Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Intestinal obstruction – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20351460

  Intestinal obstruction is a blockage that keeps food or liquid from passing through your small intestine or large intestine (colon). Causes of intestinal obstruction may include fibrous bands of tissue (adhesions) in the abdomen that form after surgery; hernias; colon cancer; certain medications; or strictures from an inflamed intestine caused by certain conditions, such as Crohn’s disease or diverticulitis. […] The most common causes of intestinal obstruction in adults are: Intestinal adhesions bands of fibrous tissue in the abdominal cavity that can form after abdominal or pelvic surgery; Hernias portions of intestine that protrude into another part of your body; Colon cancer. […] Other possible causes of intestinal obstruction include: Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease; Diverticulitis a condition in which small, bulging pouches (diverticula) in the digestive tract become inflamed or infected; Twisting of the colon (volvulus); Impacted feces.

• #2 Intestinal obstruction and Ileus: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000260.htm

  Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the bowel. The contents of the intestine cannot pass through it. […] Obstruction of the bowel may be due to: A mechanical cause, which means something is partially of fully blocking the bowel; Ileus, a condition in which the bowel does not work correctly, but there is no structural problem causing the obstruction. […] Paralytic ileus, also called pseudo-obstruction, is one of the major causes of intestinal obstruction in infants and children. Causes of paralytic ileus may include: Bacteria or viruses that cause intestinal infections (gastroenteritis); Chemical, electrolyte, or mineral imbalances (such as decreased blood potassium level); Abdominal surgery; Decreased blood supply to the intestines; Infections inside the abdomen, such as appendicitis; Kidney or lung disease; Use of certain medicines, especially narcotics.

• #3 Intestinal Obstruction Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/gastroenterology/intestinal-obstruction/causes-and-diagnoses

  Intestinal obstructions can be caused by: Impacted stool […] Adhesions (fibrous scar tissue) from surgery […] Stricture (narrowing) from Crohn’s disease or diverticulitis […] Volvulus (twisted bowel) […] Hernias […] Colon cancer or noncancerous tumor. Pseudo-obstruction can be present at birth, have a genetic cause or develop in response to other disorders, including: Abdominal surgery […] Medications that inhibit muscle movement, such as opioids […] Radiation […] Neuro-muscular diseases, including lupus, scleroderma and Parkinsons disease […] Infections […] Cancers.

• #4 Bowel Obstruction: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/bowel-obstruction

  A bowel obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of your small intestine or large intestine (bowels). The most common causes include scar tissue forming after abdominal surgery, hernias and colon cancer. […] The three most common causes of a bowel obstruction: adhesions, hernias and cancer. Adhesions, hernias and cancer are all potential causes of a partial or complete bowel obstruction. […] The most common causes of bowel obstructions include: Abdominal adhesions (scar tissue) from surgeries: Adhesions are bands of scar tissue that may form after surgery on your abdomen or pelvis. Earlier abdominal surgery is the leading risk factor for small bowel obstruction in the U.S. […] Hernias: Segments of your intestine may break through a weakened section of your abdominal wall. Your bowel can become obstructed if its trapped or tightly pinched in the place where it pokes through. Hernias are the second most common cause of small bowel obstruction in the U.S.

• #5 Small Bowel Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448079/

  Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common surgical emergency resulting from mechanical or functional disruption of intestinal transit. This condition is most frequently caused by postoperative adhesions, followed by hernias, tumors, or less common conditions like volvulus, gallstone ileus, or endometriosis. […] The most common cause of SBO is postoperative adhesions, followed by hernias, while other etiologies include malignancies, inflammatory strictures, and congenital anomalies. […] The etiology of SBO encompasses a broad spectrum of mechanical and functional causes, each impacting management strategies and timing of surgical intervention. Mechanical SBO results from a physical barrier to the passage of bowel contents and can be classified based on the location of the obstruction: intraluminal, such as gallstone ileus; intramural, such as malignant lesions; and extrinsic, such as adhesions. In contrast, functional obstruction, termed ileus or paralytic ileus, arises from impaired peristalsis or metabolic disorders rather than a physical barrier.

• #6 Intestinal Obstruction – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastrointestinal-emergencies/intestinal-obstruction

  An obstruction of the intestine is a blockage that completely stops or seriously impairs the passage of food, fluid, digestive secretions, and gas through the intestines. […] The most common causes in adults are scar tissue resulting from previous abdominal surgery, hernias, and tumors. […] Causes of intestinal obstruction differ depending on the person’s age and the location of the obstruction. […] In adults, the most common causes overall are bands of internal scar tissue resulting from previous abdominal surgery (adhesions), parts of the intestine bulging through an abnormal opening (hernias), and tumors. […] An obstruction of the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum) may be caused by cancer of the pancreas, scarring from an ulcer, or Crohn disease. […] An obstruction of the large intestine is commonly caused by cancer, diverticulitis, or a hard lump of stool (fecal impaction). […] If an obstruction cuts off the blood supply to the intestine, the condition is called strangulation. […] Intestinal strangulation (cutting off of the blood supply to the intestine) usually results from one of 3 causes: strangulated hernia, volvulus, or intussusception.

• #7 Small Bowel Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448079/

  Postoperative adhesions are the leading cause of SBO in developed countries, accounting for up to 74% of cases, and are the second leading cause in developing nations. […] Abdominal wall hernias, external (eg, inguinal or umbilical) and internal, are the second most common cause of SBO in developed countries (globally the leading cause). […] Malignancy is the third most common cause of SBO after intraabdominal adhesions and hernias. […] A rare cause, gallstone ileus, occurs when a gallstone enters the bowel through a biliary-enteric fistula, causing obstruction, typically at the ileocecal valve. […] Crohn disease is a significant cause of SBO, with inflammation due to active disease accounting for 5% of all SBOs. […] SBO can also result from intestinal dysmotility (ie, impaired bowel movement without a physical blockage) that can be caused by functional gastrointestinal disorders like chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction, where the intestines lack normal peristaltic activity, or by drug-induced motility issues, such as those caused by opioids or anticholinergics. […] Small bowel encapsulation is a rare cause of SBO. […] Small bowel volvulus is another uncommon cause, where the bowel twists around its mesentery, obstructing blood flow and causing ischemia. […] Congenital or acquired adhesions are the most common causes of SBO in pediatric patients.

• #8 Intestinal Obstruction: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0915/p362.html

  Acute intestinal obstruction occurs when the forward flow of intestinal contents is interrupted or impaired by a mechanical cause. It is most commonly induced by intra-abdominal adhesions, malignancy, and herniation. […] The most common causes of acute intestinal obstruction include adhesions, neoplasms, and herniation. Adhesions resulting from prior abdominal surgery are the predominant cause of small bowel obstruction (SBO), accounting for 60% to 75% of cases. […] Obstruction secondary to neoplasm is rare and more common in the large bowel. Other causes include inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal intussusception, volvulus, intra-abdominal collection, gallstones, and foreign bodies. […] The pathologic effects of acute intestinal obstruction are fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and mechanical consequences of increased luminal pressure on intestinal perfusion.

• #9 What Causes Bowel Obstructions, And How Do You Treat Them? – Birmingham Gastroenterology Associates

  https://bgapc.com/what-causes-bowel-obstructions/

  A bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, occurs when there is a blockage that prevents the normal flow of digested food and liquids through the intestines. […] The most common cause of bowel obstructions is a mechanical blockage in the intestines. This can be caused by factors such as adhesions (scar tissue that forms after surgery), hernias, tumors, or impacted feces. […] This occurs when one segment of the intestine folds like a telescope into another, causing a blockage. […] This occurs when a segment of the intestine twists around itself, leading to a blockage. […] Narrowed areas of the intestine, often due to inflammation from conditions like Crohns disease, can lead to bowel obstructions. […] Both benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumors can grow in the intestines, causing a blockage. […] In some cases, ingesting foreign objects can lead to a bowel obstruction, especially in children.

• #10 Bowel Obstruction: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/bowel-obstruction

  Cancerous tumors: Cancerous tumors may form in your intestines or spread there from other parts of your body (metastatic cancer). These growths can cause partial or total blockages. Colon cancer is the leading cause of large bowel obstructions. […] Other causes of bowel obstructions include: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohns disease, can cause scar tissue to form in your intestinal walls. The scar tissue can build up and cause narrowing in your bowel (strictures). […] Diverticulitis: Diverticulitis occurs when small pockets called diverticula form in your colon and become inflamed. The swelling can cause your colon to narrow. As with IBD, scarring can occur that causes your colon to narrow. […] Intussusception: Intussusception is the main cause of bowel obstructions in children younger than 3. With this condition, one segment of the intestine collapses inside another segment (like a telescope). The collapsed segments can block the bowel and blood flow.

• #11 Large bowel obstruction | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/large-bowel-obstruction?lang=us

  The underlying etiology of large bowel obstructions is age-dependent, but in adulthood, the most common cause is colonic cancer (50-60%), typically in the sigmoid. […] The second most common cause in adults is acute diverticulitis (involving the sigmoid colon). Together, obstructing tumors and acute diverticulitis account for 90% of all causes of large bowel obstruction. Overall causes of large bowel obstruction include malignancy, colonic diverticulitis, volvulus, ischemic stricture, fecal impaction/fecaloma, hernias, and intussusception.

• #12 Large-Bowel Obstruction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/774045-overview

  Large-bowel obstruction (LBO) is an emergency condition that requires early identification and intervention. The etiology of this condition is age-dependent, and it can result either from mechanical interruption of the flow of intestinal contents or from dilatation of the colon in the absence of an anatomic lesion (pseudo-obstruction). Causes include neoplasms, inflammatory processes (diverticulitis), strictures, fecal impaction or volvulus. […] The most common causes of large-bowel obstructions (LBO) are colon carcinoma and volvulus. Approximately 60% of mechanical LBOs are caused by malignancies, 20% are caused by diverticular disease, and 10% are the result of colonic volvulus. The most common causes of adult large-bowel obstruction are as follows: Neoplasm (benign or malignant), Stricture (diverticular or ischemic), Volvulus (colonic, sigmoid, cecal), Intussusception, usually with an identifiable anatomic abnormality in adults but not in children, Impaction or obstipation.

• #13 Intestinal obstruction and Ileus: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000260.htm

  Mechanical causes of intestinal obstruction may include: Adhesions or scar tissue that form after surgery; Foreign bodies (objects that are swallowed and block the intestines); Gallstones (rare); Hernias; Impacted stool; Intussusception (telescoping of one segment of bowel into another); Tumors blocking the intestines; Volvulus (twisted intestine); Inflammatory diseases such as Crohn disease.

• #14 Bowel obstruction in adults – causes and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowel-obstruction

  Bowel obstruction (also called intestinal obstruction) is when something blocks the normal movement of food and liquids through your bowel (intestines). It can happen for a number of reasons. […] There are many potential causes of a bowel obstruction. Depending on your age and medical history, you might be more likely to develop certain types of bowel obstruction. […] In adults, the most common causes of bowel obstruction are: adhesions these are scars of tissue that can form between organs that shouldn’t be connected. The bowel can twist around the scar creating a knot around your intestine. Adhesions usually form after abdominal or pelvic surgery. bowel cancer hernias. […] Other causes include: inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn’s disease or Ulcerative Colitis diverticulitis volvulus when part of the bowel twists around itself intussusception when part of the bowel folds in on itself (more common in babies and young children) a foreign body, such as a swallowed object or gallstones severe constipation.

• #15 Bowel Obstruction: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/bowel-obstruction

  Volvulus: Some infants are born with a congenital condition (present at birth) called malrotation, where their intestines dont form properly. This condition can cause their intestines to twist (volvulus), resulting in a blockage. Adults can get twisted intestines, too, but this is rare. […] Radiation therapy to your abdomen, pelvis or rectum: Radiation enteritis is a complication of radiation therapy that occurs when the radiation causes scarring in healthy tissue. The scarring can cause strictures that obstruct your bowels. […] Ingesting a foreign object: Eating something your body cant break down and process (like non-food items) can obstruct your intestines.

• #16 Large-Bowel Obstruction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/774045-overview

  Obstructions caused by tumors tend to have a gradual onset and result from tumor growth narrowing the colonic lumen. Diverticulitis is associated with muscular hypertrophy of the colonic wall. Repetitive episodes of inflammation cause the colonic wall to become fibrotic and thickened, leading to luminal narrowing. […] A colonic volvulus results when the colon twists on its mesentery, which impairs the venous drainage and arterial inflow. Symptoms of this condition are usually abrupt. The cecum and sigmoid colon are most commonly affected. Volvulus typically occurs in elderly, debilitated individuals; patients living in an institutionalized setting; or patients with a history of chronic constipation. […] Intussusception is primarily a pediatric disease; however, it is estimated that 5-16% of all intussusceptions in the Western world occur in adults. Two thirds of adult intussusception cases are caused by tumors. Two main types of intussusception affect the large bowel: enterocolic and colocolic. […] ACPO (Ogilvie syndrome) has many etiologies. ACPO is a functional obstruction; it is typically seen in elderly or debilitated patients who are hospitalized with severe medical or traumatic illnesses. Medications that decrease intestinal motility are also associated with this disorder.

• #17 Sigmoid Volvulus: A Common Cause of Bowel Obstruction

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/sigmoid-volvulus-a-common-cause-of-bowel-obstruction

  Sigmoid volvulus (SV), the most frequent type of colonic volvulus, is a common cause of bowel obstruction. […] Although SV occurs in the setting of constipation and congenitally elongated colon, among other predisposing conditions, the precipitating factor in SV formation has not been confirmed. […] SV occurs most frequently in elderly, institutionalized, and chronically constipated persons, and it is the most common cause of large-bowel obstruction during pregnancy. […] The acquired causes of SV mainly include conditions that cause an increase in the span of the sigmoid colon, such as chronic constipation, infections, neuropsychiatric disorders, and electrolyte abnormalities. […] Other etiologic factors have been noted in different regions of the world. […] The high incidence of SV in areas such as Russia, India, Iran, Norway, and Africa has been attributed to the high-fiber vegetable diets prevalent in these regions. […] SV remains a cause of potentially lethal intestinal obstruction that is typically seen in debilitated elderly patients with multiple comorbidities who may not be candidates for surgical resection; it also occurs in institutionalized patients.

• #18 Intestinal obstruction – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20351460

  Intestinal pseudo-obstruction (paralytic ileus) can cause signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction, but it doesn’t involve a physical blockage. […] Diseases and conditions that can increase your risk of intestinal obstruction include: Abdominal or pelvic surgery, which often causes adhesions a common intestinal obstruction; Crohn’s disease, which can cause the intestine’s walls to thicken, narrowing the passageway; Cancer in your abdomen.

• #19 Large Bowel Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441888/

  Pseudo-obstruction, a dysfunction of colonic innervation, can stem from multiple etiologies, including trauma, surgery, pregnancy, inflammation, infection, chronic metabolic or neurogenic pathologies, medications, and chronic alcohol misuse. […] An estimated 6% lifetime risk of malignant large bowel obstruction has been reported. […] The incidence of colorectal carcinoma is increasing in young adults, often presenting as acute obstruction.

• #20 Bowel Obstruction: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-obstruction

  An intestinal obstruction happens when your intestines become blocked so that digested foods and fluids buildup. […] There are many potential causes of intestinal obstruction. […] An obstruction can be partial, which may get better without surgery. A complete blockage is more likely to need intestinal surgery. […] Mechanical obstructions are when something physically blocks your intestine. […] Although less common, mechanical obstructions can also block your colon, or large intestine. […] Your small and large intestines normally work in a coordinated system of movement. If something interrupts these coordinated contractions, it can cause a functional intestinal obstruction. […] Causes for an ileus include: abdominal or pelvic surgery, infections, such as gastroenteritis or appendicitis, some medications, including opioid pain medications, electrolyte imbalances.

• #21 Bowel Obstruction: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-obstruction

  Intestinal pseudo-obstruction can be caused by: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and other nerve and muscle disorders, Hirschsprungs disease, a disorder in which theres a lack of nerves in sections of the large intestine, disorders that cause nerve injury, such as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid gland. […] Treatment depends on the location and severity of the obstruction. […] A severe complication of a bowel obstruction can be permanent damage to your intestine. […] Intestinal obstruction in infants typically arises from: infections, organ diseases, decreased blood flow to the intestines (strangulation). […] Overall, the outlook of your condition depends on its cause. Most cases of intestinal obstruction are treatable. However, other causes, such as cancer, require long-term treatment and monitoring.

• #22 Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/chronic-intestinal-pseudo-obstruction

  Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is caused by nerve or muscle problems that prevent the intestines from contracting normally to move food, fluid, and air through the intestines. In many cases, the root cause is unknown. In children, the condition is typically congenital, meaning that most children who have it were born with it. […] Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction can be caused by a problem with the nerves or the muscles in the stomach and intestines: Neuropathic: when the stomach and intestines contract, but the contractions are unsynchronized due to a problem with the nerves in the gastrointestinal tract […] Myogenic: when the stomach does not contract or the contractions are weak due to a muscular problem. […] At times the problem with the intestinal movement may be secondary to other underlying conditions like metabolic problems, mitochondrial diseases, and surgery. These problems are considered secondary causes of pseudo-obstruction. They can have the same problems as children with the primary form.

• #23 Bowel obstruction | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bowel-obstruction?lang=us

  Bowel obstructions are usually divided according to where the obstruction occurs, and since imaging appearances, underlying pathology, and treatment differ, these are discussed separately: […] Small bowel obstruction: adhesions, hernias, malignancies […] Large bowel obstruction: cancer, volvulus, diverticular disease.

• #24 Bowel Obstruction Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/bowel-obstruction/causes.html

  Tumors, scar tissue (adhesions), or twisting or narrowing of the intestines can cause a bowel obstruction. Tehse are called mechanical obstructions. […] In the small intestine, scar tissue is most often the cause. Other causes include hernias and Crohn’s disease, which can twist or narrow the intestine, and tumors, which can block the intestine. A blockage also can happen if one part of the intestine folds like a telescope into another part, which is called intussusception. […] In the large intestine, cancer is most often the cause. Other causes are severe constipation from a hard mass of stool, and narrowing of the intestine caused by diverticulitis or inflammatory bowel disease.

• #25 Small-Bowel Obstruction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/774140-overview

  Adhesions, hernias, and malignancy are the predominant causes of SBO. The most common cause of SBO in developed countries is intra-abdominal adhesions, accounting for approximately 65% to 75% of cases. Postoperative adhesions can be the cause of acute obstruction within 4 weeks of surgery or of chronic obstruction decades later. The incidence of SBO parallels the increasing number of laparotomies performed in developing countries. […] Following adhesions, the most common causes of SBO in developed regions are hernias (incarcerated groin hernias) (10-20%), malignancy (10-20%), inflammatory bowel disease (5%), volvulus (3%), and miscellaneous causes (2%). […] In contrast, SBO in developing countries is primarily caused by hernias (30-40%), adhesions (about 30%), and tuberculosis (about 10%), along with malignancy, Crohn disease, volvulus, and parasitic infections.

• #26 Bowel obstruction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstruction

  Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. […] Causes of bowel obstruction include adhesions, hernias, volvulus, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis, tumors, diverticulitis, ischemic bowel, tuberculosis and intussusception. […] Small bowel obstructions are most often due to adhesions and hernias while large bowel obstructions are most often due to tumors and volvulus. […] Causes of small bowel obstruction include: adhesions from previous abdominal surgery (most common cause), hernias containing bowel, Crohn’s disease causing adhesions or inflammatory strictures, neoplasms, benign or malignant, intussusception, volvulus, superior mesenteric artery syndrome, ischemic strictures, foreign bodies, intestinal atresia, urinary retention. […] Causes of large bowel obstruction include: neoplasms/cancer, diverticulitis/diverticulosis, hernias, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic volvulus, adhesions, constipation, fecal impaction, fecaloma, colon atresia, intestinal pseudoobstruction, endometriosis, narcotic induced.

• #27 Bowel Obstruction – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/bowel-obstruction-a-to-z

  About half of all large-bowel obstructions are caused by colorectal cancer. […] Volvulus is an abnormal twisting of a segment of bowel around itself. […] In the large bowel, diverticula are small, balloon-shaped pouches that protrude from the wall of the intestine. If diverticula become infected this is called diverticulitis. During healing from infection, scars may form in the wall of the colon as it. A scar that encircles the colon is called a colon stricture. As a stricture ages and tightens, it can narrow the intestine gradually, eventually causing a blocked colon.

• #28 Bowel Obstruction and Blockage: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-bowel-obstruction

  You’re at higher risk for bowel obstruction if you have or have previously had: […] Crohn’s disease […] Diverticulitis […] A hernia […] Colon cancer […] Stomach cancer […] Ovarian cancer […] Abdominal surgery […] Radiation to your belly or nearby areas […] Lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma that’s spread to your bowel.

• #29 Blocked Intestine | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/blocked-intestine.html

  These growths can block your intestine. […] Nonfood objects that you swallow may cause partial or full blockage. […] You may be at risk of an intestinal blockage if you have: Abdominal surgery, which can increase the risk of scar tissue or other growths […] Diverticulosis, which may cause inflammation, infection, and scarring and block the intestine […] Scars from things such as radiation damage or Crohn’s disease. […] Treatment for your intestinal blockage will depend on the cause. […] Many blockages will open up on their own with supportive care. […] If your intestine is fully blocked (no food or stool can move through), you will need surgery right away. The goal is to remove the blockage and repair your organs. […] Complications of intestinal blockage can include: Low blood flow to the blocked area of intestine, which could require surgery.

• #30 Intestinal Obstruction | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/conditions/intestinal-obstruction

  Intestinal blockages can occur even in those who live otherwise healthy lifestyles. […] However, there are certain factors that can increase your risk of intestinal obstruction, including: Chronic constipation from a high-fat, low-fiber diet, Prior abdominal or pelvic surgery, Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, a prior bowel obstruction, History of hernia or cancer.

• #31

  https://jsurgmed.com/article/view/342129

  Aims: Etiology of intestinal obstruction differs between countries. This study was designed to review a large series of patients with intestinal obstruction in an attempt to represent our historical aspect of experience in Turkey 10 years ago. […] External strangulated hernias (inguinal, femoral, umbilical and incisional) were the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in group A, accounting for 46% of cases. Neoplasms and adhesions were common cause accounting for 19% and 18% of cases respectively. […] External hernias are the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in our hospital. Increased efforts to repair external hernias electively before strangulation occurs are likely to reduce the incidence. Some major changes in etiology rank are present in current literature. New studies have to be performed to reveal current condition.

• #32 Prevalence, causes and management outcome of intestinal obstruction in Adama Hospital, Ethiopia | BMC Surgery | Full Text

  https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-016-0150-5

  In Africa, acute intestinal obstruction accounts for a great proportion of morbidity and mortality. Ethiopia is one of the countries where intestinal obstruction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine prevalence, causes and management outcome of intestinal obstruction in Adama Hospital in Oromia region, Ethiopia. […] The most common cause of small bowel obstruction was intussusceptions in 48 patients (30.9 %), followed by small bowel volvulus in 47 patients (30.3 %). Large bowel obstruction was caused by sigmoid volvulus in 60 patients (69.0 %) followed by colonic tumor in 12 patients (13.8 %). […] Small bowel obstruction was more prevalent than large bowel obstruction. Intussusceptions and sigmoid volvulus were the leading causes of small and large bowel obstruction.

• #33 Intestinal Obstruction: Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0915/p362.html

  A closed-loop obstruction, in which a segment of bowel is obstructed proximally and distally, may undergo this process rapidly and is considered a surgical emergency. […] Surgical exploration is recommended in patients who clinically deteriorate at any point during hospitalization and in those for whom three to five days of nonoperative management is ineffective, because the risk of complications in these patients is increased.

• #34 Bowel obstruction: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and diet

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324037

  Causes of nonmechanical bowel obstructions include: scarring from abdominal or pelvic surgery, diabetes, electrolyte imbalances, hypothyroidism, Hirschsprungs disease, a condition where nerve cells are missing from the end of the bowel, nerve and muscle disorders, such as Parkinsons disease, severe infection or illness, general anesthesia, certain pain relief medications. […] Tumors, scar tissue from surgery, and abnormalities in a persons intestinal development can all cause bowel obstructions. […] Bowel obstructions can lead to severe complications. In extreme cases, they can cause intestinal ruptures and be deadly if a person does not receive timely treatment.

• #35 Bowel Obstruction – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/general/obstruction/

  A bowel obstruction refers to when the passage of food, fluids and gas, through the intestines becomes blocked. Small bowel obstruction is more common than large bowel obstruction. […] The “big three” causes account for around 90% of cases: Adhesions (small bowel), Hernias (small bowel), Malignancy (large bowel). […] Other causes include: Volvulus (large bowel), Diverticular disease, Strictures (e.g., secondary to Crohn’s disease), Intussusception (in young children aged 6 months to 2 years). […] The main causes of intestinal adhesions are: Abdominal or pelvic surgery (particularly open surgery), Peritonitis, Abdominal or pelvic infections (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease), Endometriosis. […] Less commonly, they can be congenital or secondary to radiotherapy treatment. […] Closed-loop obstruction describes a situation where there are two points of obstruction along the bowel; meaning that there is a middle section sandwiched between two points of obstruction. This might happen with: Adhesions that compress two areas of bowel, Hernias that isolate a section of bowel blocking either end, Volvulus where the twist isolates a section of intestine, A single point of obstruction in the large bowel, with an ileocaecal valve that is competent. […] The definitive management of bowel obstruction is with surgery (either laparoscopy or laparotomy) to correct the underlying cause: Exploratory surgery in patients with an unclear underlying cause, Adhesiolysis to treat adhesions, Hernia repair, Emergency resection of the obstructing tumour.

• #36 What Are Causes Of Small Bowel Obstruction? Exploring Triggers And Risk Factors

  https://drniveditapandey.com/small-bowel-obstruction/what-are-causes-of-small-bowel-obstruction-exploring-triggers-and-risk-factors/

  If youve had surgery in your belly or pelvic area before, you might develop adhesions. These are bands of tissue that form and can block your intestines. […] If you have Crohns disease, your risk goes up too. Crohns is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that can make your intestines narrow. This makes blockages more likely. Abdominal cancers, including colon cancer, can also cause physical blockages and lead to a small bowel obstruction. […] Not treating a small bowel obstruction can be very dangerous. It may cut off blood to the intestine, causing tissue death. This can lead to a tear in the intestinal wall. Bacteria and toxins can then leak into the abdomen. […] The lack of blood flow can make a part of the intestines tissue die. This is called necrosis. It makes the intestinal wall weaker and more likely to tear. If it tears, the intestines contents can leak into the abdomen, causing a serious infection.

• #37 What Are Causes Of Small Bowel Obstruction? Exploring Triggers And Risk Factors

  https://drniveditapandey.com/small-bowel-obstruction/what-are-causes-of-small-bowel-obstruction-exploring-triggers-and-risk-factors/

  When the intestine ruptures, its a medical emergency. This can lead to a severe infection called peritonitis. Its when the abdominal cavitys lining becomes inflamed. Peritonitis can quickly spread through the body. Immediate medical attention is crucial to stop sepsis and organ damage. […] Small bowel obstructions (SBOs) are not common in young athletes but can occur. […] A female basketball player in her mid-20s suddenly had SBO symptoms. She had pain in her stomach, threw up, and couldnt pass gas or use the bathroom. […] Pro athletes, including basketball players, often have stomach issues while exercising or after. Up to 93% of them face this. The hard workouts can slow down blood flow to the bowels a lot. This might affect how the intestines work. Long flights add to this problem, possibly changing how the gut moves and leading to SBO.

• #38 Intestinal Obstruction – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/intestinal-obstruction

  Overall, the most common causes of mechanical obstruction are adhesions, hernias, and tumors. […] Other general causes are diverticulitis, foreign bodies (including gallstones), volvulus (twisting of bowel on its mesentery), intussusception (telescoping of one segment of bowel into another), and fecal impaction. […] The most common causes of obstruction are adhesions, hernias, and tumors; a small-bowel obstruction in the absence of prior surgery or hernias is often caused by a tumor.

• #39 Evaluation and Management of Intestinal Obstruction | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0115/p159.html

  Acute intestinal obstruction occurs when there is an interruption in the forward flow of intestinal contents. […] Intestinal obstruction is most commonly caused by intra-abdominal adhesions, malignancy, or intestinal herniation. […] The most common causes of intestinal obstruction include adhesions, neoplasms, and herniation. Adhesions resulting from prior abdominal surgery are the predominant cause of small bowel obstruction, accounting for approximately 60 percent of cases. […] Less common causes of obstruction include intestinal intussusception, volvulus, intra-abdominal abscesses, gallstones, and foreign bodies.

• #40 Bowel Obstruction – Causes – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/presentations/bowel-obstruction/

  The most common causes of bowel obstruction depend on location: […] Small bowel adhesions or hernia […] Large bowel malignancy, diverticular disease, or volvulus […] The full list of causes of bowel obstruction can otherwise be divided into extramural, intramural, and intraluminal causes […] Intraluminal Gallstone ileus, ingested foreign body, faecal impaction […] Mural Cancer, inflammatory strictures, intussusception, diverticular strictures, Meckels diverticulum, lymphoma […] Extramural Hernias, adhesions, peritoneal metastasis, volvulus […] Small bowel obstruction is commonly caused by adhesions or hernia, and large bowel obstruction is commonly caused by malignancy or diverticular disease.

• #41 Intestinal obstruction – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351465

  Treatment for intestinal obstruction depends on the cause of your condition, but generally requires hospitalization. […] If you have an obstruction in which some food and fluid can still get through (partial obstruction), you may not need further treatment after you’ve been stabilized. […] If nothing is able to pass through your intestine, you’ll usually need surgery to relieve the blockage. […] Alternatively, your doctor may recommend treating the obstruction with a self-expanding metal stent. […] If your doctor determines that your signs and symptoms are caused by pseudo-obstruction (paralytic ileus), he or she may monitor your condition for a day or two in the hospital, and treat the cause if it’s known. […] In cases where the colon is enlarged, a treatment called decompression may provide relief.

• #42 Bowel Obstruction | Intestinal Obstruction | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/intestinalobstruction.html

  An intestinal obstruction occurs when food or stool cannot move through the intestines. The obstruction can be complete or partial. There are many causes. The most common are adhesions, hernias, cancers, and certain medicines. […] A complete intestinal obstruction is a medical emergency. It often requires surgery.

• #43 Bowel Obstruction Symptoms Can Come on Suddenly – Samaritan Health Servicescircle-chevronemailfacebookSHS AffiliateinstagramlinkedinMyChart IconMyHealthPlan IconphonepinterestSearch Iconsilhouettetwitteryoutube

  https://samhealth.org/news/bowel-obstruction-symptoms-can-come-on-suddenly/

  A bowel obstruction is just as it sounds. Bowel contents cannot progress through the intestines. […] Most obstructions are caused by scar tissue within the abdomen. This scarring is typically the result of previous surgeries or infections. Other causes of obstruction include inflammatory bowel disease, hernia, foreign bodies and cancer. […] For obstructions that present with worrisome signs or fail to improve with non-operative management, surgery is required to correct the problem, according to Dr. Uecker.

• #44 Prevalence, causes and management outcome of intestinal obstruction in Adama Hospital, Ethiopia | BMC Surgery | Full Text

  https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-016-0150-5

  In this study, most small bowel obstruction was found to be secondary to intussusceptions (in 30.9 % of the cases) or volvulus (in 30.3 % of the cases). Large bowel obstruction was mainly caused by sigmoid volvulus (69.0 %) and colonic tumor (5.3 %). […] The common causes of intestinal obstruction were mostly due to adhesion whereas obstructed/strangulated hernia was less prevalent. […] Duration of illness before surgical intervention has significant statistical association with management outcome of patients. Patients who presented within 24 h duration of illness are less likely to develop unfavorable outcome compared with patients who presented after 24 h. […] The outcome of laparotomy might be affected by different factors, such as cause of obstruction, duration of illness, age, presence of peritonitis and complication detection time.

• #45 What Are Causes Of Small Bowel Obstruction? Exploring Triggers And Risk Factors

  https://drniveditapandey.com/small-bowel-obstruction/what-are-causes-of-small-bowel-obstruction-exploring-triggers-and-risk-factors/

  Some blockages dont get better with simple treatments. If surgery becomes necessary, its aim is to remove the blockage and avoid further harm. […] Some risk factors for small bowel obstruction, like past surgeries, are beyond our control. But, you can lower your risk by making certain choices. These include lifestyle changes and getting regular screenings. […] Eating well and staying active are key to avoiding bowel issues. A diet full of fiber keeps your gut healthy. Meanwhile, exercise helps prevent diseases that can cause blockages, like Crohns disease. […] Small bowel obstruction is a serious medical issue. It needs quick diagnosis and treatment. This is to avoid dangerous problems. […] Knowing the causes of this condition is key. Causes can be intestinal adhesions, hernias, and colon cancer. Identifying these helps in proper treatment. Some risk factors are out of our control. Yet, keeping your gut healthy and getting regular check-ups lowers the risk of small bowel obstruction.

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