Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rabies: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/for-health-professionals.html

  Rabies is a rare disease in humans caused by a lyssavirus of the Rhabdoviridae family. The rabies virus is most commonly transmitted to humans in the saliva from an infected mammal. It is highly neurotropic and causes fatal encephalomyelitis once the infection is established and reaches the central nervous system. […] Once clinical symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal. Death typically occurs within 7 to 14 days of symptom onset although critical care measures (supportive therapy) may delay the timing of death. […] Rabies in humans can be prevented through pre-exposure prophylaxis and prompt post-exposure prophylaxis combined with appropriate medical care. […] Rabies is a preventable disease. Pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis is available. Additionally, proper wound care after an animal bite can significantly reduce the risk of rabies.

• #2 Department of Health

  https://agriculture.ny.gov/new-york-state-department-health-rabies-information-sheet

  Rabies is a deadly disease caused by a virus that attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Infected mammals can transmit rabies virus to humans and other mammals. Rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. Fortunately, only a few human cases are reported each year in the United States. […] People usually get exposed to the rabies virus when an infected animal bites them. Exposure may also occur if saliva from a rabid animal enters an open cut or mucous membrane (eyes, nose or mouth). […] Wash all wounds thoroughly with soap and water and seek medical attention immediately. […] Healthy dogs, cats, ferrets and livestock that have bitten or otherwise caused a potential human exposure to rabies will be confined under the direction of the county health department and observed for ten days following the exposure. If the animal remains healthy during this period, the animal did not transmit rabies at the time of the bite.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2003/10000/reducing_the_risk_of_rabies.24.aspx

  Reducing the risk of rabies […] Rabies is usually transmitted to humans through the saliva of an infected animal; however, it may also be transmitted when infectious material from an animal gets into a person’s mucous membranes or an open wound. The incubation period before symptoms appear can last several days or even years, but the average time is 3 to 8 weeks. […] If your patient has been exposed to a potentially rabid animal and the animal’s rabies status is unknown, vaccination before symptoms appear can save her life. […] Without prophylactic treatment, an infected patient may experience flulike symptoms, such as headache, fever, and malaise, for a few days. […] Once a patient develops signs and symptoms of rabies, treatment is palliative. Use standard precautions to protect yourself and others from exposure. […] People who work with animals and those traveling to endemic areas should consider receiving preexposure prophylaxis at least 30 days before potential contact with an animal: three doses of rabies vaccine I.M. in the deltoid muscle and a one-dose booster every 2 years (depending on the titer level). […] By educating patients and acting quickly when potential exposure is suspected, you can help prevent this deadly disease in your patients. […] Follow these steps to treat a patient who’s been bitten by a potentially rabid animal. […] Immediately flush the wound and clean it with soap and water to remove the animal’s saliva. […] Administer one 1-ml dose of rabies vaccine in the deltoid and 1 dose of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) into and around the wound. […] On days 3, 7, 14, and 28, administer 1 dose of rabies vaccine in the deltoid muscle.

• #4 Rabies: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/for-health-professionals.html

  Rabies is a rare disease in humans caused by a lyssavirus of the Rhabdoviridae family. The rabies virus is most commonly transmitted to humans in the saliva from an infected mammal. It is highly neurotropic and causes fatal encephalomyelitis once the infection is established and reaches the central nervous system. […] Once clinical symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal. Death typically occurs within 7 to 14 days of symptom onset although critical care measures (supportive therapy) may delay the timing of death. […] Rabies in humans can be prevented through pre-exposure prophylaxis and prompt post-exposure prophylaxis combined with appropriate medical care. […] Rabies is a preventable disease. Pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis is available. Additionally, proper wound care after an animal bite can significantly reduce the risk of rabies.

• #5 Rabies: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/for-health-professionals.html

  Rabies is a rare disease in humans caused by a lyssavirus of the Rhabdoviridae family. The rabies virus is most commonly transmitted to humans in the saliva from an infected mammal. It is highly neurotropic and causes fatal encephalomyelitis once the infection is established and reaches the central nervous system. […] Once clinical symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal. Death typically occurs within 7 to 14 days of symptom onset although critical care measures (supportive therapy) may delay the timing of death. […] Rabies in humans can be prevented through pre-exposure prophylaxis and prompt post-exposure prophylaxis combined with appropriate medical care. […] Rabies is a preventable disease. Pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis is available. Additionally, proper wound care after an animal bite can significantly reduce the risk of rabies.

• #6 Rabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448076/

  Rabies virus infection often begins with symptoms similar to a febrile viral illness and vague neurological signs. Once symptoms manifest, the infection has an almost 100% fatality rate. In all but the rarest of cases, clinicians can only provide palliative care to minimize the patient’s pain and suffering before death. […] Appropriate measures before and after exposure to the rabies virus are highly effective in preventing human disease. Postexposure prophylaxis consists of wound cleaning and a rabies vaccination series, with or without the human rabies immune globulin administration into the wound, depending on the patient’s preexposure vaccine status. […] This activity empowers healthcare professionals to better investigate and treat patients at risk of rabies infection or those presenting with symptoms consistent with clinical rabies.

• #7 Rabies: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/for-health-professionals.html

  Rabies is a rare disease in humans caused by a lyssavirus of the Rhabdoviridae family. The rabies virus is most commonly transmitted to humans in the saliva from an infected mammal. It is highly neurotropic and causes fatal encephalomyelitis once the infection is established and reaches the central nervous system. […] Once clinical symptoms develop, rabies is almost always fatal. Death typically occurs within 7 to 14 days of symptom onset although critical care measures (supportive therapy) may delay the timing of death. […] Rabies in humans can be prevented through pre-exposure prophylaxis and prompt post-exposure prophylaxis combined with appropriate medical care. […] Rabies is a preventable disease. Pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis is available. Additionally, proper wound care after an animal bite can significantly reduce the risk of rabies.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2003/10000/reducing_the_risk_of_rabies.24.aspx

  Reducing the risk of rabies […] Rabies is usually transmitted to humans through the saliva of an infected animal; however, it may also be transmitted when infectious material from an animal gets into a person’s mucous membranes or an open wound. The incubation period before symptoms appear can last several days or even years, but the average time is 3 to 8 weeks. […] If your patient has been exposed to a potentially rabid animal and the animal’s rabies status is unknown, vaccination before symptoms appear can save her life. […] Without prophylactic treatment, an infected patient may experience flulike symptoms, such as headache, fever, and malaise, for a few days. […] Once a patient develops signs and symptoms of rabies, treatment is palliative. Use standard precautions to protect yourself and others from exposure. […] People who work with animals and those traveling to endemic areas should consider receiving preexposure prophylaxis at least 30 days before potential contact with an animal: three doses of rabies vaccine I.M. in the deltoid muscle and a one-dose booster every 2 years (depending on the titer level). […] By educating patients and acting quickly when potential exposure is suspected, you can help prevent this deadly disease in your patients. […] Follow these steps to treat a patient who’s been bitten by a potentially rabid animal. […] Immediately flush the wound and clean it with soap and water to remove the animal’s saliva. […] Administer one 1-ml dose of rabies vaccine in the deltoid and 1 dose of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) into and around the wound. […] On days 3, 7, 14, and 28, administer 1 dose of rabies vaccine in the deltoid muscle.

• #9 Rabies | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/zvbd/rabies

  Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is most often transmitted through infected saliva that enters the body by way of an animal bite. The virus causes inflammation of the brain and is fatal once symptoms start to occur. Initial symptoms are characterized by a headache, fever, malaise and pain or itching at the site of the animal bite. […] It is extremely important to report animal bites and to seek medical attention in a timely manner if bitten by a high-risk animal (e.g. bats, racoons, skunks, or foxes). Your provider will assess the risk of rabies and determine if rabies post-exposure prophylaxis is appropriate.

• #10 Rabies – Public Health

  https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/rabies/index.asp

  This includes those Veterans who did not have a complete medical evaluation or post-exposure prophylaxis (rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin) following an exposure incident. Rabies prophylaxis is treatment given after exposure to prevent rabies. […] If you are unsure whether you received appropriate care, you must be evaluated. If you were exposed more than 18 months ago, you are at lower risk but still can be evaluated by VA if you are enrolled. Not enrolled in the VA health care system? Find out if you qualify for VA health care. […] If you were exposed to rabies, you may not have any symptoms. By the time any symptoms appear, rabies often cannot be successfully treated. […] As the disease progresses, the person may experience delirium, hallucinations, slight or partial paralysis, anxiety, confusion, increase in saliva, difficulty swallowing, fear of water, and insomnia. Death usually occurs within days of the onset of these symptoms.

• #11 Rabies Resources | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/rabies-resources

  For healthy adults, bats found indoors with no known contact represent a very low risk of rabies exposure. Person-to-person transmission of rabies has occurred only through tissue transplantation. […] When rabies exposure is suspected and the animal is available and in good condition for testing, local health jurisdictions may approve testing the animal for rabies. If the test returns negative, PEP can be avoided, or discontinued if treatment has been started. […] Human rabies is a rare disease in the United States. Symptoms normally appear two to eight weeks after exposure, but this period may vary up to months or years. […] Early symptoms include headache, fever, and sometimes pain at the site of the exposure (bite). Symptoms may include agitation, confusion, paralysis, and difficulty swallowing. The disease rapidly progresses into a severe nervous system (neurologic) illness. Once clinical signs of rabies appear, the disease is nearly always fatal, and treatment is typically supportive.

• #12

  https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/doc/?id=4951479&pid=19239

  Despite vaccination being readily available, every year, the U.S. reports approximately 50 canine deaths, 250 feline deaths, and several human deaths from rabies. […] The most common wildlife species to spread rabies to domestic animals and humans in the Northern Hemisphere are skunks, bats, raccoons, foxes, and coyotes. […] Many people do not realize how fast death occurs from rabies. […] While it may take a long time for the virus to incubate, once even mild symptoms begin, death occurs within 10 days. […] It can take up to a year from the time of the initial bite before symptoms begin to show. In dogs, typical incubation periods are 21-80 days. In cats, it’s 28-42 days. Once symptoms show, treatment is nearly impossible. […] A personality change is noted. Friendly animals become shy, etc. The larynx begins to spasm, and a voice change may be noted (especially in rabid cattle).

• #13

  https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/doc/?id=4951479&pid=19239

  Weakness/paralysis sets in. The larynx is paralyzed, resulting in an inability to swallow, thus drooling and „foaming at the mouth” result. The animal dies when the breathing muscles are paralyzed. […] Once the virus has been released to body secretions, it is again accessible to the immune system; however, the patient dies before an adequate immune response is mounted. […] The classical symptoms of rabies described above may not be recognizable, making diagnosis difficult, if not impossible, in a living animal. […] For Your Pets […] Happily, rabies prevention is accomplished with vaccination and limiting exposure to wildlife. The standard killed virus vaccines are available for both dogs and cats, and after the initial dose, which is good for one year, subsequent doses are generally good for three years.

• #14

  https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/doc/?id=4951479&pid=19239

  Weakness/paralysis sets in. The larynx is paralyzed, resulting in an inability to swallow, thus drooling and „foaming at the mouth” result. The animal dies when the breathing muscles are paralyzed. […] Once the virus has been released to body secretions, it is again accessible to the immune system; however, the patient dies before an adequate immune response is mounted. […] The classical symptoms of rabies described above may not be recognizable, making diagnosis difficult, if not impossible, in a living animal. […] For Your Pets […] Happily, rabies prevention is accomplished with vaccination and limiting exposure to wildlife. The standard killed virus vaccines are available for both dogs and cats, and after the initial dose, which is good for one year, subsequent doses are generally good for three years.

• #15 Rabies Resources | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/rabies-resources

  Local health jurisdictions in Washington can assist in determining whether PEP administration is warranted, and/or facilitate animal testing. When assessing whether to administer PEP following a suspected rabies exposure, consider: the type of animal, the nature of the exposure, the geographic area where exposure occurred, whether the animal is available for testing. […] In Washington State, bats are the only known reservoir for rabies; however, the virus can be transmitted from bats to other mammals. Wildlife or animals that spend unsupervised outside are more likely to come into contact with bats. […] Rabies virus is found in the saliva and brain tissue of a mammal infected with rabies. It is usually spread to people by animal bites. Rabies could be spread if the virus comes into contact with mucous membranes (eye, nose, and respiratory tract), open cuts, or wounds.

• #16 Rabies Resources | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/rabies-resources

  Local health jurisdictions in Washington can assist in determining whether PEP administration is warranted, and/or facilitate animal testing. When assessing whether to administer PEP following a suspected rabies exposure, consider: the type of animal, the nature of the exposure, the geographic area where exposure occurred, whether the animal is available for testing. […] In Washington State, bats are the only known reservoir for rabies; however, the virus can be transmitted from bats to other mammals. Wildlife or animals that spend unsupervised outside are more likely to come into contact with bats. […] Rabies virus is found in the saliva and brain tissue of a mammal infected with rabies. It is usually spread to people by animal bites. Rabies could be spread if the virus comes into contact with mucous membranes (eye, nose, and respiratory tract), open cuts, or wounds.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/activities/human-rabies-prevention-and-management

  Rabies is preventable through three proven, effective interventions: […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consists of a series of rabies vaccines and, in some cases, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG), administered after a suspected exposure to rabies. Appropriate wound management and prompt access to quality-assured PEP is almost 100% effective in preventing human rabies deaths. […] Mass dog vaccination is a proven, costeffective way to save human lives by stopping transmission of rabies at its source. […] Engaging communities to build awareness of rabies, and vaccinate dogs to prevent human disease, requires close One Health collaboration between the human and veterinary health sectors. […] Human rabies prevention and management. […] Vaccinating against rabies to save lives.

• #18 Rabies: Cases in Foxes in Josephine County | Oregon Veterinary Medical Association

  https://www.oregonvma.org/care-health/companion-animals/zoonotic-diseases/rabies

  Rabies is an infectious viral disease that affects the nervous system. It is transmitted by a bite or saliva from a rabid animal. […] Dogs, cats and ferrets should be vaccinated against rabies. Vaccinating pets not only protects them but it provides a buffer zone between humans and rabid wild animals. Oregon law requires all dogs to be vaccinated against rabies as early as three months of age. In addition, Multnomah County requires all cats to be vaccinated for rabies. […] Vaccinated dogs, cats, and ferrets exposed to a rabid animal should be revaccinated immediately, kept under the owner’s control, and quarantined for 45 days. Any illness in an isolated or confined animal should be reported immediately to the local health department. If signs suggestive of rabies develop, the animal should be euthanized and tested.

• #19 Rabies: Cases in Foxes in Josephine County | Oregon Veterinary Medical Association

  https://www.oregonvma.org/care-health/companion-animals/zoonotic-diseases/rabies

  Rabies is an infectious viral disease that affects the nervous system. It is transmitted by a bite or saliva from a rabid animal. […] Dogs, cats and ferrets should be vaccinated against rabies. Vaccinating pets not only protects them but it provides a buffer zone between humans and rabid wild animals. Oregon law requires all dogs to be vaccinated against rabies as early as three months of age. In addition, Multnomah County requires all cats to be vaccinated for rabies. […] Vaccinated dogs, cats, and ferrets exposed to a rabid animal should be revaccinated immediately, kept under the owner’s control, and quarantined for 45 days. Any illness in an isolated or confined animal should be reported immediately to the local health department. If signs suggestive of rabies develop, the animal should be euthanized and tested.

• #20 Rabies: Cases in Foxes in Josephine County | Oregon Veterinary Medical Association

  https://www.oregonvma.org/care-health/companion-animals/zoonotic-diseases/rabies

  Nationally, twice as many cats as dogs are reported to have rabies each year, which is why its important to vaccinate your cats for rabies. […] Because of this, and the risk to public health, the American Association of Equine Practitioners recommends rabies vaccinations for horses. […] If you are scratched or bitten by a bat, immediately clean the wound. If the bat has been captured, do not crush the bat or throw it away, as intact bats can be tested for rabies, which may be able to help you avoid post exposure rabies shots (PEP). […] According to the law, dogs, cats or ferrets that bite humans should be quarantined for 10 days. If any other animal bites a human, euthanasia and rabies testing of the animal is recommended. […] Anyone bitten by a bat should be vaccinated for rabies immediately if the bat is not available for testing. Cats increase the risk by playing with bats and taking them into homes. […] Every year about 10 percent of the bats tested for rabies test positive for the disease. Bats are tested for rabies only when a person or a pet has had physical contact with them. […] Vaccinate your pets.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

  Vaccinating dogs, including puppies, through mass dog vaccination programs is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in people because it stops the transmission at its source. […] Public education for both children and adults on dog behaviour and bite prevention, what to do if bitten or scratched by a potentially rabid animal, and responsible pet ownership are essential extensions of rabies vaccination programmes. […] Effective vaccines are available to immunize people both before and after potential exposures. […] Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for people in high-risk occupations (laboratory workers handling live rabies and related viruses) and people whose professional or personal activities might lead to direct contact with infected animals (animal disease control staff and wildlife rangers).

• #22 Rabies Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preexposure Prophylaxis or Immunization, Postexposure Approach to Animal Bites and other Exposures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-treatment

  Preexposure, active prophylaxis or immunization is recommended for individuals who are exposed to rabies virus or who handle specimens considered high risk for rabies and persons who visit countries where rabies is a significant problem. […] In the United States, the CDC recommends rabies postexposure prophylaxis only with intramuscular (IM) cell-cultured vaccines; intradermal (ID) formulations are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States. […] Passive immunization consists of the administration of human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) pooled from the sera of immunized human donors. […] Before the onset of rabies symptoms, optimal results require immediate, vigorous wound cleansing for at least 10 minutes; passive immunization with immunoglobulin, and active immunization with rabies vaccine.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2003/10000/reducing_the_risk_of_rabies.24.aspx

  Reducing the risk of rabies […] Rabies is usually transmitted to humans through the saliva of an infected animal; however, it may also be transmitted when infectious material from an animal gets into a person’s mucous membranes or an open wound. The incubation period before symptoms appear can last several days or even years, but the average time is 3 to 8 weeks. […] If your patient has been exposed to a potentially rabid animal and the animal’s rabies status is unknown, vaccination before symptoms appear can save her life. […] Without prophylactic treatment, an infected patient may experience flulike symptoms, such as headache, fever, and malaise, for a few days. […] Once a patient develops signs and symptoms of rabies, treatment is palliative. Use standard precautions to protect yourself and others from exposure. […] People who work with animals and those traveling to endemic areas should consider receiving preexposure prophylaxis at least 30 days before potential contact with an animal: three doses of rabies vaccine I.M. in the deltoid muscle and a one-dose booster every 2 years (depending on the titer level). […] By educating patients and acting quickly when potential exposure is suspected, you can help prevent this deadly disease in your patients. […] Follow these steps to treat a patient who’s been bitten by a potentially rabid animal. […] Immediately flush the wound and clean it with soap and water to remove the animal’s saliva. […] Administer one 1-ml dose of rabies vaccine in the deltoid and 1 dose of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) into and around the wound. […] On days 3, 7, 14, and 28, administer 1 dose of rabies vaccine in the deltoid muscle.

• #24

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

  Note that PrEP does not replace the need for PEP. Any person exposed to a suspected rabid animal should still seek post exposure care. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. A well performed wound risk assessment and PEP protocol consists of extensive wound washing with water and soap for at least 15 minutes soon after an exposure; a course of rabies vaccine; and administration of rabies immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies into the wound, if indicated. […] Depending on the severity of exposure, administration of a full PEP course is recommended as follows: Category II – nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding (exposure) Wound washing and immediate vaccination; Category III – single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, contamination of mucous membrane or broken skin with saliva from animal licks, exposures due to direct contact with bats (severe exposure) Wound washing, immediate vaccination and administration of rabies immunoglobulin/monoclonal antibodies.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

  Note that PrEP does not replace the need for PEP. Any person exposed to a suspected rabid animal should still seek post exposure care. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. A well performed wound risk assessment and PEP protocol consists of extensive wound washing with water and soap for at least 15 minutes soon after an exposure; a course of rabies vaccine; and administration of rabies immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies into the wound, if indicated. […] Depending on the severity of exposure, administration of a full PEP course is recommended as follows: Category II – nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding (exposure) Wound washing and immediate vaccination; Category III – single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, contamination of mucous membrane or broken skin with saliva from animal licks, exposures due to direct contact with bats (severe exposure) Wound washing, immediate vaccination and administration of rabies immunoglobulin/monoclonal antibodies.

• #26

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

  Note that PrEP does not replace the need for PEP. Any person exposed to a suspected rabid animal should still seek post exposure care. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. A well performed wound risk assessment and PEP protocol consists of extensive wound washing with water and soap for at least 15 minutes soon after an exposure; a course of rabies vaccine; and administration of rabies immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies into the wound, if indicated. […] Depending on the severity of exposure, administration of a full PEP course is recommended as follows: Category II – nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding (exposure) Wound washing and immediate vaccination; Category III – single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, contamination of mucous membrane or broken skin with saliva from animal licks, exposures due to direct contact with bats (severe exposure) Wound washing, immediate vaccination and administration of rabies immunoglobulin/monoclonal antibodies.

• #27

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

  Note that PrEP does not replace the need for PEP. Any person exposed to a suspected rabid animal should still seek post exposure care. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. A well performed wound risk assessment and PEP protocol consists of extensive wound washing with water and soap for at least 15 minutes soon after an exposure; a course of rabies vaccine; and administration of rabies immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibodies into the wound, if indicated. […] Depending on the severity of exposure, administration of a full PEP course is recommended as follows: Category II – nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding (exposure) Wound washing and immediate vaccination; Category III – single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, contamination of mucous membrane or broken skin with saliva from animal licks, exposures due to direct contact with bats (severe exposure) Wound washing, immediate vaccination and administration of rabies immunoglobulin/monoclonal antibodies.

• #28

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

  WHO recommends that all human rabies vaccines comply with WHO standards. […] Deployment of poor-quality rabies vaccines has led to public health failures in several countries. […] As detailed in the guidance on PEP administration, WHO recommends moving from intramuscular (IM) to intradermal (ID) administration of human rabies vaccines. […] Intradermal administration reduces the amount of necessary vaccine and number of doses, therefore reducing costs by 60-80%, without compromising safety or efficacy. […] Fewer doses also promote patient compliance with the recommended regimen.

• #29 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Nurses play a critical role in managing potential rabies cases and are often at the frontline of healthcare delivery. Their responsibilities include assessing patients for potential exposure to rabies by gathering detailed histories of any animal interactions, especially bites or scratches. Understanding the circumstances of these injuries is essential to determining the need for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Additionally, nurses execute proper wound management to prevent infection, ensuring that any bite or scratch is thoroughly cleaned and assessed for further treatment, such as vaccinations. […] Lastly, nurses also educate patients about the risks associated with animal bites and scratches, emphasizing the importance of seeking immediate medical attention following any potential rabies exposure.

• #30 Rabies Resources | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/rabies-resources

  Local health jurisdictions in Washington can assist in determining whether PEP administration is warranted, and/or facilitate animal testing. When assessing whether to administer PEP following a suspected rabies exposure, consider: the type of animal, the nature of the exposure, the geographic area where exposure occurred, whether the animal is available for testing. […] In Washington State, bats are the only known reservoir for rabies; however, the virus can be transmitted from bats to other mammals. Wildlife or animals that spend unsupervised outside are more likely to come into contact with bats. […] Rabies virus is found in the saliva and brain tissue of a mammal infected with rabies. It is usually spread to people by animal bites. Rabies could be spread if the virus comes into contact with mucous membranes (eye, nose, and respiratory tract), open cuts, or wounds.

• #31 Rabies – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/communicable-diseases-notes/rabies/

  Provide patient Isolation […] Wash hands before and after patient contact to prevent self-contamination and spread of disease […] Give emotional and spiritual support to family by helping them cope with patients symptoms and probable death […] Darken the room, provide a quiet environment […] Patient should not be bathed and must not have any running water in the room […] Continuously monitor cardiac and respiratory function.

• #32 Rabies – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/rabies/

  A study guide provides an overview of rabies, its pathophysiology, assessment findings, medical management, and nursing care management. […] Nursing management of a patient with rabies include the following: […] Assessment of a patient with rabies include: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnosis for a patient with rabies are: […] The major nursing care plan goals for a patient with rabies include: […] Nursing interventions for a patient with rabies are: […] Goals are met for a patient with rabies as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a patient with rabies include:

• #33 Nursing Care Plan For Rabies NCP | PDF

  https://www.scribd.com/doc/298071111/Nursing-Care-Plan-for-Rabies-NCP

  A patient presented with a dog bite wound and symptoms of rabies infection including facial grimacing and irritability. […] The diagnosis was impaired skin integrity from disruption of the skin surface. Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through animal bites or scratches. […] The nursing care plan aimed to thoroughly wash and disinfect the wound to prevent viral spread and achieve timely wound healing within 8 hours with interventions like wound assessment, washing with soap and an antiseptic, keeping the skin free from pressure, and contact isolation.

• #34 Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Regimen Animal Bites and Rabies Risk: A Guide for Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/rabies/risk/postexposure.html

  Wound cleansing is especially important in rabies prevention. In animal studies, thorough wound cleansing alone without other medical treatments (e.g., PEP) has been shown to markedly reduce the likelihood of rabies. Wounds should be promptly irrigated with water, or a povidone-iodine solution. In addition to decreasing the risk of rabies, it also decreases the risk for bacterial infection. Patients should receive a tetanus booster if their last vaccine was more than 5 years ago. The need for antibiotic prophylaxis should also be assessed. […] Human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) is a biologic product prepared from human donors hyper-immunized with rabies vaccine. HRIG must be infiltrated into and around the bite wound site(s), and provides immediate, passive immune protection until the patient produces antibodies through the PEP vaccine series.

• #35 Rabies Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preexposure Prophylaxis or Immunization, Postexposure Approach to Animal Bites and other Exposures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-treatment

  When the patient presents with a bite, the wound should be cleansed immediately with soap and water, flushing it thoroughly to remove saliva. Debridement and careful exploration for foreign body (eg, broken tooth) are essential; this should take at least 10 minutes. Generally, leave wounds to heal by secondary intention to permit drainage of wound fluids and prevent infection. […] Inpatient care of patients with rabies may be needed if wounds are extensive or are on the face and hands, if surgical repair or replacement of blood loss is required, or if infection occurs. […] For a patient with an illness consistent with rabies, transfer to a tertiary care center with intensive care support and capability of providing timely diagnostic workup is essential. […] Coordinate follow-up evaluations of patients with the primary caregiver, the local health department, and, if applicable, the veterinarian who quarantined the animal.

• #36 Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Regimen Animal Bites and Rabies Risk: A Guide for Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/rabies/risk/postexposure.html

  Wound cleansing is especially important in rabies prevention. In animal studies, thorough wound cleansing alone without other medical treatments (e.g., PEP) has been shown to markedly reduce the likelihood of rabies. Wounds should be promptly irrigated with water, or a povidone-iodine solution. In addition to decreasing the risk of rabies, it also decreases the risk for bacterial infection. Patients should receive a tetanus booster if their last vaccine was more than 5 years ago. The need for antibiotic prophylaxis should also be assessed. […] Human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) is a biologic product prepared from human donors hyper-immunized with rabies vaccine. HRIG must be infiltrated into and around the bite wound site(s), and provides immediate, passive immune protection until the patient produces antibodies through the PEP vaccine series.

• #37 Rabies Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preexposure Prophylaxis or Immunization, Postexposure Approach to Animal Bites and other Exposures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-treatment

  Administer HRIG to any person not previously vaccinated against rabies (or if primary series completed less than 14 days prior to exposure), at a dose of 20 IU/kg (for adults and children). […] Mild local and systemic adverse reactions to these vaccines and immunoglobulin may occur but are usually treatable with supportive care, antihistamines, and anti-inflammatory medications. […] Symptomatic rabies cannot be managed in the outpatient setting. Intensive cardiopulmonary supportive care is the only treatment available for patients with symptomatic rabies. […] For a patient with an illness consistent with rabies, timely diagnostic workup is essential. Transfer to a tertiary care center with high-level intensive care support and clinicians knowledgeable in managing rabies is optimal whenever feasible.

• #38

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=uh3499

  Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that can affect the brain and nervous system. You can get rabies when you are exposed to an animal that has rabies. This can happen through a bite, scratch, or other contact. […] Your doctor will give you a shot schedule. Make sure that you do not miss any doses. You need to get all the doses for the rabies vaccine to work. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Wash any animal bite or area of exposure right away. Use soap and water. […] Contact the local health unit to report a bite or a severe scratch from an animal. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #39 Rabies | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/healthcare-personnel-epidemiology-control/rabies.html

  For healthcare personnel who have an exposure to rabies virus, administer postexposure prophylaxis in accordance with CDC and ACIP recommendations and in consultation with federal, state, and local public health authorities. […] For healthcare personnel who have a suspected or confirmed rabies virus infection, exclude from work in consultation with federal, state, and local public health authorities. […] Prevention of transmission of rabies in healthcare settings involves: using Standard Precautions, that may include a gown, gloves, eye protection and a facemask, for patients with suspected or confirmed clinical infection, to prevent contact with potentially infectious body fluids and secretions; rapidly diagnosing patients with clinical infection; appropriately administering postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) to persons exposed to rabies virus; and excluding potentially infectious HCP from work. […] HCP who report an exposure to rabies may be offered PEP depending on the nature of the exposure. […] Prophylaxis, when indicated, should begin as soon as possible after exposure.

• #40 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #41 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #42 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #43 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #44 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #45 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #46 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #47 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #48 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #49 Rabies Nursing Management

  https://rnspeak.com/rabies-nursing-management/

  Ensure the patient is kept in isolation to prevent the spread of the virus. […] Perform handwashing before and after any contact with the patient to minimize the risk of self-contamination and disease transmission. […] Provide emotional and spiritual support to the family, assisting them in coping with the patients symptoms and the potential outcome. […] Dim the lights and maintain a quiet atmosphere in the room to help reduce patient agitation. […] Avoid bathing the patient and ensure there is no running water in the room, as this can provoke distress. […] Continuously assess cardiac and respiratory functions to detect any changes promptly. […] Ensure meticulous care of any wounds, including thorough cleaning and dressing, to prevent secondary infections. […] Educate the family about rabies, its progression, and what to expect, fostering understanding and preparedness. […] Work closely with other healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists, for comprehensive care planning. […] Focus on providing palliative care measures to ensure dignity and comfort for the patient as the disease progresses.

• #50 Rabies Resources | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/rabies-resources

  Administration of rabies PEP following exposure to a rabid animal is considered a medical urgency, not an emergency. Local health jurisdictions can consult with healthcare providers and can facilitate testing the animal for rabies if recommended. […] PEP can be delayed when a dog, cat, or ferret is currently healthy, and can be observed for 10 days. Likewise, PEP can be delayed up to 5 days while an animal is being tested if the appearance/behavior of the animal, bite severity and bite location are not high risk. […] Initiate PEP immediately for bat bites to the head or neck or severe bites from a wild carnivore. If PEP is started prior to the availability of animal testing results, PEP can be discontinued if the animal is later found to be negative for rabies virus. If PEP has not been started and test results indicate the animal was rabid, start PEP immediately.

• #51 Rabies Resources | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/rabies-resources

  Local health jurisdictions in Washington can assist in determining whether PEP administration is warranted, and/or facilitate animal testing. When assessing whether to administer PEP following a suspected rabies exposure, consider: the type of animal, the nature of the exposure, the geographic area where exposure occurred, whether the animal is available for testing. […] In Washington State, bats are the only known reservoir for rabies; however, the virus can be transmitted from bats to other mammals. Wildlife or animals that spend unsupervised outside are more likely to come into contact with bats. […] Rabies virus is found in the saliva and brain tissue of a mammal infected with rabies. It is usually spread to people by animal bites. Rabies could be spread if the virus comes into contact with mucous membranes (eye, nose, and respiratory tract), open cuts, or wounds.

• #52 Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Regimen Animal Bites and Rabies Risk: A Guide for Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/rabies/risk/postexposure.html

  Wound cleansing is especially important in rabies prevention. In animal studies, thorough wound cleansing alone without other medical treatments (e.g., PEP) has been shown to markedly reduce the likelihood of rabies. Wounds should be promptly irrigated with water, or a povidone-iodine solution. In addition to decreasing the risk of rabies, it also decreases the risk for bacterial infection. Patients should receive a tetanus booster if their last vaccine was more than 5 years ago. The need for antibiotic prophylaxis should also be assessed. […] Human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) is a biologic product prepared from human donors hyper-immunized with rabies vaccine. HRIG must be infiltrated into and around the bite wound site(s), and provides immediate, passive immune protection until the patient produces antibodies through the PEP vaccine series.

• #53 Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Regimen Animal Bites and Rabies Risk: A Guide for Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/rabies/risk/postexposure.html

  Wound cleansing is especially important in rabies prevention. In animal studies, thorough wound cleansing alone without other medical treatments (e.g., PEP) has been shown to markedly reduce the likelihood of rabies. Wounds should be promptly irrigated with water, or a povidone-iodine solution. In addition to decreasing the risk of rabies, it also decreases the risk for bacterial infection. Patients should receive a tetanus booster if their last vaccine was more than 5 years ago. The need for antibiotic prophylaxis should also be assessed. […] Human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) is a biologic product prepared from human donors hyper-immunized with rabies vaccine. HRIG must be infiltrated into and around the bite wound site(s), and provides immediate, passive immune protection until the patient produces antibodies through the PEP vaccine series.

• #54 Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Regimen Animal Bites and Rabies Risk: A Guide for Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/rabies/risk/postexposure.html

  The recommended dosage of HRIG is 20 IU/kg body weight for all ages including children. Infiltrate as much of the HRIG as possible into and around the bite wound. […] Rabies vaccine must NOT be given in the gluteal muscles due to the possibility of poor absorption from that site and lower neutralizing antibody titers. […] Rabies PEP should not be interrupted or discontinued because of local or mild systemic adverse reactions to rabies vaccine. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antipyretic agents, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, may be used to control mild adverse reactions.

• #55 Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Regimen Animal Bites and Rabies Risk: A Guide for Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/rabies/risk/postexposure.html

  The recommended dosage of HRIG is 20 IU/kg body weight for all ages including children. Infiltrate as much of the HRIG as possible into and around the bite wound. […] Rabies vaccine must NOT be given in the gluteal muscles due to the possibility of poor absorption from that site and lower neutralizing antibody titers. […] Rabies PEP should not be interrupted or discontinued because of local or mild systemic adverse reactions to rabies vaccine. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antipyretic agents, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, may be used to control mild adverse reactions.

• #56 Rabies Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Preexposure Prophylaxis or Immunization, Postexposure Approach to Animal Bites and other Exposures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-treatment

  Preexposure, active prophylaxis or immunization is recommended for individuals who are exposed to rabies virus or who handle specimens considered high risk for rabies and persons who visit countries where rabies is a significant problem. […] In the United States, the CDC recommends rabies postexposure prophylaxis only with intramuscular (IM) cell-cultured vaccines; intradermal (ID) formulations are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States. […] Passive immunization consists of the administration of human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) pooled from the sera of immunized human donors. […] Before the onset of rabies symptoms, optimal results require immediate, vigorous wound cleansing for at least 10 minutes; passive immunization with immunoglobulin, and active immunization with rabies vaccine.

• #57 Zoonotic Diseases – Rabies – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/zoonotic/rabies/

  Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in People: Rabies is almost always fatal in humans, but timely treatment following exposure can help prevent disease. The treatment after a potential rabies exposure to prevent illness is called rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). If you have had a potential rabies exposure, contact a health care provider and they will help you understand if rabies PEP is right for you. […] Rabies PEP consists of several injections given over a few weeks: One dose of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG), and a series of rabies vaccines. […] Rabies is a medical urgency but not an emergency. In most cases, you can wait to start rabies PEP until after lab results come back for the tested animal or the 10-day quarantine period is over (domestic animals only). […] If the tested animal comes back positive for rabies or if the animal dies during the 10-day quarantine, you should start rabies PEP right away. […] If the tested animal does not have rabies or the animal survives the 10-day quarantine, you do not need rabies PEP. If you started rabies PEP, you can stop at this point.

• #58 Rabies Resources | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/rabies-resources

  Rabies is a viral disease that infects the central nervous system. If a person does not receive the appropriate medical care after a potential rabies exposure, infection with the virus is almost always fatal. All warm-blooded mammals including humans are susceptible to rabies. […] Rabies in humans is 100% preventable through prompt, appropriate medical treatment, known as post-exposure prophylaxis. Begin treatment following potential rabies exposure as soon as possible after the exposure occurs. First, immediately wash all bite wounds and scratches with soap and water. […] PEP consists of a dose of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and four total rabies vaccinations, given on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. People with weakened immune systems will need a fifth dose of vaccine and a blood test to check that the vaccine worked. People who have been previously vaccinated against rabies should only receive vaccine (no HRIG), on days 0 and 3 after a rabies exposure.

• #59 Rabies Resources | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/public-health-provider-resources/notifiable-conditions/rabies-resources

  Rabies is a viral disease that infects the central nervous system. If a person does not receive the appropriate medical care after a potential rabies exposure, infection with the virus is almost always fatal. All warm-blooded mammals including humans are susceptible to rabies. […] Rabies in humans is 100% preventable through prompt, appropriate medical treatment, known as post-exposure prophylaxis. Begin treatment following potential rabies exposure as soon as possible after the exposure occurs. First, immediately wash all bite wounds and scratches with soap and water. […] PEP consists of a dose of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and four total rabies vaccinations, given on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. People with weakened immune systems will need a fifth dose of vaccine and a blood test to check that the vaccine worked. People who have been previously vaccinated against rabies should only receive vaccine (no HRIG), on days 0 and 3 after a rabies exposure.

• #60 Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Regimen Animal Bites and Rabies Risk: A Guide for Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/rabies/risk/postexposure.html

  The recommended dosage of HRIG is 20 IU/kg body weight for all ages including children. Infiltrate as much of the HRIG as possible into and around the bite wound. […] Rabies vaccine must NOT be given in the gluteal muscles due to the possibility of poor absorption from that site and lower neutralizing antibody titers. […] Rabies PEP should not be interrupted or discontinued because of local or mild systemic adverse reactions to rabies vaccine. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antipyretic agents, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, may be used to control mild adverse reactions.

• #61

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=uh3499

  Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that can affect the brain and nervous system. You can get rabies when you are exposed to an animal that has rabies. This can happen through a bite, scratch, or other contact. […] Your doctor will give you a shot schedule. Make sure that you do not miss any doses. You need to get all the doses for the rabies vaccine to work. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Wash any animal bite or area of exposure right away. Use soap and water. […] Contact the local health unit to report a bite or a severe scratch from an animal. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #62

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=uh3499

  Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that can affect the brain and nervous system. You can get rabies when you are exposed to an animal that has rabies. This can happen through a bite, scratch, or other contact. […] Your doctor will give you a shot schedule. Make sure that you do not miss any doses. You need to get all the doses for the rabies vaccine to work. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Wash any animal bite or area of exposure right away. Use soap and water. […] Contact the local health unit to report a bite or a severe scratch from an animal. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #63

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=uh3499

  Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that can affect the brain and nervous system. You can get rabies when you are exposed to an animal that has rabies. This can happen through a bite, scratch, or other contact. […] Your doctor will give you a shot schedule. Make sure that you do not miss any doses. You need to get all the doses for the rabies vaccine to work. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Wash any animal bite or area of exposure right away. Use soap and water. […] Contact the local health unit to report a bite or a severe scratch from an animal. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #64

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=uh3499

  Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that can affect the brain and nervous system. You can get rabies when you are exposed to an animal that has rabies. This can happen through a bite, scratch, or other contact. […] Your doctor will give you a shot schedule. Make sure that you do not miss any doses. You need to get all the doses for the rabies vaccine to work. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Wash any animal bite or area of exposure right away. Use soap and water. […] Contact the local health unit to report a bite or a severe scratch from an animal. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #65

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=uh3499

  Rabies is a disease caused by a virus that can affect the brain and nervous system. You can get rabies when you are exposed to an animal that has rabies. This can happen through a bite, scratch, or other contact. […] Your doctor will give you a shot schedule. Make sure that you do not miss any doses. You need to get all the doses for the rabies vaccine to work. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Wash any animal bite or area of exposure right away. Use soap and water. […] Contact the local health unit to report a bite or a severe scratch from an animal. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any problems.

• #66 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/rabies.aspx

  Rabies is a rare but serious disease caused by a virus that infects the brain. People and animals with rabies almost always die once symptoms begin. […] People and animals can get rabies from the bite of an infected animal. In California, bats and skunks are the animals that most often get rabies. […] You can help prevent rabies by preventing bites from wild or unfamiliar animals (especially bats and skunks), and by vaccinating your pets against rabies. All dogs in California are required to be vaccinated against rabies. […] Rabies is 100% preventable in people if you seek medical care from a doctor or healthcare provider right away after an animal bite. […] Because there is no treatment for rabies once symptoms begin, it is very important to prevent rabies in the first place. To prevent rabies: Vaccinate pets against the rabies virus and keep them up to date on their shots.

• #67 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/rabies.aspx

  Rabies is a rare but serious disease caused by a virus that infects the brain. People and animals with rabies almost always die once symptoms begin. […] People and animals can get rabies from the bite of an infected animal. In California, bats and skunks are the animals that most often get rabies. […] You can help prevent rabies by preventing bites from wild or unfamiliar animals (especially bats and skunks), and by vaccinating your pets against rabies. All dogs in California are required to be vaccinated against rabies. […] Rabies is 100% preventable in people if you seek medical care from a doctor or healthcare provider right away after an animal bite. […] Because there is no treatment for rabies once symptoms begin, it is very important to prevent rabies in the first place. To prevent rabies: Vaccinate pets against the rabies virus and keep them up to date on their shots.

• #68 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/rabies.aspx

  Talk to a healthcare provider right away if you are bitten by an animal. A doctor can help decide if you need a vaccine to prevent rabies. […] If you are bitten by a wild animal, you should immediately wash and scrub the bite area with soap and running water and seek medical care from a doctor or healthcare provider. Rabies is 100% preventable if you seek medical care right away after an animal bite. […] Rabies vaccination for pets is an important way that pet owners can protect themselves and the people around them from rabies. […] The State of California requires that dogs over 4 months of age in California be vaccinated for rabies. […] If a wild animal attacks your pet, do not try to get between your pet and the wild animal if they are fighting. If your pet is badly hurt, take it to a veterinarian right away.

• #69 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/rabies.aspx

  Talk to a healthcare provider right away if you are bitten by an animal. A doctor can help decide if you need a vaccine to prevent rabies. […] If you are bitten by a wild animal, you should immediately wash and scrub the bite area with soap and running water and seek medical care from a doctor or healthcare provider. Rabies is 100% preventable if you seek medical care right away after an animal bite. […] Rabies vaccination for pets is an important way that pet owners can protect themselves and the people around them from rabies. […] The State of California requires that dogs over 4 months of age in California be vaccinated for rabies. […] If a wild animal attacks your pet, do not try to get between your pet and the wild animal if they are fighting. If your pet is badly hurt, take it to a veterinarian right away.

• #70 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/rabies.aspx

  Talk to a healthcare provider right away if you are bitten by an animal. A doctor can help decide if you need a vaccine to prevent rabies. […] If you are bitten by a wild animal, you should immediately wash and scrub the bite area with soap and running water and seek medical care from a doctor or healthcare provider. Rabies is 100% preventable if you seek medical care right away after an animal bite. […] Rabies vaccination for pets is an important way that pet owners can protect themselves and the people around them from rabies. […] The State of California requires that dogs over 4 months of age in California be vaccinated for rabies. […] If a wild animal attacks your pet, do not try to get between your pet and the wild animal if they are fighting. If your pet is badly hurt, take it to a veterinarian right away.

• #71 Practice Nursing – Rabies: an update for nurses in general practice

  https://www.practicenursing.com/content/clinical/rabies-an-update-for-nurses-in-general-practice/

  Practice nurses have an important role to play in raising the profile of rabies as a travel-related hazard. […] Practice nurses are well placed to raise travellers’ awareness of the risk of rabies at a destination, and provide guidance on pre-travel vaccination and post-exposure treatment. […] It is important to offer clear advice about avoiding contact with animals, management of bites, scratches and mucous membrane exposures from animals, as well as guidance on pre-travel rabies vaccination and post-travel treatment in the event of a rabies-prone exposure.

• #72 Practice Nursing – Rabies: an update for nurses in general practice

  https://www.practicenursing.com/content/clinical/rabies-an-update-for-nurses-in-general-practice/

  Practice nurses have an important role to play in raising the profile of rabies as a travel-related hazard. […] Practice nurses are well placed to raise travellers’ awareness of the risk of rabies at a destination, and provide guidance on pre-travel vaccination and post-exposure treatment. […] It is important to offer clear advice about avoiding contact with animals, management of bites, scratches and mucous membrane exposures from animals, as well as guidance on pre-travel rabies vaccination and post-travel treatment in the event of a rabies-prone exposure.

• #73 Practice Nursing – Rabies: an update for nurses in general practice

  https://www.practicenursing.com/content/clinical/rabies-an-update-for-nurses-in-general-practice/

  Practice nurses have an important role to play in raising the profile of rabies as a travel-related hazard. […] Practice nurses are well placed to raise travellers’ awareness of the risk of rabies at a destination, and provide guidance on pre-travel vaccination and post-exposure treatment. […] It is important to offer clear advice about avoiding contact with animals, management of bites, scratches and mucous membrane exposures from animals, as well as guidance on pre-travel rabies vaccination and post-travel treatment in the event of a rabies-prone exposure.

• #74 Nursing Care Plan For Rabies – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-rabies/

  Nurses play a vital role in patient education, supporting the administration of PEP, and providing emotional care to individuals facing the anxiety associated with potential rabies exposure. […] Effective care for individuals at risk of rabies or those undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, risk reduction, emotional support, and patient education. […] Nursing care for rabies primarily involves supportive measures, symptom management, and infection control. […] For confirmed cases, nursing interventions focus on comfort and dignity during end-of-life care. […] Nurses play a crucial role in providing patient education, administering PEP, and offering emotional support to those at risk.

• #75 Rabies | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/healthcare-personnel-epidemiology-control/rabies.html

  For healthcare personnel who have an exposure to rabies virus, administer postexposure prophylaxis in accordance with CDC and ACIP recommendations and in consultation with federal, state, and local public health authorities. […] For healthcare personnel who have a suspected or confirmed rabies virus infection, exclude from work in consultation with federal, state, and local public health authorities. […] Prevention of transmission of rabies in healthcare settings involves: using Standard Precautions, that may include a gown, gloves, eye protection and a facemask, for patients with suspected or confirmed clinical infection, to prevent contact with potentially infectious body fluids and secretions; rapidly diagnosing patients with clinical infection; appropriately administering postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) to persons exposed to rabies virus; and excluding potentially infectious HCP from work. […] HCP who report an exposure to rabies may be offered PEP depending on the nature of the exposure. […] Prophylaxis, when indicated, should begin as soon as possible after exposure.

• #76 Rabies | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/healthcare-personnel-epidemiology-control/rabies.html

  For healthcare personnel who have an exposure to rabies virus, administer postexposure prophylaxis in accordance with CDC and ACIP recommendations and in consultation with federal, state, and local public health authorities. […] For healthcare personnel who have a suspected or confirmed rabies virus infection, exclude from work in consultation with federal, state, and local public health authorities. […] Prevention of transmission of rabies in healthcare settings involves: using Standard Precautions, that may include a gown, gloves, eye protection and a facemask, for patients with suspected or confirmed clinical infection, to prevent contact with potentially infectious body fluids and secretions; rapidly diagnosing patients with clinical infection; appropriately administering postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) to persons exposed to rabies virus; and excluding potentially infectious HCP from work. […] HCP who report an exposure to rabies may be offered PEP depending on the nature of the exposure. […] Prophylaxis, when indicated, should begin as soon as possible after exposure.

• #77 Rabies: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/for-health-professionals.html

  RPEP is initiated based on an assessment of risk. The risk assessment and a decision to provide RPEP should be made with local public health authorities, and possibly veterinary authorities. […] Health professionals play a critical role in identifying and reporting cases of rabies virus. […] Rabies in humans is a nationally notifiable disease in Canada. Health professionals must report human cases to the local public health authority as soon as possible.

• #78 Rabies: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/rabies/for-health-professionals.html

  RPEP is initiated based on an assessment of risk. The risk assessment and a decision to provide RPEP should be made with local public health authorities, and possibly veterinary authorities. […] Health professionals play a critical role in identifying and reporting cases of rabies virus. […] Rabies in humans is a nationally notifiable disease in Canada. Health professionals must report human cases to the local public health authority as soon as possible.

• #79 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Rabies

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/rabies.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] People who are bitten by, or have had contact with saliva from an animal should notify the local health department (LHD) having jurisdiction where the animal is located and seek medical care. […] LHD staff will consult with the persons bitten or exposed to rabies and will make recommendations regarding rabies prophylaxis to their health care provider. […] N.J.S.A. 26:4-86.1-2 requires that when it is necessary to test a domestic companion animal (not including domestic livestock) for rabies, the health official or veterinarian must first notify the owner of the animal, verbally and in writing, of the necessity and reason for rabies testing; the rabies testing protocol to be followed; the protocol for handling of the animals body; the protocol for disposal of the animals body or return to the owner; and the protocol for decapitation.

• #80 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Rabies

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/rabies.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] People who are bitten by, or have had contact with saliva from an animal should notify the local health department (LHD) having jurisdiction where the animal is located and seek medical care. […] LHD staff will consult with the persons bitten or exposed to rabies and will make recommendations regarding rabies prophylaxis to their health care provider. […] N.J.S.A. 26:4-86.1-2 requires that when it is necessary to test a domestic companion animal (not including domestic livestock) for rabies, the health official or veterinarian must first notify the owner of the animal, verbally and in writing, of the necessity and reason for rabies testing; the rabies testing protocol to be followed; the protocol for handling of the animals body; the protocol for disposal of the animals body or return to the owner; and the protocol for decapitation.

• #81 Nursing Care Plan For Rabies – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-rabies/

  Nurses play a vital role in patient education, supporting the administration of PEP, and providing emotional care to individuals facing the anxiety associated with potential rabies exposure. […] Effective care for individuals at risk of rabies or those undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, risk reduction, emotional support, and patient education. […] Nursing care for rabies primarily involves supportive measures, symptom management, and infection control. […] For confirmed cases, nursing interventions focus on comfort and dignity during end-of-life care. […] Nurses play a crucial role in providing patient education, administering PEP, and offering emotional support to those at risk.

• #82 Nursing Care Plan For Rabies – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-rabies/

  Nurses play a vital role in patient education, supporting the administration of PEP, and providing emotional care to individuals facing the anxiety associated with potential rabies exposure. […] Effective care for individuals at risk of rabies or those undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, risk reduction, emotional support, and patient education. […] Nursing care for rabies primarily involves supportive measures, symptom management, and infection control. […] For confirmed cases, nursing interventions focus on comfort and dignity during end-of-life care. […] Nurses play a crucial role in providing patient education, administering PEP, and offering emotional support to those at risk.

• #83 Nursing Care Plan For Rabies – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-rabies/

  Nurses play a vital role in patient education, supporting the administration of PEP, and providing emotional care to individuals facing the anxiety associated with potential rabies exposure. […] Effective care for individuals at risk of rabies or those undergoing post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, risk reduction, emotional support, and patient education. […] Nursing care for rabies primarily involves supportive measures, symptom management, and infection control. […] For confirmed cases, nursing interventions focus on comfort and dignity during end-of-life care. […] Nurses play a crucial role in providing patient education, administering PEP, and offering emotional support to those at risk.

• #84 Nursing care of the patient with rabies – University of Miami

  https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Nursing-care-of-the-patient-with/991031658199502976

  The nursing care of the patient with rabies has many dimensions. The nursing care plan has three foci: the patient, the family, and the community. Care includes physiologic support for the patient, psychosocial support for the family, and exposure control for the staff and community.

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