Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Goiter: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12625-goiter

  Goiter may be associated with an irregular amount of thyroid hormone in your body (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) or with normal levels of thyroid hormone (euthyroid). […] Goiter has several possible causes. Depending on the cause, it may or may not require treatment. […] The most common cause of goiters worldwide is iodine deficiency, which affects an estimated 2.2 billion people. […] Goiter is an adaptive reaction of the cells in your thyroid to any process that blocks thyroid hormone production. While the most common cause of goiter worldwide is iodine deficiency, many conditions can cause it. […] Causes of goiter include: Iodine deficiency: Your thyroid needs iodine to produce thyroid hormone. If you dont get enough iodine in your diet, your thyroid makes more cells (and grows) to try to make more thyroid hormone.

• #1 Goiter: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12625-goiter

  Graves’ disease: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks your thyroid, causing it to grow larger. […] Hashimoto’s disease: This is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of your thyroid gland. Some people with Hashimoto’s disease develop a compensatory increase in the thyroid gland’s size. […] Thyroid cancer: Cancer of your thyroid gland often enlarges your thyroid. […] Pregnancy: Human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone that a person produces during pregnancy, can cause their thyroid to grow. […] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland itself can cause your thyroid gland to grow. This can happen for several reasons.

• #2 Goiter – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829

  A goiter may be an overall enlargement of the thyroid, or it may be the result of irregular cell growth that forms one or more lumps (nodules) in the thyroid. […] The most common cause of goiters worldwide is a lack of iodine in the diet. In the United States, where the use of iodized salt is common, goiters are caused by conditions that change thyroid function or factors that affect thyroid growth. […] A number of factors that influence thyroid function or growth can result in a goiter. […] Iodine deficiency. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. If a person does not get enough dietary iodine, hormone production drops and the pituitary gland signals the thyroid to make more. This increased signal results in thyroid growth. In the United States, this cause is uncommon because of iodine added to table salt.

• #2 Goiter – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829

  Hashimoto’s disease. Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder, an illness caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. The damaged and inflamed tissues of the thyroid don’t produce enough hormones (hypothyroidism). When the pituitary gland detects the decline and prompts the thyroid to create more hormones, the thyroid can become enlarged. […] Graves’ disease. Another autoimmune disorder called Graves’ disease occurs when the immune system produces a protein that mimics TSH. This rogue protein prompts the thyroid to overproduce hormones (hyperthyroidism) and can result in thyroid growth. […] Thyroid nodules. A nodule is the irregular growth of thyroid cells that form a lump. A person may have one nodule or several nodules (multinodular goiter). The cause of nodules is not clear, but there may be multiple factors genetics, diet, lifestyle and environment. Most thyroid nodules are noncancerous (benign).

• #2 Goiter – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/symptoms-causes/syc-20351829

  Thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is less common than other cancers and generally treatable. About 5% of people with thyroid nodules are found to have cancer. […] Pregnancy. A hormone produced during pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), may cause the thyroid gland to be overactive and enlarge slightly. […] Inflammation. Thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid caused by an autoimmune disorder, bacterial or viral infection, or medication. The inflammation may cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

• #3 Goiter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/

  Several pathogenic mechanisms can cause goiter. It can be caused by iodine deficiency, which is often seen in countries that do not have a public health intervention to prevent iodine deficiency. In this instance, the terminology is an endemic goiter. Inflammatory disorders of the thyroid gland such as autoimmune thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, radiation thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis can cause thyroid enlargement, hence goiter. […] Goiter can include one or more nodules and is termed as nodular goiter or nontoxic multinodular goiter; in these entities, the enlarged thyroid is associated with euthyroidism. Other causes can be thyroid cancer and granulomatous and infiltrative diseases of the thyroid. […] The most common cause of goiters worldwide is iodine deficiency that affects an estimated 2.2 billion people.

• #3 Goiter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/

  The recommended daily intake (RDI) of iodine is 90 g/day for children aged 2 to 5 years, 120 g/day for children aged 6 to 9 years, and 150 g/day for children from 10 years of age, adolescents, and adults. In pregnancy, the RDI is 250 g/day and for lactating women, an extra 50 g/day is recommended to provide sufficient iodine in breast milk.

• #3 Goiter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562161/

  The most common cause of goiter is iodine deficiency. In countries that use iodized salt and in others where iodine deficiency is not a problem, Hashimoto thyroiditis is an important cause of goiter. However, iodine deficiency still remains the most common cause worldwide. […] Goiter can be the initial symptom of autoimmune thyroid disease. In Hashimotos thyroiditis thyroid enlarges gradually and can be detected by inspection, palpation, or ultrasonography. […] Goiter is common in some families. In iodine deficiency areas, after iodine is supplemented, the goiter incidence does not drop to zero and there is the persistence of goiter in some families. […] Lithium can cause hypothyroidism and goiter. Amiodarone, interleukin-2, sunitinib, sorafenib, ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab can cause thyroiditis and hence goiter.

• #4 Goiter | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/goiter/

  One of the most common causes of goiter formation worldwide is iodine deficiency. […] The primary activity of the thyroid gland is to concentrate iodine from the blood to make thyroid hormone. […] Therefore, with iodine deficiency the individual will become hypothyroid. […] Consequently, the pituitary gland in the brain senses the thyroid hormone level is too low and sends a signal to the thyroid. […] This signal is called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). […] As the name implies, this hormone stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone and to grow in size. […] This abnormal growth in size produces what is termed a goiter. […] Thus, iodine deficiency is one cause of goiter development. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis is a more common cause of goiter formation in the US. […] This is an autoimmune condition in which there is destruction of the thyroid gland by ones own immune system.

• #4 Goiter | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/goiter/

  As the gland becomes more damaged, it is less able to make adequate supplies of thyroid hormone. […] The pituitary gland senses a low thyroid hormone level and secretes more TSH to stimulate the thyroid. […] This stimulation causes the thyroid to grow, which may produce a goiter. […] Another common cause of goiter is Graves disease. […] In this case, ones immune system produces a protein, called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). […] As with TSH, TSI stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge producing a goiter. […] However, TSI also stimulates the thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone (causes hyperthyroidism). […] Since the pituitary senses too much thyroid hormone, it stops secreting TSH. […] In spite of this the thyroid gland continues to grow and make thyroid hormone.

• #4 Goiter | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/goiter/

  Therefore, Graves disease produces a goiter and hyperthyroidism. […] Multinodular goiters are another common cause of goiters. […] Individuals with this disorder have one or more nodules within the gland which cause thyroid enlargement. […] This is often detected as a nodular feeling gland on physical exam. […] Thus, in early stages of a multinodular goiter with many small nodules, the overall size of the thyroid may not be enlarged yet. […] Unlike the other goiters discussed, the cause of this type of goiter is not well understood. […] In addition to the common causes of goiter, there are many other less common causes. […] Some of these are due to genetic defects, others are related to injury or infections in the thyroid, and some are due to tumors (both cancerous and benign tumors).

• #5 Goiter > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/goiter

  A goiter is an enlarged, swollen thyroid gland. […] There are several possible causes of goiter, including: An iodine deficiency, An overactive or underactive thyroid, Thyroid nodules, Thyroid infection or injury, Inflammation of the thyroid (thyroiditis), Exposure to radiation, Certain inherited conditions, Graves disease, Hashimotos disease, Cancer. […] Sometimes, the thyroid is unable to make enough thyroid hormone to meet a persons needs. When this happens, the thyroid itself may increase in size to compensate for the deficiency. […] Those with iodine-deficient diets are at greater risk of developing a goiter. […] However, because iodine is added to table salt here in the United States, few people in this country experience iodine deficiency. […] Certain medications, such as birth control pills, amiodarone (a treatment for heart arrhythmia), and lithium (a treatment for bipolar disorder), may increase the chances of thyroid enlargement. […] Graves disease and Hashimotos thyroiditis are both autoimmune thyroid conditions where antibodies attack the thyroid, causing inflammation and thyroid enlargement.

• #6 Goitre – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goitre

  A goitre, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. […] Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency. […] The most common cause for goitre is iodine deficiency, commonly seen in countries that scarcely use iodized salt. […] Selenium deficiency is also considered a contributing factor. […] In countries that use iodized salt, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause. […] Goitre can also result from cyanide poisoning, which is particularly common in tropical countries where people eat the cyanide-rich cassava root as the staple food.

• #7 Graves’ disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves%27_disease

  The exact cause of the disease is unclear, but symptoms are a result of antibodies binding to receptors on the thyroid causing over-expression of thyroid hormone. […] The disorder results from an antibody, called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), that has a similar effect to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). […] The exact cause is unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] A genetic predisposition for Graves’ disease is seen, with some people more prone to develop TSH receptor-activating antibodies due to a genetic cause. […] Since Graves disease is an autoimmune disease that appears suddenly, often later in life, a viral or bacterial infection may trigger antibodies, which cross-react with the human TSH receptor, a phenomenon known as antigenic mimicry. […] The bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica bears structural similarity with the human thyrotropin receptor and was hypothesized to contribute to the development of thyroid autoimmunity arising for other reasons in genetically susceptible individuals. […] EpsteinBarr virus is another potential trigger.

• #8 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  These nodules may be single or multiple, cystic or solid and in terms of hormone production, hot, warm or cold. […] Hot nodules produce more hormones then the normal thyroid tissue. […] And as a result, they look active on scintigraphy. […] Cold nodules do not produce hormones and they are seen as inactive areas on scintigraphy. […] Warm nodules produce the same amount of hormones as the normal thyroid and thus, moderately active on scintigraphy. […] Sometimes there are many nodules in the thyroid and this condition is called multinodular goiter (MNG), which is one of the commonest disorders of the thyroid. […] In MNG, the thyroid is enlarged due to presence of multiple nodules of various size. […] In multinodular goiter, surgery is generally recommended due to the possibility of risk of cancer in one of the nodules.

• #8 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF GOITER

  https://www.thyroid-goiter.com/goiter

  In fact, it has been shown that in up to 8 to 10% of MNG patients there may be small cancer foci in the thyroid. […] All these small foci are papillary cancer (papillary microcarcinoma) which is the best type of thyroid cancer. […] In conclusion, scientific studies suggest that the risk of MNG patients having thyroid cancer seems to be similar to those of normal individuals. […] In simple goiter, the treatment must be to replace what is lacking. […] If there is iodine deficiency, iodine must be taken with diet or medications. […] If there is hormonal deficiency due to autoimmune thyroiditis, then the thyroid hormone pills must be taken. […] In nodular goiter, first we must investigate whether the nodules are benign or malignant. […] For this, first a thorough ultrasound examination must be done and the number, size, texture and location of the nodules be determined.

• #9 Multinodular Goiter | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/multinodular-goiter

  A goiter can either be a simple goiter where the whole thyroid is bigger than normal or a multinodular goiter where there are multiple nodules. […] It is not known what causes multinodular goiters in most cases, but iodine deficiency (i.e. too little iodine in the diet) and certain genetic factors have been shown to lead to multinodular goiters.

• #10 Multinodular Goiter | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70705

  The nonfunctioning nodules in nontoxic MNG may over time evolve into larger autonomous nodules, leading first to a smoldering subclinical hyperthyroid state which may then progress to overt hyperthyroidism. […] Certain mutations like those affecting the activation of camp cascade (e.g., TSH-r mutations) which stimulates growth and function mutation in genes encoding thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), dual oxidase 2 (THOX2), the sodium-iodide symporter gene (SLC5A5), Pendred syndrome gene (SLC26A4), the TSH receptor gene (TSHR gene), the iodotyrosine deiodinase (DEHAL 1), and the thyroid oxidase 2 gene (THOX2) have been found to be responsible in certain cases for the formation of nodules in a patient with MNG. […] Familial MNGs have been found to be strongly associated with mutations in the miRNA processing gene DICER1.

• #10 Multinodular Goiter | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70705

  Multinodular goiter (MNG) is the most common disorder of the thyroid gland. […] Though MNG can be sporadic, there is a strong correlation between occurrence of MNG and iodine deficiency. […] Goiter is an etiologically and pathogenetically complex disease. […] Development of goiter especially in conditions of iodine deficiency or Hashimotos disease seems to be TSH driven. […] However, in addition to TSH, several other growth factors, both TSH dependent and independent, have been known to play a role in the pathogenesis of MNG by influencing thyroid follicular cell growth. […] Environmental factors have also been incriminated in causation of MNG possibly by aggravating the expression of heterogeneity causing the thyroid to grow and perhaps leading to its autonomy. […] Naturally occurring goitrogens are thought to work by different mechanisms, leading to impaired thyroid hormone synthesis or thyroid growth.

• #11 Goiter causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Goiter_causes

  Various factors have been associated with the cause of goiter such as hereditary, hormonal, dietary, pharmacological, physiological, environmental and pathological factors. The most common causes being, iodine deficiency, Grave’s disease and hashimoto’s disease. […] Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the genes such as the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene and the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene. […] Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows: […] Dietary iodine deficiency […] Goitrogens (play a major role in endemic goitre) […] Use of goitrogenic drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), thiocyanate and antithyroid drugs [e.g. thiouracil, carbimazole] results in hypothyroidism […] Increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones e.g. during pregnancy or puberty results in physiological goiter.

• #11 Goiter causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Goiter_causes

  Exposure to radiations leading to: […] Thyroid cancer […] Hypothyroidism […] Goiter may be caused by: […] Iodine deficiency […] Grave’s disease […] Hashimoto’s disease […] Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the following genes which vary from one family to the other: […] Thyroglobulin (Tg) gene […] Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene […] Sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene.

• #12 Goitre

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/goitre/

  A goitre happens when your thyroid gland is swollen. […] Some reasons why your thyroid might be swollen include: an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) […] an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) […] harmless lumps (nodules) on the thyroid […] hormone changes during puberty, pregnancy or the menopause […] an inflamed thyroid gland (thyroiditis) […] having a condition with your immune system, like Grave’s disease […] not enough iodine in your diet – this is rare in the UK […] thyroid cancer this is rare.

• #13 Goiter – simple Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/goiter-simple

  A simple goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. It is usually not a tumor or cancer. […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter. The body needs iodine to produce thyroid hormone. If you do not have enough iodine in your diet, the thyroid gets larger to try and capture all the iodine it can, so it can make the right amount of thyroid hormone. […] Other causes of goiter include: The body’s immune system attacking the thyroid gland (autoimmune problem), Certain medicines (lithium, amiodarone), Infections (rare), Cigarette smoking, Eating very large amounts of certain foods (soy, peanuts, or vegetables in the broccoli and cabbage family), Toxic nodular goiter, an enlarged thyroid gland that has a small growth or many growths called nodules, which produce too much thyroid hormone. […] Simple goiters are more common in: People over age 40, People with a family history of goiter, People who are born and raised in areas with iodine deficiency, Women. […] Using iodized table salt prevents most simple goiters.

• #14 Goiter: Causes, treatment, types, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167559

  A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland that causes swelling in the neck. There are various possible causes, but it can be a sign that the thyroid gland is producing too much or too little thyroid hormone. […] There are a range of possible causes of a goiter, including: […] The most common cause of goiters outside the United States is a lack of iodine in the diet. The thyroid needs iodine to create thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism. […] Hypothyroidism is the result of an underactive thyroid gland. When the gland produces too little thyroid hormone, it is stimulated to produce more, leading to swelling. […] Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid gland, is another cause of goiters. In people with this condition, the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone. […] Less common causes of goiters include the following: Smoking: Thiocyanate in tobacco smoke interferes with iodine absorption and can cause enlargement of the thyroid gland. […] People over the age of 40 are at greater risk of goiters, as are people with a family history of the condition.

• #15 Causes of Goiter

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/causes-of-goiter

  Iodine deficiency found in seafood is a big reason for goiter. However, it is a rare cause in the developed countries where iodine is regularly put inside salt. […] Dietary iodine is present in cows milk, seafood and plant food that is grown in iodine-rich soil. […] Thyroid gland requires iodine for producing thyroid hormones that regulate the bodys rate of metabolism. […] Hypothyroidism is a consequence of underactive thyroid gland this leads to goiter. As the gland makes very little thyroid hormone, it is stimulated to make more causing the swelling. This generally is a consequence of Hashimotos thyroiditis which is a condition wherein which the immune system of our body attacks its own tissue leads to inflammation of our thyroid gland. […] Hyperthyroidism refers to an overactive gland. This is another reason for a goiter wherein too much of thyroid hormones is made. This generally results from Graves disease which is an autoimmune disorder wherein which the immunity of our body turns on itself attacks thyroid gland making it swollen. […] Less common reasons for goiter comprise the following- Smoking thiocyanate of tobacco smoke interferes with the absorption of iodine. […] Hormonal changes Puberty, pregnancy menopause could affect the thyroid function. […] Thyroiditis inflammation which is lead to infection.

• #16 Goitre | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/goitre

  A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. […] Causes include iodine deficiency, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. […] Apart from iodine deficiency, other causes of goitre involve conditions of the thyroid – such as nodules, cancer, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. […] Goitre can be caused by a range of factors, including: […] Insufficient iodine in the diet. […] High consumption of certain foods that neutralise iodine, such as cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower. Other foods, like soy, may also induce goitres. […] Certain drugs, such as lithium and phenylbutazone. […] Thyroid cancer. […] Nodules growing on the thyroid gland. […] Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). […] Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland).

• #17 Thyroid Goiter: Causes & Treatments – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/thyroid-goiter-causes-and-treatments

  A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. […] The most common cause of thyroid goiter worldwide is iodine deficiency (not enough iodine in the diet). […] The cause of goiter in the US is usually some other factor that affects thyroid growth, such as overproduction or underproduction of thyroid hormones or thyroid nodules. […] Notably, too much iodine can also cause goiter in some people. […] Goiter is four times more common in females than males and more common after age 40. […] Other risk factors include obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, radiation exposure to the head and neck, and a family history of thyroid disorders. […] Taking certain medications, such as the heart medication amiodarone (Pacerone) or the psychiatric medication lithium (Lithobid), can also increase the risk of goiter.

• #18 Nontoxic Goiter: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120392-overview

  The most common worldwide cause of endemic nontoxic goiter is iodine deficiency. However, in patients with sporadic goiter, the cause is usually unknown. Nontoxic goiters have many etiologies, including the following: […] Iodine deficiency – Goiter formation occurs with moderately deficient iodine intake of less than 50 mcg/d. Severe iodine deficiency associated with intake of less than 25 mcg/d is associated with hypothyroidism and cretinism. […] Iodine excess – Goiter formation due to iodine excess is rare and usually occurs in the setting of preexisting autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Goitrogens […] Dyshormonogenesis – A defect in the thyroid hormone biosynthetic pathway is inherited. […] Childhood head and neck radiation – Radiation exposure during childhood results in benign and malignant nodules.

• #19 Approach to congenital goiter in newborns and infants – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-congenital-goiter-in-newborns-and-infants

  Congenital goiter can be caused by a variety of inborn errors of thyroid hormone production or anomalies of thyroid embryology, in utero exposure to maternal antithyroid antibodies, or maternal ingestion of antithyroid drugs and other goitrogens. […] The infant may have associated hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or have normal thyroid function. […] For the hereditary causes, the enlarged thyroid gland, and the thyroid dysfunction that often accompanies it, may not be evident at birth.

• #20 Goiters and Thyroid Nodules (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/goiter.html

  Goiters can happen due to inflammation of the thyroid gland or when the gland makes too much or too little thyroid hormone. A goiter also can develop with other thyroid problems, such as infections of the thyroid or thyroid cysts, tumors, or thyroid cancer. People who don’t get enough iodine in their diets also can get an enlarged thyroid. But this is rare in the United States because foods here usually supply enough iodine. […] A goiter that’s present at birth is called a congenital goiter. These can be caused by: a genetic disease that prevents the baby from producing thyroid hormone properly, thyroid issues in the mother during pregnancy, an expectant mother taking medicines or other substances that affect the baby’s thyroid, the child being born without half of the thyroid, causing the remaining half to get bigger.

• #21 Congenital Goiter – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/congenital-goiter

  Congenital goiters may be caused by the following: […] Defective production of thyroid hormone […] Antibodies from the mother that cross the placenta and affect the thyroid […] Medications the mother takes during the pregnancy (called goitrogens) that cross the placenta. […] There are many genetic abnormalities that decrease the thyroid gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormone and cause congenital goiter. […] Women who have certain thyroid disorders such as Graves disease sometimes produce antibodies that cross the placenta during pregnancy. […] Medications such as amiodarone, propylthiouracil, iodine, and methimazole taken by the mother can cross the placenta and may rarely cause congenital goiter.

• #22 Approach to acquired goiter in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-acquired-goiter-in-children-and-adolescents

  Acquired goiter can present at any age. Most children and adolescents with goiter have normal thyroid function, but some are hypothyroid or hyperthyroid, depending on the cause and stage of the disorder. In the United States and other iodine-sufficient areas of the world, the most common causes of acquired goiter in children and adolescents are chronic autoimmune (Hashimoto) thyroiditis and colloid goiter. […] Worldwide, iodine-deficiency goiter is far more common. […] The causes of and clinical approach to acquired goiters in children are discussed below. […] Euthyroid goiter (normal TSH and free T4) includes chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto), colloid goiter, thyroid adenomas or carcinomas, thyroid cysts, and acute suppurative thyroiditis. […] Hypothyroid goiter (elevated TSH, low or normal free T4) includes chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, excess iodine or other goitrogens, iodine-deficiency goiter, thyroid infiltrative disease, and subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (late).

• #22 Approach to acquired goiter in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-acquired-goiter-in-children-and-adolescents

  Hyperthyroid goiter (suppressed TSH, elevated free T4 and total T3) includes Graves disease, toxic adenoma or multinodular goiter, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis with thyrotoxic phase („painless” or „silent” thyroiditis), Hashitoxicosis, subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (early), and goitrogens/drugs.

• #23 Goiter: Causes, Types, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/goiter-simple

  Some people develop thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid that can cause a goiter. This is different than Hashimotos thyroiditis. One example is viral thyroiditis. […] Solid or fluid-containing cysts may appear on the thyroid and cause it to swell. These nodules are often noncancerous. […] Cancer may affect the thyroid, which causes swelling on one side of the gland. Thyroid cancer isnt as common as the formation of benign nodules. […] Being pregnant can sometimes cause the thyroid to become larger. […] A colloid goiter develops from the lack of iodine, a mineral essential to the production of thyroid hormones. People who get this type of goiter usually live in areas where iodine is scarce. […] The cause of a nontoxic goiter is usually unknown, though it may be caused by medications like lithium. […] This type of goiter forms one or more small nodules as it enlarges. The nodules produce their own thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. It generally forms as an extension of a simple goiter.

• #24 Thyroid Nodules and Goiter | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/thyroid-nodules-goiter

  A goiter can be smooth and uniformly enlarged, called diffuse goiter, or it can be caused by one or more nodules within the gland, called nodular goiter. […] Almost all cases of enlarged thyroid result from one of the following problems: […] When the thyroid can’t produce enough thyroid hormone, it compensates by getting bigger. Worldwide, the most common cause is not enough iodine in the diet. […] Common causes of an inflamed thyroid include autoimmune thyroiditis (also called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), which occurs when the person’s immune system attacks its own thyroid, causing swelling and inflammation. […] Another common cause is postpartum thyroiditis. […] Thyroid tumors are usually benign, but can be cancerous. […] Many goiters and thyroid nodules are harmless, so we often can take a watch-and-wait approach. However, treatment may be necessary for goiters or nodules that are causing bothersome symptoms or health concerns, such as the production of too much or too little thyroid hormone.

• #25 Colloid Nodular Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/colloid-nodular-goiter

  Colloid nodular goiters are also known as endemic goiters and are usually caused by inadequate iodine in diet. They tend to occur in certain geographical areas with iodine-depleted soil, usually areas away from the sea coast. An area is defined as endemic for goiter if more than 10 % of children aged 6 to 12 years have goiters. […] Risk factors are being female, being older than 40, having an inadequate dietary intake of iodine, living in an endemic area, and having a family history of goiters. […] A simple goiter may progress to a toxic nodular goiter. […] Thyrotoxicosis may occur spontaneously with iodine re-exposure.

• #26 Goiter – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/thyroid-disorders/goiter

  Goiter refers to an enlargement of the thyroid gland. This condition usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone, so it tries to compensate by growing in size. There are two varieties of simple goiter: endemic goiter, which occurs because of iodine deficiency in the diet, and sporadic goiter, which often develops for no known reason. […] Endemic goiter, also called colloidal goiter, occurs due to iodine deficiency. Iodine is used in the production of thyroid hormones. When there is not enough iodine available to make these hormones, the thyroid gland enlarges. […] Sporadic goiter, or nontoxic goiter, may also occur because the thyroid does not produce enough hormones to meet the body’s requirements. In some cases of sporadic goiter, the more precise cause is not known, but it may be linked to: Genetics, Medication side effects (such as side effects from lithium), Other diseases or disorders of the thyroid. […] An enlarged thyroid gland can also result from inflammatory conditions of the thyroid gland and tumors that develop in the gland.

• #27 Toxic Nodular Goiter – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/toxic-nodular-goiter

  Toxic nodular goiter arises from a long-standing simple goiter and occurs most often in the elderly. […] Risk factors include being female and over 60 years old. […] This disorder is never seen in children.

• #28 What Is a Goiter? What Causes Goiters?

  https://www.webmd.com/women/understanding-goiter-basics

  Goiters don’t represent any one disease. They can form quickly or very slowly over years. […] Before iodized salt was introduced in 1920, iodine deficiency was the main cause of goiters in the U.S. It still is worldwide. […] In the U.S., the main causes of goiters are autoimmune disorders (including Graves’ disease or Hashimoto’s disease) and multinodular goiter. […] Inflammation of the thyroid, called thyroiditis, can also cause a goiter. You can get this after getting sick from a virus or after giving birth.

• #29 Thyroid Goiter

  https://www.thyroidcancer.com/thyroid-goiter

  World wide, the most common cause of thyroid goiter is in locations where iodine in the diet is low or non-existent. […] Today, in the United States, thyroid goiter is more commonly associated with too much production of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism), too little production of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism), or multiple nodules within the thyroid gland itself (mulitnodular goiter). […] There are two autoimmune conditions (where the body recognizes something abnormal about itself and produces an antibody against this self part) that can be causes of thyroid goiter. […] Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune event where the patient develops antibodies to thyroglobulin (a normal protein produced by the thyroid gland).

• #30 Goiter – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/goiter/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351834

  A goiter is often discovered during a routine physical exam. […] Determine the cause of the goiter. […] The results may help determine function and cause of the goiter. […] Goiter treatment depends on the size of the goiter, your signs and symptoms, and the underlying cause. […] What caused this goiter to develop? […] What can be done to treat the underlying cause?

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