Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  Conjunctivitis affects many people and imposes economic and social burdens. It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis alone was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year. […] A majority of conjunctivitis patients are initially treated by primary care physicians rather than eye care professionals. Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Approximately 70% of all patients with acute conjunctivitis present to primary care and urgent care. […] The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population and is more prevalent in summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority (50%-75%) of cases in children; it is observed more frequently from December through April. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is observed more frequently in spring and summer.

• #1 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  The occurrence of conjunctivitis depends on various factors such as age, gender, and time of the year. In the emergency department, cases of acute conjunctivitis show a bimodal distribution. The first peak is observed among children under 7, with the highest incidence between 0 and 4 years. The second peak occurs at 22 years in women and 28 years in men. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is the most common cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is often observed in spring and summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis rates are highest from December to April. […] Regardless of changes in climate or weather patterns, seasonality is consistent for all geographic regions, as described in a nationwide emergency department study.

• #1 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Bacterial conjunctivitis is common worldwide. The estimated incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States is 135 cases per 10,000 population annually, constituting approximately 1% of all primary care consultations. Internationally, isolated epidemics can be devastating in areas affected by blinding infections of newborns, especially in areas heavily affected by C trachomatis, which can cause blindness in up to 8% of the population. Staphylococcal infection was the most common etiology in Paraguay, Pseudomonas in Thailand, and streptococci in India. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs in persons of all races, although differences in frequencies may be reflected by geographic variations of pathogen prevalence. […] Age is a relevant factor in the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis. In the United States, bacterial conjunctivitis is more prevalent in children than in adults; 23% of cases are reported in children aged 0-2 years, 28% in children aged 3-9 years, and 13% in children aged 10-19 years. Adults account for 36% of cases. H influenzae is the most common pathogen in children, followed by S pneumoniae, S aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In adults, S aureus, H influenzae, S pneumoniae, and Moraxella species are the most common pathogens; MRSA prevalence has been increasing in nursing homes.

• #1 Conjunctivitis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617298/all/Conjunctivitis?q=Conjunctivitis

  Children: Viral infection is the most common cause and is highly contagious. […] Neonates: Ophthalmia neonatorum, conjunctivitis in the 1st month of life, is the most common infection in neonates. Remains a significant cause of blindness in children worldwide. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common infectious cause.

• #1 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Estimating the Incidence of Conjunctivitis by Comparing the Frequency of Google Search Terms With Clinical Data: Retrospective Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/3/e22645/

  Background: Infectious conjunctivitis is contagious and may lead to an outbreak. Prevention systems can help to avoid an outbreak. […] Objective: We aimed to evaluate if Google search data on conjunctivitis and associated terms can be used to estimate the incidence and if the data can provide an estimation for outbreaks. […] The search volume for the German term for conjunctivitis in Germany as a whole and in the 12 German cities showed a highly uniform seasonal pattern. […] Cross-correlation between the temporal search frequencies in Germany as a whole and the 12 selected cities was high without any lag. […] Cross-correlation of the search volume in Freiburg with the frequency of conjunctivitis (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems [ICD] code group H10.-) from the centralized ophthalmologic emergency practice in Freiburg revealed a considerable temporal association, with the emergency practice lagging behind the frequency.

• #1 Conjunctivitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p735.html/1000

  Viral conjunctivitis often occurs in community epidemics, with the virus transmitted in schools, workplaces and physicians’ offices. […] Patients with viral conjunctivitis typically present with an acutely red eye, watery discharge, conjunctival swelling, a tender preauricular node, and, in some cases, photophobia and a foreign-body sensation. […] Ocular allergy encompasses a spectrum of distinct clinical conditions usually characterized by itching. […] Common noninfectious causes of conjunctivitis include dry eye and inflammation of the conjunctiva related to use of medications or wearing contact lenses.

• #1 Changes in epidemiology of conjunctivitis in Hospital Banco de Olhos de Porto Alegre after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic – Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia

  https://www.rbojournal.org/en/article/changes-in-epidemiology-of-conjunctivitis-in-hospital-banco-de-olhos-de-porto-alegre-after-the-outbreak-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/

  Changes in epidemiology of conjunctivitis in Hospital Banco de Olhos de Porto Alegre after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic […] The objective of this paper is to evaluate the profile of the cases of conjuntivitis treated in the emergency department of the Banco de Olhos Hospital, emphasizing the infectious conjunctivitis, and compare before and after the onset of the Coronavirus pandemic and social isolation, both in public and private health care system. […] A significant reduction in the number of consultations at the emergency department was observed after the beginning of the pandemic. From March to June 2019, 21.678 visits were made. In the same period of 2020, this number was 14.194, a drop of 34.5%. The rate of visits having conjunctivitis as main cause also dropped significantly. Infectious conjunctivitis was the one who showed the highest decrease. In 2019, it was responsible for 30.2% of the visits and, in 2020, for 15.5%.

• #1 Viral Conjunctivitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/676

  Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.

• #2 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  Conjunctivitis affects many people and imposes economic and social burdens. It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis alone was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year. […] A majority of conjunctivitis patients are initially treated by primary care physicians rather than eye care professionals. Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Approximately 70% of all patients with acute conjunctivitis present to primary care and urgent care. […] The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population and is more prevalent in summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority (50%-75%) of cases in children; it is observed more frequently from December through April. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is observed more frequently in spring and summer.

• #2 The Conjunctivitis Conundrum

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-conjunctivitis-conundrum

  Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of eye redness and discharge. The three most common types are viral, allergic and bacterial. Acute conjunctivitis of all causes is estimated to occur in six million Americans annually. The highest rates are among children younger than seven years with the highest incidence occurring between birth and four years. Another peak occurs in women at age 22 and men at age 28. Overall conjunctivitis rates are slightly higher in women than men. Peak seasonal incidence occurs in children in March and in other age groups in May, and this seasonal occurrence is consistent in all geographic regions regardless of changes in climate or weather patterns. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is seen most often in the spring and summer. Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is second most common and its rates are highest from December to April.

• #2 Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In the United States, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is 23,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 0-2 year age range), 28,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 3-9 year range), 13,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 10-19 year range) with the remaining 36,000 per 100,000 cases (in adults). […] In developing countries, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is continuing to decrease. […] In the Africa, the incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis is still high.

• #2 Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum still blinds approximately 10,000 babies annually. […] The prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis is estimated to range from 6,000 to 40,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] The prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Dry eye syndrome) approximately ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] The incidence of infective conjunctivitis is higher in children 1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient) than in children 4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient). […] Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are 5 per 1,000 live births.

• #2 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Bacterial conjunctivitis is common worldwide. The estimated incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States is 135 cases per 10,000 population annually, constituting approximately 1% of all primary care consultations. Internationally, isolated epidemics can be devastating in areas affected by blinding infections of newborns, especially in areas heavily affected by C trachomatis, which can cause blindness in up to 8% of the population. Staphylococcal infection was the most common etiology in Paraguay, Pseudomonas in Thailand, and streptococci in India. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs in persons of all races, although differences in frequencies may be reflected by geographic variations of pathogen prevalence. […] Age is a relevant factor in the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis. In the United States, bacterial conjunctivitis is more prevalent in children than in adults; 23% of cases are reported in children aged 0-2 years, 28% in children aged 3-9 years, and 13% in children aged 10-19 years. Adults account for 36% of cases. H influenzae is the most common pathogen in children, followed by S pneumoniae, S aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In adults, S aureus, H influenzae, S pneumoniae, and Moraxella species are the most common pathogens; MRSA prevalence has been increasing in nursing homes.

• #2 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Estimating the Incidence of Conjunctivitis by Comparing the Frequency of Google Search Terms With Clinical Data: Retrospective Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/3/e22645/

  Additionally, Pearson correlation between the count of patients per month and the count of searches per month in Freiburg was statistically significant (P=.04). […] We observed a close correlation between the Google search volume for the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis and the frequency of patients with a congruent diagnosis in the Freiburg region. […] Regional deviations from the nationwide average search volume may therefore indicate a regional outbreak of infectious conjunctivitis. […] Since 2001, in Germany, adenoviral epidemic keratoconjunctivitis has been a notifiable disease according to the German Protection Against Infection Act (IfSG). […] From an epidemiological point of view, this is a serious problem because this precludes preventive measures to contain the outbreak.

• #2

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001219.htm

  In September and October 1981, an outbreak of conjunctivitis involving primarily grade-school-aged children occurred in southeastern Georgia. Between September 5 and October 16, the Office of Epidemiology, Georgia Department of Human Resources, received both passive and active surveillance reports of over 2,000 conjunctivitis cases in 20 counties. Reports suggested that the outbreak peaked in the week ending September 19. […] Health authorities considered the possibility that gnats (Hippelates pusio) were responsible for mechanical transmission of this disease. These insects derive nourishment from eye secretions and were unusually prevalent during the outbreak period. […] In this outbreak, transmission by gnats was suggested. It was hypothesized that such transmission may have been facilitated when children congregated in school yards. It was not possible, however, to discern the relative importance of vector or direct person-to-person spread.

• #2 Changes in epidemiology of conjunctivitis in Hospital Banco de Olhos de Porto Alegre after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic – Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia

  https://www.rbojournal.org/en/article/changes-in-epidemiology-of-conjunctivitis-in-hospital-banco-de-olhos-de-porto-alegre-after-the-outbreak-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/

  Changes in epidemiology of conjunctivitis in Hospital Banco de Olhos de Porto Alegre after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic […] The objective of this paper is to evaluate the profile of the cases of conjuntivitis treated in the emergency department of the Banco de Olhos Hospital, emphasizing the infectious conjunctivitis, and compare before and after the onset of the Coronavirus pandemic and social isolation, both in public and private health care system. […] A significant reduction in the number of consultations at the emergency department was observed after the beginning of the pandemic. From March to June 2019, 21.678 visits were made. In the same period of 2020, this number was 14.194, a drop of 34.5%. The rate of visits having conjunctivitis as main cause also dropped significantly. Infectious conjunctivitis was the one who showed the highest decrease. In 2019, it was responsible for 30.2% of the visits and, in 2020, for 15.5%.

• #2 The Conjunctivitis Conundrum

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-conjunctivitis-conundrum

  Conjunctivitis encompasses a wide range of diseases occurring worldwide. It rarely causes permanent vision loss, but its impact on patients quality of life can be considerable. It can cause them to miss work or school, not to mention its effect on their wallet. Our clinical duty is to properly diagnose and, when necessary, treat this condition, whatever its origin, with a targeted approach.

• #2 Viral Conjunctivitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/676

  EKC is a form of acute conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus, and an estimated one million people are known to contract this disease annually in Japan. Adenovirus is highly contagious and may occasionally spread in classrooms or offices. This virus is usually spread through the use of contaminated ophthalmic instruments and eye solutions, hand-to-eye contact with infected personnel, swimming pools, or fomites in close-contact situations. Restriction of clinical activities, which include delaying eye surgery, releasing hospital inpatients early, and closing ophthalmology wards, may be necessary owing to the risk of hospital-acquired EKC infections, which may result in major epidemics in ophthalmology wards. […] The risk of transmission is increased because adenovirus can persist for a particularly long period on environmental surfaces. O’Brien et al. reported that it can remain infectious on surfaces for up to 4–5 weeks.

• #3 The Conjunctivitis Conundrum

  https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-conjunctivitis-conundrum

  Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of eye redness and discharge. The three most common types are viral, allergic and bacterial. Acute conjunctivitis of all causes is estimated to occur in six million Americans annually. The highest rates are among children younger than seven years with the highest incidence occurring between birth and four years. Another peak occurs in women at age 22 and men at age 28. Overall conjunctivitis rates are slightly higher in women than men. Peak seasonal incidence occurs in children in March and in other age groups in May, and this seasonal occurrence is consistent in all geographic regions regardless of changes in climate or weather patterns. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is seen most often in the spring and summer. Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is second most common and its rates are highest from December to April.

• #3 Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis more commonly affects adults while bacterial conjunctivitis more commonly affects children. […] The prevalence and incidence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. […] The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses approximately ranges from 65,000 to 90,000 cases per 100,000 cases with viral conjunctivitis. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) ranges from 1,300 to 4,800 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.

• #3 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  Conjunctivitis affects many people and imposes economic and social burdens. It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis alone was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year. […] A majority of conjunctivitis patients are initially treated by primary care physicians rather than eye care professionals. Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Approximately 70% of all patients with acute conjunctivitis present to primary care and urgent care. […] The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population and is more prevalent in summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority (50%-75%) of cases in children; it is observed more frequently from December through April. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is observed more frequently in spring and summer.

• #3 Conjunctivitis | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617298/all/Conjunctivitis?q=Conjunctivitis

  Children: Viral infection is the most common cause and is highly contagious. […] Neonates: Ophthalmia neonatorum, conjunctivitis in the 1st month of life, is the most common infection in neonates. Remains a significant cause of blindness in children worldwide. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common infectious cause.

• #3 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Bacterial conjunctivitis is common worldwide. The estimated incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States is 135 cases per 10,000 population annually, constituting approximately 1% of all primary care consultations. Internationally, isolated epidemics can be devastating in areas affected by blinding infections of newborns, especially in areas heavily affected by C trachomatis, which can cause blindness in up to 8% of the population. Staphylococcal infection was the most common etiology in Paraguay, Pseudomonas in Thailand, and streptococci in India. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs in persons of all races, although differences in frequencies may be reflected by geographic variations of pathogen prevalence. […] Age is a relevant factor in the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis. In the United States, bacterial conjunctivitis is more prevalent in children than in adults; 23% of cases are reported in children aged 0-2 years, 28% in children aged 3-9 years, and 13% in children aged 10-19 years. Adults account for 36% of cases. H influenzae is the most common pathogen in children, followed by S pneumoniae, S aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In adults, S aureus, H influenzae, S pneumoniae, and Moraxella species are the most common pathogens; MRSA prevalence has been increasing in nursing homes.

• #3 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Estimating the Incidence of Conjunctivitis by Comparing the Frequency of Google Search Terms With Clinical Data: Retrospective Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/3/e22645/

  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of the analysis of Google search data to estimate the incidence of epidemic conjunctivitis. […] The cumulative Google search frequency of all associated terms in Freiburg revealed a temporal correlation with the density of patients diagnosed with conjunctivitis (ICD H10.-) in the centralized ophthalmologic emergency practice for the Freiburg region. […] The time lag between both time series was 30 days. […] In summary, our analysis demonstrates a clear correlation between the Google search volume for the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis and the density of patients who present with the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis. […] Google search data may be useful in combination with clinical data to assist in estimating the incidence of infectious conjunctivitis in the context of epidemic outbreaks.

• #3 Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis): What You Should Know – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/pink-eye-conjunctivitis-what-you-should-know/

  Conjunctivitis, or pink eye, is a common and treatable condition with various etiologies. […] Emerging surveillance tools and regional studies are enhancing our understanding of this condition, leading to better prevention and treatment strategies. […] Diagnosis of conjunctivitis is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic symptoms and patient history. However, emerging tools such as internet-based search engines and social media data are being explored to understand the epidemiologic patterns of conjunctivitis. […] This highlights the importance of regional surveillance to tailor appropriate public health interventions.

• #3 Changes in epidemiology of conjunctivitis in Hospital Banco de Olhos de Porto Alegre after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic – Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia

  https://www.rbojournal.org/en/article/changes-in-epidemiology-of-conjunctivitis-in-hospital-banco-de-olhos-de-porto-alegre-after-the-outbreak-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/

  The study showed a dramatic reduction in the number of visits at the emergency department of ophthalmology regarding infectious conjunctivitis after the beginning of the pandemic, and we believe that the cause is related with an increase of hygiene care, social isolation and restrictions caused by the Coronavirus pandemic. […] Keywords: Conjunctivitis; Coronavirus infections; COVID-19; Epidemiology; Eye banks; Pandemics

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/ijsgh/fulltext/2024/03010/rising_rates_of_conjunctivitis_in_pakistan_.29.aspx

  A delay in diagnosing and treating conjunctivitis can cause pain and eye loss, and access to healthcare facilities and adequate treatment is problematic owing to disparities in healthcare provision between urban and rural locations. […] The temperature and environment of Pakistan have a significant impact on the occurrence of eye infections like conjunctivitis, and as these illnesses may have a detrimental effect on ones quality of life and mental health, it is imperative that steps be taken to address the pandemic. […] According to the Provincial Health Department, conjunctivitis, often known as pink eye, is becoming more prevalent in the metropolis and surrounding metropolitan areas. […] Conjunctivitis is one of several eye ailments that people must contend with; it is very infectious and can spread in crowded settings.

• #3

  https://www.ajol.info/index.php/rphb/article/view/285422

  Conjunctivitis, a highly contagious eye condition, can significantly impact public health, especially in close-contact settings like schools. […] This conjunctivitis attack highlights the importance of rapid detection and response to infectious diseases in schools. […] Future prevention strategies should focus on hygiene measures, early case identification, isolation, and enhanced laboratory testing to manage school outbreaks effectively.

• #4 Infective Conjunctivitis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/infective-conjunctivitis-pro

  In adults, viral conjunctivitis is more common than bacterial conjunctivitis; however, in children and the elderly, bacterial conjunctivitis is more common than viral conjunctivitis. […] In general practice approximately 1% of all consultations are for acute infective conjunctivitis. […] Infective conjunctivitis accounts for around 35% of all eye problems presenting in general practice, with 13-14 cases per 1,000 population per year. […] Highest rates of diagnosis are in children under 7 years of age and diagnoses peak between the months of December and April. […] Estimates of the proportion of infective conjunctivitis that is bacterial vary widely between studies. Recent studies in primary care estimate that between 33% and 78% of cases are bacterial in origin.

• #4 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  The occurrence of conjunctivitis depends on various factors such as age, gender, and time of the year. In the emergency department, cases of acute conjunctivitis show a bimodal distribution. The first peak is observed among children under 7, with the highest incidence between 0 and 4 years. The second peak occurs at 22 years in women and 28 years in men. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is the most common cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is often observed in spring and summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis rates are highest from December to April. […] Regardless of changes in climate or weather patterns, seasonality is consistent for all geographic regions, as described in a nationwide emergency department study.

• #4 Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum still blinds approximately 10,000 babies annually. […] The prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis is estimated to range from 6,000 to 40,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] The prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Dry eye syndrome) approximately ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] The incidence of infective conjunctivitis is higher in children 1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient) than in children 4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient). […] Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are 5 per 1,000 live births.

• #4 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Bacterial conjunctivitis is common worldwide. The estimated incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States is 135 cases per 10,000 population annually, constituting approximately 1% of all primary care consultations. Internationally, isolated epidemics can be devastating in areas affected by blinding infections of newborns, especially in areas heavily affected by C trachomatis, which can cause blindness in up to 8% of the population. Staphylococcal infection was the most common etiology in Paraguay, Pseudomonas in Thailand, and streptococci in India. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs in persons of all races, although differences in frequencies may be reflected by geographic variations of pathogen prevalence. […] Age is a relevant factor in the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis. In the United States, bacterial conjunctivitis is more prevalent in children than in adults; 23% of cases are reported in children aged 0-2 years, 28% in children aged 3-9 years, and 13% in children aged 10-19 years. Adults account for 36% of cases. H influenzae is the most common pathogen in children, followed by S pneumoniae, S aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In adults, S aureus, H influenzae, S pneumoniae, and Moraxella species are the most common pathogens; MRSA prevalence has been increasing in nursing homes.

• #4 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Estimating the Incidence of Conjunctivitis by Comparing the Frequency of Google Search Terms With Clinical Data: Retrospective Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/3/e22645/

  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of the analysis of Google search data to estimate the incidence of epidemic conjunctivitis. […] The cumulative Google search frequency of all associated terms in Freiburg revealed a temporal correlation with the density of patients diagnosed with conjunctivitis (ICD H10.-) in the centralized ophthalmologic emergency practice for the Freiburg region. […] The time lag between both time series was 30 days. […] In summary, our analysis demonstrates a clear correlation between the Google search volume for the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis and the density of patients who present with the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis. […] Google search data may be useful in combination with clinical data to assist in estimating the incidence of infectious conjunctivitis in the context of epidemic outbreaks.

• #4 The epidemiology and treatment of conjunctivitis at Urgent Care Centre | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-epidemiology-and-treatment-of-conjunctivitis-at-urgent-care-centre-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Conjunctivitis is the most common ocular condition diagnosed at emergency departments (ED) in the USA, although it is generally not an emergent condition. […] In Israel, 0.64% of all ED visits (18% of patients presenting with an ocular problem) are due to a diagnosis of conjunctivitis. […] This study describes the demographics of patients presenting with conjunctivitis at community-based UCC. Treatment of conjunctivitis at UCC may be able to reduce ED burden, a notion that has not, to the best of our knowledge, been addressed yet. […] During the study period, 602,074 patients presented to UCC of which 5,045 (0.84%, 95% CI 0.740.94%) were identified as having conjunctivitis. […] The national ED database contained information about patients with conjunctivitis according to age group. […] Successful treatment of a condition at UCC can be measured by the referral rate to ED. […] The majority of patients (82%) received a prescription for topical antibiotics. […] UCC is a good and cheaper alternative to ED for the care of conjunctivitis.

• #4 Viral Conjunctivitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/676

  The incidence of this disease dramatically increases during summers in swimming pools. Water-borne disease outbreaks can be largely controlled by improving water quality; thus, ensuring the hygiene of the swimming pool is of paramount importance. In recent years, clinicians have shown a tendency to associate EKC and PCF with adenoviral conjunctivitis. […] Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) is an extremely contagious form of conjunctivitis, and its incubation period is approximately 1 day. AHC is mainly transmitted through hand-to-eye-to-hand contact. Small-scale outbreaks of AHC are common in primary and secondary schools and as well as colleges in China. […] Cases of adenoviral conjunctivitis should be remarked on from now on.

• #5 Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum still blinds approximately 10,000 babies annually. […] The prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis is estimated to range from 6,000 to 40,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] The prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Dry eye syndrome) approximately ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] The incidence of infective conjunctivitis is higher in children 1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient) than in children 4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient). […] Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are 5 per 1,000 live births.

• #5 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  Conjunctivitis affects many people and imposes economic and social burdens. It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis alone was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year. […] A majority of conjunctivitis patients are initially treated by primary care physicians rather than eye care professionals. Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Approximately 70% of all patients with acute conjunctivitis present to primary care and urgent care. […] The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population and is more prevalent in summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority (50%-75%) of cases in children; it is observed more frequently from December through April. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is observed more frequently in spring and summer.

• #5 Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  In the United States, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is 23,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 0-2 year age range), 28,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 3-9 year range), 13,000 per 100,000 cases (in the 10-19 year range) with the remaining 36,000 per 100,000 cases (in adults). […] In developing countries, the incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis is continuing to decrease. […] In the Africa, the incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis is still high.

• #5 Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (OAMJMS).

  https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/5787

  Conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye disorders in the worldwide. The incidence of conjunctivitis in Indonesia reached 73% of the population. Conjunctivitis cases in Yogyakarta City have increased from year to year. […] The results of the bivariate analysis showed that age, the distance between the house and the river, the distance between the place and the temporary garbage dump, contacted from a close friend, the windows of the house were always opened every day as risk factors affecting the incidence of conjunctivitis. […] The studys decision is the social-environmental as a risk factor for conjunctivitis in Yogyakarta.

• #5 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Estimating the Incidence of Conjunctivitis by Comparing the Frequency of Google Search Terms With Clinical Data: Retrospective Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/3/e22645/

  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of the analysis of Google search data to estimate the incidence of epidemic conjunctivitis. […] The cumulative Google search frequency of all associated terms in Freiburg revealed a temporal correlation with the density of patients diagnosed with conjunctivitis (ICD H10.-) in the centralized ophthalmologic emergency practice for the Freiburg region. […] The time lag between both time series was 30 days. […] In summary, our analysis demonstrates a clear correlation between the Google search volume for the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis and the density of patients who present with the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis. […] Google search data may be useful in combination with clinical data to assist in estimating the incidence of infectious conjunctivitis in the context of epidemic outbreaks.

• #5 Epidemiology of Conjunctivitis in US Emergency Departments | Scilit

  https://www.scilit.com/publications/5df6e4de5632d2df3e45d730145bce1f

  Conjunctivitis is the most common ocular condition diagnosed in US emergency departments (EDs), accounting for almost one-third of all eye-related encounters. […] Because of its generally nonemergent nature, understanding the burden and timing of conjunctivitis may allow preemptive triage to a less expensive health care setting.

• #6 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Bacterial conjunctivitis is common worldwide. The estimated incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States is 135 cases per 10,000 population annually, constituting approximately 1% of all primary care consultations. Internationally, isolated epidemics can be devastating in areas affected by blinding infections of newborns, especially in areas heavily affected by C trachomatis, which can cause blindness in up to 8% of the population. Staphylococcal infection was the most common etiology in Paraguay, Pseudomonas in Thailand, and streptococci in India. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs in persons of all races, although differences in frequencies may be reflected by geographic variations of pathogen prevalence. […] Age is a relevant factor in the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis. In the United States, bacterial conjunctivitis is more prevalent in children than in adults; 23% of cases are reported in children aged 0-2 years, 28% in children aged 3-9 years, and 13% in children aged 10-19 years. Adults account for 36% of cases. H influenzae is the most common pathogen in children, followed by S pneumoniae, S aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In adults, S aureus, H influenzae, S pneumoniae, and Moraxella species are the most common pathogens; MRSA prevalence has been increasing in nursing homes.

• #6 Conjunctivitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctivitis

  Conjunctivitis is the most common eye disease. Rates of disease is related to the underlying cause which varies by the age as well as the time of year. Acute conjunctivitis is most frequently found in infants, school-age children and the elderly. The most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis is viral conjunctivitis. […] It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States. […] Some seasonal trends have been observed for the occurrence of different forms of conjunctivitis. In the northern hemisphere, the occurrence of bacterial conjunctivitis peaks from December to April, viral conjunctivitis peaks in the summer months and allergic conjunctivitis is more prevalent throughout the spring and summer. […] In September 2023, a significant outbreak of conjunctivitis occurred in Pakistan. The outbreak began in Karachi and quickly spread to Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. By the end of the month, over 86,133 cases had been reported in Punjab alone. The rapid spread of the disease led to the temporary closure of schools in the region. This event marked one of the largest outbreaks of Pink Eye in the country’s recent history.

• #7 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  Conjunctivitis affects many people and imposes economic and social burdens. It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis alone was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year. […] A majority of conjunctivitis patients are initially treated by primary care physicians rather than eye care professionals. Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Approximately 70% of all patients with acute conjunctivitis present to primary care and urgent care. […] The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population and is more prevalent in summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority (50%-75%) of cases in children; it is observed more frequently from December through April. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is observed more frequently in spring and summer.

• #7 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  The occurrence of conjunctivitis depends on various factors such as age, gender, and time of the year. In the emergency department, cases of acute conjunctivitis show a bimodal distribution. The first peak is observed among children under 7, with the highest incidence between 0 and 4 years. The second peak occurs at 22 years in women and 28 years in men. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is the most common cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is often observed in spring and summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis rates are highest from December to April. […] Regardless of changes in climate or weather patterns, seasonality is consistent for all geographic regions, as described in a nationwide emergency department study.

• #8 Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Conjunctivitis accounts for 1% of all primary care and emergency room visits. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis more commonly affects adults while bacterial conjunctivitis more commonly affects children. […] The prevalence and incidence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. […] The incidence of viral conjunctivitis is approximately 80,000 per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses approximately ranges from 65,000 to 90,000 cases per 100,000 cases with viral conjunctivitis. The incidence of viral conjunctivitis caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) ranges from 1,300 to 4,800 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis. The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 1,350 cases per 100,000 cases with acute conjunctivitis.

• #8

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004170050191

  Background: We set out to establish the epidemiology of viral conjunctivities over a 10-year period in Sapporo, northern Japan. […] Among the 965 patients, cumulative frequency of adenovirus (Ad) was 721 (75%). […] Adenoviral conjunctivitis occurred most often in July and August each year. […] In this study, the main etiological agent of viral conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan, was Ad; however, attention should be paid to non-adenoviral agents, such as HSV and Chlamydia trachomatis, as possible causes of acute conjunctivitis.

• #9 Viral Conjunctivitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/676

  Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.

• #10 Viral Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-overview

  Viral conjunctivitis is a common ocular disease in the United States and worldwide. Because it is so common, and because many cases are not brought to medical attention, accurate statistics on the frequency of the disease are unavailable. An estimated 6 million new cases of viral conjunctivitis occur annually in the United States. […] Viral conjunctivitis can affect all age groups, depending on the specific viral etiology. Usually, adenovirus affects patients aged 20-40 years. HSV and primary VZV infection usually affect young children and infants. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus results from reactivation of latent VZV infection and may present in any age group. Typically, the picornaviruses affect children and young adults in the lower socioeconomic classes.

• #11 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  Conjunctivitis affects many people and imposes economic and social burdens. It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis alone was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year. […] A majority of conjunctivitis patients are initially treated by primary care physicians rather than eye care professionals. Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Approximately 70% of all patients with acute conjunctivitis present to primary care and urgent care. […] The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population and is more prevalent in summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority (50%-75%) of cases in children; it is observed more frequently from December through April. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is observed more frequently in spring and summer.

• #12 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  The literature published through March 2013 was reviewed by searching PubMed, the ISI Web of Knowledge database, and the Cochrane Library. […] The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 135 in 10,000 in one study. […] At least 60% of cases of suspected or culture-proven acute bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting within 1 to 2 weeks of presentation. […] The majority of cases of allergic conjunctivitis are due to seasonal allergies.

• #13 Bacterial Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191730-overview

  Bacterial conjunctivitis is common worldwide. The estimated incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States is 135 cases per 10,000 population annually, constituting approximately 1% of all primary care consultations. Internationally, isolated epidemics can be devastating in areas affected by blinding infections of newborns, especially in areas heavily affected by C trachomatis, which can cause blindness in up to 8% of the population. Staphylococcal infection was the most common etiology in Paraguay, Pseudomonas in Thailand, and streptococci in India. […] Bacterial conjunctivitis occurs in persons of all races, although differences in frequencies may be reflected by geographic variations of pathogen prevalence. […] Age is a relevant factor in the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis. In the United States, bacterial conjunctivitis is more prevalent in children than in adults; 23% of cases are reported in children aged 0-2 years, 28% in children aged 3-9 years, and 13% in children aged 10-19 years. Adults account for 36% of cases. H influenzae is the most common pathogen in children, followed by S pneumoniae, S aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis. In adults, S aureus, H influenzae, S pneumoniae, and Moraxella species are the most common pathogens; MRSA prevalence has been increasing in nursing homes.

• #14 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  The literature published through March 2013 was reviewed by searching PubMed, the ISI Web of Knowledge database, and the Cochrane Library. […] The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 135 in 10,000 in one study. […] At least 60% of cases of suspected or culture-proven acute bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting within 1 to 2 weeks of presentation. […] The majority of cases of allergic conjunctivitis are due to seasonal allergies.

• #15 Conjunctivitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541034/

  The occurrence of conjunctivitis depends on various factors such as age, gender, and time of the year. In the emergency department, cases of acute conjunctivitis show a bimodal distribution. The first peak is observed among children under 7, with the highest incidence between 0 and 4 years. The second peak occurs at 22 years in women and 28 years in men. […] Allergic conjunctivitis is the most common cause of conjunctivitis, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is often observed in spring and summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis rates are highest from December to April. […] Regardless of changes in climate or weather patterns, seasonality is consistent for all geographic regions, as described in a nationwide emergency department study.

• #16 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  Conjunctivitis affects many people and imposes economic and social burdens. It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis alone was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year. […] A majority of conjunctivitis patients are initially treated by primary care physicians rather than eye care professionals. Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Approximately 70% of all patients with acute conjunctivitis present to primary care and urgent care. […] The prevalence of conjunctivitis varies according to the underlying cause, which may be influenced by the patients age, as well as the season of the year. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis both overall and in the adult population and is more prevalent in summer. Bacterial conjunctivitis is the second most common cause and is responsible for the majority (50%-75%) of cases in children; it is observed more frequently from December through April. Allergic conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause, affecting 15% to 40% of the population, and is observed more frequently in spring and summer.

• #17 Conjunctivitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4049531/

  The literature published through March 2013 was reviewed by searching PubMed, the ISI Web of Knowledge database, and the Cochrane Library. […] The incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis was estimated to be 135 in 10,000 in one study. […] At least 60% of cases of suspected or culture-proven acute bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting within 1 to 2 weeks of presentation. […] The majority of cases of allergic conjunctivitis are due to seasonal allergies.

• #18 Conjunctivitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Conjunctivitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum still blinds approximately 10,000 babies annually. […] The prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis is estimated to range from 6,000 to 40,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] The prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Dry eye syndrome) approximately ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. […] The incidence of infective conjunctivitis is higher in children 1 year old (8,000 cases per 100,000 patient) than in children 4 years of age (1,200 cases per 100,000 patient). […] Prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis has decreased significantly in developed countries since the abandonment of silver nitrate as topical prophylaxis. Current prevalence of neonatal conjunctivitis in developed countries are 5 per 1,000 live births.

• #19 Allergic Conjunctivitis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Allergic_Conjunctivitis

  Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common forms of conjunctivitis. In a report from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey studying the epidemiology of allergic conjunctivitis, 6.4% and 29.7% of 20,010 patients reported ocular symptoms and combined ocular and nasal symptoms, respectively. 40% of the population reported experiencing at least 1 occurrence of ocular symptoms in the past 12 months. […] Atopic keratoconjunctivitis occurs predominantly between the late teenage years and fifth decade of life. It relapses and remits with no seasonal correlation. Atopic dermatitis is present in 95% of cases and asthma in 87% of cases. […] Vernal keratoconjunctivitis changes with the seasons. Commonly seen in prepubescent males ranging from age 5-20 with a peak incidence at 11-13. Males are twice as often affected than females. More often seen in warm, dry, climates with a decrease in inflammation and symptoms in the winter.

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