Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Conjunctivitis refers to the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva. Conjunctivitis, the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, represents the most prevalent cause of eye redness in both primary care and the emergency department. This condition places a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Conjunctivitis is the most prevalent etiology of eye redness and discharge. The etiology of this condition could be infectious or noninfectious; the most common is viral conjunctivitis, followed by bacterial conjunctivitis, and among noninfectious etiologies, the most common etiologies are allergic and toxin-induced conjunctivitis. […] Eye redness and discharge are often caused by conjunctivitis, which can be infectious or noninfectious. Viral conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, followed by bacterial conjunctivitis. Allergic and toxin-induced conjunctivitis are the most common noninfectious causes.

• #2 Conjunctivitis (pink eye) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/conjunctivitis

  Often referred to casually as pink eye, conjunctivitis is the swelling or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Causes may or may not be infectious. […] There are three main types of conjunctivitis: allergic, infectious and chemical. The cause of conjunctivitis varies depending on the type. […] Allergic conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is an infection most often caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria from your own skin or respiratory system. […] Viral conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by contagious viruses associated with the common cold. […] Ophthalmia neonatorum is a severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis that occurs in newborn babies. […] Chemical Conjunctivitis can be caused by irritants like air pollution, chlorine in swimming pools, and exposure to noxious chemicals.

• #3 Conjunctivitis (pink eye) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/conjunctivitis

  Often referred to casually as pink eye, conjunctivitis is the swelling or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Causes may or may not be infectious. […] There are three main types of conjunctivitis: allergic, infectious and chemical. The cause of conjunctivitis varies depending on the type. […] Allergic conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is an infection most often caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria from your own skin or respiratory system. […] Viral conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by contagious viruses associated with the common cold. […] Ophthalmia neonatorum is a severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis that occurs in newborn babies. […] Chemical Conjunctivitis can be caused by irritants like air pollution, chlorine in swimming pools, and exposure to noxious chemicals.

• #4 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Pink eye is inflammation of the conjunctiva, a clear membrane layer that covers parts of your eyes and the inside of your eyelids. This condition is extremely common, partly because it happens for so many different reasons. Many of those reasons are also common. […] Conjunctivitis has dozens of potential causes, but theres one simple way to organize them: infectious and noninfectious. […] Infectious causes come in four subtypes: viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic. Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are extremely common. Fungal and parasitic conjunctivitis are generally uncommon or even rare. […] Viruses are the most common cause of acute (short-term) conjunctivitis. The most common virus type that can cause it is the adenovirus family. […] Bacteria rank second among the most common causes of infectious conjunctivitis. The most common bacterial culprits are: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis.

• #5 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Conjunctivitis refers to the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva. Conjunctivitis, the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, represents the most prevalent cause of eye redness in both primary care and the emergency department. This condition places a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Conjunctivitis is the most prevalent etiology of eye redness and discharge. The etiology of this condition could be infectious or noninfectious; the most common is viral conjunctivitis, followed by bacterial conjunctivitis, and among noninfectious etiologies, the most common etiologies are allergic and toxin-induced conjunctivitis. […] Eye redness and discharge are often caused by conjunctivitis, which can be infectious or noninfectious. Viral conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, followed by bacterial conjunctivitis. Allergic and toxin-induced conjunctivitis are the most common noninfectious causes.

• #6 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #7 Pink Eye: Causes and How It Spreads | Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/causes/index.html

  Pink eye caused by viruses or bacteria is very contagious. […] Most common causes of pink eye are viruses, bacteria, and allergens. […] Very contagious and sometimes can lead to large outbreaks depending on the virus. […] Cause: A number of different viruses, such as adenoviruses. […] Very contagious and can spread easily with certain bacteria and in certain settings. […] Cause: Certain bacteria. […] Not contagious from person to person. More common among people with other allergic conditions, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema. […] Cause: Body’s reaction to allergens, such as pollen from trees, plants, grasses, and weeds; dust mites; molds; dander from pets; medicines; or cosmetics. […] Not contagious from person to person. […] Cause: Irritation from a foreign body in the eye or contact with smoke, dust, fumes, or chemicals. […] Pink eye caused by viruses and bacteria can easily spread from person to person in different ways.

• #8 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #9 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye”, is inflammation of the conjunctiva. The three most common causes of conjunctivitis are viral, allergic, and bacterial, and the majority of cases are caused by adenovirus. […] The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses. The adenovirus is part of the Adenoviridae family that consists of a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. […] Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is estimated to be responsible for 1.3 – 4.8% of acute conjunctivitis cases. […] Picornaviruses EV70 and coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) are thought to be the responsible pathogens. […] The most recent isolated strain of coronavirus, COVID-19 has been reported to cause conjunctivitis along with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and death. […] The vast majority of viral conjunctivitis is caused by adenoviruses, and frequent hand washing, disinfection, and isolation of conjunctivitis patients can reduce further community transmission.

• #10 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #11 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye”, is inflammation of the conjunctiva. The three most common causes of conjunctivitis are viral, allergic, and bacterial, and the majority of cases are caused by adenovirus. […] The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses. The adenovirus is part of the Adenoviridae family that consists of a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. […] Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is estimated to be responsible for 1.3 – 4.8% of acute conjunctivitis cases. […] Picornaviruses EV70 and coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) are thought to be the responsible pathogens. […] The most recent isolated strain of coronavirus, COVID-19 has been reported to cause conjunctivitis along with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and death. […] The vast majority of viral conjunctivitis is caused by adenoviruses, and frequent hand washing, disinfection, and isolation of conjunctivitis patients can reduce further community transmission.

• #12 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye”, is inflammation of the conjunctiva. The three most common causes of conjunctivitis are viral, allergic, and bacterial, and the majority of cases are caused by adenovirus. […] The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses. The adenovirus is part of the Adenoviridae family that consists of a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. […] Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is estimated to be responsible for 1.3 – 4.8% of acute conjunctivitis cases. […] Picornaviruses EV70 and coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) are thought to be the responsible pathogens. […] The most recent isolated strain of coronavirus, COVID-19 has been reported to cause conjunctivitis along with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and death. […] The vast majority of viral conjunctivitis is caused by adenoviruses, and frequent hand washing, disinfection, and isolation of conjunctivitis patients can reduce further community transmission.

• #13 Viral Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-overview

  Viral conjunctivitis, or pinkeye (see the image below), is a common, self-limiting condition that typically is caused by adenovirus. Other viruses that can be responsible for conjunctival infection include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), picornavirus (enterovirus 70, Coxsackie A24), poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum, vaccinia), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Adenoviral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis. Particular subtypes of adenoviral conjunctivitis include epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC; pink eye) and pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF). […] Primary ocular herpes simplex infection is common in children and usually is associated with a follicular conjunctivitis. Infection usually is caused by HSV type I, although HSV type II may be a cause, especially in neonates. Recurrent infection, typically seen in adults, often is associated with superficial epithelial or deep stromal corneal involvement.

• #14 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye”, is inflammation of the conjunctiva. The three most common causes of conjunctivitis are viral, allergic, and bacterial, and the majority of cases are caused by adenovirus. […] The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses. The adenovirus is part of the Adenoviridae family that consists of a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. […] Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is estimated to be responsible for 1.3 – 4.8% of acute conjunctivitis cases. […] Picornaviruses EV70 and coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) are thought to be the responsible pathogens. […] The most recent isolated strain of coronavirus, COVID-19 has been reported to cause conjunctivitis along with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and death. […] The vast majority of viral conjunctivitis is caused by adenoviruses, and frequent hand washing, disinfection, and isolation of conjunctivitis patients can reduce further community transmission.

• #15 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye”, is inflammation of the conjunctiva. The three most common causes of conjunctivitis are viral, allergic, and bacterial, and the majority of cases are caused by adenovirus. […] The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses. The adenovirus is part of the Adenoviridae family that consists of a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. […] Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is estimated to be responsible for 1.3 – 4.8% of acute conjunctivitis cases. […] Picornaviruses EV70 and coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) are thought to be the responsible pathogens. […] The most recent isolated strain of coronavirus, COVID-19 has been reported to cause conjunctivitis along with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and death. […] The vast majority of viral conjunctivitis is caused by adenoviruses, and frequent hand washing, disinfection, and isolation of conjunctivitis patients can reduce further community transmission.

• #16 Viral Conjunctivitis – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/conjunctival-and-scleral-disorders/viral-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis may accompany the common cold and other systemic viral infections (especially measles, but also chickenpox, rubella, and mumps). Localized viral conjunctivitis without systemic manifestations usually results from adenoviruses (up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis) and sometimes enteroviruses or herpes simplex virus (1.3 to 4.8% of viral conjunctivitis) (1). […] Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is a severe form of viral conjunctivitis that is usually caused by adenovirus serotypes Ad 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, and 37. Adenoviruses can also be identified by genotypes. Genotype HAdV-D is associated with conjunctivitis and HAdV-D53 and HAdV-D54 have been associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Pharyngoconjunctival fever usually results from serotypes Ad 3, 4, and 7. […] Outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, a rare conjunctivitis associated with infection by enterovirus type 70, have occurred in Africa and Asia. Ebola virus (which is associated with the highly contagious and potentially fatal Ebola hemorrhagic fever) and SARS-CoV-2 infections (which are associated with the highly contagious and potentially fatal COVID-19 infection) can manifest with bilateral conjunctival hyperemia, tearing, and systemic symptoms (2). […] Most viral conjunctivitis is a highly contagious infection caused by adenoviruses or enteroviruses.

• #17 Conjunctivitis (pink eye) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/conjunctivitis

  Often referred to casually as pink eye, conjunctivitis is the swelling or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Causes may or may not be infectious. […] There are three main types of conjunctivitis: allergic, infectious and chemical. The cause of conjunctivitis varies depending on the type. […] Allergic conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is an infection most often caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria from your own skin or respiratory system. […] Viral conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by contagious viruses associated with the common cold. […] Ophthalmia neonatorum is a severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis that occurs in newborn babies. […] Chemical Conjunctivitis can be caused by irritants like air pollution, chlorine in swimming pools, and exposure to noxious chemicals.

• #18 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Noninfectious causes: Allergic: the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15-40% of the population and is observed more frequently in the spring and summer. […] Infectious causes: viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. In children, infectious conjunctivitis is caused by a similar number of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cases. […] Viral: the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population (80%) and is more prevalent in the summer. […] Bacterial: the second most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population; it is observed more frequently from December through April. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be contracted directly from infected individuals, by an abnormal proliferation of the native conjunctival flora, or from the spread of infection from the organisms colonizing the patient’s nasal and sinus mucosa.

• #19

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis (pink eye) can be caused by: A virus, Bacteria, Allergies. […] Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are easily spread from person to person. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious. […] Children are more likely than adults to get pink eye from bacteria or viruses. […] Viral conjunctivitis usually causes burning, red eyes with a watery discharge. […] Viral pink eye is very contagious and spreads quickly among children and adults in schools and other crowded places. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis causes sore, red eyes, with a lot of sticky pus oozing out of the eye. […] The bacteria that cause this type of pink eye can be easily spread from person to person through hand-eye contact. […] Allergic pink eye makes your eyes very itchy, red, and watery. […] You might develop allergic pink eye if you have an allergic reaction to pollen, animals, cigarette smoke, pool chlorine, car fumes or something else in the environment.

• #20 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Noninfectious causes: Allergic: the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15-40% of the population and is observed more frequently in the spring and summer. […] Infectious causes: viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. In children, infectious conjunctivitis is caused by a similar number of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cases. […] Viral: the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population (80%) and is more prevalent in the summer. […] Bacterial: the second most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population; it is observed more frequently from December through April. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be contracted directly from infected individuals, by an abnormal proliferation of the native conjunctival flora, or from the spread of infection from the organisms colonizing the patient’s nasal and sinus mucosa.

• #21 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis

  Pink eye, caused by some bacteria and viruses, can spread quickly from person to person. […] Though pink eye can happen to anyone, newborn babies are at a higher risk of having it. […] Bacterial strains affect children more often than adults. […] These infections spread easily and are typically seen from December through April. […] If bacteria, including those related to STDs, cause your pink eye, youll take antibiotics. […] If caused by a virus, pink eye gets better in 2-3 weeks. If caused by bacteria, antibiotics may speed up the healing process.

• #22 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #23 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  The most common pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis in adults are Staphylococcal species, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly caused Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella lacunata, and enteric bacteria. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the ocular surface in response to a transient allergen (e.g. pollen in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis), or a persistent allergen (e.g. house dust mite in perennial allergic conjunctivitis). […] Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is a type I hypersensitivity response with conjunctival activated mast cells as a direct result of allergen cross-linking of surface IgE receptors resulting in degranulation and release of histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines.

• #24 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #25 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #26 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #27 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #28 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Infectious conjunctivitis can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, 80% of acute cases of conjunctivitis are viralthe most common pathogen being adenovirus. Adenoviruses are responsible for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. Other common viral pathogens are herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and enterovirus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is far more common in children than adults, and the pathogens responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis vary depending on the affected child’s age group. Staphylococcal species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza, are the most common bacterial causes in adults. However, the disease is more often caused by Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in children. Other bacterial causes include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Corynebacterium diphtheria. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates and sexually active adults. […] Allergens, toxins, and local irritants are responsible for noninfectious conjunctivitis.

• #29 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  The type of ocular discharge, such as serous (watery), mucoid, mucopurulent or grossly purulent, can be helpful in determining the underlying cause of conjunctival inflammation. A serous discharge is most commonly associated with viral or allergic ocular conditions. A mucoid (stringy or ropy) discharge is highly characteristic of allergy or dry eyes. A muco-purulent or purulent discharge, often associated with morning crusting and difficulty opening the eyelids, strongly suggests a bacterial infection. […] The most frequent causes of hyperacute purulent conjunctivitis are N. gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, with N. gonorrhoeae being by far the more common. […] Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection can occur in two distinct clinical forms: trachoma (associated with serotypes A through C) and inclusion conjunctivitis (associated with serotypes D through K). Trachoma, a chronic keratoconjunctivitis, is the most common cause of ocular morbidity and preventable blindness throughout the world.

• #30 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  The most common pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis in adults are Staphylococcal species, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly caused Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella lacunata, and enteric bacteria. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the ocular surface in response to a transient allergen (e.g. pollen in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis), or a persistent allergen (e.g. house dust mite in perennial allergic conjunctivitis). […] Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is a type I hypersensitivity response with conjunctival activated mast cells as a direct result of allergen cross-linking of surface IgE receptors resulting in degranulation and release of histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines.

• #31 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  The most common pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis in adults are Staphylococcal species, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly caused Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella lacunata, and enteric bacteria. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the ocular surface in response to a transient allergen (e.g. pollen in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis), or a persistent allergen (e.g. house dust mite in perennial allergic conjunctivitis). […] Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is a type I hypersensitivity response with conjunctival activated mast cells as a direct result of allergen cross-linking of surface IgE receptors resulting in degranulation and release of histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines.

• #32 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Conjunctivitis refers to any inflammatory condition of the membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the sclera. The etiology can usually be determined by a careful history and an ocular examination, but culture is occasionally necessary to establish the diagnosis or to guide therapy. Conjunctivitis is commonly caused by bacteria and viruses. Neisseria infection should be suspected when severe, bilateral, purulent conjunctivitis is present in a sexually active adult or in a neonate three to five days postpartum. Conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae requires aggressive antibiotic therapy, but conjunctivitis due to other bacteria is usually self-limited. Chronic conjunctivitis is usually associated with blepharitis, recurrent styes or meibomianitis. Treatment requires good eyelid hygiene and the application of topical antibiotics as determined by culture. Allergic conjunctivitis is distinguished by severe itching and allergen exposure. This condition is generally treated with topical antihistamines, mast-cell stabilizers or anti-inflammatory agents.

• #33 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva — the thin, clear tissue that lies over the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid. […] Treatment will depend on whether your pink eye is due to a virus, bacteria, allergies, or an irritating substance. […] Several things could be to blame, but the most common causes of pink eye are: Viruses, including the kind that causes the common cold, Bacteria, Allergens such as pollen, dust, or smoke. It could also be due to a special type of allergy that affects some people who wear contact lenses. […] Other causes include: Irritants such as shampoos, dirt, smoke, and pool chlorine, A reaction to eye drops, A reaction to wearing contact lens, Fungi, amoebas, and parasites. […] Conjunctivitis sometimes results from an STD. Gonorrhea can bring on a rare but dangerous form of bacterial conjunctivitis. It can lead to vision loss if you dont treat it. Chlamydia can cause conjunctivitis in adults.

• #34 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Pink eye is inflammation of the conjunctiva, a clear membrane layer that covers parts of your eyes and the inside of your eyelids. This condition is extremely common, partly because it happens for so many different reasons. Many of those reasons are also common. […] Conjunctivitis has dozens of potential causes, but theres one simple way to organize them: infectious and noninfectious. […] Infectious causes come in four subtypes: viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic. Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are extremely common. Fungal and parasitic conjunctivitis are generally uncommon or even rare. […] Viruses are the most common cause of acute (short-term) conjunctivitis. The most common virus type that can cause it is the adenovirus family. […] Bacteria rank second among the most common causes of infectious conjunctivitis. The most common bacterial culprits are: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis.

• #35 Infectious Conjunctivitis – Eye Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/conjunctival-and-scleral-disorders/infectious-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis in newborns is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Newborns are exposed to these bacteria in the mother’s birth canal during labor and delivery. […] Inclusion conjunctivitis is a particularly long-lasting form of conjunctivitis caused by certain strains of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Gonococcal conjunctivitis is conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea), a sexually transmitted infection that also may spread to the eye by contact with genital secretions from a person who has a genital gonorrheal infection. […] Fungal infections are rare and occur mainly in people who use corticosteroid eye drops for a long time or have eye injuries involving organic matter, such as plants or dirt. […] Most people with infectious conjunctivitis eventually get better without treatment. However, some infections, particularly those caused by some bacteria, may last a long time if not treated.

• #36 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  These include causes that dont spread to people from other people, animals, or contaminated objects or surfaces. Examples include: Allergens, including molds, pollen or other substances that cause allergies; Irritants or toxic substances, including shampoos, cosmetics, contact lenses or contact solution, dirt, smoke and pool chlorine; Eye Injuries that damage the conjunctiva; Immune disorders and conjunctival tumors or cancers.

• #37 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Noninfectious causes: Allergic: the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15-40% of the population and is observed more frequently in the spring and summer. […] Infectious causes: viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. In children, infectious conjunctivitis is caused by a similar number of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cases. […] Viral: the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population (80%) and is more prevalent in the summer. […] Bacterial: the second most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population; it is observed more frequently from December through April. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be contracted directly from infected individuals, by an abnormal proliferation of the native conjunctival flora, or from the spread of infection from the organisms colonizing the patient’s nasal and sinus mucosa.

• #38 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Noninfectious causes: Allergic: the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15-40% of the population and is observed more frequently in the spring and summer. […] Infectious causes: viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. In children, infectious conjunctivitis is caused by a similar number of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cases. […] Viral: the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population (80%) and is more prevalent in the summer. […] Bacterial: the second most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population; it is observed more frequently from December through April. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be contracted directly from infected individuals, by an abnormal proliferation of the native conjunctival flora, or from the spread of infection from the organisms colonizing the patient’s nasal and sinus mucosa.

• #39 Conjunctivitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by a virus. Bacterial infections, allergies, other irritants, and dryness are also common causes. Both bacterial and viral infections are contagious, passing from person to person or spread through contaminated objects or water. Contact with contaminated fingers is a common cause of conjunctivitis. Bacteria may also reach the conjunctiva from the edges of the eyelids and the surrounding skin, from the nasopharynx, from infected eye drops or contact lenses, from the genitals or the bloodstream. Infection by human adenovirus accounts for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. […] The most common causes of acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Conjunctivitis may also be caused by allergens such as pollen, perfumes, cosmetics, smoke, dust mites, Balsam of Peru, or eye drops. The most frequent cause of conjunctivitis is allergic conjunctivitis and it affects 15% to 40% of the population.

• #40

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis (pink eye) can be caused by: A virus, Bacteria, Allergies. […] Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are easily spread from person to person. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious. […] Children are more likely than adults to get pink eye from bacteria or viruses. […] Viral conjunctivitis usually causes burning, red eyes with a watery discharge. […] Viral pink eye is very contagious and spreads quickly among children and adults in schools and other crowded places. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis causes sore, red eyes, with a lot of sticky pus oozing out of the eye. […] The bacteria that cause this type of pink eye can be easily spread from person to person through hand-eye contact. […] Allergic pink eye makes your eyes very itchy, red, and watery. […] You might develop allergic pink eye if you have an allergic reaction to pollen, animals, cigarette smoke, pool chlorine, car fumes or something else in the environment.

• #41 Conjunctivitis – treatment, symptoms and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or irritants such as dust or chemicals. […] Conjunctivitis can be caused by: bacterial infection, viral infection, allergies, irritants such as dust or chemicals. […] Allergic conjunctivitis may be seasonal, or triggered by specific allergens, for example, pollen or animal dander. […] You can catch conjunctivitis from droplets from the eyes, mouth and throat of an infective person. This can happen through touch, coughing or sneezing. You can also catch it from contact with objects that were contaminated with infectious eye secretions, such as towels, face washers and tissues. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by exposure to allergens such as: dust mites, pollen, animal dander, mould spores, occasionally foods or food additives.

• #42 Conjunctivitis – treatment, symptoms and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or irritants such as dust or chemicals. […] Conjunctivitis can be caused by: bacterial infection, viral infection, allergies, irritants such as dust or chemicals. […] Allergic conjunctivitis may be seasonal, or triggered by specific allergens, for example, pollen or animal dander. […] You can catch conjunctivitis from droplets from the eyes, mouth and throat of an infective person. This can happen through touch, coughing or sneezing. You can also catch it from contact with objects that were contaminated with infectious eye secretions, such as towels, face washers and tissues. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by exposure to allergens such as: dust mites, pollen, animal dander, mould spores, occasionally foods or food additives.

• #43 Conjunctivitis – treatment, symptoms and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or irritants such as dust or chemicals. […] Conjunctivitis can be caused by: bacterial infection, viral infection, allergies, irritants such as dust or chemicals. […] Allergic conjunctivitis may be seasonal, or triggered by specific allergens, for example, pollen or animal dander. […] You can catch conjunctivitis from droplets from the eyes, mouth and throat of an infective person. This can happen through touch, coughing or sneezing. You can also catch it from contact with objects that were contaminated with infectious eye secretions, such as towels, face washers and tissues. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by exposure to allergens such as: dust mites, pollen, animal dander, mould spores, occasionally foods or food additives.

• #44 Allergic Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/allergic-conjunctivitis

  Allergic conjunctivitis is when allergens cause inflammation in the tissue that lines your eyelids and the whites of your eyes. Common causes include pollen, dust and pet dander. […] Common allergic conjunctivitis causes include: Pollen. Dust mites. Mold spores. Pet dander. Chemicals or fragrances in soaps, detergents, deodorants, moisturizers and cologne/perfume. […] The two most common types of allergic conjunctivitis include: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (hay fever conjunctivitis). Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis typically occurs during the spring, summer and fall, when trees, grasses and weeds produce lots of pollen. […] Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (year-round allergic conjunctivitis). Perennial allergic conjunctivitis may occur throughout the year. Common causes include pet dander and dust mites. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is common. It may affect up to 40% of people at some point in their lives.

• #45 Allergic Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/allergic-conjunctivitis

  Allergic conjunctivitis is when allergens cause inflammation in the tissue that lines your eyelids and the whites of your eyes. Common causes include pollen, dust and pet dander. […] Common allergic conjunctivitis causes include: Pollen. Dust mites. Mold spores. Pet dander. Chemicals or fragrances in soaps, detergents, deodorants, moisturizers and cologne/perfume. […] The two most common types of allergic conjunctivitis include: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (hay fever conjunctivitis). Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis typically occurs during the spring, summer and fall, when trees, grasses and weeds produce lots of pollen. […] Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (year-round allergic conjunctivitis). Perennial allergic conjunctivitis may occur throughout the year. Common causes include pet dander and dust mites. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is common. It may affect up to 40% of people at some point in their lives.

• #46 Allergic Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/allergic-conjunctivitis

  Allergic conjunctivitis is when allergens cause inflammation in the tissue that lines your eyelids and the whites of your eyes. Common causes include pollen, dust and pet dander. […] Common allergic conjunctivitis causes include: Pollen. Dust mites. Mold spores. Pet dander. Chemicals or fragrances in soaps, detergents, deodorants, moisturizers and cologne/perfume. […] The two most common types of allergic conjunctivitis include: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (hay fever conjunctivitis). Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis typically occurs during the spring, summer and fall, when trees, grasses and weeds produce lots of pollen. […] Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (year-round allergic conjunctivitis). Perennial allergic conjunctivitis may occur throughout the year. Common causes include pet dander and dust mites. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is common. It may affect up to 40% of people at some point in their lives.

• #47 Allergic Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/allergic-conjunctivitis

  Allergic conjunctivitis is when allergens cause inflammation in the tissue that lines your eyelids and the whites of your eyes. Common causes include pollen, dust and pet dander. […] Common allergic conjunctivitis causes include: Pollen. Dust mites. Mold spores. Pet dander. Chemicals or fragrances in soaps, detergents, deodorants, moisturizers and cologne/perfume. […] The two most common types of allergic conjunctivitis include: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (hay fever conjunctivitis). Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis typically occurs during the spring, summer and fall, when trees, grasses and weeds produce lots of pollen. […] Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (year-round allergic conjunctivitis). Perennial allergic conjunctivitis may occur throughout the year. Common causes include pet dander and dust mites. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is common. It may affect up to 40% of people at some point in their lives.

• #48 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  The most common pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis in adults are Staphylococcal species, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly caused Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella lacunata, and enteric bacteria. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the ocular surface in response to a transient allergen (e.g. pollen in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis), or a persistent allergen (e.g. house dust mite in perennial allergic conjunctivitis). […] Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is a type I hypersensitivity response with conjunctival activated mast cells as a direct result of allergen cross-linking of surface IgE receptors resulting in degranulation and release of histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines.

• #49 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  The most common pathogens for bacterial conjunctivitis in adults are Staphylococcal species, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly caused Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella lacunata, and enteric bacteria. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the ocular surface in response to a transient allergen (e.g. pollen in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis), or a persistent allergen (e.g. house dust mite in perennial allergic conjunctivitis). […] Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is a type I hypersensitivity response with conjunctival activated mast cells as a direct result of allergen cross-linking of surface IgE receptors resulting in degranulation and release of histamine, leukotrienes, proteases, prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines.

• #50 Patient education: Conjunctivitis (pink eye) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/conjunctivitis-pink-eye-beyond-the-basics/print

  Viral conjunctivitis is typically caused by a virus that can also cause the common cold. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is highly contagious, often affecting multiple family members or children within a classroom. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by airborne allergens that come in contact with the eye. […] Toxic conjunctivitis (also called toxic keratoconjunctivitis) is a chronic inflammation of the surface of the eye from an offending agent, usually a preservative or a medication. […] It is possible to develop a red eye and discharge that is not caused by an infection or allergy or toxicity. The most common causes include one of the following: People with a dry eye may have chronic or intermittent redness or discharge. A person whose eyes are irrigated after a chemical splash may have redness and discharge. A person with a foreign body (eg, dust, eyelash) in the eye may have redness and discharge for 12 to 24 hours after the object is removed. […] The treatment of conjunctivitis depends upon the cause. For this reason, it is important to have the correct diagnosis before treatment begins.

• #51 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  These include causes that dont spread to people from other people, animals, or contaminated objects or surfaces. Examples include: Allergens, including molds, pollen or other substances that cause allergies; Irritants or toxic substances, including shampoos, cosmetics, contact lenses or contact solution, dirt, smoke and pool chlorine; Eye Injuries that damage the conjunctiva; Immune disorders and conjunctival tumors or cancers.

• #52 Pink Eye: Causes and How It Spreads | Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/causes/index.html

  Pink eye caused by viruses or bacteria is very contagious. […] Most common causes of pink eye are viruses, bacteria, and allergens. […] Very contagious and sometimes can lead to large outbreaks depending on the virus. […] Cause: A number of different viruses, such as adenoviruses. […] Very contagious and can spread easily with certain bacteria and in certain settings. […] Cause: Certain bacteria. […] Not contagious from person to person. More common among people with other allergic conditions, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema. […] Cause: Body’s reaction to allergens, such as pollen from trees, plants, grasses, and weeds; dust mites; molds; dander from pets; medicines; or cosmetics. […] Not contagious from person to person. […] Cause: Irritation from a foreign body in the eye or contact with smoke, dust, fumes, or chemicals. […] Pink eye caused by viruses and bacteria can easily spread from person to person in different ways.

• #53 Pink Eye: Causes and How It Spreads | Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/causes/index.html

  Pink eye caused by viruses or bacteria is very contagious. […] Most common causes of pink eye are viruses, bacteria, and allergens. […] Very contagious and sometimes can lead to large outbreaks depending on the virus. […] Cause: A number of different viruses, such as adenoviruses. […] Very contagious and can spread easily with certain bacteria and in certain settings. […] Cause: Certain bacteria. […] Not contagious from person to person. More common among people with other allergic conditions, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema. […] Cause: Body’s reaction to allergens, such as pollen from trees, plants, grasses, and weeds; dust mites; molds; dander from pets; medicines; or cosmetics. […] Not contagious from person to person. […] Cause: Irritation from a foreign body in the eye or contact with smoke, dust, fumes, or chemicals. […] Pink eye caused by viruses and bacteria can easily spread from person to person in different ways.

• #54

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis (pink eye) can be caused by: A virus, Bacteria, Allergies. […] Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are easily spread from person to person. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious. […] Children are more likely than adults to get pink eye from bacteria or viruses. […] Viral conjunctivitis usually causes burning, red eyes with a watery discharge. […] Viral pink eye is very contagious and spreads quickly among children and adults in schools and other crowded places. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis causes sore, red eyes, with a lot of sticky pus oozing out of the eye. […] The bacteria that cause this type of pink eye can be easily spread from person to person through hand-eye contact. […] Allergic pink eye makes your eyes very itchy, red, and watery. […] You might develop allergic pink eye if you have an allergic reaction to pollen, animals, cigarette smoke, pool chlorine, car fumes or something else in the environment.

• #55

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis (pink eye) can be caused by: A virus, Bacteria, Allergies. […] Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are easily spread from person to person. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious. […] Children are more likely than adults to get pink eye from bacteria or viruses. […] Viral conjunctivitis usually causes burning, red eyes with a watery discharge. […] Viral pink eye is very contagious and spreads quickly among children and adults in schools and other crowded places. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis causes sore, red eyes, with a lot of sticky pus oozing out of the eye. […] The bacteria that cause this type of pink eye can be easily spread from person to person through hand-eye contact. […] Allergic pink eye makes your eyes very itchy, red, and watery. […] You might develop allergic pink eye if you have an allergic reaction to pollen, animals, cigarette smoke, pool chlorine, car fumes or something else in the environment.

• #56 Patient education: Conjunctivitis (pink eye) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/conjunctivitis-pink-eye-beyond-the-basics/print

  Viral conjunctivitis is typically caused by a virus that can also cause the common cold. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is highly contagious, often affecting multiple family members or children within a classroom. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by airborne allergens that come in contact with the eye. […] Toxic conjunctivitis (also called toxic keratoconjunctivitis) is a chronic inflammation of the surface of the eye from an offending agent, usually a preservative or a medication. […] It is possible to develop a red eye and discharge that is not caused by an infection or allergy or toxicity. The most common causes include one of the following: People with a dry eye may have chronic or intermittent redness or discharge. A person whose eyes are irrigated after a chemical splash may have redness and discharge. A person with a foreign body (eg, dust, eyelash) in the eye may have redness and discharge for 12 to 24 hours after the object is removed. […] The treatment of conjunctivitis depends upon the cause. For this reason, it is important to have the correct diagnosis before treatment begins.

• #57 Understanding chronic conjunctivitis – EyeWorld

  https://www.eyeworld.org/2018/understanding-chronic-conjunctivitis/

  Chronic conjunctivitis can be infectious, toxic, immune, dermatologic in origin, or even factitious, Dr. Mannis said. […] Toxic follicular conjunctivitis can be caused by several different medications: antivirals such as vidarabine and trifluridine; glaucoma medications such as pilocarpine, carbachol, epinephrine, and apraclonidine; topical ocular antibiotics such as neomycin, gentamicin, sulfonamides and amphotericin B; and agents such as atropine, scopolamine, and neostigmine. […] Chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis can be due to a toxic medicamentosa reaction or to ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. […] Other causes for unilateral chronic papillary conjunctivitis include lacrimal drainage infections (chronic dacryocystitis and canaliculitis); giant fornix syndrome; masquerade syndrome, due most commonly to sebaceous carcinoma; and factitious conjunctivitis.

• #58 Understanding chronic conjunctivitis – EyeWorld

  https://www.eyeworld.org/2018/understanding-chronic-conjunctivitis/

  Chronic conjunctivitis can be infectious, toxic, immune, dermatologic in origin, or even factitious, Dr. Mannis said. […] Toxic follicular conjunctivitis can be caused by several different medications: antivirals such as vidarabine and trifluridine; glaucoma medications such as pilocarpine, carbachol, epinephrine, and apraclonidine; topical ocular antibiotics such as neomycin, gentamicin, sulfonamides and amphotericin B; and agents such as atropine, scopolamine, and neostigmine. […] Chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis can be due to a toxic medicamentosa reaction or to ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. […] Other causes for unilateral chronic papillary conjunctivitis include lacrimal drainage infections (chronic dacryocystitis and canaliculitis); giant fornix syndrome; masquerade syndrome, due most commonly to sebaceous carcinoma; and factitious conjunctivitis.

• #59 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Most frequently, conjunctivitis (and thus red eye) is caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydial infection and gonorrhea are less common causes of conjunctivitis. However, these infections are becoming more prevalent and are important to recognize because of their significant associated systemic, ocular and social implications. […] Ocular allergy in its many forms is one of the major causes of chronic conjunctivitis. Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin), dry eye and the prolonged use of ophthalmic medications, contact lenses and ophthalmic solutions are also relatively frequent causes of chronic conjunctival inflammation. […] The term conjunctivitis encompasses a broad group of conditions presenting as inflammation of the conjunctiva. The inflammation can be hyperacute, acute or chronic in presentation and infectious or noninfectious in origin. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye.

• #60 Patient education: Conjunctivitis (pink eye) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/conjunctivitis-pink-eye-beyond-the-basics/print

  Viral conjunctivitis is typically caused by a virus that can also cause the common cold. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is highly contagious, often affecting multiple family members or children within a classroom. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by airborne allergens that come in contact with the eye. […] Toxic conjunctivitis (also called toxic keratoconjunctivitis) is a chronic inflammation of the surface of the eye from an offending agent, usually a preservative or a medication. […] It is possible to develop a red eye and discharge that is not caused by an infection or allergy or toxicity. The most common causes include one of the following: People with a dry eye may have chronic or intermittent redness or discharge. A person whose eyes are irrigated after a chemical splash may have redness and discharge. A person with a foreign body (eg, dust, eyelash) in the eye may have redness and discharge for 12 to 24 hours after the object is removed. […] The treatment of conjunctivitis depends upon the cause. For this reason, it is important to have the correct diagnosis before treatment begins.

• #61 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  These include causes that dont spread to people from other people, animals, or contaminated objects or surfaces. Examples include: Allergens, including molds, pollen or other substances that cause allergies; Irritants or toxic substances, including shampoos, cosmetics, contact lenses or contact solution, dirt, smoke and pool chlorine; Eye Injuries that damage the conjunctiva; Immune disorders and conjunctival tumors or cancers.

• #62 Irritant or traumatic conjunctivitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/irritant-or-traumatic-conjunctivitis

  Irritant conjunctivitis is a non-infectious form of conjunctivitis caused by a transient mechanical or chemical insult. […] Irritant and traumatic conjunctivitis are associated with: Dry eye whatever its cause, Chemical splash (acid, alkali), Foreign body redness and discharge may persist for 12 to 24 hours after the foreign body has been spontaneously expelled, Eye irrigation mechanical irritation, Abrasions and blunt trauma. […] Irritation is considered minor (eg, from swimming pool chlorination or noxious fumes), whereas chemical splash or traumatic conjunctivitis is often more serious. […] Irritant or traumatic conjunctivitis can be suspected when: The discharge is more mucus than pus (tears), There is a history of dry eye, exposure to an irritant, eye irrigation after a chemical splash, or a foreign body in the eye, The lower conjunctival sac is affected more than the upper (splash injury). […] Complications from irritant or traumatic conjunctivitis include: Keratitis, Chronic redness, discharge and irritation, Blindness. […] Irritant or traumatic conjunctivitis often require only symptomatic relief, such as topical lubricants, and clear within 24 hours.

• #63 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  These include causes that dont spread to people from other people, animals, or contaminated objects or surfaces. Examples include: Allergens, including molds, pollen or other substances that cause allergies; Irritants or toxic substances, including shampoos, cosmetics, contact lenses or contact solution, dirt, smoke and pool chlorine; Eye Injuries that damage the conjunctiva; Immune disorders and conjunctival tumors or cancers.

• #64 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Conjunctivitis refers to any inflammatory condition of the membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the sclera. The etiology can usually be determined by a careful history and an ocular examination, but culture is occasionally necessary to establish the diagnosis or to guide therapy. Conjunctivitis is commonly caused by bacteria and viruses. Neisseria infection should be suspected when severe, bilateral, purulent conjunctivitis is present in a sexually active adult or in a neonate three to five days postpartum. Conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae requires aggressive antibiotic therapy, but conjunctivitis due to other bacteria is usually self-limited. Chronic conjunctivitis is usually associated with blepharitis, recurrent styes or meibomianitis. Treatment requires good eyelid hygiene and the application of topical antibiotics as determined by culture. Allergic conjunctivitis is distinguished by severe itching and allergen exposure. This condition is generally treated with topical antihistamines, mast-cell stabilizers or anti-inflammatory agents.

• #65 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Most frequently, conjunctivitis (and thus red eye) is caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydial infection and gonorrhea are less common causes of conjunctivitis. However, these infections are becoming more prevalent and are important to recognize because of their significant associated systemic, ocular and social implications. […] Ocular allergy in its many forms is one of the major causes of chronic conjunctivitis. Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin), dry eye and the prolonged use of ophthalmic medications, contact lenses and ophthalmic solutions are also relatively frequent causes of chronic conjunctival inflammation. […] The term conjunctivitis encompasses a broad group of conditions presenting as inflammation of the conjunctiva. The inflammation can be hyperacute, acute or chronic in presentation and infectious or noninfectious in origin. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of red eye.

• #66 Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Symptoms, Causes, and Types

  https://www.healthline.com/health/conjunctivitis

  Bacterial and viral pink eye are very contagious. […] Pink eye is typically contagious for as long as the person is having symptoms. […] Treatment of conjunctivitis depends on what’s causing it. […] For a bacterial infection, antibiotics are the most common method of treatment. […] Most of the time, viral conjunctivitis is caused by the same viruses that cause the common cold. […] To treat pink eye caused by an allergen, your healthcare professional will probably prescribe an antihistamine to stop the inflammation. […] Practicing good hygiene is one of the best ways to avoid and stop the transmission of conjunctivitis. […] If your healthcare professional thinks your contact lenses are contributing to your pink eye, they may recommend switching to another type of contact lens or disinfectant solution.

• #67 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Contact lens use is commonplace and thus deserves special consideration. It is known that contact lens wear, especially sleeping while wearing the lenses, is a common risk factor for bacterial corneal infection, especially in developed countries where contact lens use is more prevalent. […] Gram-negative conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, C trachomatis, and N gonorrhoeae. Gram-negative causes of conjunctivitis are especially virulent and can lead to severe infections of the cornea and possible ocular perforation within 24-48 hours of infection. […] The prognosis for complete recovery without sequelae is excellent in bacterial conjunctivitis, as long as the cornea is not involved. Most benign cases are treated with topical antibiotics or self-resolve. Bacterial conjunctivitis generally resolves within 1-2 weeks without treatment. Complications are expected to develop only in cases caused by extremely pathogenic bacteria, such as C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae.

• #68 Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) Causes – WelcomeCure

  https://www.welcomecure.com/diseases/conjunctivitis-pink-eye/causes

  Causes of Conjunctivitis in newborn include: […] Blocked tear ducts […] Use of antibiotic eye drops given to mother for irritation of eye after delivery […] The commonest bacteria that cause infection in the infant’s eye come from the mother’s genital tract and are passed to the infant during delivery. If not treated, they can cause serious damage to the infant’s eye. […] Sometimes, people suffering from other diseases like Rheumatoid arthritis, Gout, Crohn’s disease have greater possibility of acquiring conjunctivitis.

• #69 Understanding chronic conjunctivitis – EyeWorld

  https://www.eyeworld.org/2018/understanding-chronic-conjunctivitis/

  Chronic conjunctivitis can be infectious, toxic, immune, dermatologic in origin, or even factitious, Dr. Mannis said. […] Toxic follicular conjunctivitis can be caused by several different medications: antivirals such as vidarabine and trifluridine; glaucoma medications such as pilocarpine, carbachol, epinephrine, and apraclonidine; topical ocular antibiotics such as neomycin, gentamicin, sulfonamides and amphotericin B; and agents such as atropine, scopolamine, and neostigmine. […] Chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis can be due to a toxic medicamentosa reaction or to ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. […] Other causes for unilateral chronic papillary conjunctivitis include lacrimal drainage infections (chronic dacryocystitis and canaliculitis); giant fornix syndrome; masquerade syndrome, due most commonly to sebaceous carcinoma; and factitious conjunctivitis.

• #70 Conjunctivitis (pink eye) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/conjunctivitis

  Often referred to casually as pink eye, conjunctivitis is the swelling or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Causes may or may not be infectious. […] There are three main types of conjunctivitis: allergic, infectious and chemical. The cause of conjunctivitis varies depending on the type. […] Allergic conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is an infection most often caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria from your own skin or respiratory system. […] Viral conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by contagious viruses associated with the common cold. […] Ophthalmia neonatorum is a severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis that occurs in newborn babies. […] Chemical Conjunctivitis can be caused by irritants like air pollution, chlorine in swimming pools, and exposure to noxious chemicals.

• #71 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Inclusion conjunctivitis is a common, primarily sexually transmitted disease that occurs in both newborns (ophthalmia neonatorum) and adults (adult inclusion conjunctivitis). It is the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis in neonates, followed, in order of decreasing prevalence, by infections with several bacteria species and, finally, N. gonorrhoeae.

• #72 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Inclusion conjunctivitis is a common, primarily sexually transmitted disease that occurs in both newborns (ophthalmia neonatorum) and adults (adult inclusion conjunctivitis). It is the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis in neonates, followed, in order of decreasing prevalence, by infections with several bacteria species and, finally, N. gonorrhoeae.

• #73 Infective conjunctivitis (pink eye): Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157671

  Conjunctivitis can result from an allergy or a viral or bacterial infection. […] Some 80% of cases result from viruses, such as: adenoviruses, herpes viruses, enteroviruses. […] Bacteria that may cause conjunctivitis include: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis sometimes stems from a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia. […] Pinkeye in newborns can be due to infection, irritation, or a blocked tear duct. […] The bacteria or virus that lead to these infections can transmit to the infant during delivery, even if the person giving birth does not have symptoms. […] The most common bacterial cause is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Chlamydia trachomatis can also cause it, as can the virus that leads to genital herpes, but this is less common.

• #74 Pink eye (Conjunctivitis) – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis is an infection of the conjunctiva which is a transparent membrane covering the surface of eyeball and inner layer of eyelid. […] The common causes of conjunctivitis include infection by virus or bacteria, an allergy and incompletely opened tear duct in newborns. […] Pink eye may be a result of: Viral infection, Bacterial infection, Allergies, A chemical splash in the eye, A foreign object in the eye, A blocked tear duct in newborns. […] The most common cause of conjunctivitis is adenovirus. Other possible causes are herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and other viruses, including the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). […] Not cleaning your contact lenses properly or wearing other peoples contact lenses can lead to bacterial conjunctivitis.

• #75 Infective conjunctivitis (pink eye): Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157671

  The CDC also indicate that symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis due to C. trachomatis usually appear 5-12 days after delivery. […] If the bacteria is due to N. gonorrhoeae, they typically appear after 2-4 days. […] Pinkeye may also be a reaction to eye drops given at birth to prevent infection. […] Conjunctivitis does not usually lead to complications. However, it can be a symptom of a more serious condition. […] A person with severe or persistent symptoms should seek medical attention to reduce the risk of further problems. […] However, infective conjunctivitis can sometimes be severe and progress rapidly in newborns. […] If an STI is present, other complications can arise. […] For example, without treatment, 10-20% of newborns with infective conjunctivitis due to C. trachomatis will also develop pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. […] Pinkeye can result from many causes. Infective conjunctivitis can be highly contagious.

• #76 Infective conjunctivitis (pink eye): Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157671

  The CDC also indicate that symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis due to C. trachomatis usually appear 5-12 days after delivery. […] If the bacteria is due to N. gonorrhoeae, they typically appear after 2-4 days. […] Pinkeye may also be a reaction to eye drops given at birth to prevent infection. […] Conjunctivitis does not usually lead to complications. However, it can be a symptom of a more serious condition. […] A person with severe or persistent symptoms should seek medical attention to reduce the risk of further problems. […] However, infective conjunctivitis can sometimes be severe and progress rapidly in newborns. […] If an STI is present, other complications can arise. […] For example, without treatment, 10-20% of newborns with infective conjunctivitis due to C. trachomatis will also develop pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. […] Pinkeye can result from many causes. Infective conjunctivitis can be highly contagious.

• #77 Conjunctivitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/eyes/conjunctivitis/

  Conjunctivitis happens when the conjunctiva becomes inflamed. This is a thin layer of cells covering the front of your eyes. […] The 3 most common causes of this inflammation are: infection (infective conjunctivitis), an allergic reaction (allergic conjunctivitis), something irritating the conjunctiva, like a loose eyelash (irritant conjunctivitis). […] Treatment for conjunctivitis will depend on whats causing it. […] You may be prescribed antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection. But these wont work if the symptoms are caused by a virus or an allergy. […] Some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can cause conjunctivitis. This type takes longer to get better.

• #78 Conjunctivitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/conjunctivitis/

  Conjunctivitis is an eye condition caused by infection or allergies. […] Conjunctivitis caused by allergies, like hay fever, makes eyes red and watery but is not contagious. […] Treatment will depend on the cause of your conjunctivitis. […] If it’s a bacterial infection, you might be prescribed antibiotics. But these will not work if it’s caused by a virus (viral conjunctivitis) or an allergy. […] Some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can cause conjunctivitis. This type takes longer to get better.

• #79 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  The type of ocular discharge, such as serous (watery), mucoid, mucopurulent or grossly purulent, can be helpful in determining the underlying cause of conjunctival inflammation. A serous discharge is most commonly associated with viral or allergic ocular conditions. A mucoid (stringy or ropy) discharge is highly characteristic of allergy or dry eyes. A muco-purulent or purulent discharge, often associated with morning crusting and difficulty opening the eyelids, strongly suggests a bacterial infection. […] The most frequent causes of hyperacute purulent conjunctivitis are N. gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, with N. gonorrhoeae being by far the more common. […] Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection can occur in two distinct clinical forms: trachoma (associated with serotypes A through C) and inclusion conjunctivitis (associated with serotypes D through K). Trachoma, a chronic keratoconjunctivitis, is the most common cause of ocular morbidity and preventable blindness throughout the world.

• #80 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html

  Inclusion conjunctivitis is a common, primarily sexually transmitted disease that occurs in both newborns (ophthalmia neonatorum) and adults (adult inclusion conjunctivitis). It is the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis in neonates, followed, in order of decreasing prevalence, by infections with several bacteria species and, finally, N. gonorrhoeae.

• #81 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva — the thin, clear tissue that lies over the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid. […] Treatment will depend on whether your pink eye is due to a virus, bacteria, allergies, or an irritating substance. […] Several things could be to blame, but the most common causes of pink eye are: Viruses, including the kind that causes the common cold, Bacteria, Allergens such as pollen, dust, or smoke. It could also be due to a special type of allergy that affects some people who wear contact lenses. […] Other causes include: Irritants such as shampoos, dirt, smoke, and pool chlorine, A reaction to eye drops, A reaction to wearing contact lens, Fungi, amoebas, and parasites. […] Conjunctivitis sometimes results from an STD. Gonorrhea can bring on a rare but dangerous form of bacterial conjunctivitis. It can lead to vision loss if you dont treat it. Chlamydia can cause conjunctivitis in adults.

• #82 Pink Eye: Causes and How It Spreads | Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/causes/index.html

  Pink eye caused by viruses or bacteria is very contagious. […] Most common causes of pink eye are viruses, bacteria, and allergens. […] Very contagious and sometimes can lead to large outbreaks depending on the virus. […] Cause: A number of different viruses, such as adenoviruses. […] Very contagious and can spread easily with certain bacteria and in certain settings. […] Cause: Certain bacteria. […] Not contagious from person to person. More common among people with other allergic conditions, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema. […] Cause: Body’s reaction to allergens, such as pollen from trees, plants, grasses, and weeds; dust mites; molds; dander from pets; medicines; or cosmetics. […] Not contagious from person to person. […] Cause: Irritation from a foreign body in the eye or contact with smoke, dust, fumes, or chemicals. […] Pink eye caused by viruses and bacteria can easily spread from person to person in different ways.

• #83

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis can be quite contagious. […] The most common ways that adults and children become infected with viral or bacterial pink eye include: Direct contact with an infected child’s or adult’s bodily fluids, usually through hand-to-eye contact. […] Conjunctivitis usually goes away on its own within 1 to 2 weeks. […] If you have bacterial or viral conjunctivitis, stay home and avoid contact with other people. […] Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can spread quickly from person to person.

• #84

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis can be quite contagious. […] The most common ways that adults and children become infected with viral or bacterial pink eye include: Direct contact with an infected child’s or adult’s bodily fluids, usually through hand-to-eye contact. […] Conjunctivitis usually goes away on its own within 1 to 2 weeks. […] If you have bacterial or viral conjunctivitis, stay home and avoid contact with other people. […] Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can spread quickly from person to person.

• #85

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis can be quite contagious. […] The most common ways that adults and children become infected with viral or bacterial pink eye include: Direct contact with an infected child’s or adult’s bodily fluids, usually through hand-to-eye contact. […] Conjunctivitis usually goes away on its own within 1 to 2 weeks. […] If you have bacterial or viral conjunctivitis, stay home and avoid contact with other people. […] Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can spread quickly from person to person.

• #86 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Conjunctivitis, which is defined as inflammation of the bulbar and/or palpebral conjunctiva (the transparent lubricating mucous membrane that covers both the surface of the eye and lining of the undersurface of the eyelids), has many etiologies, including infection from various bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as toxic and allergic insults. […] The bacterial etiology often depends on geography and age, but the most common include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, and Moraxella species. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis most often occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Risk factors include exposure to infected individuals, fomite contact (eg, towels, napkins, pillow cases, slit-lamp chin rests and handles), contact lens wear, sinusitis, immunodeficiency states, prior ocular disease, trauma, and exposure to agents of sexually transmitted disease at birth.

• #87 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Conjunctivitis, which is defined as inflammation of the bulbar and/or palpebral conjunctiva (the transparent lubricating mucous membrane that covers both the surface of the eye and lining of the undersurface of the eyelids), has many etiologies, including infection from various bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as toxic and allergic insults. […] The bacterial etiology often depends on geography and age, but the most common include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, and Moraxella species. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis most often occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Risk factors include exposure to infected individuals, fomite contact (eg, towels, napkins, pillow cases, slit-lamp chin rests and handles), contact lens wear, sinusitis, immunodeficiency states, prior ocular disease, trauma, and exposure to agents of sexually transmitted disease at birth.

• #88 Conjunctivitis – treatment, symptoms and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or irritants such as dust or chemicals. […] Conjunctivitis can be caused by: bacterial infection, viral infection, allergies, irritants such as dust or chemicals. […] Allergic conjunctivitis may be seasonal, or triggered by specific allergens, for example, pollen or animal dander. […] You can catch conjunctivitis from droplets from the eyes, mouth and throat of an infective person. This can happen through touch, coughing or sneezing. You can also catch it from contact with objects that were contaminated with infectious eye secretions, such as towels, face washers and tissues. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by exposure to allergens such as: dust mites, pollen, animal dander, mould spores, occasionally foods or food additives.

• #89 Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis can be divided into infectious and noninfectious causes. […] Noninfectious causes: Allergic: the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15-40% of the population and is observed more frequently in the spring and summer. […] Infectious causes: viruses and bacteria are the most common infectious causes. In children, infectious conjunctivitis is caused by a similar number of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cases. […] Viral: the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population (80%) and is more prevalent in the summer. […] Bacterial: the second most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis in the adult population; it is observed more frequently from December through April. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis can be contracted directly from infected individuals, by an abnormal proliferation of the native conjunctival flora, or from the spread of infection from the organisms colonizing the patient’s nasal and sinus mucosa.

• #90 Clinical Overview of Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) | Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Conjunctivitis is caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, contact lens use, chemicals, fungi, and certain diseases. […] Many species of bacteria can cause bacterial conjunctivitis including: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella lacunata, Neisseria gonorrhea, Neisseria meningitides. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by the body’s reaction to certain substances and allergens like pollen from trees, plants, grasses, and weeds, dust mites, animal dander, molds, contact lenses and lens solution, cosmetics. […] Viral conjunctivitis is very contagious and mostly spread through hand-to-eye contact by hands or objects that are contaminated with the virus. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is very contagious and can spread from person to person in many ways. […] Alternatively, changes in the usual bacteria that live on the conjunctiva can also cause conjunctivitis. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious.

• #91 Pink Eye: Causes and How It Spreads | Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/causes/index.html

  Pink eye caused by viruses or bacteria is very contagious. […] Most common causes of pink eye are viruses, bacteria, and allergens. […] Very contagious and sometimes can lead to large outbreaks depending on the virus. […] Cause: A number of different viruses, such as adenoviruses. […] Very contagious and can spread easily with certain bacteria and in certain settings. […] Cause: Certain bacteria. […] Not contagious from person to person. More common among people with other allergic conditions, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema. […] Cause: Body’s reaction to allergens, such as pollen from trees, plants, grasses, and weeds; dust mites; molds; dander from pets; medicines; or cosmetics. […] Not contagious from person to person. […] Cause: Irritation from a foreign body in the eye or contact with smoke, dust, fumes, or chemicals. […] Pink eye caused by viruses and bacteria can easily spread from person to person in different ways.

• #92

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis (pink eye) can be caused by: A virus, Bacteria, Allergies. […] Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are easily spread from person to person. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious. […] Children are more likely than adults to get pink eye from bacteria or viruses. […] Viral conjunctivitis usually causes burning, red eyes with a watery discharge. […] Viral pink eye is very contagious and spreads quickly among children and adults in schools and other crowded places. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis causes sore, red eyes, with a lot of sticky pus oozing out of the eye. […] The bacteria that cause this type of pink eye can be easily spread from person to person through hand-eye contact. […] Allergic pink eye makes your eyes very itchy, red, and watery. […] You might develop allergic pink eye if you have an allergic reaction to pollen, animals, cigarette smoke, pool chlorine, car fumes or something else in the environment.

• #93 Pink Eye: Causes and How It Spreads | Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/causes/index.html

  Pink eye caused by viruses or bacteria is very contagious. […] Most common causes of pink eye are viruses, bacteria, and allergens. […] Very contagious and sometimes can lead to large outbreaks depending on the virus. […] Cause: A number of different viruses, such as adenoviruses. […] Very contagious and can spread easily with certain bacteria and in certain settings. […] Cause: Certain bacteria. […] Not contagious from person to person. More common among people with other allergic conditions, such as hay fever, asthma, and eczema. […] Cause: Body’s reaction to allergens, such as pollen from trees, plants, grasses, and weeds; dust mites; molds; dander from pets; medicines; or cosmetics. […] Not contagious from person to person. […] Cause: Irritation from a foreign body in the eye or contact with smoke, dust, fumes, or chemicals. […] Pink eye caused by viruses and bacteria can easily spread from person to person in different ways.

• #94 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Conjunctivitis, which is defined as inflammation of the bulbar and/or palpebral conjunctiva (the transparent lubricating mucous membrane that covers both the surface of the eye and lining of the undersurface of the eyelids), has many etiologies, including infection from various bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as toxic and allergic insults. […] The bacterial etiology often depends on geography and age, but the most common include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, and Moraxella species. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis most often occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Risk factors include exposure to infected individuals, fomite contact (eg, towels, napkins, pillow cases, slit-lamp chin rests and handles), contact lens wear, sinusitis, immunodeficiency states, prior ocular disease, trauma, and exposure to agents of sexually transmitted disease at birth.

• #95

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis (pink eye) can be caused by: A virus, Bacteria, Allergies. […] Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are easily spread from person to person. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious. […] Children are more likely than adults to get pink eye from bacteria or viruses. […] Viral conjunctivitis usually causes burning, red eyes with a watery discharge. […] Viral pink eye is very contagious and spreads quickly among children and adults in schools and other crowded places. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis causes sore, red eyes, with a lot of sticky pus oozing out of the eye. […] The bacteria that cause this type of pink eye can be easily spread from person to person through hand-eye contact. […] Allergic pink eye makes your eyes very itchy, red, and watery. […] You might develop allergic pink eye if you have an allergic reaction to pollen, animals, cigarette smoke, pool chlorine, car fumes or something else in the environment.

• #96 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-conjunctivitis

  Pink eye, caused by some bacteria and viruses, can spread quickly from person to person. […] Though pink eye can happen to anyone, newborn babies are at a higher risk of having it. […] Bacterial strains affect children more often than adults. […] These infections spread easily and are typically seen from December through April. […] If bacteria, including those related to STDs, cause your pink eye, youll take antibiotics. […] If caused by a virus, pink eye gets better in 2-3 weeks. If caused by bacteria, antibiotics may speed up the healing process.

• #97 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Conjunctivitis, which is defined as inflammation of the bulbar and/or palpebral conjunctiva (the transparent lubricating mucous membrane that covers both the surface of the eye and lining of the undersurface of the eyelids), has many etiologies, including infection from various bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as toxic and allergic insults. […] The bacterial etiology often depends on geography and age, but the most common include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Pseudomonas, and Moraxella species. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis most often occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Risk factors include exposure to infected individuals, fomite contact (eg, towels, napkins, pillow cases, slit-lamp chin rests and handles), contact lens wear, sinusitis, immunodeficiency states, prior ocular disease, trauma, and exposure to agents of sexually transmitted disease at birth.

• #98 What Usually Causes Conjunctivitis?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_usually_causes_conjunctivitis/article.htm

  Recent upper respiratory infections such as the cold or flu. […] Diabetes or another illness that compromises your immune system. […] Use of corticosteroids which can impair your immunological function. […] Blepharitis (an infection of the eyelid rims). […] When an allergen (pollen, car fumes, cigarette smoke, animals, chlorine, or other environmental factors) comes into contact with your eyes, it can cause allergic conjunctivitis. […] Common causes of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis include: Grass, tree, or flower pollen. […] Dust mites. […] Dead animal skin. […] Causes of giant papillary conjunctivitis include: Contact lenses. […] Causes of irritant conjunctivitis vary widely and may include: Shampoo. […] Chlorine water in swimming pools. […] Foreign body in the eye. […] Fumes or smoke.

• #99 What Usually Causes Conjunctivitis?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_usually_causes_conjunctivitis/article.htm

  Recent upper respiratory infections such as the cold or flu. […] Diabetes or another illness that compromises your immune system. […] Use of corticosteroids which can impair your immunological function. […] Blepharitis (an infection of the eyelid rims). […] When an allergen (pollen, car fumes, cigarette smoke, animals, chlorine, or other environmental factors) comes into contact with your eyes, it can cause allergic conjunctivitis. […] Common causes of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis include: Grass, tree, or flower pollen. […] Dust mites. […] Dead animal skin. […] Causes of giant papillary conjunctivitis include: Contact lenses. […] Causes of irritant conjunctivitis vary widely and may include: Shampoo. […] Chlorine water in swimming pools. […] Foreign body in the eye. […] Fumes or smoke.

• #100 What Usually Causes Conjunctivitis?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_usually_causes_conjunctivitis/article.htm

  Recent upper respiratory infections such as the cold or flu. […] Diabetes or another illness that compromises your immune system. […] Use of corticosteroids which can impair your immunological function. […] Blepharitis (an infection of the eyelid rims). […] When an allergen (pollen, car fumes, cigarette smoke, animals, chlorine, or other environmental factors) comes into contact with your eyes, it can cause allergic conjunctivitis. […] Common causes of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis include: Grass, tree, or flower pollen. […] Dust mites. […] Dead animal skin. […] Causes of giant papillary conjunctivitis include: Contact lenses. […] Causes of irritant conjunctivitis vary widely and may include: Shampoo. […] Chlorine water in swimming pools. […] Foreign body in the eye. […] Fumes or smoke.

• #101 What Usually Causes Conjunctivitis?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_usually_causes_conjunctivitis/article.htm

  Recent upper respiratory infections such as the cold or flu. […] Diabetes or another illness that compromises your immune system. […] Use of corticosteroids which can impair your immunological function. […] Blepharitis (an infection of the eyelid rims). […] When an allergen (pollen, car fumes, cigarette smoke, animals, chlorine, or other environmental factors) comes into contact with your eyes, it can cause allergic conjunctivitis. […] Common causes of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis include: Grass, tree, or flower pollen. […] Dust mites. […] Dead animal skin. […] Causes of giant papillary conjunctivitis include: Contact lenses. […] Causes of irritant conjunctivitis vary widely and may include: Shampoo. […] Chlorine water in swimming pools. […] Foreign body in the eye. […] Fumes or smoke.

• #102 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Contact lens use is commonplace and thus deserves special consideration. It is known that contact lens wear, especially sleeping while wearing the lenses, is a common risk factor for bacterial corneal infection, especially in developed countries where contact lens use is more prevalent. […] Gram-negative conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, C trachomatis, and N gonorrhoeae. Gram-negative causes of conjunctivitis are especially virulent and can lead to severe infections of the cornea and possible ocular perforation within 24-48 hours of infection. […] The prognosis for complete recovery without sequelae is excellent in bacterial conjunctivitis, as long as the cornea is not involved. Most benign cases are treated with topical antibiotics or self-resolve. Bacterial conjunctivitis generally resolves within 1-2 weeks without treatment. Complications are expected to develop only in cases caused by extremely pathogenic bacteria, such as C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae.

• #103 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Contact lens use is commonplace and thus deserves special consideration. It is known that contact lens wear, especially sleeping while wearing the lenses, is a common risk factor for bacterial corneal infection, especially in developed countries where contact lens use is more prevalent. […] Gram-negative conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, C trachomatis, and N gonorrhoeae. Gram-negative causes of conjunctivitis are especially virulent and can lead to severe infections of the cornea and possible ocular perforation within 24-48 hours of infection. […] The prognosis for complete recovery without sequelae is excellent in bacterial conjunctivitis, as long as the cornea is not involved. Most benign cases are treated with topical antibiotics or self-resolve. Bacterial conjunctivitis generally resolves within 1-2 weeks without treatment. Complications are expected to develop only in cases caused by extremely pathogenic bacteria, such as C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae.

• #104 Pink eye (Conjunctivitis) – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis is an infection of the conjunctiva which is a transparent membrane covering the surface of eyeball and inner layer of eyelid. […] The common causes of conjunctivitis include infection by virus or bacteria, an allergy and incompletely opened tear duct in newborns. […] Pink eye may be a result of: Viral infection, Bacterial infection, Allergies, A chemical splash in the eye, A foreign object in the eye, A blocked tear duct in newborns. […] The most common cause of conjunctivitis is adenovirus. Other possible causes are herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and other viruses, including the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). […] Not cleaning your contact lenses properly or wearing other peoples contact lenses can lead to bacterial conjunctivitis.

• #105 Pink eye (Conjunctivitis) – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/pink-eye-conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis is an infection of the conjunctiva which is a transparent membrane covering the surface of eyeball and inner layer of eyelid. […] The common causes of conjunctivitis include infection by virus or bacteria, an allergy and incompletely opened tear duct in newborns. […] Pink eye may be a result of: Viral infection, Bacterial infection, Allergies, A chemical splash in the eye, A foreign object in the eye, A blocked tear duct in newborns. […] The most common cause of conjunctivitis is adenovirus. Other possible causes are herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and other viruses, including the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). […] Not cleaning your contact lenses properly or wearing other peoples contact lenses can lead to bacterial conjunctivitis.

• #106 Conjunctivitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis is most often caused by germs such as viruses and bacteria. […] „Pink eye” most often refers to a highly contagious viral infection that spreads easily among children. […] Conjunctivitis can be found in people with COVID-19 before they have other typical symptoms. […] In newborns, an eye infection may be caused by bacteria in the birth canal. […] Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the conjunctiva becomes inflamed due to a reaction to pollen, dander, mold, or other allergy-causing substances. […] Anything which irritates the eye may also cause conjunctivitis. These include chemicals, smoke, dust, and over-use of contact lenses (often extended-wear lenses) can lead to conjunctivitis.

• #107 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  Conjunctivitis refers to the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva. Conjunctivitis, the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, represents the most prevalent cause of eye redness in both primary care and the emergency department. This condition places a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Conjunctivitis is the most prevalent etiology of eye redness and discharge. The etiology of this condition could be infectious or noninfectious; the most common is viral conjunctivitis, followed by bacterial conjunctivitis, and among noninfectious etiologies, the most common etiologies are allergic and toxin-induced conjunctivitis. […] Eye redness and discharge are often caused by conjunctivitis, which can be infectious or noninfectious. Viral conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, followed by bacterial conjunctivitis. Allergic and toxin-induced conjunctivitis are the most common noninfectious causes.

• #108 Conjunctivitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by a virus. Bacterial infections, allergies, other irritants, and dryness are also common causes. Both bacterial and viral infections are contagious, passing from person to person or spread through contaminated objects or water. Contact with contaminated fingers is a common cause of conjunctivitis. Bacteria may also reach the conjunctiva from the edges of the eyelids and the surrounding skin, from the nasopharynx, from infected eye drops or contact lenses, from the genitals or the bloodstream. Infection by human adenovirus accounts for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis. […] The most common causes of acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. […] Conjunctivitis may also be caused by allergens such as pollen, perfumes, cosmetics, smoke, dust mites, Balsam of Peru, or eye drops. The most frequent cause of conjunctivitis is allergic conjunctivitis and it affects 15% to 40% of the population.

• #109 Conjunctivitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/eyes/conjunctivitis/

  Conjunctivitis happens when the conjunctiva becomes inflamed. This is a thin layer of cells covering the front of your eyes. […] The 3 most common causes of this inflammation are: infection (infective conjunctivitis), an allergic reaction (allergic conjunctivitis), something irritating the conjunctiva, like a loose eyelash (irritant conjunctivitis). […] Treatment for conjunctivitis will depend on whats causing it. […] You may be prescribed antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection. But these wont work if the symptoms are caused by a virus or an allergy. […] Some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can cause conjunctivitis. This type takes longer to get better.

• #110 Patient education: Conjunctivitis (pink eye) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/conjunctivitis-pink-eye-beyond-the-basics/print

  Viral conjunctivitis is typically caused by a virus that can also cause the common cold. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis is highly contagious, often affecting multiple family members or children within a classroom. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is caused by airborne allergens that come in contact with the eye. […] Toxic conjunctivitis (also called toxic keratoconjunctivitis) is a chronic inflammation of the surface of the eye from an offending agent, usually a preservative or a medication. […] It is possible to develop a red eye and discharge that is not caused by an infection or allergy or toxicity. The most common causes include one of the following: People with a dry eye may have chronic or intermittent redness or discharge. A person whose eyes are irrigated after a chemical splash may have redness and discharge. A person with a foreign body (eg, dust, eyelash) in the eye may have redness and discharge for 12 to 24 hours after the object is removed. […] The treatment of conjunctivitis depends upon the cause. For this reason, it is important to have the correct diagnosis before treatment begins.

• #111 Viral Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470271/

  Conjunctivitis, also known as „pink eye”, is inflammation of the conjunctiva. The three most common causes of conjunctivitis are viral, allergic, and bacterial, and the majority of cases are caused by adenovirus. […] The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses. The adenovirus is part of the Adenoviridae family that consists of a nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus. […] Up to 90% of viral conjunctivitis cases are caused by adenoviruses. […] Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is estimated to be responsible for 1.3 – 4.8% of acute conjunctivitis cases. […] Picornaviruses EV70 and coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) are thought to be the responsible pathogens. […] The most recent isolated strain of coronavirus, COVID-19 has been reported to cause conjunctivitis along with fever, cough, respiratory distress, and death. […] The vast majority of viral conjunctivitis is caused by adenoviruses, and frequent hand washing, disinfection, and isolation of conjunctivitis patients can reduce further community transmission.

• #112 Infective conjunctivitis (pink eye): Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/157671

  The CDC also indicate that symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis due to C. trachomatis usually appear 5-12 days after delivery. […] If the bacteria is due to N. gonorrhoeae, they typically appear after 2-4 days. […] Pinkeye may also be a reaction to eye drops given at birth to prevent infection. […] Conjunctivitis does not usually lead to complications. However, it can be a symptom of a more serious condition. […] A person with severe or persistent symptoms should seek medical attention to reduce the risk of further problems. […] However, infective conjunctivitis can sometimes be severe and progress rapidly in newborns. […] If an STI is present, other complications can arise. […] For example, without treatment, 10-20% of newborns with infective conjunctivitis due to C. trachomatis will also develop pneumonia, which can be life-threatening. […] Pinkeye can result from many causes. Infective conjunctivitis can be highly contagious.

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