Wścieklizna
Etiologia i przyczyny

Wścieklizna (rabies) to śmiertelna choroba wirusowa wywoływana przez neurotropowy wirus z rodzaju Lyssavirus, rodziny Rhabdoviridae, charakteryzujący się jednoniciowym RNA i kształtem pocisku. Wirus powoduje ostre zapalenie mózgu i rdzenia kręgowego, przenosząc się głównie przez ukąszenia zakażonych ssaków, z psami jako źródłem 99% zakażeń u ludzi. Okres inkubacji wynosi zwykle 1-3 miesiące, zależnie od lokalizacji i wielkości inokulum. Patogeneza obejmuje transport wirusa wsteczny aksonalny do OUN, gdzie dochodzi do gwałtownej replikacji i zapalenia mózgu, a następnie rozprzestrzeniania się do tkanek obwodowych, np. gruczołów ślinowych. Wścieklizna manifestuje się w dwóch formach: szałowej (80-85% przypadków) z nadaktywnością i hydrofobią oraz porażennej z dominującym porażeniem mięśni. Diagnostyka opiera się na izolacji wirusa, wykryciu ciałek Negriego, immunofluorescencji i PCR, jednak potwierdzenie często wymaga badań specjalistycznych i obserwacji zwierzęcia przez 10 dni. Wścieklizna jest praktycznie zawsze śmiertelna po wystąpieniu objawów klinicznych, a globalna śmiertelność wynosi około 59 000 zgonów rocznie, głównie w Afryce i Azji.

Etiologia Wścieklizny

Wścieklizna (łac. rabies) to śmiertelna choroba wirusowa, wywoływana przez wirus wścieklizny należący do rodzaju Lyssavirus z rodziny Rhabdoviridae. Wirus ma charakterystyczny kształt pocisku i zawiera jednoniciowy RNA jako materiał genetyczny12. Należy do wirusów neurotropowych, co oznacza, że wykazuje silne powinowactwo do układu nerwowego, gdzie powoduje ostre zapalenie mózgu i rdzenia kręgowego34.

Istnieje kilka genotypów wirusa wścieklizny i innych blisko spokrewnionych lyssawirusów, które mogą wywoływać podobne objawy, w tym lyssawirus australijski, występujący u nietoperzy w Australii56. Wirus wścieklizny najprawdopodobniej wywodzi się od przodka obecnego u nietoperzy i ewoluował poprzez wielokrotne przenoszenie się między różnymi gospodarzami7.

Rozprzestrzenianie wirusa

Na całym świecie zidentyfikowano siedem głównych linii wirusa wścieklizny, a każda z nich ma wiele wariantów związanych z konkretnymi gatunkami zwierząt i regionami geograficznymi. Najbardziej rozpowszechniona linia występuje u psów i dzikich zwierząt, takich jak lisy, szakale i skunksy, w Europie, Afryce, obu Amerykach i Azji8. Wirus wścieklizny został wykryty na wszystkich kontynentach z wyjątkiem Antarktydy910.

Wścieklizna pozostaje istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego, powodując około 59 000 zgonów ludzi rocznie, przy czym 95% przypadków występuje w Afryce i Azji1112. Globalny koszt związany z wścieklizną szacowany jest na około 8,6 miliarda dolarów rocznie, uwzględniając utracone życie i środki do życia, opiekę medyczną i związane z nią koszty, a także nieoszacowane traumy psychologiczne13.

Transmisja wirusa

Wścieklizna jest chorobą odzwierzęcą, przenoszoną głównie przez ukąszenie zarażonego ssaka. W 99% przypadków źródłem zakażenia wścieklizną u ludzi są psy1415. W Stanach Zjednoczonych głównym rezerwuarem wirusa są nietoperze, skunksy, szopy pracze i lisy, podczas gdy w krajach rozwijających się dominuje wariant związany z psami1617.

Wirus wścieklizny przenosi się poprzez ślinę zakażonych zwierząt, zwykle przez ugryzienie, które umożliwia penetrację skóry, zakażenie tkanek i neuronów przez ich zakończenia nerwowe18. W rzadkich przypadkach zakażenie może nastąpić, gdy zainfekowana ślina dostanie się do otwartej rany lub błon śluzowych, takich jak oczy, usta lub nos1920. Udokumentowano również przypadki przeniesienia wirusa przez przeszczepy narządów21.

Wszystkie ssaki są podatne na zakażenie wirusem wścieklizny, chociaż w różnym stopniu. Gryzonie (takie jak szczury, myszy, chomiki), króliki i zające rzadko ulegają zakażeniu2223. Ptaki, ryby, gady i owady nie mogą być nosicielami wirusa wścieklizny2425.

Patogeneza Wścieklizny

Patogeneza wścieklizny obejmuje złożony proces, w którym wirus po dostaniu się do organizmu wędruje do mózgu, powodując nieodwracalne uszkodzenia układu nerwowego2627.

Wnikanie wirusa do organizmu

Po ukąszeniu przez zakażone zwierzę, wirus wścieklizny może wniknąć do organizmu na dwa sposoby28:

  • Bezpośrednio wnikając do układu nerwowego obwodowego i migrując do mózgu
  • Replikując się w tkance mięśniowej w miejscu ukąszenia, gdzie jest chroniony przed układem odpornościowym gospodarza, a następnie wnikając do układu nerwowego przez połączenia nerwowo-mięśniowe

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Po wniknięciu do organizmu, wirus przyłącza się do receptorów komórkowych. Glikoproteiny powierzchniowe wirusa oddziałują z receptorami nikotynowymi acetylocholiny w błonie komórkowej komórek mięśniowych. Ponieważ neurony nie wykazują ekspresji tych receptorów, prawdopodobnie istnieją inne, niezidentyfikowane receptory umożliwiające wnikanie wirusa do komórek nerwowych30.

Transport neurotropowy

Kluczowym etapem patogenezy wścieklizny jest transport wirusa wzdłuż dróg nerwowych do ośrodkowego układu nerwowego31. Wirus przemieszcza się poprzez transport wsteczny aksonalny (retrograde axoplasmatic transport) z miejsca wniknięcia do rdzenia kręgowego, a następnie do mózgu3233.

Dotkliwość zmian histopatologicznych w rdzeniu kręgowym często odpowiada miejscu ukąszenia – na przykład, rdzeń lędźwiowy jest najbardziej dotknięty, gdy ukąszenie nastąpiło w stopę34. Ból i/lub parestezje (nieprawidłowe odczucia) w miejscu ukąszenia są pierwszymi objawami klinicznymi i charakterystycznym znaleziskiem, które zapowiada namnażanie się wirusa w zwoju nerwowym3536.

Po dotarciu do ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN), wirus gwałtownie się namnaża, powodując ostre zapalenie mózgu. Następnie przemieszcza się od OUN poprzez zstępujący transport aksonalny (anterograde axoplasmic flow) wzdłuż nerwów obwodowych, co prowadzi do zakażenia niektórych tkanek nienerwowych, takich jak gruczoły ślinowe37.

Uszkodzenie układu nerwowego

Mechanizm, poprzez który wirus wścieklizny powoduje ciężką chorobę OUN, nie jest do końca wyjaśniony38. Z punktu widzenia diagnostyki i możliwości terapeutycznych, ważne jest zrozumienie, że wścieklizna nie uszkadza bezpośrednio neuronów. Morfologia i długość życia neuronów pozostaje prawidłowa przez cały przebieg choroby. Śmierć następuje w wyniku globalnej blokady neuroprzekaźników i rozległej dysfunkcji neurologicznej39.

Badania sugerują, że zakażenie wirusem wścieklizny może powodować piroptozę komórek neuronalnych – formę zaprogramowanej śmierci komórki charakteryzującą się stanem zapalnym. Podczas zakażenia wirusem wścieklizny dochodzi do indukcji czynników związanych z piroptozą i chemokin w mózgach zarażonych zwierząt, co sugeruje, że uszkodzenie lub śmierć komórek neuronowych może być pośredniczona przez szlak piroptotyczny40.

Fazy zakażenia

Okres inkubacji wścieklizny jest zmienny i może trwać od kilku dni do kilku lat, zazwyczaj jednak wynosi od 1 do 3 miesięcy4142. Długość okresu inkubacji zależy od wielkości inokulum, lokalizacji ukąszenia i jego bliskości do OUN43.

Po pierwotnym zakażeniu wirus przechodzi fazę eklipsy, podczas której nie można go łatwo wykryć w organizmie gospodarza44. W momencie wystąpienia objawów klinicznych wirus może już nie być żywotny ani nie replikować się w tkankach, chociaż ciałka Negriego (charakterystyczne inkluzje cytoplazmatyczne) są nadal obecne45.

Wyróżnia się dwa główne typy wścieklizny46:

  • Wścieklizna szałowa (furious rabies) – występuje w około 80-85% przypadków u ludzi, charakteryzuje się nadaktywnością i hydrofobią (wodowstrętem)
  • Wścieklizna porażenna (paralytic rabies) – występuje rzadziej, dominującym objawem jest postępujące porażenie mięśni

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Czynniki ryzyka i podatność na zakażenie

Ryzyko zakażenia wirusem wścieklizny zależy od wielu czynników, które wpływają zarówno na prawdopodobieństwo ekspozycji, jak i rozwoju choroby po kontakcie z wirusem49.

Gatunki zwierząt przenoszących wirus

Wszystkie ssaki są podatne na zakażenie wirusem wścieklizny, jednak niektóre gatunki stanowią główny rezerwuar choroby50:

  • Psy domowe – odpowiadają za 99% przypadków wścieklizny u ludzi na świecie, szczególnie w Afryce i Azji
  • Nietoperze – główne źródło zakażeń wścieklizną u ludzi w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Kanadzie
  • Dzikie zwierzęta – szopy pracze, skunksy, lisy, wilki, kojoty i szopołaki są często nosicielami wirusa
  • Zwierzęta domowe – koty, bydło, konie i kozy również mogą przenosić wściekliznę, jeśli nie zostały zaszczepione

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Małe gryzonie, takie jak chomiki, wiewiórki, myszy i szczury, rzadko są zakażone wirusem wścieklizny i stanowią minimalne ryzyko przeniesienia choroby55. Ptaki, ryby, gady i owady nie są podatne na zakażenie i nie mogą przenosić wirusa wścieklizny56.

Geografia i endemiczność

Wścieklizna występuje w ponad 150 krajach i na wszystkich kontynentach z wyjątkiem Antarktydy5758. Obszary o najwyższym ryzyku zakażenia to:

  • Azja i Afryka – gdzie występuje 95% przypadków wścieklizny u ludzi
  • Ameryka Łacińska – gdzie warianty wirusa związane z nietoperzami nadal powodują wściekliznę u ludzi i zwierząt gospodarskich
  • Obszary wiejskie – szczególnie te z dużą populacją bezpańskich psów i ograniczonym dostępem do opieki medycznej

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W Stanach Zjednoczonych i Europie skuteczne programy szczepień znacznie ograniczyły występowanie wścieklizny u zwierząt domowych, ale choroba nadal utrzymuje się w populacjach dzikich zwierząt61.

Czynniki związane z ekspozycją

Podatność na zakażenie po ekspozycji zależy od kilku czynników62:

  • Gatunku zwierzęcia – warianty wirusa wścieklizny są w różnym stopniu wirulentne
  • Stężenia wirusa w ślinie – zależy od stadium choroby u zwierzęcia
  • Lokalizacji i ciężkości rany – ukąszenia w obszarach bogato unerwionych, takich jak twarz i szyja, wiążą się z większym ryzykiem i krótszym okresem inkubacji
  • Statusu immunologicznego gospodarza – osłabiony układ odpornościowy zwiększa podatność na zakażenie

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Rany zlokalizowane na głowie i szyi są szczególnie niebezpieczne, ponieważ zakażenie może szybciej dotrzeć do mózgu65. Ukąszenia przez nietoperze są wyjątkowo niebezpieczne, ponieważ mogą być drobne i trudne do wykrycia, a warianty wirusa związane z nietoperzami są bardzo neurotropowe66.

Diagnostyka wścieklizny

Diagnostyka wścieklizny jest wyzwaniem, ponieważ objawy kliniczne mogą być niespecyficzne we wczesnych stadiach, a potwierdzenie diagnozy często wymaga specjalistycznych badań laboratoryjnych67.

Metody diagnostyczne

Definitywna diagnoza wścieklizny opiera się na badaniach laboratoryjnych68:

  • Izolacja wirusa ze śliny, płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego, moczu lub tkanki nerwowej
  • Wykrycie obecności ciałek Negriego – charakterystycznych wtrętów cytoplazmatycznych w neuronach zakażonych
  • Badania immunofluorescencyjne tkanki mózgowej
  • Metody molekularne (PCR) do wykrywania materiału genetycznego wirusa

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U zwierząt wściekliznę można zdiagnozować wyłącznie poprzez bezpośrednie badanie mózgu, co zwykle wymaga uśmiercenia zwierzęcia71. U ludzi diagnoza opiera się na kombinacji wywiadu epidemiologicznego, objawów klinicznych i badań laboratoryjnych, takich jak biopsje skóry, badanie śliny i płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego72.

Jeśli zwierzę, które ukąsiło człowieka, jest podejrzane o wściekliznę, powinno być obserwowane przez co najmniej 10 dni, aby stwierdzić, czy wykazuje objawy choroby. W przypadku dzikich zwierząt, takich jak szopy pracze, skunksy lub lisy, które ukąsiły człowieka, należy zakładać, że są zakażone wirusem wścieklizny73.

Znaczenie wczesnej diagnostyki

Wczesna diagnostyka jest kluczowa dla skutecznego leczenia, ponieważ po wystąpieniu objawów klinicznych wścieklizna jest praktycznie zawsze śmiertelna74. Z tego powodu ekspozycja na wściekliznę jest sytuacją nagłą, wymagającą natychmiastowej oceny ryzyka i podjęcia działań profilaktycznych75.

W przypadku podejrzenia ekspozycji na wirusa wścieklizny należy natychmiast oczyścić ranę wodą z mydłem lub środkiem dezynfekującym przez 15 minut, co może znacznie zmniejszyć ryzyko zakażenia76. Następnie konieczna jest konsultacja medyczna w celu oceny ryzyka i ewentualnego wdrożenia profilaktyki poekspozycyjnej77.

Zapobieganie wściekliźnie

Wścieklizna jest chorobą, której można całkowicie zapobiec poprzez szczepienia i odpowiednie postępowanie poekspozycyjne7879.

Szczepienia zwierząt

Najskuteczniejszą strategią zapobiegania wściekliźnie u ludzi jest masowe szczepienie psów, ponieważ zatrzymuje transmisję wirusa u jego źródła80. Programy szczepień ustanowione w celu immunizacji psów i kotów skutecznie zmniejszyły występowanie wścieklizny u zwierząt domowych w wielu krajach81.

W większości stanów USA i w wielu innych krajach szczepienie psów i kotów przeciwko wściekliźnie jest obowiązkowe82. Obowiązkowe szczepienia znacznie zmniejszyły liczbę przypadków wścieklizny u zwierząt domowych, ale choroba nadal występuje w populacjach dzikich zwierząt83.

Należy pamiętać, że wybijanie bezpańskich psów nie jest skuteczną metodą kontrolowania wścieklizny84.

Profilaktyka przedekspozycyjna u ludzi

Szczepienie przeciwko wściekliźnie przed ekspozycją zalecane jest dla osób z grupy wysokiego ryzyka zawodowego, takich jak85:

  • Weterynarze i technicy weterynarii
  • Osoby pracujące z dzikimi zwierzętami
  • Pracownicy laboratoriów mający kontakt z wirusem wścieklizny
  • Osoby pracujące w jaskiniach (speleolodzy)
  • Podróżujący do obszarów endemicznych

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Szczepienie przedekspozycyjne składa się zwykle z trzech dawek szczepionki przeciwko wściekliźnie podawanych w określonych odstępach czasu88.

Profilaktyka poekspozycyjna

Profilaktyka poekspozycyjna (PEP) jest natychmiastową odpowiedzią na ekspozycję na wściekliznę. Zapobiega ona przedostaniu się wirusa do ośrodkowego układu nerwowego89. PEP składa się z90:

  • Dokładnego oczyszczenia rany wodą z mydłem lub środkiem dezynfekującym
  • Podania swoistej immunoglobuliny przeciwko wściekliźnie (HRIG) wokół miejsca ukąszenia oraz domięśniowo
  • Serii szczepionek przeciwko wściekliźnie podawanych zgodnie z określonym harmonogramem

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Szczepionka przeciwko wściekliźnie zawiera inaktywowany lub niezjadliwy wariant wirusa wścieklizny, więc nie może wywołać choroby93. Profilaktyka poekspozycyjna jest niezwykle skuteczna, jeśli zostanie wdrożona przed wystąpieniem objawów klinicznych94.

Edukacja i świadomość społeczna

Edukacja społeczeństwa na temat wścieklizny jest kluczowym elementem strategii zapobiegania. Ważne jest upowszechnianie następujących zasad95:

  • Unikanie kontaktu z dzikimi zwierzętami i nieznanymi zwierzętami domowymi
  • Natychmiastowe zgłaszanie ukąszeń lub zadrapań przez zwierzęta personelowi medycznemu
  • Szczepienie zwierząt domowych zgodnie z lokalnymi przepisami
  • Zachowanie ostrożności podczas podróży do obszarów endemicznych

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Świadomość, że wścieklizna jest w 100% śmiertelna, ale również w 100% możliwa do zapobieżenia poprzez odpowiednie szczepienia i postępowanie poekspozycyjne, powinna być szeroko rozpowszechniana98.

Znaczenie kliniczne wścieklizny

Wścieklizna pozostaje jedną z najbardziej śmiertelnych chorób zakaźnych na świecie, z niemal 100% wskaźnikiem śmiertelności po wystąpieniu objawów klinicznych99100.

Śmiertelność i przeżywalność

Wścieklizna ma najwyższy wskaźnik śmiertelności spośród wszystkich chorób zakaźnych101. Po wystąpieniu objawów klinicznych choroba prowadzi niemal zawsze do śmierci, zwykle w ciągu 7-14 dni102. Szacuje się, że wścieklizna powoduje około 59 000 zgonów rocznie na całym świecie, głównie w Afryce i Azji103.

W historii medycyny odnotowano zaledwie kilka przypadków przeżycia wścieklizny u ludzi po wystąpieniu objawów, ale były to niezwykle rzadkie sytuacje z zastosowaniem eksperymentalnych metod leczenia104.

Wpływ społeczno-ekonomiczny

Globalny koszt wścieklizny szacowany jest na około 8,6 miliarda dolarów rocznie, uwzględniając utracone życie i środki do życia, opiekę medyczną i związane z nią koszty105106. Obciążenie chorobą nieproporcjonalnie dotyka ubogie populacje wiejskie, przy czym około 40% przypadków dotyczy dzieci poniżej 15 roku życia107.

Mimo dostępności skutecznych szczepionek i immunoglobulin przeciwko wściekliźnie, są one często niedostępne lub zbyt drogie dla osób potrzebujących, szczególnie w krajach rozwijających się108.

Postęp w eliminacji wścieklizny

Eliminacja wariantu wirusa wścieklizny przenoszonego przez psy (CRVV) ze Stanów Zjednoczonych jest jednym z najważniejszych sukcesów zdrowia publicznego XX wieku109. Osiągnięto to poprzez masowe szczepienia psów i stosowanie doustnych szczepionek przeciwko wściekliźnie dla dzikich zwierząt110.

W wielu krajach rozwiniętych wściekliznę u zwierząt domowych skutecznie kontroluje się poprzez obowiązkowe programy szczepień, ale choroba nadal utrzymuje się w populacjach dzikich zwierząt111. W krajach rozwijających się wścieklizna przenoszona przez psy pozostaje głównym problemem zdrowia publicznego112.

Globalne wysiłki na rzecz eliminacji wścieklizny koncentrują się na masowych szczepieniach psów, które są najbardziej opłacalną strategią zapobiegania wściekliźnie u ludzi113. Jednak ciągła dywersyfikacja genetyczna wirusa wścieklizny i innych lyssawirusów budzi obawy, że istniejące szczepionki mogą przestać być skuteczne w zapobieganiu wściekliźnie u ludzi114.

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  1. 18.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Rabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-overview
    Rabies is caused by a neurotropic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, subgroup rabies virus. […] The rabies virus is a bullet-shaped virion with a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleocapsid core and lipoprotein envelope. Its nucleocapsid material consists of Negri bodies, which are observed in the cytoplasm of infected neurons. The virus is transmitted in saliva or in aerosolized secretions from infected animals, typically via a bite. The virus is not hardy and is quickly inactivated by drying, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, trypsin, detergents, and ether. […] Rabies is a highly neurotropic virus that evades immune surveillance by its sequestration in the nervous system. Upon inoculation, it enters the peripheral nerves. A prolonged incubation follows, the length of which depends on the size of the inoculum and its proximity to the CNS.
  • #2 Rabies – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
    Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] The rabies virus is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus, in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. […] Rabies is caused by a number of lyssaviruses including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year, about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15. […] Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. […] The global cost of rabies is estimated to be around US$8.6 billion per year including lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated psychological trauma.
  • #3 Rabies | Yellow Book | CDC
    https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/rabies
    Rabies is a fatal, acute, progressive encephalomyelitis caused by neurotropic viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. Numerous, diverse lyssaviruses are found in various mammalian species throughout the world, all of which can cause fatal human rabies. Rabies virus is by far the most common Lyssavirus infection in humans. Tens of millions of potential human exposures and tens of thousands of deaths from rabies occur each year. […] Lyssaviruses, the causative agents for rabies, have been found on all continents except Antarctica. Rabies virus is classified into 2 major genetic lineages: canine and New World bat. These 2 lineages can be further classified into rabies virus variants based on genetic differentiations, geographic extent, and the reservoir species in which they circulate.
  • #4 Rabies in Animals – Nervous System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals
    Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalomyelitis caused by lyssaviruses. […] Rabies is caused by viruses in the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. […] Globally, rabies virus is the most important member of the genus. […] Rabies virus replicates initially in non-nervous tissue at the site of inoculation. […] Lyssaviruses such as rabies virus are highly neurotropic. […] Rabies virus travels via the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and ascends to the brain. […] If an animal is capable of transmission via its saliva, virus will be detectable in the brain. […] Rabies virus has not been isolated from skunk musk (spray). […] Transmission of rabies virus almost always occurs via introduction of virus-laden saliva into tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid animal. […] Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. […] All mammals are believed susceptible to rabies virus and other lyssaviruses.
  • #5 Rabies – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
    Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] The rabies virus is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus, in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. […] Rabies is caused by a number of lyssaviruses including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year, about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15. […] Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. […] The global cost of rabies is estimated to be around US$8.6 billion per year including lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated psychological trauma.
  • #6 Rabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448076/
    The RABV and other rabies-like viruses are zoonotic, neurotropic, bullet-shaped RNA viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, and order Mononegavirales. […] The RABV most likely came from a bat ancestor and evolved through multiple host-switching events in dogs, bats, and other animals. […] Seven main lineages of RABV exist worldwide, each with many variants associated with specific animals and geographies. […] The most widespread lineage occurs in dogs and wildlife species such as foxes, jackals, and skunks in Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. […] Many bat-associated lineages in Latin America continue to cause rabies in humans and domestic livestock. […] Continued genetic diversification of RABV and other Lyssaviruses raises concerns that the existing HRIG and rabies vaccines may cease to be effective for human rabies prevention.
  • #7 Rabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448076/
    The RABV and other rabies-like viruses are zoonotic, neurotropic, bullet-shaped RNA viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, and order Mononegavirales. […] The RABV most likely came from a bat ancestor and evolved through multiple host-switching events in dogs, bats, and other animals. […] Seven main lineages of RABV exist worldwide, each with many variants associated with specific animals and geographies. […] The most widespread lineage occurs in dogs and wildlife species such as foxes, jackals, and skunks in Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. […] Many bat-associated lineages in Latin America continue to cause rabies in humans and domestic livestock. […] Continued genetic diversification of RABV and other Lyssaviruses raises concerns that the existing HRIG and rabies vaccines may cease to be effective for human rabies prevention.
  • #8 Rabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448076/
    The RABV and other rabies-like viruses are zoonotic, neurotropic, bullet-shaped RNA viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, and order Mononegavirales. […] The RABV most likely came from a bat ancestor and evolved through multiple host-switching events in dogs, bats, and other animals. […] Seven main lineages of RABV exist worldwide, each with many variants associated with specific animals and geographies. […] The most widespread lineage occurs in dogs and wildlife species such as foxes, jackals, and skunks in Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. […] Many bat-associated lineages in Latin America continue to cause rabies in humans and domestic livestock. […] Continued genetic diversification of RABV and other Lyssaviruses raises concerns that the existing HRIG and rabies vaccines may cease to be effective for human rabies prevention.
  • #9 Rabies – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
    Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] The rabies virus is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus, in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. […] Rabies is caused by a number of lyssaviruses including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year, about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15. […] Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. […] The global cost of rabies is estimated to be around US$8.6 billion per year including lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated psychological trauma.
  • #10 Rabies virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virus
    Rabies virus (Lyssavirus rabies) is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in animals, including humans. […] Rabies transmission can also occur through the saliva of animals and less commonly through contact with human saliva. […] Rabies virus, like many rhabdoviruses, has an extremely wide host range. […] Rabies is reported in more than 150 countries and on all continents except Antarctica. […] The main burden of disease is reported in Asia and Africa, but some cases have been reported also in Europe in the past 10 years, especially in returning travellers. […] Rabies virus is estimated to cause around 55,000 deaths per year across the world and has a death rate of nearly 100%. […] These statistics coupled with the fact that there is currently no specific treatment, or antiviral drug makes research on the virus of vital importance for the scientific community in order to possibly lower the current death rate.
  • #11 Science in 5
    https://www.who.int/health-topics/rabies
    Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that causes progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. […] Rabies is estimated to cause 59 000 human deaths annually in over 150 countries, with 95% of cases occurring in Africa and Asia. […] The burden of disease is disproportionally borne by rural poor populations, with approximately half of cases attributable to children under 15 years of age. […] Rabies, despite being entirely preventable, remains a significant public health concern in the Asia-Pacific Region. […] The most recent estimate of the global number of deaths from dog-mediated rabies.
  • #12 Rabies – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/rabies
    Rabies is a viral encephalitis transmitted by the saliva of infected bats and certain other infected mammals. […] Rabies causes 59,000 human deaths worldwide annually, mostly in Africa and Asia, where canine rabies is endemic. […] Infected raccoons, skunks, and foxes can transmit rabies. […] Rabid animals transmit the infection through their saliva, usually by biting. […] The virus travels from the site of entry via peripheral nerves to the spinal cord (or to the brain stem when the face is bitten), then to the brain. […] Involvement of the salivary glands and oral mucosa is responsible for transmissibility. […] Because bats are an important reservoir for rabies virus in the United States and because bat bites may be hard to detect, contact with a bat is an absolute indication for postexposure prophylaxis.
  • #13 Rabies – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
    Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] The rabies virus is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus, in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. […] Rabies is caused by a number of lyssaviruses including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year, about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15. […] Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. […] The global cost of rabies is estimated to be around US$8.6 billion per year including lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated psychological trauma.
  • #14
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies is a viral, zoonotic, neglected tropical disease that causes tens of thousands of deaths annually, with 40% being children under 15. […] Dog bites and scratches cause 99% of the human rabies cases, and can be prevented through dog vaccination and bite prevention. […] Once the virus infects the central nervous system and clinical symptoms appear, rabies is fatal in 100% of cases. […] Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease affecting the central nervous system. […] In up to 99% of the human rabies cases, dogs are responsible for virus transmission. […] Rabies spreads to people and animals via saliva, usually through bites, scratches, or direct contact with mucosa (e.g. eyes, mouth, or open wounds). […] Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal.
  • #15 Why Does Rabies Cause Hydrophobia | Passport Health
    https://www.passporthealthusa.com/2024/09/why-does-rabies-cause-hydrophobia/
    Rabies is a fatal viral disease from the rhabdovirus family. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), up to 99 percent of human confirmed rabies cases are caused by dogs. […] Rabies can be a fatal disease and should be treated with a medical urgency.
  • #16 Rabies: Vaccines, Symptoms, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/rabies-overview-4156466
    Rabies is caused by a virus class known as the lyssavirus, of which there are 14 animal-specific strains. The virus itself can be found in high concentrations in saliva and the nerve cells of an infected animal or human. Animal bites are the predominant mode of transmission, although the infection can also be passed by handling dead animals. Transmission between humans is extremely rare. […] Once a person is bitten, scratched, or exposed to infected body fluids (either through the eyes, nose, mouth, or broken skin), the virus will travel through the nerves of the peripheral central system to the spinal cord and brain. […] In the United States, bat bites are by far the most common route of animal-to-human transmission, followed by bites from rabid dogs. Other North American animals commonly infected include raccoons, skunks, foxes, cattle, coyotes, and domestic cats.
  • #17 2020 – Infectious Diseases – Trends in Human Rabies Deaths and Exposures, United States, 1938–2018 – FEDERAL HEALTH & MEDICINE
    https://www.federalhealthmedicine.com/2020—infectious-diseases—trends-in-human-rabies-deaths-and-exposures-united-states-1938ndash2018.html
    Rabies virus, a Lyssavirus that infects mammals, is transmitted through saliva, most commonly from the bite or scratch of an infected animal. […] Rabies virus infection, regardless of the variant or animal reservoir, is fatal in over 99% of cases, making it one of the worlds most deadly diseases. […] The elimination of canine rabies virus variant (CRVV) from the United States is one of the most important public health successes of the 20th century. […] However, globally, approximately 59,000 persons still die from rabies every year; 98% of these cases are caused by CRVV. […] In the United States, CRVV was eventually eliminated in 2004 through use of parenteral and oral rabies vaccines. […] As the prevalence of CRVV declined, rabies viruses associated with wildlife reservoirs such as skunks, foxes, raccoons, and bats accounted for an increasing proportion of cases in animals and humans in the United States.
  • #18 Rabies virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virus
    Rabies virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal, allowing it to penetrate the skin, infect tissues, and neurons through their nerve endings and spreading to the nervous system. […] Fatality can occur from two days to five years from the time of initial infection. […] This however depends largely on the species of animal acting as a reservoir.
  • #19 Rabies
    https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/r/rabies/?section=Causes
    Rabies infection is caused by the rabies virus. The virus is spread through the saliva of infected animals. Infected animals can spread the virus by biting another animal or a person. […] In rare cases, rabies can be spread when infected saliva gets into an open wound or the mucous membranes, such as the mouth or eyes. This could occur if an infected animal were to lick an open cut on your skin.
  • #20 Rabies – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821
    Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. The rabies virus causes a rabies infection. The virus spreads through the saliva of infected animals. Infected animals can spread the virus by biting another animal or a person. […] In rare cases, rabies can be spread when infected saliva gets into an open wound or the mucous membranes, such as the mouth or eyes. This could happen if an infected animal licked an open cut on your skin. […] Any mammal (an animal that suckles its young) can spread the rabies virus. The animals most likely to spread the rabies virus to people include: […] In very rare cases, the virus has been spread to tissue and organ transplant recipients from an infected organ.
  • #21 Rabies – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821
    Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. The rabies virus causes a rabies infection. The virus spreads through the saliva of infected animals. Infected animals can spread the virus by biting another animal or a person. […] In rare cases, rabies can be spread when infected saliva gets into an open wound or the mucous membranes, such as the mouth or eyes. This could happen if an infected animal licked an open cut on your skin. […] Any mammal (an animal that suckles its young) can spread the rabies virus. The animals most likely to spread the rabies virus to people include: […] In very rare cases, the virus has been spread to tissue and organ transplant recipients from an infected organ.
  • #22 Rabies – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-infections/rabies
    Rabies rarely affects rodents (such as hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, squirrels, chipmunks, rats, and mice), rabbits, or hares. […] Rabies causes more than 59,000 deaths worldwide each year. Most deaths occur in rural areas of Asia and Africa. In the United States, only a few people die each year.
  • #23 Rabies: Symptoms and What to Do If You Are Bitten by a Rabid Animal
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-rabies
    Rabies is a virus that attacks the central nervous system. It’s found only in mammals, which are warm-blooded animals with fur or hair (including humans). […] The rabies virus causes the rabies infection and can spread through saliva, often from an infected animal biting another animal or human. […] The virus is found only in mammals. In the United States, rabies is mostly found in wild animals like coyotes, raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes. Pets (such as dogs and cats) and livestock (like horses and cattle) can also get rabies. Most pets and livestock that get rabies were not vaccinated against it. […] Normally, rabies is spread through a deep bite or scratch from an infected animal. Rabies is passed through direct contact with saliva, such as through a cut in the skin, or mucous membranes like the eyes, nose, or mouth.
  • #24 Rabies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention | Banner
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/infectious-disease/treatment/rabies
    Rabies is rarely seen in rodents such as mice, rats, squirrels, hamsters and rabbits. Birds, fish, turtles, lizards and insects cannot carry rabies. […] If drug therapy is recommended to prevent infection, it is important to start treatment right away. A series of shots called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can stop the virus from reaching your brain. […] Rabies is 100% preventable.
  • #25 FS1228: Rabies: What You Should Know for Your Pets and Livestock (Rutgers NJAES)
    https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1228/
    Rabies is a virus that attacks the central nervous system in mammals (warm-blooded animals). The virus is present primarily in the saliva, brain tissue, and spinal fluid of a rabid animal and is transmitted by a bite, contamination of an open cut, or through contact with mucus membranes (nose, mouth, eyes). […] Rabies is almost always fatal once the animal or human is infected (only two (2) humans have survived rabies in the United States in 16 years). […] Rabies is usually transmitted from the bite of an infected animal. However, because it is viral, it can enter through any open wound on the body. […] Only mammals, including humans, can get rabies. […] In wild animals, rabies is most common in bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes, but the disease has also been found in deer and in large rodents such as groundhogs and woodchucks. […] Cats, dogs, and livestock can get rabies, too, if they are not vaccinated. […] Rabies has not been reported in birds, fish, insects, or reptiles. […] Rabies is always fatal once the animal is infected.
  • #26 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8618/
    Rabies virus causes acute infection of the central nervous system. […] After inoculation, rabies virus may enter the peripheral nervous system directly and migrates to the brain or may replicate in muscle tissue, remaining sequestered at or near the entry site during incubation, prior to central nervous system invasion and replication. […] Rabies occurs in nearly all countries. Disease in humans is almost always due to a bite by an infected mammal. […] Rabies virus is most commonly transmitted through the bite of an infected mammal, all of which may be susceptible, but to greatly varying degrees. […] The host animal species, viral variant, inoculum concentration, body location and severity of exposure, and host immune status have been associated with overt susceptibility to infection and with different incubation periods.
  • #27 Transmission and pathogenesis | Rabies – Bulletin – Europe
    https://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org/site-page/transmission-and-pathogenesis
    In most cases the disease is transmitted via the bite of rabid animals which shed infectious virus with their saliva. The virus enters the body through transdermal inoculation (i.e. wounds) or direct contact of infectious material (i.e. saliva, cerebrospinal liquid, nerve tissue) to mucous membranes or skin lesions. The virus can not penetrate intact skin. […] After entry the virus binds to cell receptors. Viruses may replicate within striated muscle cells ore directly infect nerve cells. […] The virus then travels via retrograde axoplasmatic transport mechanisms to the central nervous system. Both motor and sensory fibres may be involved depending on the animal infected. […] Once it has reached the CNS, rapid virus replication takes place, causing pathologic effects on nerve cell physiology. The virus then moves from the CNS via anterograde axoplasmic flow within peripheral nerves, leading to infection of some of the adjacent non-nervous tissues, for example, secretory tissues of salivary glands. The virus is widely disseminated throughout the body at the time of clinical onset. With shedding of infectious virus in saliva the infection cycle of rabies is completed.
  • #28 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    Rabies is a dangerous virus that causes brain inflammation. It can spread from animals to humans through bites and scratches. […] Rabies is a viral infection that primarily spreads through a bite from an infected animal. Without early treatment, it is usually fatal. […] It is an RNA virus of the rhabdovirus family that can affect the body in one of two ways. It can enter the peripheral nervous system directly and migrate to the brain. It can also replicate within muscle tissue, where it is safe from the hosts immune system. From here, it enters the nervous system through the neuromuscular junctions. […] Once inside the nervous system, the virus produces acute inflammation of the brain. Coma and death soon follow. […] The rabies virus can be slightly different from species to species.
  • #29 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    Rabies is a dangerous virus that causes brain inflammation. It can spread from animals to humans through bites and scratches. […] Rabies is a viral infection that primarily spreads through a bite from an infected animal. Without early treatment, it is usually fatal. […] It is an RNA virus of the rhabdovirus family that can affect the body in one of two ways. It can enter the peripheral nervous system directly and migrate to the brain. It can also replicate within muscle tissue, where it is safe from the hosts immune system. From here, it enters the nervous system through the neuromuscular junctions. […] Once inside the nervous system, the virus produces acute inflammation of the brain. Coma and death soon follow. […] The rabies virus can be slightly different from species to species.
  • #30 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of rabies – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-rabies/print
    Rabies and rabies-like illnesses are caused by different variants and species of neurotropic viruses in the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Lyssavirus. […] Most human rabies cases are due to the classical rabies virus, which has multiple virus variants named for their primary animal reservoir species. […] The mechanism by which rabies causes severe CNS disease is unclear. […] Viruses amplify near the site of inoculation in muscle cells and subsequently enter local motor and sensory nerves. […] After inoculation, these glycoprotein projections attach to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the plasma membrane of muscle cells. […] However, since neurons do not express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, other unidentified receptors may exist to allow nerve cell entry. […] Rabies viruses then ascend rapidly up the spinal cord to the brain, initially infecting the diencephalon, hippocampus, and brainstem.
  • #31 Transmission and pathogenesis | Rabies – Bulletin – Europe
    https://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org/site-page/transmission-and-pathogenesis
    In most cases the disease is transmitted via the bite of rabid animals which shed infectious virus with their saliva. The virus enters the body through transdermal inoculation (i.e. wounds) or direct contact of infectious material (i.e. saliva, cerebrospinal liquid, nerve tissue) to mucous membranes or skin lesions. The virus can not penetrate intact skin. […] After entry the virus binds to cell receptors. Viruses may replicate within striated muscle cells ore directly infect nerve cells. […] The virus then travels via retrograde axoplasmatic transport mechanisms to the central nervous system. Both motor and sensory fibres may be involved depending on the animal infected. […] Once it has reached the CNS, rapid virus replication takes place, causing pathologic effects on nerve cell physiology. The virus then moves from the CNS via anterograde axoplasmic flow within peripheral nerves, leading to infection of some of the adjacent non-nervous tissues, for example, secretory tissues of salivary glands. The virus is widely disseminated throughout the body at the time of clinical onset. With shedding of infectious virus in saliva the infection cycle of rabies is completed.
  • #32 Rabies in Animals – Nervous System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals
    Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalomyelitis caused by lyssaviruses. […] Rabies is caused by viruses in the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. […] Globally, rabies virus is the most important member of the genus. […] Rabies virus replicates initially in non-nervous tissue at the site of inoculation. […] Lyssaviruses such as rabies virus are highly neurotropic. […] Rabies virus travels via the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and ascends to the brain. […] If an animal is capable of transmission via its saliva, virus will be detectable in the brain. […] Rabies virus has not been isolated from skunk musk (spray). […] Transmission of rabies virus almost always occurs via introduction of virus-laden saliva into tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid animal. […] Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. […] All mammals are believed susceptible to rabies virus and other lyssaviruses.
  • #33 Rabies – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/rabies
    Rabies is a viral encephalitis transmitted by the saliva of infected bats and certain other infected mammals. […] Rabies causes 59,000 human deaths worldwide annually, mostly in Africa and Asia, where canine rabies is endemic. […] Infected raccoons, skunks, and foxes can transmit rabies. […] Rabid animals transmit the infection through their saliva, usually by biting. […] The virus travels from the site of entry via peripheral nerves to the spinal cord (or to the brain stem when the face is bitten), then to the brain. […] Involvement of the salivary glands and oral mucosa is responsible for transmissibility. […] Because bats are an important reservoir for rabies virus in the United States and because bat bites may be hard to detect, contact with a bat is an absolute indication for postexposure prophylaxis.
  • #34
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/tritzid/rabies.htm
    Rabies virus (a rhabdovirus) […] The rabies virus is usually transmitted to man by a bite that implants saliva containing an infective dose of virus in muscle and near nerve tissue. […] The virus travels along the nerves from the point of inoculation to the CNS. […] The severity of the histopathologic changes in the spinal cord often corresponds to the site of bite – for example, the lumbar cord is most extensively affected when the bite is on the foot. […] Definitive diagnosis of rabies depends on laboratory procedures: […] Isolation of the virus from saliva, CSF, urine, nerve tissue […] Presence of Negri bodies.
  • #35 Rabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-overview
    The rabies virus travels along these axons at a rate of 12-24 mm/d to enter the spinal ganglion. Its multiplication in the ganglion is heralded by the onset of pain or paresthesia at the site of the inoculum, which is the first clinical symptom and a hallmark finding. […] From the standpoint of diagnosis and therapeutic opportunities, it is important to understand that rabies does not damage neurons. Neuronal morphology and lifespan is normal throughout the course of the disease. Death occurs from global neurotransmitter blockade and widespread neurologic dysfunction. […] Ironically, as disease progresses, virus may no longer be viable or replicating in tissue, although Negri bodies are present.
  • #36 Rabies – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/rabies
    Pain and/or paresthesias at the bite site are followed by encephalitis (causing restlessness and agitation) or by ascending paralysis. […] Raccoons, skunks, or foxes that have bitten a person should be regarded as rabid; because bat bites can be minute and hard to detect, contact with a bat is an absolute indication for rabies immune globulin and the rabies vaccine.
  • #37 Transmission and pathogenesis | Rabies – Bulletin – Europe
    https://www.who-rabies-bulletin.org/site-page/transmission-and-pathogenesis
    In most cases the disease is transmitted via the bite of rabid animals which shed infectious virus with their saliva. The virus enters the body through transdermal inoculation (i.e. wounds) or direct contact of infectious material (i.e. saliva, cerebrospinal liquid, nerve tissue) to mucous membranes or skin lesions. The virus can not penetrate intact skin. […] After entry the virus binds to cell receptors. Viruses may replicate within striated muscle cells ore directly infect nerve cells. […] The virus then travels via retrograde axoplasmatic transport mechanisms to the central nervous system. Both motor and sensory fibres may be involved depending on the animal infected. […] Once it has reached the CNS, rapid virus replication takes place, causing pathologic effects on nerve cell physiology. The virus then moves from the CNS via anterograde axoplasmic flow within peripheral nerves, leading to infection of some of the adjacent non-nervous tissues, for example, secretory tissues of salivary glands. The virus is widely disseminated throughout the body at the time of clinical onset. With shedding of infectious virus in saliva the infection cycle of rabies is completed.
  • #38 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of rabies – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-rabies/print
    Rabies and rabies-like illnesses are caused by different variants and species of neurotropic viruses in the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Lyssavirus. […] Most human rabies cases are due to the classical rabies virus, which has multiple virus variants named for their primary animal reservoir species. […] The mechanism by which rabies causes severe CNS disease is unclear. […] Viruses amplify near the site of inoculation in muscle cells and subsequently enter local motor and sensory nerves. […] After inoculation, these glycoprotein projections attach to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the plasma membrane of muscle cells. […] However, since neurons do not express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, other unidentified receptors may exist to allow nerve cell entry. […] Rabies viruses then ascend rapidly up the spinal cord to the brain, initially infecting the diencephalon, hippocampus, and brainstem.
  • #39 Rabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-overview
    The rabies virus travels along these axons at a rate of 12-24 mm/d to enter the spinal ganglion. Its multiplication in the ganglion is heralded by the onset of pain or paresthesia at the site of the inoculum, which is the first clinical symptom and a hallmark finding. […] From the standpoint of diagnosis and therapeutic opportunities, it is important to understand that rabies does not damage neurons. Neuronal morphology and lifespan is normal throughout the course of the disease. Death occurs from global neurotransmitter blockade and widespread neurologic dysfunction. […] Ironically, as disease progresses, virus may no longer be viable or replicating in tissue, although Negri bodies are present.
  • #40 Rabies Virus Infection Causes Pyroptosis of Neuronal Cells
    https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/11/5616
    Although many studies have explored the pathogenesis of rabies, the pathogenic mechanism by which rabies virus induces rabies and causes the death of humans and animals is still unclear. […] Our experimental results show that seven chemokines were identified as up-regulated during RABV infection by RT-qPCR and ELISA. […] RABV infection caused damage to or death of neuronal cells, and pyroptosis-related factors and chemokines were induced in the mice’s brains during the RABV infection. […] These data imply that RABV causing damage to or death of neuronal cells might be mediated via the pyroptosis pathway. […] In this study, we found that neuronal cells were injured or died in mouse brains during RABV infection. […] These data suggest that rabies virus infection causes the pyroptosis of neuronal cells.
  • #41 Rabies virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virus
    Rabies virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal, allowing it to penetrate the skin, infect tissues, and neurons through their nerve endings and spreading to the nervous system. […] Fatality can occur from two days to five years from the time of initial infection. […] This however depends largely on the species of animal acting as a reservoir.
  • #42 Rabies | Environmental Health and Safety | Illinois State
    https://ehs.illinoisstate.edu/research/animals/rabies/index.php
    Rabies virus infects the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy and ultimately death. […] Rabies virus causes an acute encephalitis in all warm-blooded hosts, including humans, and the outcome is almost always fatal. […] Although all species of mammals are susceptible to rabies virus infection, only a few species are important for as reservoirs for the disease in nature. […] The most common mode of rabies viral transmission is through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host. […] Following primary infection, the virus undergoes an eclipse phase in which it cannot be easily detected within the host. […] The incubation period may vary from a few days to several years, but typically lasts one to three months. […] Once clinical signs of rabies appear, the disease is nearly always fatal, and treatment is typically supportive. […] There is no treatment for rabies after symptoms of the disease appear.
  • #43 Rabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-overview
    Rabies is caused by a neurotropic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, subgroup rabies virus. […] The rabies virus is a bullet-shaped virion with a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleocapsid core and lipoprotein envelope. Its nucleocapsid material consists of Negri bodies, which are observed in the cytoplasm of infected neurons. The virus is transmitted in saliva or in aerosolized secretions from infected animals, typically via a bite. The virus is not hardy and is quickly inactivated by drying, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, trypsin, detergents, and ether. […] Rabies is a highly neurotropic virus that evades immune surveillance by its sequestration in the nervous system. Upon inoculation, it enters the peripheral nerves. A prolonged incubation follows, the length of which depends on the size of the inoculum and its proximity to the CNS.
  • #44 Rabies | Environmental Health and Safety | Illinois State
    https://ehs.illinoisstate.edu/research/animals/rabies/index.php
    Rabies virus infects the central nervous system, causing encephalopathy and ultimately death. […] Rabies virus causes an acute encephalitis in all warm-blooded hosts, including humans, and the outcome is almost always fatal. […] Although all species of mammals are susceptible to rabies virus infection, only a few species are important for as reservoirs for the disease in nature. […] The most common mode of rabies viral transmission is through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host. […] Following primary infection, the virus undergoes an eclipse phase in which it cannot be easily detected within the host. […] The incubation period may vary from a few days to several years, but typically lasts one to three months. […] Once clinical signs of rabies appear, the disease is nearly always fatal, and treatment is typically supportive. […] There is no treatment for rabies after symptoms of the disease appear.
  • #45 Rabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-overview
    The rabies virus travels along these axons at a rate of 12-24 mm/d to enter the spinal ganglion. Its multiplication in the ganglion is heralded by the onset of pain or paresthesia at the site of the inoculum, which is the first clinical symptom and a hallmark finding. […] From the standpoint of diagnosis and therapeutic opportunities, it is important to understand that rabies does not damage neurons. Neuronal morphology and lifespan is normal throughout the course of the disease. Death occurs from global neurotransmitter blockade and widespread neurologic dysfunction. […] Ironically, as disease progresses, virus may no longer be viable or replicating in tissue, although Negri bodies are present.
  • #46 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    Rabies in humans in the U.S. is most commonly the result of bat bites. […] Of all infections involving rabies worldwide, 99% occur due to dog bites. […] There are two types of rabies. The first type, furious or encephalitic rabies, occurs in 85% of human cases, and a person with it is more likely to experience hyperactivity and hydrophobia. The second type, called paralytic or dumb rabies, causes paralysis as a dominant symptom. […] Rabies is a serious health issue in over 150 countries, mostly in Asia and Africa. […] As saliva carries the virus, rabies can develop if an infected animal bites someone. […] However, the virus cannot pass through unbroken skin. […] Any mammal can harbor and transmit the virus, but smaller mammals, such as rodents, rarely become infected or transmit rabies.
  • #47 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    Rabies in humans in the U.S. is most commonly the result of bat bites. […] Of all infections involving rabies worldwide, 99% occur due to dog bites. […] There are two types of rabies. The first type, furious or encephalitic rabies, occurs in 85% of human cases, and a person with it is more likely to experience hyperactivity and hydrophobia. The second type, called paralytic or dumb rabies, causes paralysis as a dominant symptom. […] Rabies is a serious health issue in over 150 countries, mostly in Asia and Africa. […] As saliva carries the virus, rabies can develop if an infected animal bites someone. […] However, the virus cannot pass through unbroken skin. […] Any mammal can harbor and transmit the virus, but smaller mammals, such as rodents, rarely become infected or transmit rabies.
  • #48 Rabies Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Vaccine, and Treatment | Anadolu Sağlık Merkezi
    https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.com/health-guide/rabies-disease-symptoms-causes-vaccine-and-treatment
    The second type, called paralytic or dumb rabies, leads to paralysis in affected individuals. […] Rabies is often feared to be transmitted through street animals, but it is generally transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected dog. 99% of rabies cases worldwide are due to the bites of infected dogs. […] Regular vaccination of dogs can prevent the risk of rabies transmission. […] However, unvaccinated dogs have a higher risk of transmitting the rabies virus. […] For a person to contract rabies, they must be bitten, scratched, or licked by an infected animal. […] It is essential to begin prophylactic treatment as soon as a suspicious event occurs, as waiting too long after the onset of symptoms or diagnosis may be too late for treatment. […] The rabies vaccine is given immediately after a bite, followed by regular doses. […] The goal is to help the patient develop antibodies against the rabies virus. […] The treatment, involving the injection of an inactivated rabies virus, prevents the person from contracting rabies.
  • #49 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8618/
    Rabies virus causes acute infection of the central nervous system. […] After inoculation, rabies virus may enter the peripheral nervous system directly and migrates to the brain or may replicate in muscle tissue, remaining sequestered at or near the entry site during incubation, prior to central nervous system invasion and replication. […] Rabies occurs in nearly all countries. Disease in humans is almost always due to a bite by an infected mammal. […] Rabies virus is most commonly transmitted through the bite of an infected mammal, all of which may be susceptible, but to greatly varying degrees. […] The host animal species, viral variant, inoculum concentration, body location and severity of exposure, and host immune status have been associated with overt susceptibility to infection and with different incubation periods.
  • #50 Rabies in Animals – Nervous System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals
    Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalomyelitis caused by lyssaviruses. […] Rabies is caused by viruses in the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. […] Globally, rabies virus is the most important member of the genus. […] Rabies virus replicates initially in non-nervous tissue at the site of inoculation. […] Lyssaviruses such as rabies virus are highly neurotropic. […] Rabies virus travels via the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and ascends to the brain. […] If an animal is capable of transmission via its saliva, virus will be detectable in the brain. […] Rabies virus has not been isolated from skunk musk (spray). […] Transmission of rabies virus almost always occurs via introduction of virus-laden saliva into tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid animal. […] Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. […] All mammals are believed susceptible to rabies virus and other lyssaviruses.
  • #51
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies is a viral, zoonotic, neglected tropical disease that causes tens of thousands of deaths annually, with 40% being children under 15. […] Dog bites and scratches cause 99% of the human rabies cases, and can be prevented through dog vaccination and bite prevention. […] Once the virus infects the central nervous system and clinical symptoms appear, rabies is fatal in 100% of cases. […] Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease affecting the central nervous system. […] In up to 99% of the human rabies cases, dogs are responsible for virus transmission. […] Rabies spreads to people and animals via saliva, usually through bites, scratches, or direct contact with mucosa (e.g. eyes, mouth, or open wounds). […] Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal.
  • #52 Rabies: Vaccines, Symptoms, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/rabies-overview-4156466
    Rabies is caused by a virus class known as the lyssavirus, of which there are 14 animal-specific strains. The virus itself can be found in high concentrations in saliva and the nerve cells of an infected animal or human. Animal bites are the predominant mode of transmission, although the infection can also be passed by handling dead animals. Transmission between humans is extremely rare. […] Once a person is bitten, scratched, or exposed to infected body fluids (either through the eyes, nose, mouth, or broken skin), the virus will travel through the nerves of the peripheral central system to the spinal cord and brain. […] In the United States, bat bites are by far the most common route of animal-to-human transmission, followed by bites from rabid dogs. Other North American animals commonly infected include raccoons, skunks, foxes, cattle, coyotes, and domestic cats.
  • #53 Rabies – Introduction, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention | Apollo Hospitals
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/rabies-introduction-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention
    Rabies in humans is due to the bite of a rabid animal. The virus is transmitted through the animals saliva. […] Farm animals like dogs, cows, horses, goats, rabbits and wild animals like jackals, bats, coyotes, foxes and hyenas can transmit rabies if they are infected. […] If a rabid animal licks an open wound on a person, the virus can be transmitted. Wounds of the head and neck are more dangerous as the infection can reach the brain faster.
  • #54 Rabies (U.S. National Park Service)
    https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/rabies.htm
    Rabies is a preventable viral infection of mammals that is almost always fatal once symptoms develop. […] Rabies is generally transmitted through the saliva of infected animals (e.g., bats, raccoons, skunks, coyotes, feral cats) through a bite or a scratch. […] Rabies affects only mammals and is fatal for pets and wildlife as well as humans. […] Multiple variants of rabies virus have been identified in the United States, including raccoon, red fox, gray fox, skunk, coyote, and several bat variants. […] Although less than 1% of bats in nature are infected with rabies, bat variants of rabies are found in most areas of the United States and are responsible for the majority of human deaths from rabies. […] The rabies virus is transmitted via the saliva of an infected animal or person.
  • #55 Rabies (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rabies.html
    Rabies is a rare but serious disease caused by a virus. It affects the nerves and brain. […] Rabies is caused by the rabies virus. Infected animals have the virus in their saliva. The virus enters the body through broken skin or the eyes, nose, or mouth, and travels through nerves to the brain. There it multiplies and causes inflammation and damage. […] Bites from a wild infected animal cause most U.S. rabies cases. Raccoons are the most common carriers, but bats are most likely to infect people. Skunks and foxes also can be infected, and a few cases have been reported in wolves, coyotes, bobcats, and ferrets. Small rodents such as hamsters, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, and rabbits are rarely infected. Widespread animal vaccination has made transmission from dogs to people rare in the U.S. In the rest of the world, exposure to rabid dogs is the most common cause of transmission to humans.
  • #56 FS1228: Rabies: What You Should Know for Your Pets and Livestock (Rutgers NJAES)
    https://njaes.rutgers.edu/fs1228/
    Rabies is a virus that attacks the central nervous system in mammals (warm-blooded animals). The virus is present primarily in the saliva, brain tissue, and spinal fluid of a rabid animal and is transmitted by a bite, contamination of an open cut, or through contact with mucus membranes (nose, mouth, eyes). […] Rabies is almost always fatal once the animal or human is infected (only two (2) humans have survived rabies in the United States in 16 years). […] Rabies is usually transmitted from the bite of an infected animal. However, because it is viral, it can enter through any open wound on the body. […] Only mammals, including humans, can get rabies. […] In wild animals, rabies is most common in bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes, but the disease has also been found in deer and in large rodents such as groundhogs and woodchucks. […] Cats, dogs, and livestock can get rabies, too, if they are not vaccinated. […] Rabies has not been reported in birds, fish, insects, or reptiles. […] Rabies is always fatal once the animal is infected.
  • #57 Rabies – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
    Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] The rabies virus is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus, in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. […] Rabies is caused by a number of lyssaviruses including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year, about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15. […] Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. […] The global cost of rabies is estimated to be around US$8.6 billion per year including lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated psychological trauma.
  • #58 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    Rabies in humans in the U.S. is most commonly the result of bat bites. […] Of all infections involving rabies worldwide, 99% occur due to dog bites. […] There are two types of rabies. The first type, furious or encephalitic rabies, occurs in 85% of human cases, and a person with it is more likely to experience hyperactivity and hydrophobia. The second type, called paralytic or dumb rabies, causes paralysis as a dominant symptom. […] Rabies is a serious health issue in over 150 countries, mostly in Asia and Africa. […] As saliva carries the virus, rabies can develop if an infected animal bites someone. […] However, the virus cannot pass through unbroken skin. […] Any mammal can harbor and transmit the virus, but smaller mammals, such as rodents, rarely become infected or transmit rabies.
  • #59 Science in 5
    https://www.who.int/health-topics/rabies
    Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that causes progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. […] Rabies is estimated to cause 59 000 human deaths annually in over 150 countries, with 95% of cases occurring in Africa and Asia. […] The burden of disease is disproportionally borne by rural poor populations, with approximately half of cases attributable to children under 15 years of age. […] Rabies, despite being entirely preventable, remains a significant public health concern in the Asia-Pacific Region. […] The most recent estimate of the global number of deaths from dog-mediated rabies.
  • #60 Rabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448076/
    The RABV and other rabies-like viruses are zoonotic, neurotropic, bullet-shaped RNA viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, and order Mononegavirales. […] The RABV most likely came from a bat ancestor and evolved through multiple host-switching events in dogs, bats, and other animals. […] Seven main lineages of RABV exist worldwide, each with many variants associated with specific animals and geographies. […] The most widespread lineage occurs in dogs and wildlife species such as foxes, jackals, and skunks in Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. […] Many bat-associated lineages in Latin America continue to cause rabies in humans and domestic livestock. […] Continued genetic diversification of RABV and other Lyssaviruses raises concerns that the existing HRIG and rabies vaccines may cease to be effective for human rabies prevention.
  • #61 2020 – Infectious Diseases – Trends in Human Rabies Deaths and Exposures, United States, 1938–2018 – FEDERAL HEALTH & MEDICINE
    https://www.federalhealthmedicine.com/2020—infectious-diseases—trends-in-human-rabies-deaths-and-exposures-united-states-1938ndash2018.html
    Although domestic animal exposures account for a large portion of human PEP usage, bat rabies virus variants are responsible for most human rabies deaths in the United States. […] During 19382018, 588 cases of human rabies were reported in the United States. […] The elimination of CRVV in the United States through canine rabies vaccination has resulted in a tenfold decrease in human rabies cases reported from 1938 through 2018. […] Among all U.S.-acquired cases, 62 (70%) were caused by bat rabies virus variants. […] Human rabies is 99% fatal. However, it is 100% preventable through vaccinating pets against rabies, avoiding contact with wildlife and unknown animals, and seeking medical care as soon as possible after being bitten or scratched by an animal.
  • #62 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8618/
    Rabies virus causes acute infection of the central nervous system. […] After inoculation, rabies virus may enter the peripheral nervous system directly and migrates to the brain or may replicate in muscle tissue, remaining sequestered at or near the entry site during incubation, prior to central nervous system invasion and replication. […] Rabies occurs in nearly all countries. Disease in humans is almost always due to a bite by an infected mammal. […] Rabies virus is most commonly transmitted through the bite of an infected mammal, all of which may be susceptible, but to greatly varying degrees. […] The host animal species, viral variant, inoculum concentration, body location and severity of exposure, and host immune status have been associated with overt susceptibility to infection and with different incubation periods.
  • #63 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8618/
    Rabies virus causes acute infection of the central nervous system. […] After inoculation, rabies virus may enter the peripheral nervous system directly and migrates to the brain or may replicate in muscle tissue, remaining sequestered at or near the entry site during incubation, prior to central nervous system invasion and replication. […] Rabies occurs in nearly all countries. Disease in humans is almost always due to a bite by an infected mammal. […] Rabies virus is most commonly transmitted through the bite of an infected mammal, all of which may be susceptible, but to greatly varying degrees. […] The host animal species, viral variant, inoculum concentration, body location and severity of exposure, and host immune status have been associated with overt susceptibility to infection and with different incubation periods.
  • #64 Rabies – Introduction, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention | Apollo Hospitals
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/rabies-introduction-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention
    Rabies in humans is due to the bite of a rabid animal. The virus is transmitted through the animals saliva. […] Farm animals like dogs, cows, horses, goats, rabbits and wild animals like jackals, bats, coyotes, foxes and hyenas can transmit rabies if they are infected. […] If a rabid animal licks an open wound on a person, the virus can be transmitted. Wounds of the head and neck are more dangerous as the infection can reach the brain faster.
  • #65 Rabies – Introduction, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention | Apollo Hospitals
    https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/rabies-introduction-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/
    Rabies in humans is due to the bite of a rabid animal. The virus is transmitted through the animals saliva. […] If a rabid animal licks an open wound on a person, the virus can be transmitted. Wounds of the head and neck are more dangerous as the infection can reach the brain faster. […] Rabies is usually fatal and there are hardly any survivors.
  • #66 Rabies – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/rabies
    Pain and/or paresthesias at the bite site are followed by encephalitis (causing restlessness and agitation) or by ascending paralysis. […] Raccoons, skunks, or foxes that have bitten a person should be regarded as rabid; because bat bites can be minute and hard to detect, contact with a bat is an absolute indication for rabies immune globulin and the rabies vaccine.
  • #67 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8618/
    Rabies has been recognized for over 4,000 years. Today it is found in most countries, with the exception of those regions from which it has not been naturally reported, including many Australian islands, or areas achieving secondary elimination, such as the United Kingdom. Almost all human rabies is caused by the bite of a rabid animal. […] The diagnosis of human rabies is usually suggested by epidemiologic and clinical findings and confirmed in the laboratory. […] Animal rabies is prevented by vaccinating susceptible species, particularly dogs and cats.
  • #68
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/tritzid/rabies.htm
    Rabies virus (a rhabdovirus) […] The rabies virus is usually transmitted to man by a bite that implants saliva containing an infective dose of virus in muscle and near nerve tissue. […] The virus travels along the nerves from the point of inoculation to the CNS. […] The severity of the histopathologic changes in the spinal cord often corresponds to the site of bite – for example, the lumbar cord is most extensively affected when the bite is on the foot. […] Definitive diagnosis of rabies depends on laboratory procedures: […] Isolation of the virus from saliva, CSF, urine, nerve tissue […] Presence of Negri bodies.
  • #69
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/tritzid/rabies.htm
    Rabies virus (a rhabdovirus) […] The rabies virus is usually transmitted to man by a bite that implants saliva containing an infective dose of virus in muscle and near nerve tissue. […] The virus travels along the nerves from the point of inoculation to the CNS. […] The severity of the histopathologic changes in the spinal cord often corresponds to the site of bite – for example, the lumbar cord is most extensively affected when the bite is on the foot. […] Definitive diagnosis of rabies depends on laboratory procedures: […] Isolation of the virus from saliva, CSF, urine, nerve tissue […] Presence of Negri bodies.
  • #70 Rabies Symptoms and Stages of Infection
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/rabies-symptoms-1298793
    Rabies is caused by viruses in the Lyssavirus genus. […] Rabies can be treated, but only if it is treated immediately after exposure. […] Once symptoms start to appear, death often occurs within three to 10 days. […] The prodromal period is when symptoms first appear. This is when the virus first enters the central nervous system and begins to cause damage. […] The acute neurologic period lasts anywhere from two to 10 days and will almost invariably end in death. […] Rabies can be diagnosed using brain tissue samples in an animal that is suspected to be infected. Rabies in humans can be diagnosed using samples of saliva, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies.
  • #71 Rabies in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals
    https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/rabies-in-dogs
    Rabies is a fatal disease caused by infection with the rabies virus. […] The infection is transmitted when one infected animal bites another. […] Rabies can only be diagnosed by direct examination of the brain. […] There is no treatment for a dog with rabies. […] Vaccination is the cornerstone of rabies prevention. […] The most important method for preventing the progression of rabies is by administering a dose of rabies vaccine.
  • #72 Rabies Symptoms and Stages of Infection
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/rabies-symptoms-1298793
    Rabies is caused by viruses in the Lyssavirus genus. […] Rabies can be treated, but only if it is treated immediately after exposure. […] Once symptoms start to appear, death often occurs within three to 10 days. […] The prodromal period is when symptoms first appear. This is when the virus first enters the central nervous system and begins to cause damage. […] The acute neurologic period lasts anywhere from two to 10 days and will almost invariably end in death. […] Rabies can be diagnosed using brain tissue samples in an animal that is suspected to be infected. Rabies in humans can be diagnosed using samples of saliva, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies.
  • #73 Rabies – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/brain-infections/rabies
    Pain and/or paresthesias at the bite site are followed by encephalitis (causing restlessness and agitation) or by ascending paralysis. […] Raccoons, skunks, or foxes that have bitten a person should be regarded as rabid; because bat bites can be minute and hard to detect, contact with a bat is an absolute indication for rabies immune globulin and the rabies vaccine.
  • #74
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies is a viral, zoonotic, neglected tropical disease that causes tens of thousands of deaths annually, with 40% being children under 15. […] Dog bites and scratches cause 99% of the human rabies cases, and can be prevented through dog vaccination and bite prevention. […] Once the virus infects the central nervous system and clinical symptoms appear, rabies is fatal in 100% of cases. […] Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease affecting the central nervous system. […] In up to 99% of the human rabies cases, dogs are responsible for virus transmission. […] Rabies spreads to people and animals via saliva, usually through bites, scratches, or direct contact with mucosa (e.g. eyes, mouth, or open wounds). […] Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal.
  • #75 Rabies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13848-rabies
    Rabies is an illness you get from an infection with the RABV virus. […] The virus RABV causes rabies in humans and animals. It moves around in your body through your nerves, causing nerve damage. It hides from your immune system until it gets to your brain, where it causes brain damage and eventually leads to death. […] Rabies is carried by warm-blooded animals (mammals) and collects in their saliva (spit). You usually get rabies through the bite of an infected animal. […] Rabies is most commonly found in bats, skunks, raccoons and foxes, but other animals including your pet dog or cat can become infected. […] Rabies is preventable. Keeping your pets safe and staying away from wild animals will help prevent you from being exposed to rabies. If you’re exposed, you can get a vaccine to prevent rabies before symptoms start. […] Rabies exposure is an urgent situation. […] Without early vaccination and antibody treatment, rabies is nearly always fatal.
  • #76 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    If a person has a bite or scratch from an animal that may have rabies, or if the animal licks an open wound, the individual should immediately wash any bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soapy water, povidone iodine, or detergent. […] After exposure and before symptoms begin, a series of injections can treat potential rabies infections. […] Rabies vaccine contains an inactivated or a harmless version of the rabies virus, so it cannot cause the disease. […] Rabies is a serious disease, but individuals and governments can take steps to prevent infections. […] Rabies is present in 150 countries and all continents except Antarctica and the Arctic. […] Rabies is a deadly virus that infected animals spread through their saliva. It causes flu-like symptoms initially, which progress into a fever, muscle spasms, coma, and, eventually, death. […] Although there is no effective treatment once symptoms appear, rabies vaccines are usually successful in preventing infections.
  • #77 Rabies: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/prevention.html
    Rabies is a disease in animals caused by a virus that can spread to humans. It’s a very serious disease that almost always leads to death in animals and people once symptoms develop. […] Any mammal can be infected with rabies, including: domestic animals, such as: dogs, cats and ferrets (both stray/feral and household pets) […] In very rare circumstances, rabies could be transmitted through: airborne spread after exposure in a laboratory […] You can prevent rabies by getting vaccinated before exposure to potentially rabid animals. […] Your health care provider will consult with your local public health authority to determine if you need treatment to prevent rabies based on: the animal involved […] You’re at higher risk of rabies infection if you spend time in areas where you’re more likely to come into contact with: potentially rabid animals […] Rabies occurs worldwide, so it’s important to follow precautions when travelling in areas rabies is known to circulate.
  • #78
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), predominantly affects marginalized populations. […] Although effective human vaccines and immunoglobulins exist for rabies, these are often inaccessible or unaffordable to those in need. […] Effective vaccines are available to immunize people both before and after potential exposures. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. […] Vaccinating dogs, including puppies, through mass dog vaccination programs is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people because it stops the transmission at its source. […] Culling free roaming dogs is not effective in controlling rabies.
  • #79 Rabies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13848-rabies
    Rabies is an illness you get from an infection with the RABV virus. […] The virus RABV causes rabies in humans and animals. It moves around in your body through your nerves, causing nerve damage. It hides from your immune system until it gets to your brain, where it causes brain damage and eventually leads to death. […] Rabies is carried by warm-blooded animals (mammals) and collects in their saliva (spit). You usually get rabies through the bite of an infected animal. […] Rabies is most commonly found in bats, skunks, raccoons and foxes, but other animals including your pet dog or cat can become infected. […] Rabies is preventable. Keeping your pets safe and staying away from wild animals will help prevent you from being exposed to rabies. If you’re exposed, you can get a vaccine to prevent rabies before symptoms start. […] Rabies exposure is an urgent situation. […] Without early vaccination and antibody treatment, rabies is nearly always fatal.
  • #80
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), predominantly affects marginalized populations. […] Although effective human vaccines and immunoglobulins exist for rabies, these are often inaccessible or unaffordable to those in need. […] Effective vaccines are available to immunize people both before and after potential exposures. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. […] Vaccinating dogs, including puppies, through mass dog vaccination programs is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people because it stops the transmission at its source. […] Culling free roaming dogs is not effective in controlling rabies.
  • #81
    https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rabies.html
    To cause an infection, the rabies virus must enter the body and reach nerve cells. The virus can enter the body through broken skin. Droplets containing the virus can pass through mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth, or intestine. […] Rabies is an occupational risk for people who work with wild animals, livestock, or pets. […] There is no successful treatment for rabies once the disease has progressed to the point where signs appear. Medical treatment can sometimes extend life but the disease almost always eventually ends in death. It is very important to stop the disease from developing in people who may have been exposed to the rabies virus. […] Vaccination programs, established to immunize dogs and cats, have been effective in reducing rabies in pets. However, rabies will continue to be a threat until the virus can be eliminated from the wild animals that spread the virus to pets and people. […] In Canada, pre-exposure immunization with a rabies vaccination should be offered as a choice to workers at high risk of coming into contact with rabid animals. These workers include veterinarians, animal handlers, workers working in caves, and certain laboratory workers dealing with rabies.
  • #82 Official Website for the City of Ennis, Texas – Rabies
    https://www.ennistx.gov/departments/AnimalControl/rabies
    Rabies is a virus that may affect the brain and spinal cord of all mammals, including dogs, cats and humans. […] Annually, rabies causes the deaths of more than 50,000 humans and millions of animals worldwide. It is nearly always deadly if not treated before symptoms begin. Once symptoms of rabies appear, the disease results in fatality. […] People also can get rabies by handling animals with rabies or inhaling the virus, but these cases are rare. […] If you think you’ve been exposed to the rabies virus, it’s very important to get medical care before symptoms begin. If symptoms appear, it’s too late for a cure, and the infection will probably lead to death. […] Sometimes, domestic animals such as dogs or cats may come in contact with or may have been bitten or scratched by a known carrier of rabies such as a skunk, bat, coyote, fox or raccoon. Texas law states that all dogs and cats that have been bitten by, directly exposed by physical contact with, or directly exposed to the fresh tissues of a rabid animal shall be euthanized; or immediately vaccinated for rabies, placed into confinement for a period of 90 days and given a booster at the third and eighth weeks of confinement if the animal is NOT currently vaccinated for rabies. […] NOTE: All dogs and cats at least 4 months of age are required by law to be vaccinated against rabies.
  • #83 Rabies in Cats: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | Natick Vets
    https://www.wellesleynatickveterinaryhospital.com/site/blog/2023/07/15/rabies-cats
    Rabies is most commonly spread by wildlife in the United States, including foxes, skunks, bats, and raccoons, but any mammal can contract the disease. […] The virus is transmitted through the saliva of infected mammals, usually through bites, but contact with open wounds or mucus membranes can also spread the disease. […] If your cat does have the rabies virus, it can potentially spread it to you and other humans and animals in your household. […] While it’s possible to become infected with rabies from a cat’s scratch, it’s very rare and unlikely. […] It’s good news that rabies is not commonly found among cats nowadays due to the mandatory rabies vaccine for household pets in most states. […] However, cats are more susceptible to rabies than dogs, usually after being bitten by a wild animal.
  • #84
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), predominantly affects marginalized populations. […] Although effective human vaccines and immunoglobulins exist for rabies, these are often inaccessible or unaffordable to those in need. […] Effective vaccines are available to immunize people both before and after potential exposures. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. […] Vaccinating dogs, including puppies, through mass dog vaccination programs is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people because it stops the transmission at its source. […] Culling free roaming dogs is not effective in controlling rabies.
  • #85
    https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rabies.html
    To cause an infection, the rabies virus must enter the body and reach nerve cells. The virus can enter the body through broken skin. Droplets containing the virus can pass through mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth, or intestine. […] Rabies is an occupational risk for people who work with wild animals, livestock, or pets. […] There is no successful treatment for rabies once the disease has progressed to the point where signs appear. Medical treatment can sometimes extend life but the disease almost always eventually ends in death. It is very important to stop the disease from developing in people who may have been exposed to the rabies virus. […] Vaccination programs, established to immunize dogs and cats, have been effective in reducing rabies in pets. However, rabies will continue to be a threat until the virus can be eliminated from the wild animals that spread the virus to pets and people. […] In Canada, pre-exposure immunization with a rabies vaccination should be offered as a choice to workers at high risk of coming into contact with rabid animals. These workers include veterinarians, animal handlers, workers working in caves, and certain laboratory workers dealing with rabies.
  • #86
    https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rabies.html
    To cause an infection, the rabies virus must enter the body and reach nerve cells. The virus can enter the body through broken skin. Droplets containing the virus can pass through mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth, or intestine. […] Rabies is an occupational risk for people who work with wild animals, livestock, or pets. […] There is no successful treatment for rabies once the disease has progressed to the point where signs appear. Medical treatment can sometimes extend life but the disease almost always eventually ends in death. It is very important to stop the disease from developing in people who may have been exposed to the rabies virus. […] Vaccination programs, established to immunize dogs and cats, have been effective in reducing rabies in pets. However, rabies will continue to be a threat until the virus can be eliminated from the wild animals that spread the virus to pets and people. […] In Canada, pre-exposure immunization with a rabies vaccination should be offered as a choice to workers at high risk of coming into contact with rabid animals. These workers include veterinarians, animal handlers, workers working in caves, and certain laboratory workers dealing with rabies.
  • #87 Rabies: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | ABC Medical Center
    https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/rabia/
    It is a viral disease with deadly consequences that is transmitted through the saliva of sick animals, whether domestic or wild, that bite humans, mainly dogs, cats, ferrets, bats, and other mammals. […] Human rabies is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. It is characterized by acute encephalomyelitis (an aggressive response of the immune system that destroys the myelin layer of the nerves and alters its function at the level of the brain or spinal cord). […] Vaccination is indicated in the following cases: Prevention of rabies in subjects exposed to risk of contamination. It is recommended for certain international travelers, based on the occurrence of animal rabies in the destination country. […] There are two types. 1. Pre-exposure scheme, consists of three doses of rabies vaccine: […] 2. Post-exposure scheme, people not vaccinated against rabies, consists of five doses of rabies vaccine.
  • #88 Rabies: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options | ABC Medical Center
    https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/rabia/
    It is a viral disease with deadly consequences that is transmitted through the saliva of sick animals, whether domestic or wild, that bite humans, mainly dogs, cats, ferrets, bats, and other mammals. […] Human rabies is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. It is characterized by acute encephalomyelitis (an aggressive response of the immune system that destroys the myelin layer of the nerves and alters its function at the level of the brain or spinal cord). […] Vaccination is indicated in the following cases: Prevention of rabies in subjects exposed to risk of contamination. It is recommended for certain international travelers, based on the occurrence of animal rabies in the destination country. […] There are two types. 1. Pre-exposure scheme, consists of three doses of rabies vaccine: […] 2. Post-exposure scheme, people not vaccinated against rabies, consists of five doses of rabies vaccine.
  • #89
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), predominantly affects marginalized populations. […] Although effective human vaccines and immunoglobulins exist for rabies, these are often inaccessible or unaffordable to those in need. […] Effective vaccines are available to immunize people both before and after potential exposures. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. […] Vaccinating dogs, including puppies, through mass dog vaccination programs is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people because it stops the transmission at its source. […] Culling free roaming dogs is not effective in controlling rabies.
  • #90 Rabies symptoms, treatment, prevention
    https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/rabies/
    Given the lethality of clinical rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (to prevent the disease) is imperative. […] Rabies can be effectively prevented after a bite through post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) which comprises: […] Mass vaccination of dogs is the most cost-effective way to eliminate rabies.
  • #91 Rabies – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
    https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/rabies
    Rabies is a viral disease that is spread most often from the bite of a rabid animal to another animal or to a human. […] The bite of a rabid animal (an animal infected with rabies virus) is by far the most common cause of rabies. […] Although it is possible to get rabies from a non-bite exposure, this is very rare. […] The most common treatment of rabies is with postexposure prophylaxis. […] The next critical step to prevent rabies includes a dose of immunoglobulin against the rabies virus followed by a strict schedule of injections of the rabies vaccine.
  • #92 Rabies: Symptoms and What to Do If You Are Bitten by a Rabid Animal
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-rabies
    Human cases of the virus are very rare in the United States, but if it’s not treated before symptoms appear, it’s deadly. […] Exposure to rabid dog outside the U.S. is the second leading cause of rabies deaths in Americans and the top cause in other countries. […] Rabies is fully preventable if you get treated with vaccines as soon as possible after exposure. […] Rabies is 100% preventable if you get vaccine doses (post-exposure prophylaxis/PEP) before the virus moves to your brain. Once you show symptoms of the rabies, the disease will become deadly. […] There is no cure for rabies. However, rabies is 100% preventable if you’re vaccinated quickly after exposure to the rabies virus. Once you have symptoms, the disease is fatal.
  • #93 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    If a person has a bite or scratch from an animal that may have rabies, or if the animal licks an open wound, the individual should immediately wash any bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soapy water, povidone iodine, or detergent. […] After exposure and before symptoms begin, a series of injections can treat potential rabies infections. […] Rabies vaccine contains an inactivated or a harmless version of the rabies virus, so it cannot cause the disease. […] Rabies is a serious disease, but individuals and governments can take steps to prevent infections. […] Rabies is present in 150 countries and all continents except Antarctica and the Arctic. […] Rabies is a deadly virus that infected animals spread through their saliva. It causes flu-like symptoms initially, which progress into a fever, muscle spasms, coma, and, eventually, death. […] Although there is no effective treatment once symptoms appear, rabies vaccines are usually successful in preventing infections.
  • #94 Rabies: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001334.htm
    Rabies is a deadly viral infection that is mainly spread by infected animals. […] This infection is caused by the rabies virus. Rabies is spread by infected saliva that enters the body through a bite or broken skin. […] In the past, human rabies cases in the United States usually resulted from a dog bite. Recently, more cases of human rabies have been linked to bats and raccoons. […] In rare cases, rabies has been transmitted without an actual bite. This type of infection is believed to be caused by infected saliva or other infectious material that may come in contact with an existing scratch or wound, usually in bat caves. […] If there is any risk of rabies, you will be given a series of a preventive vaccine. […] There is no known curative treatment for people with symptoms of a rabies infection. It is nearly always a fatal illness, but there have been a few reports of people surviving with experimental treatments. […] It is possible to prevent rabies if you get the vaccine soon after the bite. To date, no one in the United States has developed rabies when they were given the vaccine promptly and appropriately. […] Rabies is a life-threatening infection. Left untreated, rabies usually leads to coma and death.
  • #95 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    If a person has a bite or scratch from an animal that may have rabies, or if the animal licks an open wound, the individual should immediately wash any bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soapy water, povidone iodine, or detergent. […] After exposure and before symptoms begin, a series of injections can treat potential rabies infections. […] Rabies vaccine contains an inactivated or a harmless version of the rabies virus, so it cannot cause the disease. […] Rabies is a serious disease, but individuals and governments can take steps to prevent infections. […] Rabies is present in 150 countries and all continents except Antarctica and the Arctic. […] Rabies is a deadly virus that infected animals spread through their saliva. It causes flu-like symptoms initially, which progress into a fever, muscle spasms, coma, and, eventually, death. […] Although there is no effective treatment once symptoms appear, rabies vaccines are usually successful in preventing infections.
  • #96 Rabies: Symptoms, causes, vaccine, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980
    If a person has a bite or scratch from an animal that may have rabies, or if the animal licks an open wound, the individual should immediately wash any bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soapy water, povidone iodine, or detergent. […] After exposure and before symptoms begin, a series of injections can treat potential rabies infections. […] Rabies vaccine contains an inactivated or a harmless version of the rabies virus, so it cannot cause the disease. […] Rabies is a serious disease, but individuals and governments can take steps to prevent infections. […] Rabies is present in 150 countries and all continents except Antarctica and the Arctic. […] Rabies is a deadly virus that infected animals spread through their saliva. It causes flu-like symptoms initially, which progress into a fever, muscle spasms, coma, and, eventually, death. […] Although there is no effective treatment once symptoms appear, rabies vaccines are usually successful in preventing infections.
  • #97 Rabies: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/prevention.html
    Rabies is a disease in animals caused by a virus that can spread to humans. It’s a very serious disease that almost always leads to death in animals and people once symptoms develop. […] Any mammal can be infected with rabies, including: domestic animals, such as: dogs, cats and ferrets (both stray/feral and household pets) […] In very rare circumstances, rabies could be transmitted through: airborne spread after exposure in a laboratory […] You can prevent rabies by getting vaccinated before exposure to potentially rabid animals. […] Your health care provider will consult with your local public health authority to determine if you need treatment to prevent rabies based on: the animal involved […] You’re at higher risk of rabies infection if you spend time in areas where you’re more likely to come into contact with: potentially rabid animals […] Rabies occurs worldwide, so it’s important to follow precautions when travelling in areas rabies is known to circulate.
  • #98 2020 – Infectious Diseases – Trends in Human Rabies Deaths and Exposures, United States, 1938–2018 – FEDERAL HEALTH & MEDICINE
    https://www.federalhealthmedicine.com/2020—infectious-diseases—trends-in-human-rabies-deaths-and-exposures-united-states-1938ndash2018.html
    Although domestic animal exposures account for a large portion of human PEP usage, bat rabies virus variants are responsible for most human rabies deaths in the United States. […] During 19382018, 588 cases of human rabies were reported in the United States. […] The elimination of CRVV in the United States through canine rabies vaccination has resulted in a tenfold decrease in human rabies cases reported from 1938 through 2018. […] Among all U.S.-acquired cases, 62 (70%) were caused by bat rabies virus variants. […] Human rabies is 99% fatal. However, it is 100% preventable through vaccinating pets against rabies, avoiding contact with wildlife and unknown animals, and seeking medical care as soon as possible after being bitten or scratched by an animal.
  • #99
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies is a viral, zoonotic, neglected tropical disease that causes tens of thousands of deaths annually, with 40% being children under 15. […] Dog bites and scratches cause 99% of the human rabies cases, and can be prevented through dog vaccination and bite prevention. […] Once the virus infects the central nervous system and clinical symptoms appear, rabies is fatal in 100% of cases. […] Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease affecting the central nervous system. […] In up to 99% of the human rabies cases, dogs are responsible for virus transmission. […] Rabies spreads to people and animals via saliva, usually through bites, scratches, or direct contact with mucosa (e.g. eyes, mouth, or open wounds). […] Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal.
  • #100 Rabies in Animals – Nervous System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals
    Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalomyelitis caused by lyssaviruses. […] Rabies is caused by viruses in the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. […] Globally, rabies virus is the most important member of the genus. […] Rabies virus replicates initially in non-nervous tissue at the site of inoculation. […] Lyssaviruses such as rabies virus are highly neurotropic. […] Rabies virus travels via the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and ascends to the brain. […] If an animal is capable of transmission via its saliva, virus will be detectable in the brain. […] Rabies virus has not been isolated from skunk musk (spray). […] Transmission of rabies virus almost always occurs via introduction of virus-laden saliva into tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid animal. […] Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. […] All mammals are believed susceptible to rabies virus and other lyssaviruses.
  • #101 Rabies in Animals – Nervous System – Merck Veterinary Manual
    https://www.merckvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals
    Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalomyelitis caused by lyssaviruses. […] Rabies is caused by viruses in the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. […] Globally, rabies virus is the most important member of the genus. […] Rabies virus replicates initially in non-nervous tissue at the site of inoculation. […] Lyssaviruses such as rabies virus are highly neurotropic. […] Rabies virus travels via the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and ascends to the brain. […] If an animal is capable of transmission via its saliva, virus will be detectable in the brain. […] Rabies virus has not been isolated from skunk musk (spray). […] Transmission of rabies virus almost always occurs via introduction of virus-laden saliva into tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid animal. […] Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. […] All mammals are believed susceptible to rabies virus and other lyssaviruses.
  • #102
    https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rabies.html
    Rabies is a zoonotic disease, which is an infectious disease that spreads from animals to humans. The rabies virus causes the disease by infecting nerves in animals and people. The rabies virus travels to the brain (through nerves inside the brain), the virus reproduces, and then it travels back through the nerves to most parts of the body. Eventually, the virus reaches the salivary glands where it is released into the saliva in the mouth. By this time, the disease has usually damaged the brain, sometimes producing violent behaviour. Once symptoms appear, rabies causes death within 7 to 14 days. […] Rabies spreads to people from the saliva of an infected animal through a bite, a scratch, or contact with mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. Bites to the head or neck are most likely to lead to transmission of the virus.
  • #103 One Health approach to rabies
    https://www.fao.org/one-health/areas-of-work/rabies/en
    Rabies is a deadly viral disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans through bites or scratches. […] Rabies is responsible for around 59,000 deaths worldwide annually. […] Rabies causes an estimated cost of USD 8.6 billion per year globally. […] Rabies kills an estimated 59,000 people each year, mostly in Africa and Asia. […] Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease, responsible for around 59,000 deaths worldwide annually. […] Although entirely preventable, dog-transmitted human rabies kills tens of thousands of people every year, particularly in rural and poor areas of Africa and Asia.
  • #104 Rabies: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001334.htm
    Rabies is a deadly viral infection that is mainly spread by infected animals. […] This infection is caused by the rabies virus. Rabies is spread by infected saliva that enters the body through a bite or broken skin. […] In the past, human rabies cases in the United States usually resulted from a dog bite. Recently, more cases of human rabies have been linked to bats and raccoons. […] In rare cases, rabies has been transmitted without an actual bite. This type of infection is believed to be caused by infected saliva or other infectious material that may come in contact with an existing scratch or wound, usually in bat caves. […] If there is any risk of rabies, you will be given a series of a preventive vaccine. […] There is no known curative treatment for people with symptoms of a rabies infection. It is nearly always a fatal illness, but there have been a few reports of people surviving with experimental treatments. […] It is possible to prevent rabies if you get the vaccine soon after the bite. To date, no one in the United States has developed rabies when they were given the vaccine promptly and appropriately. […] Rabies is a life-threatening infection. Left untreated, rabies usually leads to coma and death.
  • #105 Rabies – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
    Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] The rabies virus is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus, in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. […] Rabies is caused by a number of lyssaviruses including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. […] Rabies causes about 59,000 deaths worldwide per year, about 40% of which are in children under the age of 15. […] Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. […] The global cost of rabies is estimated to be around US$8.6 billion per year including lost lives and livelihoods, medical care and associated costs, as well as uncalculated psychological trauma.
  • #106 One Health approach to rabies
    https://www.fao.org/one-health/areas-of-work/rabies/en
    Rabies is a deadly viral disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans through bites or scratches. […] Rabies is responsible for around 59,000 deaths worldwide annually. […] Rabies causes an estimated cost of USD 8.6 billion per year globally. […] Rabies kills an estimated 59,000 people each year, mostly in Africa and Asia. […] Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease, responsible for around 59,000 deaths worldwide annually. […] Although entirely preventable, dog-transmitted human rabies kills tens of thousands of people every year, particularly in rural and poor areas of Africa and Asia.
  • #107 Science in 5
    https://www.who.int/health-topics/rabies
    Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that causes progressive and fatal inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. […] Rabies is estimated to cause 59 000 human deaths annually in over 150 countries, with 95% of cases occurring in Africa and Asia. […] The burden of disease is disproportionally borne by rural poor populations, with approximately half of cases attributable to children under 15 years of age. […] Rabies, despite being entirely preventable, remains a significant public health concern in the Asia-Pacific Region. […] The most recent estimate of the global number of deaths from dog-mediated rabies.
  • #108
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies
    Rabies, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), predominantly affects marginalized populations. […] Although effective human vaccines and immunoglobulins exist for rabies, these are often inaccessible or unaffordable to those in need. […] Effective vaccines are available to immunize people both before and after potential exposures. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. […] Vaccinating dogs, including puppies, through mass dog vaccination programs is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people because it stops the transmission at its source. […] Culling free roaming dogs is not effective in controlling rabies.
  • #109 2020 – Infectious Diseases – Trends in Human Rabies Deaths and Exposures, United States, 1938–2018 – FEDERAL HEALTH & MEDICINE
    https://www.federalhealthmedicine.com/2020—infectious-diseases—trends-in-human-rabies-deaths-and-exposures-united-states-1938ndash2018.html
    Rabies virus, a Lyssavirus that infects mammals, is transmitted through saliva, most commonly from the bite or scratch of an infected animal. […] Rabies virus infection, regardless of the variant or animal reservoir, is fatal in over 99% of cases, making it one of the worlds most deadly diseases. […] The elimination of canine rabies virus variant (CRVV) from the United States is one of the most important public health successes of the 20th century. […] However, globally, approximately 59,000 persons still die from rabies every year; 98% of these cases are caused by CRVV. […] In the United States, CRVV was eventually eliminated in 2004 through use of parenteral and oral rabies vaccines. […] As the prevalence of CRVV declined, rabies viruses associated with wildlife reservoirs such as skunks, foxes, raccoons, and bats accounted for an increasing proportion of cases in animals and humans in the United States.
  • #110 2020 – Infectious Diseases – Trends in Human Rabies Deaths and Exposures, United States, 1938–2018 – FEDERAL HEALTH & MEDICINE
    https://www.federalhealthmedicine.com/2020—infectious-diseases—trends-in-human-rabies-deaths-and-exposures-united-states-1938ndash2018.html
    Rabies virus, a Lyssavirus that infects mammals, is transmitted through saliva, most commonly from the bite or scratch of an infected animal. […] Rabies virus infection, regardless of the variant or animal reservoir, is fatal in over 99% of cases, making it one of the worlds most deadly diseases. […] The elimination of canine rabies virus variant (CRVV) from the United States is one of the most important public health successes of the 20th century. […] However, globally, approximately 59,000 persons still die from rabies every year; 98% of these cases are caused by CRVV. […] In the United States, CRVV was eventually eliminated in 2004 through use of parenteral and oral rabies vaccines. […] As the prevalence of CRVV declined, rabies viruses associated with wildlife reservoirs such as skunks, foxes, raccoons, and bats accounted for an increasing proportion of cases in animals and humans in the United States.
  • #111
    https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/rabies.html
    To cause an infection, the rabies virus must enter the body and reach nerve cells. The virus can enter the body through broken skin. Droplets containing the virus can pass through mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth, or intestine. […] Rabies is an occupational risk for people who work with wild animals, livestock, or pets. […] There is no successful treatment for rabies once the disease has progressed to the point where signs appear. Medical treatment can sometimes extend life but the disease almost always eventually ends in death. It is very important to stop the disease from developing in people who may have been exposed to the rabies virus. […] Vaccination programs, established to immunize dogs and cats, have been effective in reducing rabies in pets. However, rabies will continue to be a threat until the virus can be eliminated from the wild animals that spread the virus to pets and people. […] In Canada, pre-exposure immunization with a rabies vaccination should be offered as a choice to workers at high risk of coming into contact with rabid animals. These workers include veterinarians, animal handlers, workers working in caves, and certain laboratory workers dealing with rabies.
  • #112 Rabies | About Neglected Tropical Diseases and Three Major Infectious Diseases | Eisai Co., Ltd.
    https://www.eisai.com/sustainability/atm/ntds/diseases/rabies.html
    The bite of a rabid dog is the most common way that rabies, an otherwise preventable viral disease of humans and all other mammals, is transmitted. […] Rabies is a preventable viral disease. The rabies virus is most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid mammal. […] Infection is also possible through contact with the excreta or organs of infected humans and other animals because the virus is contained in saliva as well as in brain and nerve cells. […] Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries and territories worldwide. However, more than 95% of deaths from rabies are reported to occur in Africa and Asia. […] Rabies is a potential threat to over 3 billion people in Asia and Africa. […] More than 55,000 people are reported to die of rabies every year, mostly in Asia and Africa.
  • #113 Rabies symptoms, treatment, prevention
    https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/rabies/
    Given the lethality of clinical rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (to prevent the disease) is imperative. […] Rabies can be effectively prevented after a bite through post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) which comprises: […] Mass vaccination of dogs is the most cost-effective way to eliminate rabies.
  • #114 Rabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448076/
    The RABV and other rabies-like viruses are zoonotic, neurotropic, bullet-shaped RNA viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, and order Mononegavirales. […] The RABV most likely came from a bat ancestor and evolved through multiple host-switching events in dogs, bats, and other animals. […] Seven main lineages of RABV exist worldwide, each with many variants associated with specific animals and geographies. […] The most widespread lineage occurs in dogs and wildlife species such as foxes, jackals, and skunks in Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. […] Many bat-associated lineages in Latin America continue to cause rabies in humans and domestic livestock. […] Continued genetic diversification of RABV and other Lyssaviruses raises concerns that the existing HRIG and rabies vaccines may cease to be effective for human rabies prevention.