Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Preventing and Treating Bowel Obstructions | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/better-me/preventing-and-treating-bowel-obstructions

  Its common to get repeat bowel obstructions, especially if you have a condition like Crohns disease. […] A low-residue diet (a diet that limits high fiber foods) and medication such as MiraLAX can help make things flow more easily through your bowel, Dr. Gordon said.

• #1 Bowel obstruction – Florida Surgical Clinic

  https://floridasurgicalclinic.com/conditions-we-treat/bowel-obstruction/

  Bowel obstruction is a serious condition that affects many people every year. It can become a surgical emergency if not treated correctly. […] For most patients, a bowel obstruction cannot be prevented. However, for those patients with an obstruction due to irritable bowel disease taking medication as prescribed and seeing your physician regularly can help prevent flairs and obstructions. Patients should also have routine colonoscopies to treat and prevent colon cancer. […] Patients who are at an older age or at risk for colon cancer can develop a bowel obstruction. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are also at risk for a bowel obstruction. Finally, any patient who has previously had abdominal surgery is at risk of a bowel obstruction.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3175

  If you have had surgery for a bowel blockage, there are things you can do at home to make sure you heal well. You can also make some changes to keep your bowel from becoming blocked again. […] Bowel blockage (obstruction) may be prevented by doing several things. Try eating smaller meals more often throughout the day. Chew your food very well. Try to chew each bite until it is liquid. Avoid high-fibre foods and raw fruits and vegetables. These may cause another blockage. […] Drinking plenty of water may help. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids you drink. Your doctor may ask that you drink high-calorie liquid formulas if your symptoms require them. You should check with your doctor before eating whole grain products or using a fibre supplement such as Benefibre or Metamucil. […] Try to get at least 2 hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity a week. Walking is a good choice.

• #1 Adhesive small bowel adhesions obstruction: Evolutions in diagnosis, management and prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4807323/

  Good surgical technique and anti-adhesive barriers are the main current concepts of adhesion prevention. […] From a recent systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of different surgical techniques on adhesion formation it was concluded that laparoscopy and not closing the peritoneum lower the incidence of adhesions. […] However, the burden of adhesions in laparoscopy is still significant most likely due to the necessity to make specimen extraction incisions in addition to trocar incisions and the unavoidable peritoneal trauma by surgical dissection and the use of CO2 pneumoperitoneum (intraperitoneal pressure and desiccation). […] Since all abdominal surgeries involve peritoneal trauma and potential healing with adhesion formation, additional measures are needed to reduce the incidence of adhesions and related clinical manifestations.

• #1 Bowel obstruction in adults – causes and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowel-obstruction

  Go to your nearest hospital emergency department straight away if you have symptoms of a bowel obstruction. Some types of bowel obstruction can lead to very serious complications and even death. […] A bowel obstruction is an emergency and needs treatment in hospital to prevent serious complications. […] Can bowel obstructions be prevented? […] Many types of bowel obstruction aren’t preventable, but there are things you can do to lower the chance of your bowel becoming blocked. […] If your gut is healthy, a high fibre diet is good for you. However, if you know that parts of your bowel are narrowed, you should follow a diet low in insoluble fibre. Insoluble fibre is the hard and rough part of plants that we eat, such as fruit and vegetable skin, whole grains and some nuts and seeds. This type of fibre can get stuck in narrow parts of the bowel.

• #1 Preventing Intestinal Obstructions | Justice Center for the Protection of People With Special Needs

  https://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/preventing-intestinal-obstructions

  Promising practices are strategies or approaches shown to produce positive results and to effectively prevent and/or delay untoward outcomes. […] These promising practices are offered to support the health of people receiving services and reduce the occurrence of health-related problems such as constipation or intestinal obstruction. […] People who have compromised health conditions and/or use certain medications may be at higher risk of intestinal obstructions. […] With an increased understanding of this condition, people in care, providers and family members can play a key role in the prevention and timely response to signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. […] Establish policies and procedures to address the following: Detecting signs and symptoms of illness, Medical follow up, Emergency practices, Bowel movement monitoring protocol, Communication practices, Administrative oversight.

• #1 Preventing Intestinal Obstructions | Justice Center for the Protection of People With Special Needs

  https://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/preventing-intestinal-obstructions

  Create documentation protocol for: Assessments for detecting signs and symptoms of illness, Using a bowel movement tracking form, Checklist to ensure specific aspects of care monitoring are implemented. […] Regular Training on the following: Policies and procedures, Person-specific treatment and care plans, Documentation requirements, Non-verbal cues that may indicate constipation. […] More information on these recommendations can be found in the Promising Practices document. […] Strategies or approaches shown to produce positive results and to effectively prevent and/or delay untoward outcomes. […] Information about health conditions that contribute to intestinal obstruction, early detection, and intervention strategies. […] Specific medications and other individual risk factors that may contribute to constipation.

• #1 How to Prevent Bowel Obstruction

  https://clearpassage.com/abdominal-problems/how-to-prevent-bowel-obstruction/

  One way of preventing an adhesion-related bowel obstruction surgery is Clear Passage, a manual physical therapy that uses no surgery or drugs. […] You should seek immediate medical care as soon as you begin experiencing symptoms of an obstruction. There are also steps you can take, in conjunction with the care provided by your medical team, to manage a partial obstruction and reduce your chances of developing a complete obstruction. […] You will want to either minimize or completely eliminate fiber from your diet, depending on the severity of your obstruction. […] The three main diet tracks outlined below can help bowel obstruction patients relieve and manage their symptoms. […] Our experience has shown us that surgery is not the solution for preventing future obstructions. The very surgery designed to remove the abdominal adhesions causing a patient to obstruct will almost always lead to more adhesions, leaving the patient trapped in a vicious cycle of adhesions-surgery-adhesions. Our therapy decreases adhesions without surgery, allowing patients to break the cycle and reclaim their lives. […] Schedule a free phone consultation with an expert therapist to learn about our non-surgical treatment for bowel obstruction.

• #1 Applying Quality Improvement Methods to Decrease Bowel Obstruction Complications After Total Joint Arthroplasty | Published in Journal of Orthopaedic Experience & Innovation

  https://journaloei.scholasticahq.com/article/21227-applying-quality-improvement-methods-to-decrease-bowel-obstruction-complications-after-total-joint-arthroplasty

  Though infrequent, bowel obstruction complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) can cause significant patient morbidity and mortality. […] The purposes of this study were to (1) create a protocol to prevent bowel obstruction complications in TJA patients using the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) quality improvement model as well as (2) assess the effect of the protocol on the incidence of such complications. […] The protocol was created by a multidisciplinary task force at a single specialty orthopedic hospital. […] The protocol was implemented in May 2018. From that time until the end of the year, there was a 31.9% decrease in cases of ileus and no cases of bowel obstruction or perforation were observed. […] This study describes a standardized protocol created via the PDSA method of quality improvement that aims to prevent these complications in this patient population through early identification and intervention.

• #1 Surgical Recovery of Intestinal Obstructions: Pre- and Postoperative Care and How Could it Be Prevented? | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/72437

  Surgeons have an important duty especially in preventable mechanical obstructions due to adhesions. It is needed to pay attention to surgical rules such as minimal touching the intestines during surgery, preferring laparoscopic surgical procedures if possible, and minimizing perioperative fluid resuscitation. Transition to early oral nutrition, minimal NSAID and opioid use, administration of epidural anesthesia if possible, avoiding excessive fluid resuscitation, and close monitoring of electrolytes should be taken into consideration in the postoperative period. […] The main goal in the treatment of the patients with intestinal obstruction should be to prevent unnecessary surgeries. Peristalsis-increasing agents may be given to provide anal discharge of gas in the intestine if there is no contraindication (mechanical obstruction, etc.). It is needed to prevent the introduction and production of new gas into the intestine.

• #1 FloridaHealthFinder | Intestinal obstruction and Ileus | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE//1/000260

  Prevention depends on the cause. Treating conditions, such as tumors and hernias that can lead to a blockage, may reduce your risk. […] Some causes of obstruction cannot be prevented.

• #1 Intussusception: What It Is, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10793-intussusception

  Theres no way to prevent intussusception. But, you can take steps to avoid the worst outcomes by getting your child emergency treatment immediately. […] The prognosis is excellent for children treated early. An air or contrast enema usually cures intussusception. Intussusception recurs in 10% to 20% of children, with symptoms returning within the first 48 hours after surgery (less common) or weeks or months later (more common). […] Yes. An intussusception is always a medical emergency where time is of the essence. If your child shows signs of an intussusception, get them to a hospital that day as soon as possible.

• #2 Preventing Intestinal Obstructions | Justice Center for the Protection of People With Special Needs

  https://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/preventing-intestinal-obstructions

  Promising practices are strategies or approaches shown to produce positive results and to effectively prevent and/or delay untoward outcomes. […] These promising practices are offered to support the health of people receiving services and reduce the occurrence of health-related problems such as constipation or intestinal obstruction. […] People who have compromised health conditions and/or use certain medications may be at higher risk of intestinal obstructions. […] With an increased understanding of this condition, people in care, providers and family members can play a key role in the prevention and timely response to signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. […] Establish policies and procedures to address the following: Detecting signs and symptoms of illness, Medical follow up, Emergency practices, Bowel movement monitoring protocol, Communication practices, Administrative oversight.

• #2 Small-Bowel Obstruction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/774140-overview

  Adhesions, hernias, and malignancy are the predominant causes of SBO. The most common cause of SBO in developed countries is intra-abdominal adhesions, accounting for approximately 65% to 75% of cases. Prevention of SBO may be essentially limited to decreasing the risk of adhesion formation by decreasing the number of intra-abdominal procedures (ie, laparotomies) and resultant scar formation. In a study by Van Der Wal et al, the incidence of chronic abdominal symptoms was significantly reduced after the use of a hyaluronic acid carboxymethylcellulose membrane (Seprafilm). However, Seprafilm placement did not provide protection against SBO. […] Following adhesions, the most common causes of SBO in developed regions are hernias (incarcerated groin hernias) (10-20%), malignancy (10-20%), inflammatory bowel disease (5%), volvulus (3%), and miscellaneous causes (2%). […] In contrast, SBO in developing countries is primarily caused by hernias (30-40%), adhesions (about 30%), and tuberculosis (about 10%), along with malignancy, Crohn disease, volvulus, and parasitic infections.

• #2 Bowel Obstruction: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.bowel-obstruction-care-instructions.uh3175

  Bowel blockage (obstruction) may be prevented by doing several things. Try eating smaller meals more often throughout the day. Chew your food very well. Try to chew each bite until it is liquid. Avoid high-fiber foods and raw fruits and vegetables. These may cause another blockage. […] Drinking plenty of water may help. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids you drink. Your doctor may ask that you drink high-calorie liquid formulas if your symptoms require them. You should check with your doctor before eating whole-grain products or using a fiber supplement such as Citrucel or Metamucil. […] Try to get at least 30 minutes of physical activity on most days of the week. Walking is a good choice.

• #2 Obstructed bowel prevention – Miralax everyday | Mayo Clinic Connect

  https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/obstructed-bowel-prevention-miralax-everyday/

  I’m new to this group, but not to digestive issues, sigh. Twice, in 2012 and 2013, I was hospitalized with an obstructed bowel. […] My GP was my best resource, and we finally decided that I should not eat any fruit, veggies, nuts, seeds, or fiber. […] He also put me on Miralax every day to keep everything moving. This was 5 years ago, and I have been without any obstructions during that time. […] My wife takes daily fiber supplements and miralax on orders from her GI Doc. It works for her and he said it’s safe. […] I take linzess along with miralax daily. I titrate the miralax from 0 up to 2 doses. […] I just had an exploratory laparoscopic surgery for intestinal adhesions and bowel obstruction. […] Have been taking miralax daily off an on for a year. Helps somewhat but not enough.

• #2 Adhesive small bowel adhesions obstruction: Evolutions in diagnosis, management and prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4807323/

  Efficacy of anti-adhesion barriers in open surgery has been well established for reducing the incidence of adhesion formation. […] For one type of barrier (Hyaluronate-carboxymethylcellulose, HA-CMC, Seprafilm, Sanofi, Paris, France) the reduction of incidence of adhesive small bowel obstruction after colorectal surgery has also been established (RR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.28-0.88) without patient harm. […] Application of an anti-adhesion barrier could save between $678-1030 following open surgery and between $268-413 following laparoscopic surgery on the direct healthcare costs related to treatment of adhesion related complications.

• #2 Bowel obstruction in adults – causes and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowel-obstruction

  You can lower your risk of bowel cancer by avoiding smoking, including dairy products, whole grains and fibre in your diet and limiting red meat and processed meats, maintaining a healthy weight, getting 30 minutes of exercise every day, limiting alcohol to less than 2 drinks a day, having screening tests for bowel cancer. […] If you have a bowel condition such as Crohn’s disease, it is important to follow your doctor’s instructions to help manage the condition.

• #2 Preventing Intestinal Obstructions | Justice Center for the Protection of People With Special Needs

  https://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/preventing-intestinal-obstructions

  Create documentation protocol for: Assessments for detecting signs and symptoms of illness, Using a bowel movement tracking form, Checklist to ensure specific aspects of care monitoring are implemented. […] Regular Training on the following: Policies and procedures, Person-specific treatment and care plans, Documentation requirements, Non-verbal cues that may indicate constipation. […] More information on these recommendations can be found in the Promising Practices document. […] Strategies or approaches shown to produce positive results and to effectively prevent and/or delay untoward outcomes. […] Information about health conditions that contribute to intestinal obstruction, early detection, and intervention strategies. […] Specific medications and other individual risk factors that may contribute to constipation.

• #2 Ileus: Causes, Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ileus

  Most of the risk factors associated with an ileus, such as injury or chronic illness, are not preventable. […] If you’re going to have surgery, the possibility of getting an ileus should be considered. However, it should not keep you from having needed surgery. […] Being aware of the symptoms of an ileus is important in seeking prompt treatment to keep it from getting worse. […] Seeking medical care as soon as possible is important so the ileus can potentially be resolved without invasive medical treatment.

• #2 Avoid Small Bowel Obstruction Surgery | Clear Passage

  https://clearpassage.com/avoid-surgery/avoid-surgery-for-recurrent-small-bowel-obstruction/

  Small bowel obstruction creates major challenges for physicians and their patients. […] Thus, the last resort medical treatment for small bowel obstruction is also the primary cause of future obstructions, underlining the need for a non-surgical treatment that can break this vicious cycle. […] Treating the adhesions that cause recurring bowel obstructions without surgery is considered a major advance. Our manual (hands-on) physical therapy has been shown to greatly improve quality of life and significantly decrease the incidence of small bowel obstruction in patients who receive the therapy. To date, we know of no other non-surgical treatment actually shown to clear adhesions that obstruct the bowel. […] Break free from the cycle of recurrent small bowel obstructions and regain control of your life with Clear Passage Physical Therapy’s groundbreaking, non-surgical approach that has been clinically proven to reduce adhesions, decrease pain, and significantly improve quality of life for patients suffering from this debilitating condition.

• #2 Applying Quality Improvement Methods to Decrease Bowel Obstruction Complications After Total Joint Arthroplasty | Published in Journal of Orthopaedic Experience & Innovation

  https://journaloei.scholasticahq.com/article/21227-applying-quality-improvement-methods-to-decrease-bowel-obstruction-complications-after-total-joint-arthroplasty

  The protocol was created over two-month period, with multiple rounds of modifications made by the multidisciplinary task force. It is intended to be implemented on postoperative day zero and involves clinical evaluation with pertinent gastrointestinal history and exam, as well as medications, diet modification, imaging and appropriate escalation to specialists such as hospitalists, gastroenterologists, and general surgeons as needed. […] The protocol was implemented in May 2018. From the time the protocol was implemented until the end of the year, 3,352 patients underwent TJA. During this time, there were no cases of bowel obstruction or perforation reported. […] This study describes a protocol that aims to prevent these complications in this patient population through early identification and intervention, with a demonstrated reduction in incidence of these complications after implementation.

• #2 Surgical Recovery of Intestinal Obstructions: Pre- and Postoperative Care and How Could it Be Prevented? | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/72437

  Minimally invasive surgery (robotic, laparoscopic, endoscopic), to which traditional open surgery is gradually giving way, can be considered as the first step to reduce adhesion formation. Minimally invasive surgery is very valuable in reducing brid formation by shortening the duration of surgery, eliminating intestinal contact, and reducing the amount of bleeding. […] Surgical planning should be made as soon as possible in infective pathologies (perforation, appendicitis, etc.). The elapsed waiting time will increase postoperative adhesion formation.

• #2 Bowel obstruction primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bowel_obstruction_primary_prevention

  There are no established measures for the primary prevention of bowel obstruction. However, minimizing the formation of an obstruction is possible. […] Steroid therapy may be used to minimize the formation of adhesions after bowel surgery, but is controversial. The correction of malrotation early in life, the treatment of Crohn’s disease, and the repair of hernia all contribute to minimizing the risk of bowel obstruction development. […] Recently, laparoscopic surgery has been preferred over open abdominal surgery because laparoscopy reduced the risk for obstruction post-operatively. […] However, minimizing the formation of an obstruction is possible via: Steroid therapy to minimize the formation of adhesions after bowel surgery, but is controversial, Correction of malrotation early in life, Treatment of Crohn’s disease, Repair of hernia, Laparoscopic surgery over open abdominal surgery.

• #2 Hyaluronic acid solution as a treatment of adhesive intestinal obstruction in children – A positive effect | Porto Biomedical Journal

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-porto-biomedical-journal-445-articulo-hyaluronic-acid-solution-as-treatment-adhesive-intestinal-obstruction-S2444866417302969

  Aim: To explore the possibility of using hyaluronic acid solution (HAS) for the treatment of intraperitoneal adhesions in children. […] Introduction: Adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO) has been found to be a challenging problem of abdominal surgery with increased occurrence in children worldwide. Intraperitoneal adhesions occur commonly after abdominal surgery and frequently cause intestinal obstruction. Current means of adhesion prevention includes good surgical technique and anti-adhesion barriers. This study is hence directed towards the effect of hyaluronic acid solution (HAS) in reducing the incidence and recurrence of adhesions. […] Conclusion: Although accompanied by a minimal recurrence rate, HAS shows effectiveness as a treatment for adhesive intestinal obstruction in children. This serves as a step further towards a complete prevention of postoperative adhesion common in children.

• #3 Bowel obstruction: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and diet

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324037

• #3 Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_intestinal_obstruction_syndrome

  Adequate hydration and an aggressive regimen of laxatives are essential for treatment and prevention of DIOS. […] Individuals prone to DIOS tend to be at risk for repeated episodes and often require maintenance therapy with pancreatic enzyme replacement, hydration and laxatives (if the symptoms are also mild). […] Oral contrast instillation into the colon/ileum under radiological control has been found to reduce the need for surgical intervention.

• #3 Adhesive small bowel adhesions obstruction: Evolutions in diagnosis, management and prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4807323/

  Intra-abdominal adhesions following abdominal surgery represent a major unsolved problem. […] „Good” surgical technique and anti-adhesive barriers are the main current concepts of adhesion prevention. […] We discuss current knowledge in modern diagnosis and evolving strategies for management and prevention that are leading to stratified care for patients. […] Good surgical technique and anti-adhesive barriers are the main current concepts of adhesion prevention. […] Small bowel obstruction has been the driver of research in adhesion prevention measures, barriers and agents. […] Applying adhesion barriers in two-stage liver surgery and cesarean section, to reduce the incidence of adhesions and adhesiolysis related complications, are examples of the change in paradigm that reducing the incidence of adhesions is clinically more meaningful than only aiming at preventing adhesive small bowel obstruction.

• #3 Adhesive small bowel adhesions obstruction: Evolutions in diagnosis, management and prevention

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v8/i3/222.htm

  Adhesive disease is a consequence of all intra-peritoneal surgeries. […] „Good” surgical technique and anti-adhesive barriers are the main current concepts of adhesion prevention. […] Good surgical technique, e.g., laparoscopy, and anti-adhesive barriers at initial surgery seem to reduce ASBO but reports have conflicting results and only provide general conclusions which do not apply for each individual patient. […] The aim of this review is to provide an update of the current controversies over diagnosis, non-operative/operative management and prevention of ASBO. […] Good surgical technique and anti-adhesive barriers are the main current concepts of adhesion prevention. From a recent systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of different surgical techniques on adhesion formation it was concluded that laparoscopy and not closing the peritoneum lower the incidence of adhesions.

• #3 Bowel Obstruction – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/bowel-obstruction-a-to-z

  You may be able to reduce your risk of some forms of bowel obstruction by modifying your diet and lifestyle. For example: […] To help prevent colorectal cancer, eat a balanced diet low in fat with plenty of vegetables and fruits, don’t smoke, and start routine screening for colon cancer at age 45 or sooner if you have a higher than average risk of this cancer. […] To help prevent hernias, avoid heavy lifting, which increases pressure inside the abdomen and may force a section of intestine to protrude through a vulnerable area of your abdominal wall. If you develop an abnormal lump under the skin of your abdomen, especially near your groin or near a surgical scar, contact your doctor. […] There is no proven way to prevent obstruction caused by diverticular disease, but some doctors believe that people with diverticular disease should follow a high-fiber diet.

• #3 Bowel obstruction in adults – causes and symptoms | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowel-obstruction

  Go to your nearest hospital emergency department straight away if you have symptoms of a bowel obstruction. Some types of bowel obstruction can lead to very serious complications and even death. […] A bowel obstruction is an emergency and needs treatment in hospital to prevent serious complications. […] Can bowel obstructions be prevented? […] Many types of bowel obstruction aren’t preventable, but there are things you can do to lower the chance of your bowel becoming blocked. […] If your gut is healthy, a high fibre diet is good for you. However, if you know that parts of your bowel are narrowed, you should follow a diet low in insoluble fibre. Insoluble fibre is the hard and rough part of plants that we eat, such as fruit and vegetable skin, whole grains and some nuts and seeds. This type of fibre can get stuck in narrow parts of the bowel.

• #3 Avoid Small Bowel Obstruction Surgery | Clear Passage

  https://clearpassage.com/avoid-surgery/avoid-surgery-for-recurrent-small-bowel-obstruction/

  The Clear Passage approach is a manual physical therapy that uses no drugs and no surgery. It has been cited in peer-reviewed medical texts and journals for its ability to decrease adhesions in the abdomen and pelvis, non-surgically. […] Some studies show that results of the therapy equal or exceed the results of surgery, for improving structure and function. […] Because therapy focuses on detaching strong adhesions that tend to form in various areas of the body, most patients report increases in flexibility and range of motion after therapy. Many report decreased pain and/or increased function in areas near the site where they are being treated or even at distal sites. […] We encourage you to ask your doctor about the risk of post-surgical adhesion formation, and an estimate of need for future surgeries.

• #3 Surgical Recovery of Intestinal Obstructions: Pre- and Postoperative Care and How Could it Be Prevented? | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/72437

  Surgeons have an important duty especially in preventable mechanical obstructions due to adhesions. It is needed to pay attention to surgical rules such as minimal touching the intestines during surgery, preferring laparoscopic surgical procedures if possible, and minimizing perioperative fluid resuscitation. Transition to early oral nutrition, minimal NSAID and opioid use, administration of epidural anesthesia if possible, avoiding excessive fluid resuscitation, and close monitoring of electrolytes should be taken into consideration in the postoperative period. […] The main goal in the treatment of the patients with intestinal obstruction should be to prevent unnecessary surgeries. Peristalsis-increasing agents may be given to provide anal discharge of gas in the intestine if there is no contraindication (mechanical obstruction, etc.). It is needed to prevent the introduction and production of new gas into the intestine.

• #3

  http://psu.med-expert.com.ua/article/view/298859

  Despite the achievements of modern pediatric surgery, to date there is no single comprehensive approach to the treatment and prevention of adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO), both primary (prevention of adhesions formation after primary surgery) and secondary (prevention of recurrence). […] The most effective method of primary prevention of postoperative adhesive intestinal obstruction is the use of laparoscopic primary surgical interventions. Intraoperative application of anti-adhesive gel is a highly effective and safe recurrence prevention method of adhesive intestinal obstruction in children.

• #4 Intestinal Obstruction – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/intestinal-obstruction-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  Addressing the underlying reasons and reducing the risk factors for the condition is necessary for intestinal obstruction prevention. […] The following are a few typical techniques for avoiding bowel obstruction: […] Keep up a balanced diet: Constipation is a common cause of intestinal obstruction, so eating a well-balanced, high-fibre diet can help to promote regular bowel movements and avoid constipation. […] Remain hydrated: Dehydration, which can add to the development of intestinal obstruction, can be avoided by drinking plenty of fluids. […] Regular exercise: Constipation can be prevented and promoted with frequent exercise. […] Managing persistent conditions: To effectively handle a chronic condition like cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, it’s crucial to collaborate with your healthcare provider.

• #4 Bologna guidelines for diagnosis and management of adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO): 2017 update of the evidence-based guidelines from the world society of emergency surgery ASBO working group | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-018-0185-2

  Adhesion formation might be reduced by minimally invasive surgical techniques and the use of adhesion barriers. […] Younger patients have a higher lifetime risk for recurrent ASBO and might therefore benefit from application of adhesion barriers as both primary and secondary prevention. […] The main principles of prevention of adhesion and related complications are minimizing surgical trauma and the use of adjuvants to reduce adhesion formation. […] There is moderate evidence that a hyaluronate carboxymethylcellulose adhesion barrier can reduce the incidence of reoperations for ASBO in colorectal surgery. […] Adhesion barriers might also be useful to prevent recurrence after surgical treatment of ASBO.

• #4 Adhesive small bowel adhesions obstruction: Evolutions in diagnosis, management and prevention

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v8/i3/222.htm

  However, the burden of adhesions in laparoscopy is still significant most likely due to the necessity to make specimen extraction incisions in addition to trocar incisions and the unavoidable peritoneal trauma by surgical dissection and the use of CO2 pneumoperitoneum (intraperitoneal pressure and desiccation). […] Since all abdominal surgeries involve peritoneal trauma and potential healing with adhesion formation, additional measures are needed to reduce the incidence of adhesions and related clinical manifestations. […] Efficacy of anti-adhesion barriers in open surgery has been well established for reducing the incidence of adhesion formation. […] Application of an anti-adhesion barrier could save between $678-1030 following open surgery and between $268-413 following laparoscopic surgery on the direct healthcare costs related to treatment of adhesion related complications. […] Unfortunately, there are not yet devices able to totally prevent the intraperitoneal adhesion formation after abdominal surgery; only the use of correct surgical technique and the avoidance of traumatic intraperitoneal organ maneuvers may help to reduce postoperative adhesion incidence.

• #4 Surgical Recovery of Intestinal Obstructions: Pre- and Postoperative Care and How Could it Be Prevented? | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/72437

  Fluid-electrolyte balance can rapidly change in these patients. It is needed to be on the alert for this condition, and the patient should be closely followed up. Fluid-electrolyte imbalance is the most important pathology that prevents physiological gas absorption from the intestinal wall. If fluid-electrolyte imbalance is corrected quickly and accurately, intestinal mucosal cell functions will be improved, and therefore a large amount of CO2 can be transferred through the lumen into the blood. […] There are different approaches for some patients especially those with tumor-induced obstruction. Temporary ostomy and definitive surgery can be performed after bowel cleansing in order to keep patient comfort at a better level. Or appropriate surgery can be performed in a single session considering the general condition and additional diseases of the patient.

• #5 Surgical Recovery of Intestinal Obstructions: Pre- and Postoperative Care and How Could it Be Prevented? | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/72437

  It is recommended to follow up some of the patients requiring surgery in the secondary or intensive care units in the postoperative period. There are important steps in early follow-up and treatment of the patients. […] In these patients, multimodal management of nausea and vomiting, use of nasogastric catheter, application of urinary catheter and withdrawal time, stimulation of gastrointestinal motility, appropriate analgesia, when to feed the patient, and especially early mobilization are important in the postoperative period. […] Despite advances in surgical treatment methods and increased experience of surgeons, postoperative pain is the most common symptom experienced by patients and is a condition that adversely affects patient comfort. […] Nutritional status of the patient should be closely monitored, and necessary support should be provided for early recovery. It is recommended to gradually start oral intake after sarcoma surgeries, if there is no intervention to the gastrointestinal organs. The preferred and recommended route is the enteral route as in any patient.

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