Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Goiter | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617628/0.3/Goiter

  Iodine administration reduces the incidence of endemic goiter. […] The prevalence of goiter in the United States is 37%, although it is much higher in regions of iodine deficiency (15.8% globally).

• #2 Goiter prevention in the United States

  https://digitalcollections.ohsu.edu/record/43521?ln=en

  Preventative medicine now includes within its domains fields which were unheard of only a few years ago. Goiter is probably the most widespread and spectacular of the preventable diseases, so is causing much interest, especially among public health workers. The prevention of goiter means more than preserving the normal outline of the neck, but means the prevention of cretinism, iodicy and mutism. […] Aa adenomas and malignancies of the thyroid, aa well as Graves disease or toxic goiter usually begin as simple endemic goiter, it means also preventative surgery. Nor should the high mortality of infants with congenital goiter be forgotten.

• #3 Goiter: Causes, Types, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/goiter-simple

  Iodine deficiency is the main cause of goiters. Iodine is essential to helping your thyroid produce thyroid hormones. When you dont have enough iodine, the thyroid works extra hard to make thyroid hormone, causing the gland to grow larger. […] A colloid goiter develops from the lack of iodine, a mineral essential to the production of thyroid hormones. People who get this type of goiter usually live in areas where iodine is scarce. […] You may be at risk for a goiter if you: […] Dont get enough iodine in your diet. […] Depending on your type of goiter, you may need to increase or decrease your iodine intake at home.

• #4 Goitre: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/hormones/overactive-thyroid-gland-hyperthyroidism/goitre-thyroid-swelling

  Iodine deficiency. The thyroid gland needs iodine to make T4 and triiodothyronine (T3). If you lack iodine in your diet, the thyroid swells as it tries to make enough T4 and T3. […] Iodine replacement is given if the goitre is due to lack of iodine in the diet.

• #5

  https://www.koruhastanesi.com/what-is-goiter-how-to-treat-it-symptoms-of-goiter-3153-5

  There are several ways to prevent goiters. First, make sure you eat enough iodine-rich foods such as seafood, milk, eggs, and iodized salt. Second, avoid exposure to radiation. Third, wear protective clothing when using radioactive materials. Fourth, avoid eating large amounts of food at one time. Finally, drink plenty of water. […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiters. This condition occurs when there isn’t enough iodine in the body. In fact, more than half of the world’s population has insufficient levels of iodine in their bodies.

• #6

  https://www.epicentro.iss.it/ben/2003/gennaio2003/3_en

  Goiter may be prevented by iodine prophylaxis. […] Despite the availability of a ready means of prevention, use of iodised salt in Italy is low, accounting for less than 3% of table salt sales. […] The geographic distribution of the hospitalisations varied greatly among areas, with higher concentrations observed in those areas known to have a low iodine content in the soil and a high incidence of endemic goiter. […] The system proposed of using the SDO could contribute to the identification of areas at major risk of goiter such that public health interventions can be better targeted in order to eliminate the disease.

• #7 Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2428

  Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for proper health at all life stages. Indeed, an insufficient iodine intake may determine a thyroid dysfunction also with goiter, or it may be associated to clinical features such as stunted growth and mental retardation, referred as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). […] The effective strategy for the prevention and control of IDDs is universal salt iodization, which was implemented in Italy in 2005 as a nationwide program adopted after the approval of an Italian law. […] Universal salt iodization is the most cost-effective strategy for IDDs and the WHO, UNICEF, and IGN recommend that iodine is added at a concentration of 20–40 mg per kg salt, dependent on local salt intake. […] To the aim of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the nationwide program of iodine prophylaxis, in 2009 the Italian National Observatory for Monitoring Iodine Prophylaxis (OSNAMI) was established at the Italian National Institute of Health.

• #8 Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/1004

  Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. […] The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. […] Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. […] Iodine fortification is a therapeutic strategy to prevent thyroid enlargement in patients chronically exposed to goitrogenic substances, particularly when iodine uptake and metabolism are affected. […] Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) are well-recognized clinical outcomes related to iodine deficiency.

• #9 Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/1004

  Iodized salt has significantly reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency in many iodine-deficient countries worldwide. […] The iodization of salt for human consumption remains the recommended strategy for adequate iodine exposure. […] Specific recommendations and strategies to implement iodine intake (as a supplement) are needed for categories of people in whom iodized salt alone appears insufficient to provide adequate requirements.

• #10 Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2428

  Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for proper health at all life stages. Indeed, an insufficient iodine intake may determine a thyroid dysfunction also with goiter, or it may be associated to clinical features such as stunted growth and mental retardation, referred as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). […] The effective strategy for the prevention and control of IDDs is universal salt iodization, which was implemented in Italy in 2005 as a nationwide program adopted after the approval of an Italian law. […] Universal salt iodization is the most cost-effective strategy for IDDs and the WHO, UNICEF, and IGN recommend that iodine is added at a concentration of 20–40 mg per kg salt, dependent on local salt intake. […] To the aim of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the nationwide program of iodine prophylaxis, in 2009 the Italian National Observatory for Monitoring Iodine Prophylaxis (OSNAMI) was established at the Italian National Institute of Health.

• #11 Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2428

  The IDD control program in Calabria is one of the success stories of public health in Italy. The epidemiological data over the last three decades clearly indicate the improvement of iodine status in the Calabria region also due to the commitment of the Regional Observatory of Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis. Although substantial progress has been made, efforts should focus on ensuring there is adequate iodine intake in the entire population to achieve and maintain the IDD control goal.

• #12 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] One of the important roles played by iodine is brain development in babies. The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #13 Iodine Deficiency: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23417-iodine-deficiency

  Iodine deficiency can be prevented by eating foods that contain iodine and using iodized salt. […] The best way to prevent iodine deficiency is to eat a diet that includes foods that contain iodine. Iodine can be found in certain fish, such as cod and tuna, shrimp, seaweed and other seafood, and dairy products, such as milk, yogurt and cheese. […] Using iodized salt is also an important way to prevent iodine deficiency. When you add salt to your food during cooking or eating, you should use iodized salt. […] Most adults should get 150 micrograms of iodine daily. If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, you should take a prenatal vitamin that contains 250 micrograms of iodine daily.

• #14 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] One of the important roles played by iodine is brain development in babies. The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #15 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] One of the important roles played by iodine is brain development in babies. The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #16 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] One of the important roles played by iodine is brain development in babies. The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #17 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in Australia over recent decades. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an excellent proxy marker for current iodine intake and is a useful screening tool for iodine deficiency at a population level. However, day-to-day variations in UIC preclude the use of UIC as a diagnostic tool to assess the iodine nutritional status of an individual, unless multiple samples are collected over a period of weeks to derive an average level. As this is neither practical nor a prudent use of resources, the public health response has instead focused on supplementation. Since October 2009, all bread produced in Australia and New Zealand (with the exception of organic bread) must contain added iodine from iodised salt. Consequently, adults and children who eat bread regularly should receive sufficient quantities of iodine. However, the iodised salt in bread alone does not meet the increased daily requirements of the majority of pregnant and breastfeeding women. The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms each day. Women with preexisting thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner before commencing a supplement.

• #18 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in Australia over recent decades. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an excellent proxy marker for current iodine intake and is a useful screening tool for iodine deficiency at a population level. However, day-to-day variations in UIC preclude the use of UIC as a diagnostic tool to assess the iodine nutritional status of an individual, unless multiple samples are collected over a period of weeks to derive an average level. As this is neither practical nor a prudent use of resources, the public health response has instead focused on supplementation. Since October 2009, all bread produced in Australia and New Zealand (with the exception of organic bread) must contain added iodine from iodised salt. Consequently, adults and children who eat bread regularly should receive sufficient quantities of iodine. However, the iodised salt in bread alone does not meet the increased daily requirements of the majority of pregnant and breastfeeding women. The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms each day. Women with preexisting thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner before commencing a supplement.

• #19 Iodine Deficiency: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23417-iodine-deficiency

  Iodine deficiency can be prevented by eating foods that contain iodine and using iodized salt. […] The best way to prevent iodine deficiency is to eat a diet that includes foods that contain iodine. Iodine can be found in certain fish, such as cod and tuna, shrimp, seaweed and other seafood, and dairy products, such as milk, yogurt and cheese. […] Using iodized salt is also an important way to prevent iodine deficiency. When you add salt to your food during cooking or eating, you should use iodized salt. […] Most adults should get 150 micrograms of iodine daily. If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, you should take a prenatal vitamin that contains 250 micrograms of iodine daily.

• #20 Goiter: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/goiter/

  Here are some tips for preventing goiter: […] Use only iodized salt for seasoning meals. […] Consume iodine-rich seafood, including seaweed, shrimp, and shellfish. […] Be careful not to overexpose yourself to radiation at work or while receiving radiation therapy.

• #21 Goiter: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/goiter/

  Here are some tips for preventing goiter: […] Use only iodized salt for seasoning meals. […] Consume iodine-rich seafood, including seaweed, shrimp, and shellfish. […] Be careful not to overexpose yourself to radiation at work or while receiving radiation therapy.

• #22 Iodine Deficiency: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23417-iodine-deficiency

  Iodine deficiency can be prevented by eating foods that contain iodine and using iodized salt. […] The best way to prevent iodine deficiency is to eat a diet that includes foods that contain iodine. Iodine can be found in certain fish, such as cod and tuna, shrimp, seaweed and other seafood, and dairy products, such as milk, yogurt and cheese. […] Using iodized salt is also an important way to prevent iodine deficiency. When you add salt to your food during cooking or eating, you should use iodized salt. […] Most adults should get 150 micrograms of iodine daily. If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, you should take a prenatal vitamin that contains 250 micrograms of iodine daily.

• #23

  https://www.koruhastanesi.com/what-is-goiter-how-to-treat-it-symptoms-of-goiter-3153-5

  There are several ways to prevent goiters. First, make sure you eat enough iodine-rich foods such as seafood, milk, eggs, and iodized salt. Second, avoid exposure to radiation. Third, wear protective clothing when using radioactive materials. Fourth, avoid eating large amounts of food at one time. Finally, drink plenty of water. […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiters. This condition occurs when there isn’t enough iodine in the body. In fact, more than half of the world’s population has insufficient levels of iodine in their bodies.

• #24 How can we prevent goiter?

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/how-can-we-prevent-goiter

  Goiter is one of the most common occurring thyroid disorder. It causes the swelling in neck. Preventing goiter is easy which needs a small change in nutrition. Iodine is important for producing thyroid hormones. Some people do not eat extra iodine so it causes the thyroid to work overtime to produce thyroid hormones. Using iodized table salt can prevent simple goiter. […] A) Get Enough Iodine: The iodized salt should have 76 kg of iodine/gm and daily consumption of salt is between 2 and 6 g gm. Iodine is necessary for producing thyroid hormones. Some patients do not eat ample quantity of iodine. So it causes the thyroid to work overtime to produce thyroid hormones. […] B) Using iodized table salt can prevent goiter. […] C) Eating foods which contain Iodine naturally like Irganuc Yoghurt, Organic Navy Beans, Strawberries, Potatoes. […] D) Eating Iodine supplements, there are many options available in the market.

• #25 HIE Multimedia – Simple goiter

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001178

  Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #26 Thyroid Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/thyroid-goiter

  A goiter only needs to be treated if it is causing symptoms. The enlarged thyroid can be treated with radioactive iodine to shrink the gland or with surgical removal of part or all of the gland (thyroidectomy). Small doses of iodine (Lugol’s or potassium iodine solution) may help when the goiter is due to iodine deficiency. […] The use of iodized table salt prevents endemic goiter.

• #27 How can we prevent goiter?

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/how-can-we-prevent-goiter

  Goiter is one of the most common occurring thyroid disorder. It causes the swelling in neck. Preventing goiter is easy which needs a small change in nutrition. Iodine is important for producing thyroid hormones. Some people do not eat extra iodine so it causes the thyroid to work overtime to produce thyroid hormones. Using iodized table salt can prevent simple goiter. […] A) Get Enough Iodine: The iodized salt should have 76 kg of iodine/gm and daily consumption of salt is between 2 and 6 g gm. Iodine is necessary for producing thyroid hormones. Some patients do not eat ample quantity of iodine. So it causes the thyroid to work overtime to produce thyroid hormones. […] B) Using iodized table salt can prevent goiter. […] C) Eating foods which contain Iodine naturally like Irganuc Yoghurt, Organic Navy Beans, Strawberries, Potatoes. […] D) Eating Iodine supplements, there are many options available in the market.

• #28 HIE Multimedia – Simple goiter

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001178

  Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #29 HIE Multimedia – Simple goiter

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001178

  Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #30 HIE Multimedia – Simple goiter

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001178

  Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #31 Nontoxic Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120392-treatment

  Diets low in iodine need supplementation, especially in developing countries where government-supported iodine supplementation is not available. Adult patients require 150 mcg/day, which has been the average intake in the United States, but patients should be encouraged to use iodized salt at home and take multivitamins with iodine to ensure adequate intake. Patients should not take iodine supplements such as seaweed, as the amount of iodine is excessive and may result in iodine-induced thyroid hormone dysfunction in predisposed individuals. […] Prevention of endemic goiter may be accomplished by iodine supplementation, using iodine supplements in drinking water sources or iodized oil on bread (strategies that can be applied to a whole country).

• #32 Avian goiter in Chickens: Signs, Treatment & Prevention

  https://poultrydvm.com/condition/avian-goiter

  Supplement iodine in diet of living in an iodine deficient area or feeding goitrogenic substances to chickens – Provide one drop of dilute Lugol’s solution in 1 oz. of fresh drinking water, x 1 week […] Eating an iodine deficient diet […] Eating large quantities of goitrogenic agents such as soybeans, rapeseed, cabbage, turnips, broccoli, cabbage, and flax.

• #33 Prophylaxis and treatment of endemic goiter with iodized oil in rural Ecuador and Peru – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4312017/

  Endemic goiter is a health problem in many areas of the world; in some areas the disease is so severe that cretinism and other defects are found. […] Field studies were begun in 1966 to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of parenteral administration of iodized oil in goiter prevention. […] The use of iodized oil as a public health procedure for the prevention of endemic goiter and its associated defects is an acceptable measure in regions where salt iodization cannot be done.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  Millions of people living in iodine-deficient areas and suffering from goiter, growth and mental retardation, or cretinism have benefited from iodine supplementation with iodized oils. […] More importantly, prophylactic use of iodized oil (mostly Lipiodol) prevents nearly all of these complications. […] Hence it is pertinent to look at the physiologic and pharmacologic aspects of iodized oil administration to understand better the mechanism of action and the risks involved in its future use. […] Lipiodol has been highly successful as long-term replacement therapy for iodine deficiency disease, and by 1 estimate more than 60 million doses have been administered. […] The success of treatment with iodized oils depends on the slow, continuous release of iodide from the stored lipid over long periods of time from various pools, particularly, but not exclusively, adipose tissue.

• #35 Iodine deficiency – symptoms, causes, treatment & prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/iodine-deficiency

  Iodine deficiency is usually treated by eating more iodine-rich salt, using iodised salt and taking iodine supplements. […] Most people can get enough iodine from eating iodine-rich foods such as seafood. Seasoning your food with small amounts of iodised salt and eating packaged bread will also help increase iodine in your diet. […] The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that you take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms a day if you are: pregnant, breastfeeding, planning a pregnancy. […] It’s important that you don’t take more than the recommended dose of supplements. If you have a thyroid condition, speak to your doctor before taking iodine supplements. […] Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).

• #36 Sea Moss: Health Benefits and Side Effects

  https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-sea-moss

  May support thyroid health […] High levels of iodine found in sea moss can cause thyroid issues and even cancer. Having too much iodine in your diet can lead to a goiter, or an enlarged thyroid gland, which may require surgery.

• #37 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/diets-and-supplements-for-thyroid-disorders

  Soya interferes with levothyroxine absorption, therefore if you are taking levothyroxine you should try to avoid soya. If you wish to take soya, you should leave as long as possible (at least four hours) between eating the soya and taking the levothyroxine. […] If you are taking levothyroxine for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or for a goitre (thyroid swelling) there is no need to take iodine supplements. […] If you are being treated for hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) taking an iodine supplement is unnecessary and can worsen the condition. The extra iodine can counteract the benefits of the antithyroid drugs. […] The thyroid needs iron to generate T4 and T3 (selenium, discussed below, is essential in converting T4 into T3, which is the active form of thyroid hormone). A literature review found that iron deficiency is often associated with hypothyroidism, especially in pregnant women. Some iron tablets (ferrous sulphate) can interfere with the absorption of thyroxine therefore doctors recommend a four-hour interval between taking thyroxine and the iron.

• #38 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Goiter prevention is based on etiology. […] Correct iodine deficiency and avoid dietary or iatrogenic goitrogens if practical. In the United States, it is difficult to find iodine deficiency, given the supplementation of table salt with iodine, iodine in cattle feed, and the use of iodine as a dough conditioner. Judicious use of levothyroxine is helpful in patients with a previous diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia who have had a lobectomy to prevent occurrences in the contralateral lobe. […] Goiters due to autoimmune thyroiditis may be controlled with careful use of levothyroxine and, when indicated, anti-inflammatory medication. […] Congenital goiters due to inborn errors of metabolism may be reduced or prevented by careful use of levothyroxine during the postpartum period. Newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism.

• #39 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Goiter prevention is based on etiology. […] Correct iodine deficiency and avoid dietary or iatrogenic goitrogens if practical. In the United States, it is difficult to find iodine deficiency, given the supplementation of table salt with iodine, iodine in cattle feed, and the use of iodine as a dough conditioner. Judicious use of levothyroxine is helpful in patients with a previous diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia who have had a lobectomy to prevent occurrences in the contralateral lobe. […] Goiters due to autoimmune thyroiditis may be controlled with careful use of levothyroxine and, when indicated, anti-inflammatory medication. […] Congenital goiters due to inborn errors of metabolism may be reduced or prevented by careful use of levothyroxine during the postpartum period. Newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism.

• #40 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Goiter prevention is based on etiology. […] Correct iodine deficiency and avoid dietary or iatrogenic goitrogens if practical. In the United States, it is difficult to find iodine deficiency, given the supplementation of table salt with iodine, iodine in cattle feed, and the use of iodine as a dough conditioner. Judicious use of levothyroxine is helpful in patients with a previous diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia who have had a lobectomy to prevent occurrences in the contralateral lobe. […] Goiters due to autoimmune thyroiditis may be controlled with careful use of levothyroxine and, when indicated, anti-inflammatory medication. […] Congenital goiters due to inborn errors of metabolism may be reduced or prevented by careful use of levothyroxine during the postpartum period. Newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01657975

  In a prospective, randomized, controlled study of 64 patients after bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy, a high dosage of 1.0 mg L-thyroxine taken once a week was compared to the usual intake of 0.1 mg L-thyroxine daily for prevention of recurrent goiter. […] The weekly high dosage of 1.0 mg L-thyroxine has proved to be at least as effective as the usual therapy with no apparent disadvantage.

• #42 Prevention of Iodinated Contrast Media-Induced Hyperthyroidism in Patients with Euthyroid Goiter in: European Thyroid Journal Volume 10 Issue 4 (2021)

  https://etj.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/etj/10/4/ETJ515126.xml

  Iodinated contrast media (ICM)-induced hyperthyroidism is an underestimated, potentially severe condition; however, its prevention has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ICM on thyroid status, the advantages of prophylactic therapy for iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH) in patients with euthyroid goiter and cardiovascular comorbidities, and the association between the incidence of IIH and thyroid volume. […] The frequency of ICM-induced hyperthyroidism in euthyroid patients with goiter is lower in those receiving prophylactic therapy with thiamazole in monotherapy or in combination with sodium perchlorate than in those not receiving prophylactic treatment.

• #43 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] One of the important roles played by iodine is brain development in babies. The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #44 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] One of the important roles played by iodine is brain development in babies. The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #45 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in Australia over recent decades. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an excellent proxy marker for current iodine intake and is a useful screening tool for iodine deficiency at a population level. However, day-to-day variations in UIC preclude the use of UIC as a diagnostic tool to assess the iodine nutritional status of an individual, unless multiple samples are collected over a period of weeks to derive an average level. As this is neither practical nor a prudent use of resources, the public health response has instead focused on supplementation. Since October 2009, all bread produced in Australia and New Zealand (with the exception of organic bread) must contain added iodine from iodised salt. Consequently, adults and children who eat bread regularly should receive sufficient quantities of iodine. However, the iodised salt in bread alone does not meet the increased daily requirements of the majority of pregnant and breastfeeding women. The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms each day. Women with preexisting thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner before commencing a supplement.

• #46 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Goiter prevention is based on etiology. […] Correct iodine deficiency and avoid dietary or iatrogenic goitrogens if practical. In the United States, it is difficult to find iodine deficiency, given the supplementation of table salt with iodine, iodine in cattle feed, and the use of iodine as a dough conditioner. Judicious use of levothyroxine is helpful in patients with a previous diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia who have had a lobectomy to prevent occurrences in the contralateral lobe. […] Goiters due to autoimmune thyroiditis may be controlled with careful use of levothyroxine and, when indicated, anti-inflammatory medication. […] Congenital goiters due to inborn errors of metabolism may be reduced or prevented by careful use of levothyroxine during the postpartum period. Newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism.

• #47 More than a decade of iodine prophylaxis is needed to eradicate goiter among school age children in a moderately iodine-deficient region – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19265497/

  More than a decade of iodine prophylaxis is needed to eradicate goiter among school age children in a moderately iodine-deficient region. […] The time required to normalize the prevalence of goiter in SAC living in a moderately iodine-deficient environment was at least a decade. […] To achieve a goiter rate of less than 5% among SAC, it may require that, as a population, they were born and grew up under conditions of iodine sufficiency.

• #48 Lithium and the thyroid – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lithium-and-the-thyroid

  Lithium can cause goiter and hypothyroidism, and its use has been associated with both thyroid autoimmunity and hyperthyroidism. […] Because of the high incidence of thyroid dysfunction that occurs during lithium treatment, patients should have a careful thyroid physical examination and determination of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody titers before lithium treatment is begun. […] Goiter — Goiter is the most common thyroid abnormality in lithium-treated patients, occurring in approximately 40 to 50 percent. […] The goiters usually occur within the first two years of treatment.

• #49 Lithium and the thyroid – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lithium-and-the-thyroid

  Lithium can cause goiter and hypothyroidism, and its use has been associated with both thyroid autoimmunity and hyperthyroidism. […] Because of the high incidence of thyroid dysfunction that occurs during lithium treatment, patients should have a careful thyroid physical examination and determination of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody titers before lithium treatment is begun. […] Goiter — Goiter is the most common thyroid abnormality in lithium-treated patients, occurring in approximately 40 to 50 percent. […] The goiters usually occur within the first two years of treatment.

• #50 Goiter in Animals – Endocrine System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/endocrine-system/the-thyroid-gland/goiter-in-animals

  Goiter that is due to iodine deficiency is most common in neonatal pigs, lambs, and calves in areas with iodine-deficient soil. The thyroid lobes of the young animal usually are at least twice their normal size, soft, and dark red. Severe cases are accompanied by a lack of hair (especially in pigs) or wool (lambs). The neck is usually grossly enlarged, and the skin and other tissue may be thickened, flabby, and edematous. […] To combat goiter, prophylaxis is more effective than treatment. Feeding stabilized iodized salt or ensuring that the ration is balanced for iodine content is recommended in all areas known or suspected to have iodine-deficient soil. […] Another important measure to prevent goiter is to bar access to goitrogenic plants. For example, members of the family Brassicaceae (cruciferous vegetables) can contain goitrogens that interfere with iodine metabolism.

• #51 Hypothyroidism Diet: Foods to Eat, Avoid, and Meal Plan Ideas

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/hypothyroidism-diet

  Goitrogens are substances in soy products and cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Some research suggests they may interfere with thyroid hormone production. […] Most people, including those with hypothyroidism, can enjoy moderate amounts of goitrogenic foods without negatively affecting their thyroid health. Goitrogenic foods can include: cabbage, Russian kale, bok choy, Brussels sprouts, soy, pearl millet. […] However, a 2024 review of research suggests these foods may not have the negative effect on thyroid function indicated by previous research. Its best to talk with a doctor before eliminating foods from your diet.

• #52 Hypothyroidism Diet: Foods to Eat, Avoid, and Meal Plan Ideas

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/hypothyroidism-diet

  Goitrogens are substances in soy products and cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Some research suggests they may interfere with thyroid hormone production. […] Most people, including those with hypothyroidism, can enjoy moderate amounts of goitrogenic foods without negatively affecting their thyroid health. Goitrogenic foods can include: cabbage, Russian kale, bok choy, Brussels sprouts, soy, pearl millet. […] However, a 2024 review of research suggests these foods may not have the negative effect on thyroid function indicated by previous research. Its best to talk with a doctor before eliminating foods from your diet.

• #53 Hypothyroidism Diet: Foods to Eat, Avoid, and Meal Plan Ideas

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/hypothyroidism-diet

  Goitrogens are substances in soy products and cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Some research suggests they may interfere with thyroid hormone production. […] Most people, including those with hypothyroidism, can enjoy moderate amounts of goitrogenic foods without negatively affecting their thyroid health. Goitrogenic foods can include: cabbage, Russian kale, bok choy, Brussels sprouts, soy, pearl millet. […] However, a 2024 review of research suggests these foods may not have the negative effect on thyroid function indicated by previous research. Its best to talk with a doctor before eliminating foods from your diet.

• #54 Hypothyroidism Diet: Foods to Eat, Avoid, and Meal Plan Ideas

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/hypothyroidism-diet

  Goitrogens are substances in soy products and cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Some research suggests they may interfere with thyroid hormone production. […] Most people, including those with hypothyroidism, can enjoy moderate amounts of goitrogenic foods without negatively affecting their thyroid health. Goitrogenic foods can include: cabbage, Russian kale, bok choy, Brussels sprouts, soy, pearl millet. […] However, a 2024 review of research suggests these foods may not have the negative effect on thyroid function indicated by previous research. Its best to talk with a doctor before eliminating foods from your diet.

• #55 Hypothyroidism Diet: Foods to Eat, Avoid, and Meal Plan Ideas

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/hypothyroidism-diet

  Goitrogens are substances in soy products and cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Some research suggests they may interfere with thyroid hormone production. […] Most people, including those with hypothyroidism, can enjoy moderate amounts of goitrogenic foods without negatively affecting their thyroid health. Goitrogenic foods can include: cabbage, Russian kale, bok choy, Brussels sprouts, soy, pearl millet. […] However, a 2024 review of research suggests these foods may not have the negative effect on thyroid function indicated by previous research. Its best to talk with a doctor before eliminating foods from your diet.

• #56 Goiter in Animals – Endocrine System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/endocrine-system/the-thyroid-gland/goiter-in-animals

  Goiter that is due to iodine deficiency is most common in neonatal pigs, lambs, and calves in areas with iodine-deficient soil. The thyroid lobes of the young animal usually are at least twice their normal size, soft, and dark red. Severe cases are accompanied by a lack of hair (especially in pigs) or wool (lambs). The neck is usually grossly enlarged, and the skin and other tissue may be thickened, flabby, and edematous. […] To combat goiter, prophylaxis is more effective than treatment. Feeding stabilized iodized salt or ensuring that the ration is balanced for iodine content is recommended in all areas known or suspected to have iodine-deficient soil. […] Another important measure to prevent goiter is to bar access to goitrogenic plants. For example, members of the family Brassicaceae (cruciferous vegetables) can contain goitrogens that interfere with iodine metabolism.

• #57

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  The following factors may affect the response to Lipiodol treatment: 1) Fierro-Benitez et al found that in women and older children, the half-life of urinary iodine in the malnourished was only about one-half that of the well nourished. […] 3) Iron deficiency anemia substantially decreases the efficacy of iodized oil when compared with that in nonanemic children. […] 4) Poor response to Lipiodol may also occur in patients with fibrosed, long-standing goiters that retain little functional thyroid tissue. […] 5) Diarrheal disease. […] 6) Iodine-deficient populations often use manioc or cassava as a dietary staple. […] 7) It has been known for some years that selenium is somehow required for normal thyroid function. […] The massive storage and long residence time of a number of lipid soluble iodinated drugs in the body have long been known to interfere with iodine-dependent diagnostic tests and might be expected to be associated with a number of adverse reactions in the thyroid.

• #58

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  The following factors may affect the response to Lipiodol treatment: 1) Fierro-Benitez et al found that in women and older children, the half-life of urinary iodine in the malnourished was only about one-half that of the well nourished. […] 3) Iron deficiency anemia substantially decreases the efficacy of iodized oil when compared with that in nonanemic children. […] 4) Poor response to Lipiodol may also occur in patients with fibrosed, long-standing goiters that retain little functional thyroid tissue. […] 5) Diarrheal disease. […] 6) Iodine-deficient populations often use manioc or cassava as a dietary staple. […] 7) It has been known for some years that selenium is somehow required for normal thyroid function. […] The massive storage and long residence time of a number of lipid soluble iodinated drugs in the body have long been known to interfere with iodine-dependent diagnostic tests and might be expected to be associated with a number of adverse reactions in the thyroid.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  The following factors may affect the response to Lipiodol treatment: 1) Fierro-Benitez et al found that in women and older children, the half-life of urinary iodine in the malnourished was only about one-half that of the well nourished. […] 3) Iron deficiency anemia substantially decreases the efficacy of iodized oil when compared with that in nonanemic children. […] 4) Poor response to Lipiodol may also occur in patients with fibrosed, long-standing goiters that retain little functional thyroid tissue. […] 5) Diarrheal disease. […] 6) Iodine-deficient populations often use manioc or cassava as a dietary staple. […] 7) It has been known for some years that selenium is somehow required for normal thyroid function. […] The massive storage and long residence time of a number of lipid soluble iodinated drugs in the body have long been known to interfere with iodine-dependent diagnostic tests and might be expected to be associated with a number of adverse reactions in the thyroid.

• #60

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  The following factors may affect the response to Lipiodol treatment: 1) Fierro-Benitez et al found that in women and older children, the half-life of urinary iodine in the malnourished was only about one-half that of the well nourished. […] 3) Iron deficiency anemia substantially decreases the efficacy of iodized oil when compared with that in nonanemic children. […] 4) Poor response to Lipiodol may also occur in patients with fibrosed, long-standing goiters that retain little functional thyroid tissue. […] 5) Diarrheal disease. […] 6) Iodine-deficient populations often use manioc or cassava as a dietary staple. […] 7) It has been known for some years that selenium is somehow required for normal thyroid function. […] The massive storage and long residence time of a number of lipid soluble iodinated drugs in the body have long been known to interfere with iodine-dependent diagnostic tests and might be expected to be associated with a number of adverse reactions in the thyroid.

• #61

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  The following factors may affect the response to Lipiodol treatment: 1) Fierro-Benitez et al found that in women and older children, the half-life of urinary iodine in the malnourished was only about one-half that of the well nourished. […] 3) Iron deficiency anemia substantially decreases the efficacy of iodized oil when compared with that in nonanemic children. […] 4) Poor response to Lipiodol may also occur in patients with fibrosed, long-standing goiters that retain little functional thyroid tissue. […] 5) Diarrheal disease. […] 6) Iodine-deficient populations often use manioc or cassava as a dietary staple. […] 7) It has been known for some years that selenium is somehow required for normal thyroid function. […] The massive storage and long residence time of a number of lipid soluble iodinated drugs in the body have long been known to interfere with iodine-dependent diagnostic tests and might be expected to be associated with a number of adverse reactions in the thyroid.

• #62

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  The following factors may affect the response to Lipiodol treatment: 1) Fierro-Benitez et al found that in women and older children, the half-life of urinary iodine in the malnourished was only about one-half that of the well nourished. […] 3) Iron deficiency anemia substantially decreases the efficacy of iodized oil when compared with that in nonanemic children. […] 4) Poor response to Lipiodol may also occur in patients with fibrosed, long-standing goiters that retain little functional thyroid tissue. […] 5) Diarrheal disease. […] 6) Iodine-deficient populations often use manioc or cassava as a dietary staple. […] 7) It has been known for some years that selenium is somehow required for normal thyroid function. […] The massive storage and long residence time of a number of lipid soluble iodinated drugs in the body have long been known to interfere with iodine-dependent diagnostic tests and might be expected to be associated with a number of adverse reactions in the thyroid.

• #63

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  Millions of people living in iodine-deficient areas and suffering from goiter, growth and mental retardation, or cretinism have benefited from iodine supplementation with iodized oils. […] More importantly, prophylactic use of iodized oil (mostly Lipiodol) prevents nearly all of these complications. […] Hence it is pertinent to look at the physiologic and pharmacologic aspects of iodized oil administration to understand better the mechanism of action and the risks involved in its future use. […] Lipiodol has been highly successful as long-term replacement therapy for iodine deficiency disease, and by 1 estimate more than 60 million doses have been administered. […] The success of treatment with iodized oils depends on the slow, continuous release of iodide from the stored lipid over long periods of time from various pools, particularly, but not exclusively, adipose tissue.

• #64 Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/1004

  Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. […] The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. […] Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. […] Iodine fortification is a therapeutic strategy to prevent thyroid enlargement in patients chronically exposed to goitrogenic substances, particularly when iodine uptake and metabolism are affected. […] Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) are well-recognized clinical outcomes related to iodine deficiency.

• #65 Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/1004

  Iodized salt has significantly reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency in many iodine-deficient countries worldwide. […] The iodization of salt for human consumption remains the recommended strategy for adequate iodine exposure. […] Specific recommendations and strategies to implement iodine intake (as a supplement) are needed for categories of people in whom iodized salt alone appears insufficient to provide adequate requirements.

• #66 Nontoxic Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120392-treatment

  Diets low in iodine need supplementation, especially in developing countries where government-supported iodine supplementation is not available. Adult patients require 150 mcg/day, which has been the average intake in the United States, but patients should be encouraged to use iodized salt at home and take multivitamins with iodine to ensure adequate intake. Patients should not take iodine supplements such as seaweed, as the amount of iodine is excessive and may result in iodine-induced thyroid hormone dysfunction in predisposed individuals. […] Prevention of endemic goiter may be accomplished by iodine supplementation, using iodine supplements in drinking water sources or iodized oil on bread (strategies that can be applied to a whole country).

• #67 Simple Goiter: A Woman’s Disease and a Woman’s Problem to Solve – Nursing Clio

  https://nursingclio.org/2023/11/15/simple-goiter-a-womans-disease-and-a-womans-problem-to-solve/

  Most people have a small, butterfly-shaped gland in their neck sitting in front of their trachea. […] Realizing that I knew very little about thyroid history, I did what any curious historian does: I started down a rabbit hole of research on thyroid diseases that brought me not to cancer, but to endemic goiter, sometimes called simple goiter, which is typically caused by iodine deficiency. […] During the 1920s and 1930s, endemic goiter started to decline in the United States with the promotion of iodized salt. […] In the early twentieth century, cities and countries with high levels of goiter started to add iodine to common consumables, typically municipal water (as was the case in Rochester, NY) or salt. […] While some governments, like that of Poland, mandated iodization, the United States left the decision up to corporations and state and local officials.

• #68 Nontoxic Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Further Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120392-treatment

  Diets low in iodine need supplementation, especially in developing countries where government-supported iodine supplementation is not available. Adult patients require 150 mcg/day, which has been the average intake in the United States, but patients should be encouraged to use iodized salt at home and take multivitamins with iodine to ensure adequate intake. Patients should not take iodine supplements such as seaweed, as the amount of iodine is excessive and may result in iodine-induced thyroid hormone dysfunction in predisposed individuals. […] Prevention of endemic goiter may be accomplished by iodine supplementation, using iodine supplements in drinking water sources or iodized oil on bread (strategies that can be applied to a whole country).

• #69

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2001/01000/physiology_and_pharmacology_of_iodized_oil_in.3.aspx

  The following is an attempt to examine this question. […] The main conclusion, already arrived at by many others, is that the side reactions occurring from the use of Lipiodol or related iodized oils for iodine deficiency are so rare when compared to the number of doses given, as to pose no significant obstacle to its continued use. […] Iodide goiter has not been seen after Lipiodol supplementation, nor has thyroiditis. Sialadenitis occurs rarely. […] The use of locally produced iodized plant oils is recommended for financial reasons as well as for the benefits derived from local participation.

• #70 Prophylaxis and treatment of endemic goiter with iodized oil in rural Ecuador and Peru – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4312017/

  Endemic goiter is a health problem in many areas of the world; in some areas the disease is so severe that cretinism and other defects are found. […] Field studies were begun in 1966 to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of parenteral administration of iodized oil in goiter prevention. […] The use of iodized oil as a public health procedure for the prevention of endemic goiter and its associated defects is an acceptable measure in regions where salt iodization cannot be done.

• #71 Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/1004

  Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. […] The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. […] Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. […] Iodine fortification is a therapeutic strategy to prevent thyroid enlargement in patients chronically exposed to goitrogenic substances, particularly when iodine uptake and metabolism are affected. […] Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) are well-recognized clinical outcomes related to iodine deficiency.

• #72 Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2428

  Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for proper health at all life stages. Indeed, an insufficient iodine intake may determine a thyroid dysfunction also with goiter, or it may be associated to clinical features such as stunted growth and mental retardation, referred as iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). […] The effective strategy for the prevention and control of IDDs is universal salt iodization, which was implemented in Italy in 2005 as a nationwide program adopted after the approval of an Italian law. […] Universal salt iodization is the most cost-effective strategy for IDDs and the WHO, UNICEF, and IGN recommend that iodine is added at a concentration of 20–40 mg per kg salt, dependent on local salt intake. […] To the aim of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the nationwide program of iodine prophylaxis, in 2009 the Italian National Observatory for Monitoring Iodine Prophylaxis (OSNAMI) was established at the Italian National Institute of Health.

• #73 Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis in Calabria, a Region of Southern Italy: Past and Present

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2428

  The IDD control program in Calabria is one of the success stories of public health in Italy. The epidemiological data over the last three decades clearly indicate the improvement of iodine status in the Calabria region also due to the commitment of the Regional Observatory of Endemic Goiter and Iodine Prophylaxis. Although substantial progress has been made, efforts should focus on ensuring there is adequate iodine intake in the entire population to achieve and maintain the IDD control goal.

• #74 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in Australia over recent decades. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an excellent proxy marker for current iodine intake and is a useful screening tool for iodine deficiency at a population level. However, day-to-day variations in UIC preclude the use of UIC as a diagnostic tool to assess the iodine nutritional status of an individual, unless multiple samples are collected over a period of weeks to derive an average level. As this is neither practical nor a prudent use of resources, the public health response has instead focused on supplementation. Since October 2009, all bread produced in Australia and New Zealand (with the exception of organic bread) must contain added iodine from iodised salt. Consequently, adults and children who eat bread regularly should receive sufficient quantities of iodine. However, the iodised salt in bread alone does not meet the increased daily requirements of the majority of pregnant and breastfeeding women. The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms each day. Women with preexisting thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner before commencing a supplement.

• #75 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in Australia over recent decades. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an excellent proxy marker for current iodine intake and is a useful screening tool for iodine deficiency at a population level. However, day-to-day variations in UIC preclude the use of UIC as a diagnostic tool to assess the iodine nutritional status of an individual, unless multiple samples are collected over a period of weeks to derive an average level. As this is neither practical nor a prudent use of resources, the public health response has instead focused on supplementation. Since October 2009, all bread produced in Australia and New Zealand (with the exception of organic bread) must contain added iodine from iodised salt. Consequently, adults and children who eat bread regularly should receive sufficient quantities of iodine. However, the iodised salt in bread alone does not meet the increased daily requirements of the majority of pregnant and breastfeeding women. The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms each day. Women with preexisting thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner before commencing a supplement.

• #76 Goiter: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12625-goiter

  A goiter caused by iodine deficiency (simple goiter) is generally the only type of goiter you can prevent. Consuming a diet that includes fish, dairy and a healthy amount of iodized table salt prevents these types of goiters. Iodine supplements and other supplements are generally not recommended for other types and may do more harm than good.

• #77 HIE Multimedia – Simple goiter

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001178

  Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #78 HIE Multimedia – Simple goiter

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001178

  Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #79 HIE Multimedia – Simple goiter

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001178

  Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #80 Toxic Nodular Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/toxic-nodular-goiter

  Prevention: To prevent toxic nodular goiter, treat hyperthyroidism and simple goiter as your health care provider recommends.

• #81 Toxic multinodular goiter primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Toxic_multinodular_goiter_primary_prevention

  Effective measures for the primary prevention of toxic multinodular goiter include mainly the adequate iodine intake, smoking cessation and also by maintaining normal intake of iron and vitamin A. […] Effective measures for the primary prevention of toxic multinodular goiter include: Adequate iodine intake, Smoking cessation, Normal level iron, Adequate intake of vitamin A.

• #82 Goiter: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/goiter-overview-7553735

  How to Prevent Goiter […] While some goiter causes, such as having a family history of thyroid concerns, are out of your control, there are some things you can do to prevent a goiter from developing. These prevention strategies include: […] Getting enough iodine: Eating a balanced diet that includes iodine-rich foods like seafood, dairy products, and iodized salt. […] Avoiding too much iodine intake: While iodine is essential, excessive intake can also contribute to the formation of a goiter. Limit your consumption of iodine-containing supplements or medications without medical supervision. […] Treating underlying thyroid conditions: If you have an autoimmune thyroid disorder (e.g., Hashimotos thyroiditis or Graves disease), follow your treatment plan and visit your healthcare provider regularly to ensure that your thyroid is functioning normally.

• #83 Goiter Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120034-treatment

  Goiter prevention is based on etiology. […] Correct iodine deficiency and avoid dietary or iatrogenic goitrogens if practical. In the United States, it is difficult to find iodine deficiency, given the supplementation of table salt with iodine, iodine in cattle feed, and the use of iodine as a dough conditioner. Judicious use of levothyroxine is helpful in patients with a previous diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia who have had a lobectomy to prevent occurrences in the contralateral lobe. […] Goiters due to autoimmune thyroiditis may be controlled with careful use of levothyroxine and, when indicated, anti-inflammatory medication. […] Congenital goiters due to inborn errors of metabolism may be reduced or prevented by careful use of levothyroxine during the postpartum period. Newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism.

• #84 Thyroid Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/thyroid-goiter

  A goiter only needs to be treated if it is causing symptoms. The enlarged thyroid can be treated with radioactive iodine to shrink the gland or with surgical removal of part or all of the gland (thyroidectomy). Small doses of iodine (Lugol’s or potassium iodine solution) may help when the goiter is due to iodine deficiency. […] The use of iodized table salt prevents endemic goiter.

• #85 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  What is goiter? Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid, which is a butterfly-shaped gland in front of the neck. […] In simple goiter, the treatment must be to replace what is lacking. If there is iodine deficiency, iodine must be taken with diet or medications. If there is hormonal deficiency due to autoimmune thyroiditis, then the thyroid hormone pills must be taken. In this way, since the hormones are given externally, the thyroid will not have to work to produce hormones, and thus its size will not be enlarged. […] In conclusion, each classic goiter treatment has specific disadvantages and side effects. Therefore, new treatment options that preserve thyroid gland and have little side effects are necessary. […] In MNG patients, new options such as percutaneous ablation and embolization has been increasingly used in the last 2 decades.

• #86 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  What is goiter? Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid, which is a butterfly-shaped gland in front of the neck. […] In simple goiter, the treatment must be to replace what is lacking. If there is iodine deficiency, iodine must be taken with diet or medications. If there is hormonal deficiency due to autoimmune thyroiditis, then the thyroid hormone pills must be taken. In this way, since the hormones are given externally, the thyroid will not have to work to produce hormones, and thus its size will not be enlarged. […] In conclusion, each classic goiter treatment has specific disadvantages and side effects. Therefore, new treatment options that preserve thyroid gland and have little side effects are necessary. […] In MNG patients, new options such as percutaneous ablation and embolization has been increasingly used in the last 2 decades.

• #87 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  Unlike surgery and radioactive iodine treatment, no hypothyroidism develops after the procedure. Thus, the patient will not have to take lifelong hormone pills and suffer from their side effects. […] It is an effective treatment. Following embolization, a 70-90% volume reduction of the goiter mass can be achieved. As a result, compressive complaints such as shortness of breath, hoarseness and swallowing difficulty decrease or disappear. […] Surgically challenging goiters such as plunging or giant goiters can be easily and effectively treated with embolization, in which the feeding vessels of the goiter are occluded angiographically. After embolization, such goiters decrease in size substantially (around 80% volume reduction) in 6 months, which also continues thereafter for years. After the goiter shrinks compressive symptoms like hoarseness, swallowing difficulty and shortness of breath either disappears or decreases substantially.

• #88 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  Unlike surgery and radioactive iodine treatment, no hypothyroidism develops after the procedure. Thus, the patient will not have to take lifelong hormone pills and suffer from their side effects. […] It is an effective treatment. Following embolization, a 70-90% volume reduction of the goiter mass can be achieved. As a result, compressive complaints such as shortness of breath, hoarseness and swallowing difficulty decrease or disappear. […] Surgically challenging goiters such as plunging or giant goiters can be easily and effectively treated with embolization, in which the feeding vessels of the goiter are occluded angiographically. After embolization, such goiters decrease in size substantially (around 80% volume reduction) in 6 months, which also continues thereafter for years. After the goiter shrinks compressive symptoms like hoarseness, swallowing difficulty and shortness of breath either disappears or decreases substantially.

• #89 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  Unlike surgery and radioactive iodine treatment, no hypothyroidism develops after the procedure. Thus, the patient will not have to take lifelong hormone pills and suffer from their side effects. […] It is an effective treatment. Following embolization, a 70-90% volume reduction of the goiter mass can be achieved. As a result, compressive complaints such as shortness of breath, hoarseness and swallowing difficulty decrease or disappear. […] Surgically challenging goiters such as plunging or giant goiters can be easily and effectively treated with embolization, in which the feeding vessels of the goiter are occluded angiographically. After embolization, such goiters decrease in size substantially (around 80% volume reduction) in 6 months, which also continues thereafter for years. After the goiter shrinks compressive symptoms like hoarseness, swallowing difficulty and shortness of breath either disappears or decreases substantially.

• #90 Goiter: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/goiter/

  Here are some tips for preventing goiter: […] Use only iodized salt for seasoning meals. […] Consume iodine-rich seafood, including seaweed, shrimp, and shellfish. […] Be careful not to overexpose yourself to radiation at work or while receiving radiation therapy.

• #91 HIE Multimedia – Simple goiter

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001178

  Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #92 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] One of the important roles played by iodine is brain development in babies. The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #93 Iodine Deficiency: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23417-iodine-deficiency

  Iodine deficiency can be prevented by eating foods that contain iodine and using iodized salt. […] The best way to prevent iodine deficiency is to eat a diet that includes foods that contain iodine. Iodine can be found in certain fish, such as cod and tuna, shrimp, seaweed and other seafood, and dairy products, such as milk, yogurt and cheese. […] Using iodized salt is also an important way to prevent iodine deficiency. When you add salt to your food during cooking or eating, you should use iodized salt. […] Most adults should get 150 micrograms of iodine daily. If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, you should take a prenatal vitamin that contains 250 micrograms of iodine daily.

• #94 Goiter: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/goiter-overview-7553735

  How to Prevent Goiter […] While some goiter causes, such as having a family history of thyroid concerns, are out of your control, there are some things you can do to prevent a goiter from developing. These prevention strategies include: […] Getting enough iodine: Eating a balanced diet that includes iodine-rich foods like seafood, dairy products, and iodized salt. […] Avoiding too much iodine intake: While iodine is essential, excessive intake can also contribute to the formation of a goiter. Limit your consumption of iodine-containing supplements or medications without medical supervision. […] Treating underlying thyroid conditions: If you have an autoimmune thyroid disorder (e.g., Hashimotos thyroiditis or Graves disease), follow your treatment plan and visit your healthcare provider regularly to ensure that your thyroid is functioning normally.

• #95 Goiter: causes and prevention | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/goiter

  To prevent iodine deficiency and goiter, consumption of iodine-rich foods on a daily basis is recommended. […] The German Nutrition Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Ernhrung) recommends 200 micrograms of iodine daily for people aged between 13 and 50. Younger and older people need less iodine, while women who are pregnant or breast-feeding require more. […] A good amount of iodine is naturally found in fish such as pollack, cod and plaice and in shellfish. Seafood should ideally be consumed once or twice a week. To meet daily requirements, iodized salt should always be used in cooking and food products containing iodized salt should be purchased. […] One of the important roles played by iodine is brain development in babies. The recommended daily intake of iodine during pregnancy is 230 micrograms, increasing to 260 micrograms while breast-feeding. To meet daily requirements, pregnant and breast-feeding women should ask their doctor whether they should take iodine supplements.

• #96 Goitre Causes, investigation and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/goitre

  Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in Australia over recent decades. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an excellent proxy marker for current iodine intake and is a useful screening tool for iodine deficiency at a population level. However, day-to-day variations in UIC preclude the use of UIC as a diagnostic tool to assess the iodine nutritional status of an individual, unless multiple samples are collected over a period of weeks to derive an average level. As this is neither practical nor a prudent use of resources, the public health response has instead focused on supplementation. Since October 2009, all bread produced in Australia and New Zealand (with the exception of organic bread) must contain added iodine from iodised salt. Consequently, adults and children who eat bread regularly should receive sufficient quantities of iodine. However, the iodised salt in bread alone does not meet the increased daily requirements of the majority of pregnant and breastfeeding women. The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that all women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or considering pregnancy, take an iodine supplement of 150 micrograms each day. Women with preexisting thyroid conditions should seek advice from their medical practitioner before commencing a supplement.

• #97 Lithium and the thyroid – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lithium-and-the-thyroid

  Lithium can cause goiter and hypothyroidism, and its use has been associated with both thyroid autoimmunity and hyperthyroidism. […] Because of the high incidence of thyroid dysfunction that occurs during lithium treatment, patients should have a careful thyroid physical examination and determination of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody titers before lithium treatment is begun. […] Goiter — Goiter is the most common thyroid abnormality in lithium-treated patients, occurring in approximately 40 to 50 percent. […] The goiters usually occur within the first two years of treatment.

• #98 Goiter: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/goiter-overview-7553735

  How to Prevent Goiter […] While some goiter causes, such as having a family history of thyroid concerns, are out of your control, there are some things you can do to prevent a goiter from developing. These prevention strategies include: […] Getting enough iodine: Eating a balanced diet that includes iodine-rich foods like seafood, dairy products, and iodized salt. […] Avoiding too much iodine intake: While iodine is essential, excessive intake can also contribute to the formation of a goiter. Limit your consumption of iodine-containing supplements or medications without medical supervision. […] Treating underlying thyroid conditions: If you have an autoimmune thyroid disorder (e.g., Hashimotos thyroiditis or Graves disease), follow your treatment plan and visit your healthcare provider regularly to ensure that your thyroid is functioning normally.

• #99 Goiter | Endocrinology and Diabetes

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/endocrinology-diabetes/thyroid-disorders/goiter

  You can prevent some cases of goiter through your diet. Using iodized salt instead of normal salt can help prevent an iodine deficiency. You can also avoid eating large amounts of foods high in goitrogens.

• #100 Goiter: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/goiter/

  Here are some tips for preventing goiter: […] Use only iodized salt for seasoning meals. […] Consume iodine-rich seafood, including seaweed, shrimp, and shellfish. […] Be careful not to overexpose yourself to radiation at work or while receiving radiation therapy.

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