthcare personnel not using recommended infection control precautions, people with exposure to camels. […] In response to the MERS outbreak, Saudi Arabia recommended that persons with conditions placing them at risk of infection or severe outcomes of MERS should postpone their participation in the annual Hajj pilgrimage in 2013 and 2014. […] No vaccine or prophylactic therapy is available for the prevention of MERS. […] According to international WHO guidance, the prevention and control of transmission in healthcare settings requires the implementation of control measures, organised hierarchically according to their effectiveness in the form of administrative measures, engineering/environmental measures and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

• #2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers.html

  The World Health Organization advises that some people should strongly consider their risk of developing a severe case of MERS before traveling to Umrah or Hajj. This includes: […] Adults age 65 years or older […] Children age 12 or younger. […] You should also consider staying away from that area if you: […] Are pregnant […] Have a long-term (chronic) health condition, such as heart disease, asthma, or diabetes […] Have an immune deficiency disorder […] Have cancer […] Have a terminal illness.

• #2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Infection Control and Prevention Guideline for Healthcare Facilities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4716282/

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an acute viral respiratory illness with high mortality caused by a new strain of betacoronavirus (MERS-CoV). […] Therefore, to eliminate the spread of MERS-CoV, infection prevention and control measures should be implemented with rigor. […] To ensure efficient MERS-CoV infection prevention and control, care should be taken to provide comprehensive infection control measures including contact control, hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, disinfection, and environmental cleaning. […] The core of infection prevention and control is blocking the transmission of MERS-CoV through early diagnosis and intra-hospital isolation. […] Patients with a suspected or confirmed MERS-CoV infection should be diagnosed in a timely manner and placed in isolation rooms with contact and droplet precautions to control the infection source.

• #2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Infection Control and Prevention Guideline for Healthcare Facilities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4716282/

  Nosocomial transmission in healthcare facilities should be prevented by placing suspected or confirmed patients in isolation rooms with adequate ventilation for efficient environmental disinfection. […] Before contacting each suspected or confirmed patient, HCWs should wear gloves, a gown, highly efficient mask, and goggles or a face shield in the proper sequence and manner. […] A suspected or confirmed patient should be required to wear a mask, gown, and gloves before exiting the room and move using isolated routes to avoid contact with non-MERS patients. […] To minimize the exposure to and transmission of MERS-CoV, infection prevention and control measures should be implemented systematically based on the standard, contact, and droplet precautions. […] Community healthcare facilities and health centers as well as national agencies such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should set up an efficient communication network and methodology to share real-time information regarding the outbreak situation.

• #2 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  WHO recommends that probable and confirmed cases requiring admission are admitted in adequately ventilated single rooms or airborne precaution rooms. Healthcare workers caring for probable or confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection should apply standard precautions (including hand hygiene and use of PPE to avoid direct contact with patients blood, bodily fluids and secretions) and in addition, contact and droplet precautions (medical mask, eye protection goggles or a face shield gown and gloves). […] For aerosol-generating procedures, including airway management, such as tracheal intubation, broncho-alveolar lavage and manual ventilation, given the MERS-CoV viability in experimentally aerosolised particles, airborne precautions are recommended. […] A recent article documented the relative stability of MERS-CoV in indoor conditions. MERS-CoV was found to be more stable than influenza A(H1N1)pdm and remained viable for up to 48 hours on plastic and metal surfaces. Therefore, home environments should ensure appropriate environmental cleaning.

• #2 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/mers/control-prevention

  Implement transmission-based precautions for contact- and airborne-transmissible diseases that are appropriate for each worker’s tasks and potential exposure(s). OSHA’s guidance incorporates these precautions. […] Protect workers from exposure when tasked with cleaning surfaces and equipment potentially contaminated with MERS-CoV. Employers are responsible for ensuring worker safety from harmful levels of chemicals used for cleaning and disinfection of areas potentially contaminated with MERS-CoV. […] At this time, there is no EPA-approved list of disinfectants effective against MERS-CoV. […] Select and provide workers with appropriate PPE to prevent exposure to MERS-CoV, blood or body fluids that may contain MERS-CoV, and other sources of infectious material. […] Worker protection from exposure to infectious agents, including MERS-CoV, is necessary when work tasks involve handling, treatment, transport, and disposal of medical, laboratory and other potentially contaminated waste.

• #2 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/mers/control-prevention

  Ensure that supervisors and all potentially exposed workers are aware of the symptoms of MERS. […] Workers potentially exposed to MERS-CoV who develop symptoms of MERS within the 14-day post-exposure period should seek medical evaluation. […] Train all workers with reasonably anticipated occupational exposure to MERS about the sources of MERS-CoV exposure, the hazards associated with that exposure, and appropriate workplace protocols in place to prevent or reduce the likelihood of exposure. […] Any worker who thinks he or she may have been exposed to MERS-CoV should take the following precautions: Notify your employer immediately. Monitor your health for 14 days. […] In addition to the general guidance specified above, detailed recommendations follow for protecting workers at risk for potential exposure to MERS-CoV.

• #2 Centre for Health Protection – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/26528.html

  No vaccine is currently available to protect against MERS. The best preventive measure is to maintain good personal and environmental hygiene. While in Hong Kong or during travel, members of the public are advised to wear a surgical mask and seek medical advice promptly if respiratory symptoms develop. […] Maintain good personal hygiene. […] When having respiratory symptoms, wear a surgical mask, refrain from work or school, avoid going to crowded places and seek medical advice promptly. […] Maintain good environmental hygiene. […] Avoid going to crowded or poor ventilated public places; high-risk individuals may consider wearing a surgical mask when staying in such places. […] Consult a health care provider at least 6 weeks before travelling to review the risk, as pre-existing major medical conditions including diabetes, chronic lung disease, pre-existing renal failure, or immunocompromised conditions can increase the likelihood of medical problems, including MERS, during travel. […] Pilgrims should cover their mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and wash hands after contact with respiratory secretions. If suffering from acute febrile respiratory symptoms, keep a distance of one metre with other persons.

• #2

  https://www.nvhd.org/coronaviruses/mers/

  There is currently no vaccine to protect people against MERS. There is also no specific antiviral treatment recommended for MERS-CoV infection. […] You can help reduce your risk of getting respiratory illnesses: Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, and help young children do the same. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue in the trash. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands. Avoid personal contact, such as kissing, or sharing cups or eating utensils, with sick people. Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces and objects, such as doorknobs. […] If you are caring for or living with a person confirmed to have, or being evaluated for, MERS-CoV infection, see Interim Guidance for Preventing MERS-CoV from Spreading in Homes and Communities.

• #2 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers

  Protect yourself from MERS while living or travelling in affected areas by: […] avoiding close contact with camels […] washing hands regularly and taking particular care when visiting places where animals are present […] avoiding close contact with people who are unwell […] avoiding consuming raw, undercooked or unpasteurised camel products, including meat, urine and milk […] avoiding all contact with camels, if you have an existing health condition that makes you more vulnerable to respiratory disease. […] There is no vaccine for MERS, however Australian travellers should be up-to-date with all recommended vaccinations before travel. Travellers should consult their doctor before travelling to discuss the risks and decide whether travelling to the Middle East is appropriate at this time. […] Anyone travelling to affected areas to work or volunteer in a healthcare setting should seek advice and ensure they are fully informed about infection control procedures and recommendations.

• #2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | Policy&Services : KDCA

  https://www.kdca.go.kr/menu.es?mid=a30329000000

  The MERS diagnostic test collects the upper and lower respiratory specimens. […] The isolation can be released according to test result is negative. […] All medical costs related to the isolation of MERS are fully supported by the nation. […] If you have fever and respiratory symptoms including cough or shortness of breath within 14days after travelling from countries in the Middle East, you should call to the Korea CDC Call Center 1339 before you visit clinics or hospitals and follow their instruction. […] Frequently wash your hands width soap and water. […] Maintain good personal hygiene-Wash your hands before touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. […] When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth with a tissue and dispose it afterward. […] Avoid contact with sick persons especially width fever or respiratory symptoms. […] Avoid contact width camels while traveling inthe Middle East.

• #2 For Travelers: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mers/travel.html

  If you have recently traveled to the Arabian Peninsula (Bahrain, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen), and develop fever and symptoms of a respiratory illness, such as cough or shortness of breath, you should see a health care provider and mention your recent travel. […] CDC does not recommend that anyone change travel plans because of MERS at this time. […] Further information on how to protect yourself while traveling: CDC: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Guidance for Travel.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome-Coronavirus-(MERS-CoV)-Treatment-and-Prevention.aspx

  Due to the known risk of transmission within hospitals and healthcare systems in general, contact isolation, droplet isolation, and airborne infection control precautions should be instituted, particularly during aerosol-generating procedures. […] Until the transfer, all patients should wear a face mask and should be isolated in a closed-door room. Additionally, hand hygiene should be strictly performed and all visits to the sick patient should be controlled and restricted. […] At the moment, there is no licensed vaccine for MERS-CoV. Therefore, its development has been the focus of many different research laboratories. Vaccination of dromedary camels is one way to reduce zoonotic transmission, although the long-term effects of such a strategy remain to be seen.

• #2 MERS-CoV: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/mers-cov

  To date no specific treatment is available to fight MERS-CoV. Patient care focuses solely on symptom relief. […] In terms of prevention, and in the absence of a vaccine, it is advisable to avoid close contact with infected people in the Middle East, to avoid contact with dromedaries and their secretions and to refrain from consuming camel products (milk and meat). Elementary hygiene rules, such as regular hand washing, should also be observed.

• #2

  https://journals.mcmaster.ca/ghar/article/view/1087

  Prevention Strategies: Researchers have studied the rapid spread of MERS-CoV in KSA, focusing on viral spread in hospital settings, via dromedary camels, and religious mass gatherings as risk factors. Current advancements in the knowledge of camels as a potential MERS reservoir, guidelines for travelers to high-risk countries, and improvements in the surveillance have contributed to the reduction of the MERS incidence cases globally. […] Given the rapid spread of the virus and the gap in literature about the transmission of MERS, it is recommended that both high and low risk nations abide by the international MERS recommendations outlined by the WHO. […] Furthermore, collaboration between the animal and human public health organizations would serve as a progressive step to control the spread of this zoonotic disease.

• #2 Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Control and Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/mers/control-prevention

  Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Control and Prevention […] Control and Prevention […] Acceptable respiratory protection devices for protection against MERS-CoV include a properly fit-tested, NIOSH-approved filtering face piece respirator (N95 or higher level), half- or full-face air-purifying respirator (APR), or a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) equipped with high-efficiency particulate arrest (HEPA) filters. […] Preventive measures for protecting workers from exposure to MERS-CoV depend on the type of work performed and knowledge of exposure risk, including potential for MERS-CoV contamination of the work environment. Adaptation of infection control strategies based on a thorough hazard assessment is necessary for implementing infection prevention and control measures, including engineering and administrative controls, safe work practices, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

• #3 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/m/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-mers.html

  The World Health Organization advises that some people should strongly consider their risk of developing a severe case of MERS before traveling to Umrah or Hajj. This includes: […] Adults age 65 years or older […] Children age 12 or younger. […] You should also consider staying away from that area if you: […] Are pregnant […] Have a long-term (chronic) health condition, such as heart disease, asthma, or diabetes […] Have an immune deficiency disorder […] Have cancer […] Have a terminal illness.

• #3 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Infection Control and Prevention Guideline for Healthcare Facilities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4716282/

  Rapid diagnosis and quarantine of suspected or confirmed MERS-CoV infected patients should be assured by staff at screening desks and quarantine clinics. […] A quarantine clinic is an area where suspected infected patients receive care. […] Patients with suspected or confirmed MERS-CoV infection should move along designated routes separate from the main traffic routes to avoid contacts with other patients. […] Infection prevention and control measures should be implemented systematically based on the standard, contact, and droplet precautions. […] Hand hygiene should be performed before and after every patient contact, whenever hands come into contact with patient’s blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and other contaminants or after touching the patient’s immediate environment, and before and after wearing PPE.

• #3 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Infection Control and Prevention Guideline for Healthcare Facilities

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4716282/

  HCWs should don and remove gloves, gown (coverall), highly efficient mask, goggles or face shield in the proper sequence and manner before and after every contact with a suspected or confirmed infected patient. […] Medical waste contaminated with blood or body fluids of a patient with suspected or confirmed MERS-CoV infection should be hermetically sealed using a designated container; after disinfecting the outer surface, it is transported and stored.

• #3 MERS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS

  For procedures which carry a risk of aerosolization, such as intubation, the WHO recommends that care providers also: Wear a particulate respirator and, when putting on a disposable particulate respirator, always check the seal, Wear eye protection (i.e. goggles or a face shield), Wear a clean, non-sterile, long-sleeved gown and gloves (some of these procedures require sterile gloves), Wear an impermeable apron for some procedures with expected high fluid volumes that might penetrate the gown, Perform procedures in an adequately ventilated room; i.e. minimum of 6 to 12 air changes per hour in facilities with a mechanically ventilated room and at least 60 liters/second/patient in facilities with natural ventilation, Limit the number of persons present in the room to the absolute minimum required for the person’s care and support, Perform hand hygiene before and after contact with the person and his or her surroundings and after PPE removal.

• #3 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) | Policy&Services : KDCA

  https://www.kdca.go.kr/menu.es?mid=a30329000000

  Management and Response for MERS infection is to identify early detection of suspected MERS infection and manage it to prevent transmission in communities and hospitals. […] The Center for Disease Control and Prevention maintains a monitoring and surveillance system throughout the MERS countermeasures and emergency operation center(EOC) in order to prevent the spread of infection and early detect of suspected case by influx in overseas countries. […] Special quarantine service will be provided to foreign tourists arriving from the Middle east area. […] Require the submission of a physical condition questionnaire to a quarantine officer upon entering any contamination areas. […] Any person who complies with the MERS suspected case is immediately transferred to a nationally designated hospital and isolated.

• #3 NC DPH: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

  https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/diseases/merscov.html

  Recommendations for travelers: […] All travelers can take these everyday actions to help prevent the spread of germs and protect against colds, flu, and other illnesses: Wash your hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth. Germs spread this way. Avoid close contact with sick people. Be sure you are up-to-date with all of your shots, and if possible, see your health care provider at least 4–6 weeks before travel to get any additional shots. Visit CDC’s Travelers’ Health website for more information on healthy travel. […] Recommendations for close contacts of an ill traveler from the Arabian Peninsula: If you have had close contact with someone who recently traveled from a country in or near the Arabian Peninsula, and the traveler has/had fever and symptoms of respiratory illness, such as cough or shortness of breath, you should monitor your health for 14 days, starting from the day you were last exposed to the ill person. If you develop fever and symptoms of respiratory illness, such as cough or shortness of breath, you should call ahead to a healthcare provider and mention your recent contact with the traveler. While sick, stay home from work or school and delay future travel to reduce the possibility of spreading illness to others.

• #3 Centre for Health Protection – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/features/26511.html

  The Department of Health advises travellers in the Middle East to avoid going to farms, barns or markets with camels, avoid contact with sick persons and animals, especially camels, birds or poultry, and avoid unnecessary visit to healthcare facilities. […] Guidelines on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome for the General Public […] Health Advice to School for the Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) […] Health Advice on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) for Properties Management […] Guidelines on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome for Participants of Public Functions […] Health Advice on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) for Driver, Crew and Operational Staff of Public Transport […] Guidelines on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome for Tour Leaders and Tour Guides Operating Overseas Tours […] Guidelines on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome for Travellers […] Health Advice on Prevention of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Workplace.

• #3 Prevention and Control for Hospitalized MERS Patients | MERS | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Preventing transmission of respiratory pathogens including MERS-CoV in hospitals requires the application of infection control procedures and protocols including environmental and engineering controls, administrative controls, safer work practices, and personal protective equipment (PPE). […] Measures that enhance early detection and prompt triage and isolation of patients who should be evaluated for MERS-CoV are critical to ensuring effective implementation of infection control measures. […] Though these recommendations focus on the hospital setting (a setting where MERS-CoV transmission has been reported from some international locations), the recommendations for PPE, source control (i.e., placing a facemask on potentially infected patients when outside of an airborne infection isolation room), and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting.

• #4 Factsheet about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus/factsheet

  WHO recommends that probable and confirmed cases requiring admission are admitted in adequately ventilated single rooms or airborne precaution rooms. Healthcare workers caring for probable or confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection should apply standard precautions (including hand hygiene and use of PPE to avoid direct contact with patients blood, bodily fluids and secretions) and in addition, contact and droplet precautions (medical mask, eye protection goggles or a face shield gown and gloves). […] For aerosol-generating procedures, including airway management, such as tracheal intubation, broncho-alveolar lavage and manual ventilation, given the MERS-CoV viability in experimentally aerosolised particles, airborne precautions are recommended. […] A recent article documented the relative stability of MERS-CoV in indoor conditions. MERS-CoV was found to be more stable than influenza A(H1N1)pdm and remained viable for up to 48 hours on plastic and metal surfaces. Therefore, home environments should ensure appropriate environmental cleaning.

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