Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448076/

  Rabies disease is almost universally fatal; however, rabies PEP is nearly 100% effective in preventing the disease. […] Treatment failure is primarily caused by delayed administration after exposure, errors in RIg or vaccine administration, and the use of low-quality, counterfeit, or unavailable rabies biologics. […] Once the virus enters the CNS, PEP treatment is ineffective.

• #1 Prognosis of Rabies

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/rabies/progression-of-the-disease

  Rabies is fatal in almost all cases, within 3-10 days after the appearance of symptoms. […] If proper measures are taken after an animal bite or attack, the disease can be prevented in the majority of cases.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

  Once the virus infects the central nervous system and clinical symptoms appear, rabies is fatal in 100% of cases. […] Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal. […] Clinical rabies in people can be managed but very rarely cured, and not without severe neurological deficits. […] Once symptoms emerge, and death is inevitable, offering comprehensive and compassionate palliative care is recommended. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. […] Depending on the severity of exposure, administration of a full PEP course is recommended as follows: […] Category II and III exposures require human rabies vaccination.

• #1 Rabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-overview

  Rabies PEP should begin as soon as possible after an exposure. PEP is safe and nearly 100% effective if administered before symptom onset. […] Despite aggressive and intensive care management, the prognosis of rabies remains exceedingly poor. The very few cases of survival have involved bat variants.

• #1 Rabies | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201791

  The data in this paper indicate that acetylcholine receptors serve as receptors for the rabies virus. […] The data in this paper show that the rabies virus phosphoprotein is responsible for preventing IFN-/-stimulated and IFN–stimulated JAK-STAT signalling in rabies-virus-infected cells by the retention of activated STATs (signal transducer and activator of transcription) in the cytoplasm. […] This is a fundamental review of rabies, providing a realistic plan to achieve success in eliminating this disease. […] The prognosis remains so poor in human rabies. […] This failed approach should be abandoned. […] Recovery from rabies, a universally fatal disease. […] Partial recovery from rabies in a six-year-old girl. […] A case of human survival of rabies, South Africa. […] Recovery of a patient from clinical rabies California, 2011. […] Unique clinical and imaging findings in a first ever documented PCR positive rabies survival patient: a case report. […] Complete recovery from clinical rabies: case report. […] Partial recovery from rabies in a nine-year-old boy.

• #1 Modelling modifiable factors associated with the probability of human rabies deaths among self-reported victims of dog bites in Abuja, Nigeria | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011147

  Canine-mediated rabies kills tens of thousands of people annually in lesser-developed communities of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, primarily through bites from infected dogs. […] The probability of rabies deaths after a dog bite was predicted to decrease after bites by owned dogs compared to free-roaming dogs. […] Similarly, there was a predicted decrease in the probability of human rabies death among victims bitten by vaccinated dogs compared to unvaccinated dogs. […] The odds for the risk of human rabies death after bitten individuals received human rabies vaccination were predicted to decrease compared to those without vaccination. […] Our analysis has shown how to approach missing rabies data objectively and transparently, which is valuable for gaining inference using real-world data. […] Our findings highlight the importance of prompt and appropriate human PEP, canine vaccination, and responsible dog ownership in preventing human rabies deaths.

• #1 Rabies | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201791

  Rabies is a life-threatening neglected tropical disease: tens of thousands of cases are reported annually in endemic countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), although the actual numbers are most likely underestimated. […] Once clinical disease develops, it is almost certainly fatal. […] A multifaceted approach for human rabies eradication that involves government support, disease awareness, vaccination of at-risk human populations and, most importantly, dog rabies control is necessary to achieve the WHO goal of reducing the number of cases of dog-mediated human rabies to zero by 2030. […] This article highlights the resources needed to achieve elimination of dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030, which will result in a concomitant reduction in human cases of rabies. […] The data in this paper show that the production of rabies-virus-specific antibodies by infiltrating B cells across the blood-brain barrier is crucial for the elimination of rabies virus.

• #1 Machine learning to improve the understanding of rabies epidemiology in low surveillance settings | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-76089-3

  Rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis estimated to be responsible for over 70,000 human deaths every year. Rabies is a preventable disease when post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is promptly administered. However, inadequate availability of PEP at healthcare facilities and lack of public awareness regarding rabies prevention have resulted in persistent human rabies deaths. Despite a high burden of rabies in LMICs, patients rarely seek healthcare or undergo diagnostic testing, resulting in fewer than 5% of likely cases reported to health authorities. […] The majority of the confirmed cases and only a small proportion of non-cases were grouped as high (confirmed cases=85.2%, non-cases=0.01%) and moderate-risk (confirmed cases=8.4%, non-cases=4.0%). […] Our study demonstrates the application of machine learning to strengthen zoonotic disease surveillance under resource-limited settings.

• #1 Using host traits to predict reservoir host species of rabies virus | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008940

  Wildlife are important reservoirs for many pathogens, yet the role that different species play in pathogen maintenance frequently remains unknown. This is the case for rabies, a viral disease of mammals. […] Rabies, a fatal viral disease transmitted via the bite of an infected animal, causes over 59,000 human deaths each year. […] Our models predicted 44 carnivore and 34 bat species that could already be serving as unrecognized rabies reservoirs or that have trait profiles suggesting their capacity to become reservoirs via future host shifting. […] Our findings can help understand rabies circulation in wildlife and is a first step to guide future epidemiological surveillance in neglected species. […] The likelihood of host species to be reservoirs will depend on both their characteristics and the life cycle and infection biology of the pathogen, such that some host traits may favor maintenance of some pathogens, but not others.

• #1 Using host traits to predict reservoir host species of rabies virus | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008940

  Thus, anticipating future spillover events is vital if we are to ensure current control programs continue to be successful. […] Our findings suggest that potential reservoir species among bats and carnivores occur both within and outside of areas with current RABV circulation. […] These results show the ability of a trait-based approach to detect potential reservoirs of infection and could inform rabies control programs and surveillance efforts by identifying the types of species and traits that facilitate RABV maintenance and transmission.

• #1 Predicting the presence and titer of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies from low-volume serum samples in low-containment facilities | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060095v3.full-text

  Serology is a core component of the surveillance and management of viral zoonoses. […] Here, focusing on Rabies lyssavirus, a globally important zoonosis, we developed a pseudotype micro-neutralization rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (pmRFFIT) that overcomes these limitations. […] Our test uses a starting volume of 3.5 μL of serum, estimates titers from a single dilution of serum rather than requiring multiple dilutions and end point titration, and may be adapted to target neutralizing antibodies against alternative lyssavirus species. […] The pmRFFIT enables high-throughput detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in low-biocontainment settings and is suited to studies in wild or captive animals where large serum volumes cannot be obtained. […] Our approach, which we refer to as a pseudotype micro-neutralization RFFIT (hereafter, pmRFFIT), provides a safe, low-cost alternative to standard RV neutralization tests that is suitable for large-scale, population-level studies or laboratory studies where small animals are longitudinally sampled.

• #1 Predicting the presence and titer of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies from low-volume serum samples in low-containment facilities | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.060095v3.full-text

  The ideal serological diagnostic would be a scalable virus neutralization test that requires low-volume samples and can be carried out in any standard microbiology/cell culture laboratory. […] The pmRFFIT differs from other lyssavirus neutralization tests in several key aspects. […] The efficacy of this approach highlights the value of historically underutilized quantitative data on cellular infectivity for lyssavirus serology. […] Overall, the pmRFFIT was most precise in discriminating strong positives from strong negatives, where the highest and lowest titers were constantly predicted as such. […] In summary, the pmRFFIT quantifies RVNA titers using a single, low-biocontainment test that requires only a single dilution of test sera.

• #2 Prognosis of Rabies

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/rabies/progression-of-the-disease

  Rabies is fatal in almost all cases, within 3-10 days after the appearance of symptoms. […] If proper measures are taken after an animal bite or attack, the disease can be prevented in the majority of cases.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies

  Once the virus infects the central nervous system and clinical symptoms appear, rabies is fatal in 100% of cases. […] Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is virtually 100% fatal. […] Clinical rabies in people can be managed but very rarely cured, and not without severe neurological deficits. […] Once symptoms emerge, and death is inevitable, offering comprehensive and compassionate palliative care is recommended. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the emergency response to a rabies exposure. This prevents the virus from entering the central nervous system. […] Depending on the severity of exposure, administration of a full PEP course is recommended as follows: […] Category II and III exposures require human rabies vaccination.

• #2 Rabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-overview

  Rabies PEP should begin as soon as possible after an exposure. PEP is safe and nearly 100% effective if administered before symptom onset. […] Despite aggressive and intensive care management, the prognosis of rabies remains exceedingly poor. The very few cases of survival have involved bat variants.

• #2 Rabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448076/

  Rabies disease is almost universally fatal; however, rabies PEP is nearly 100% effective in preventing the disease. […] Treatment failure is primarily caused by delayed administration after exposure, errors in RIg or vaccine administration, and the use of low-quality, counterfeit, or unavailable rabies biologics. […] Once the virus enters the CNS, PEP treatment is ineffective.

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