Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atrioventricular canal defect – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361528

  Surgery is needed to treat a complete or partial atrioventricular canal defect. More than one surgery may be needed. Surgery involves using one or two patches to close the hole in the heart wall. The patches stay in the heart. They become part of the heart’s wall as the heart’s lining grows over them. […] Other surgeries depend on whether the defect is partial or complete and what other heart problems exist. […] For a partial atrioventricular canal defect, surgery to repair the mitral valve is needed so that the valve will close tightly. If repair isn’t possible, the valve might need to be replaced. […] For a complete atrioventricular canal defect, surgeons separate the large single valve between the upper and lower heart chambers into two valves. If this isn’t possible, the mitral and tricuspid valves might need to be replaced.

• #1 Atrioventricular canal defect – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361528

  Many people who have corrective surgery for atrioventricular canal defect don’t need more surgery. However, some complications, such as heart valve leaks, may require treatment. […] After congenital heart defect surgery, regular checkups are needed for life by a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of care provider is called a cardiologist. Your provider will tell you how often you need an appointment or imaging tests. […] Adults with a congenital heart defect treated in childhood may need care from an adult congenital cardiologist. Special attention and care may be needed around the time of future surgical procedures, even those that do not involve the heart.

• #2 Atrioventricular canal defect – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20361492

  Atrioventricular canal defect allows extra blood to flow to the lungs. The extra blood forces the heart to work too hard, causing the heart muscle to grow larger. […] Treatment usually involves surgery during the first year of life to close the hole in the heart and to repair the valves. […] Treatment greatly improves the outlook for children with atrioventricular canal defect.

• #3 Pediatric Atrioventricular (AV) Canal Defect | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/conditions/pediatric-atrioventricular-canal-defect

  Surgery is needed for atrioventricular canal defect treatment and usually is performed at 3-8 months of age, with the timing depending on the severity of the child’s symptoms. An untreated AV canal defect can induce heart failure and high blood pressure in the lungs. […] Atrioventricular canal defect surgery involves an up and down (vertical) incision in the middle of the chest. It is necessary to place the child on the heart-lung machine to provide blood flow to the rest of the body while the surgical team repairs the heart itself. During surgery, a patch is placed to separate the two atria and two ventricles from each other. This same patch also divides the two valves. […] Most children do very well after surgery for AV canal defects. However, it is recognized that the surgery is complex and a small percentage of children after atrioventricular canal defect surgery will have problems, usually with the left-sided valve (the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle). Despite the repair, the valve is not truly normal and is prone to leaking. Approximately 10% of children who have a repair of an AV canal can expect to need further surgery at some time in their lives, usually to further repair the left-sided heart valve.

• #3 Pediatric Atrioventricular (AV) Canal Defect | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/conditions/pediatric-atrioventricular-canal-defect

  Patients who have an AV canal repaired will follow up with the surgeon about 2 weeks after discharge and will see their pediatric cardiologist 3-4 weeks after discharge. Activity is limited for 6-8 weeks after surgery due to the sternal bone healing, but after that time, there are little, if any, restrictions placed. […] Lifelong follow up with a pediatric cardiologist is needed. Checkups generally are needed yearly. Also, antibiotics may be prescribed before dental surgery or other operations to decrease the risk of endocarditis, a bacterial infection of the heart’s lining. This is particularly true if the child’s original valve has been replaced with a mechanical valve, or the child has remaining heart defects after the original surgery.

• #4 Atrioventricular Canal (AVC) Defects | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/atrioventricular-canal-defects

  Complete CAVC requires surgery, usually within the first two or three months of life. The surgeon will close the large hole with one or two patches. The patches are stitched into the heart muscle, and as the child grows, the tissue grows over the patches. […] Partial CAVC also requires surgery, whether diagnosed in childhood or adulthood. A surgeon will patch or stitch the atrioventricular septal defect closed, then repair the left sided valve. If the valve leaks too much, it may require replacement with an artificial valve or a valve from a donated organ. […] After surgery, patients initially recover in the Evelyn and Daniel M Tabas Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU), where they receive around-the-clock attention from a team of dedicated cardiac critical care medicine specialists and specially trained cardiac nurses. As patients improve, they are moved to the Cardiac Care Unit before ultimately discharged home.

• #4 Atrioventricular Canal (AVC) Defects | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/atrioventricular-canal-defects

  A child who has had surgical repair of an atrioventricular canal defect will require life-long care by a cardiologist. […] Sometimes children with atrioventricular canal defects experience heart problems later in life, including irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) and leaky or narrowing valves. Medicine, additional surgery and/or cardiac catheterization may be required.

• #5 Atrioventricular Septal Defect | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/avsd

  Infants with symptoms of atrioventricular septal defects may have improvement in their symptoms with medicine. In all cases, corrective heart surgery will be needed. […] Surgery typically occurs at 3-6 months for infants with a complete atrioventricular septal defect. Surgery happens around 6-18 months for infants with a partial atrioventricular septal defect. […] Surgical repair of either type of defect involves closing of the holes with a patch. It also includes reconstruction of the common atrioventricular valve. […] Repair of the atrioventricular septal defect lowers the pressure in the pulmonary artery. It allows the arteries to relax before they become permanently narrow. […] The recovery period after repair of a partial or transitional atrioventricular septal defect is usually short. Most patients are out of the intensive care unit (ICU) in one to two days. They are home in four to five days after surgery.

• #5 Atrioventricular Septal Defect | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/a/avsd

  Reported surgical survival is greater than 97% but is close to 100%. […] Most patients need two to four days in the intensive care unit after repair of a complete atrioventricular septal defect. They will stay in the hospital for five to seven days after surgery. Survival is 97% for this type of surgery. […] Follow-up visits with the cardiologist are important throughout the child’s life to look at valve and heart muscle function. Antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis is recommended if there are any remaining holes or significant valve leakage.

• #6 Atrioventricular Canal (AVC) Defect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22128-atrioventricular-canal-defect

  Atrioventricular canal defect treatment usually consists of open-heart surgery. During atrioventricular canal defect repair, your surgeon will put patches on the hole in your babys heart. In the case of a complete defect, theyll also split the single heart valve into two separate valves on the right and left sides of your childs heart. […] Its best to do surgery as early as possible, before the condition causes lasting damage to your childs heart. Many babies have the surgery during infancy, within their first six months of life. Some babies with a partial defect but no symptoms may get the surgery during their first three years of life. […] A baby who isnt healthy enough or large enough for surgery may need medication to manage symptoms until they gain weight and strength. Diuretics help clear excess water, while digoxin helps your babys heart beat more strongly. ACE inhibitors widen blood vessels to make it easier for blood to flow through them.

• #6 Atrioventricular Canal (AVC) Defect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22128-atrioventricular-canal-defect

  Another option is a short-term procedure: pulmonary artery banding. This allows less blood to go through your childs pulmonary artery to their lungs. Babies who receive pulmonary artery banding can have a permanent repair later. […] After surgery, your child may have: Heart block (a problem with their heartbeat signal reaching the lower part of their heart). A leaky left or right AV valve. A hole that remains in the lower chamber wall (ventricular septal defect). Narrowing (stenosis) of the left or right AV valve. Subaortic stenosis (a blood flow obstacle below the aortic valve).

• #7 Atrioventricular Septal Defect > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/atrioventricular-septal-defect

  During open-heart surgery, doctors close the holes in the babys heart with patches to prevent blood from moving between the left and right chambers. […] If doctors diagnose an asymptomatic (symptom-free) baby with a partial or transitional atrioventricular septal defect, they may recommend surgery during the toddler years (ages 1 to 3 years) to patch holes and repair valve leakages. If a partial or transitional atrioventricular septal defect is not discovered until adulthood, doctors may recommend patching holes and repairing valves after diagnosis. […] About 97% of patients with atrioventricular septal defects who undergo corrective surgery survive the procedure. Roughly 90% of patients who undergo surgery survive 15 years or longer. About 10% of patients who have had surgery for an atrioventricular septal defect may need additional surgery years later. Many patients live into adulthood.

• #8 Atrioventricular Canal (AVC) Defect | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/heart-center/understanding-atrioventricular-canal-defect/

  Children with certain heart defects are at risk for developing an infection of the valves of the heart known as bacterial endocarditis. It is important that you inform all medical personnel that your child has an atrioventricular canal defect so they may determine if the antibiotics are necessary before any major procedure. […] The surgical repair usually occurs within the first 6 months of life. Children with Down syndrome may develop lung problems earlier than other children, and may need to have surgical repair at an earlier age. The goal is to repair the septal openings with patches and repair the valves with sutures before the lungs become damaged from too much blood flow and pressure. Your child’s cardiologist will recommend when the repair should be performed based on results from your tests.

• #8 Atrioventricular Canal (AVC) Defect | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/heart-center/understanding-atrioventricular-canal-defect/

  Atrioventricular canal is treated by surgical repair of the defects. The specific type of defect strongly influences the symptoms that may develop, along with the timing of the surgical repair. Medical support in and out of the hospital may be necessary until the surgery is performed. Treatment will depend on the extent of the cardiac defect but may include: […] Many children will eventually need to take medications to help the heart and lungs work better, due to strain from the extra blood passing through the holes in the heart. […] Infants may become tired when feeding, and may not be able to eat enough to gain weight. Therefore, they may need more concentrated breast milk or formula to increase their calories. They may also need assistance with their oral feedings with the placement of a feeding tube to help gain weight.

• #9 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p01767

  Treatment will depend on your childs symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. […] All children with an AV canal defect will need to have surgery to fix it. They may also need other treatments. […] Many children will need medicine to help their heart and lungs work better, such as: […] Your child will need surgery to repair the septal openings and heart valves. This is done to stop their lungs from becoming damaged further. Your child’s heart care provider will decide when the best time for surgery is. After the surgery, your child’s heart care provider may give them antibiotics. This is to prevent infections after they leave the hospital. […] Most children have surgery by the age of 6 months. Children with Down syndrome may develop lung problems earlier and may need to have surgery at a younger age.

• #9 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p01767

  All children with an AV canal defect will need to have surgery to repair it. Before surgery, its important to follow the advised medicine and feeding schedules. […] Many children who have had an AV canal defect will live active, healthy lives after their surgery. Their activity levels, appetite, and growth will return to normal over time. Some children will still have heart valve problems after surgery. They may eventually need another surgery to repair or replace the leaky or blocked valve or valves. Ask your child’s healthcare provider about your childs outlook.

• #10 Complete Atrioventricular Canal defect (CAVC) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/complete-atrioventricular-canal-defect-cavc

  An AV canal can be fixed. Open-heart surgery is needed to repair the defect. Unlike some other types of septal defects, the AV canal defect can’t close on its own. Medicines may be used temporarily to help with symptoms, but they don’t cure the defect or prevent permanent damage to the lung arteries. […] In an infant with severe symptoms or high blood pressure in the lungs, surgery must usually be done in infancy. During the operation, the surgeon closes the large hole with one or two patches. Later the patch will become a permanent part of the heart as the heart’s lining grows over it. The surgeon also divides the single valve between the heart’s upper and lower chambers and makes two separate valves. These will be made as close to normal valves as possible. […] If an infant is very ill, or has a defect that may be too complex to repair in infancy, a temporary operation to relieve symptoms and high pressure in the lungs may be needed. This procedure (pulmonary artery banding) narrows the pulmonary artery to reduce the blood flow to the lungs. When the child is older, an operation is done to remove the band and fix the AV canal defect with open-heart surgery.

• #10 Complete Atrioventricular Canal defect (CAVC) | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/complete-atrioventricular-canal-defect-cavc

  Surgical repair of an AV canal usually restores the blood circulation to normal. However, the reconstructed valve may not work normally. The valve structures can leak or narrow. But, for many children, the long-term outlook is good, and usually no medicines or additional surgery are needed. […] The decision to repair an AV canal defect in adulthood is complicated. It depends on the pressures in the lung and the heart’s pumping function. However, when the pressures aren’t too high and the pump function is good, these defects can be repaired and adult patients are likely to improve. A heart catheterization is almost always required to know whether the defect should be closed. These defects can’t be closed or repaired in the catheterization laboratory, however, because of their location and the need to fix the heart valves. […] The function of the repaired valves is a long-term concern. Some patients will need their valve replaced with a mechanical one when they get older. It’s rare that the valve can be further repaired. Other patients may need more surgery to close patch leaks.

• #11 Atrioventricular Canal Defect Diagnosis & Treatments | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/childrens-heart/conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect

  To repair a CAVC, first our pediatric cardiac surgeon sews a patch into the hole between the left and right sides of the heart. Then the surgeon will carefully suspend the middle of the atrioventricular valve from this patch, taking care to ensure that the valve is functioning properly. […] We usually perform this surgery in the first year of life to avoid your baby’s developing complications such as heart failure or high pressure in the lungs. […] For a partial atrioventricular canal defect, we perform a procedure to close the hole between the upper chambers of the heart and repair the left-side valve (mitral valve). As long as your child does not have symptoms, we can perform surgery later in childhood. […] Our pediatric cardiologists are experienced in treating complete atrioventricular canal defects with surgery to close the hole and repair the valves. Throughout your child’s care, we monitor the common atrioventricular canal defect. We will let you know if your child needs surgery and will explain the procedure to you. You can trust that you’re in the right place where we have the expertise to operate. […] To ensure long-term health, your child will need lifelong follow-up care with one of our cardiologists trained in congenital heart disease. It’s our specialty.

• #12 Atrioventricular Canal Defect – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/atrioventricular-canal-defect/

  At surgery, the ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect are closed with a synthetic patch. The valve repair technique consists of converting the abnormal three-leaflet mitral valve into a two-leaflet mitral valve. This is done by suturing the cleft (the cut in the valve leaflets) to recreate a two-leaflet (two-cusp) mitral valve. […] Many children who have had an AV canal defect repair will live active, healthy lives. Activity levels, appetite and growth will eventually return to normal in most children. […] Some children will still have some degree of mitral or tricuspid valve abnormality after AV canal repair surgery. This may require another operation in the future to repair the leaky or blocked valve(s). Ongoing periodic visits with the child’s cardiologist are crucial to keeping the child as healthy as possible.

• #12 Atrioventricular Canal Defect – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/atrioventricular-canal-defect/

  What is the treatment for atrioventricular canal defect? Specific treatment for atrioventricular canal defect is determined by the child’s healthcare team based on: […] AV canal defect is treated with surgery. Medications may be necessary until the operation is done. Treatment may include: […] Medical management. Many children will need to take medications to help the heart and lungs work better due to strain from the extra blood passing through the septal defects. […] Surgical repair. The goal is to close the septal openings and repair the valves before the lungs become damaged from too much blood flow and pressure. […] The operative methods used to repair AC canal have improved greatly in the past decade, and the operation has a high likelihood of success. Most children undergo surgery by the age of 6 months, and the procedure is done under general anesthesia.

• #13 AV Canal: Atrioventricular Canal Defect Surgery | Rady Children’s Hospital

  https://www.rchsd.org/programs-services/heart-institute/services-conditions-treated/av-canal-defect/

  AV canal is short for atrioventricular canal defect. It is a relatively common form of congenital heart disease in which the middle portion of the heart does not form. […] Thankfully, surgery can now be safely performed in the vast majority of cases with patients expected to live full and active lives. Surgery for AV canal, however, remains a major cardiac operation that requires heart surgeons specifically trained in infant heart surgery. […] The goal of surgery is to achieve a complete repair, whereby all the defects in the middle of the heart are patched closed (including an ASD and a VSD), and two of the heart valves must be repaired. […] For patch material, we prefer to use something called pericardium (the tough lining around the heart) or Gore-Tex (the durable material that rain jackets are made from).

• #14 Atrioventricular Septal Defect – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/atrioventricular-septal-defect

  Pulmonary artery banding may be used as a palliative procedure to delay the timing of open heart repair, particularly in preterm infants or those with associated abnormalities that make complete repair at an early age or low body weight higher risk. […] For asymptomatic patients with a partial defect, elective surgery is done at age 1 to 3 years. Surgical mortality rate is very low. […] The subset of patients with unbalanced AV septal defect, associated with either a hypoplastic right ventricle or hypoplastic left ventricle, generally are not amenable to a 2-ventricle repair and require operative staging toward a single ventricle circulation, ultimately with a Fontan procedure. […] For patients with large shunts and heart failure, diuretics, digoxin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may help to manage symptoms before surgery.

• #14 Atrioventricular Septal Defect – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/atrioventricular-septal-defect

  Treatment of Atrioventricular Septal Defect […] Surgical repair […] For heart failure, medical therapy (eg, diuretics, digoxin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) before surgery […] Complete atrioventricular septal defect should be repaired by age 2 to 4 months because most infants have heart failure and failure to thrive. Even if infants are growing well without significant symptoms, repair should be done before 6 months to prevent development of pulmonary vascular disease, especially in infants with Down syndrome. […] In patients with 2 adequately sized ventricles and no additional defects, the large central defect (combination of the primum ASD and inlet VSD) is closed and the common AV valve is reconstructed into 2 separate valves. Surgical mortality rate is 3 to 4%. […] Surgical complications include complete heart block (3%), residual ventricular septal defect, and/or left AV valve regurgitation. Less common residual abnormalities include right AV valve regurgitation, left or right AV valve stenosis, or subaortic stenosis.

• #15 Atrioventricular (AV) Canal Defect | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect

  Specific treatments for atrioventricular canal defect (AV canal) depend on the extent of the disease — which can range from a single defect to a full combination of defects (complete). AV canal is almost always treated by surgical repair of the defects. Medications may be helpful and improve symptoms until the operation is performed. […] Most children with complete AV canal undergo surgery by the age of 3 to 6 months. Children with partial and transitional AV canal undergo surgery later — 1 to 2 years old. Children with Down syndrome may develop symptoms earlier than other children and may need to have surgery at an earlier age. […] Treatments may include: Medical management of infants who may become tired when feeding, and may not be able to eat enough to gain weight (Nutritional support from more concentrated breast milk or formula gives the baby more calories or other forms of nutritional-assistance diuretics, such as Lasix, help the kidneys remove excess fluid from the lungs and body.)

• #15 Atrioventricular (AV) Canal Defect | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect

  ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors, such as Captopril or Enalapril to help the heart pump blood forward into the body digoxin and strengthen the heart muscle, enabling it to pump more efficiently […] Surgery to repair the AV canal involving the following components: first, to create two separate functioning AV valves, one for each side of the heart; and second, to close the various septal defects (ventricular and atrial) and address any other additional defects […] 3D echocardiography to help optimize surgical treatment of the defect to help prolong durability of the valve repair. […] After your baby’s operation and hospital stay (usually five to seven days), he or she will need to be followed by a pediatric cardiologist, who will offer recommendations for post-operative follow-up care, including: Wound care while your baby is healing

• #15 Atrioventricular (AV) Canal Defect | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect

  A nutritional program to encourage weight gain […] An oral hygiene program to prevent infection […] An appropriate exercise regimen to build body mass and achieve fitness. […] Many children who’ve had an AV-canal repair will live healthy lives. Activity levels, appetite, and growth typically return to normal in most children. Some children will still have some degree of mitral- or tricuspid-valve abnormality or leakage after surgery, which may require another operation in the future. […] Your cardiologist will help you create a long-term care program as your baby matures into childhood, the teen years, and even adulthood. Most people who’ve had congenital heart disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist. We will prevent and treat complications and will advise on daily life issues, such as activity levels, nutrition, and any precautions related to becoming pregnant.

• #15 Atrioventricular (AV) Canal Defect | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect

  At Boston Children’s Hospital our Cardiac Surgery team treats some of the most complex pediatric heart conditions in the world, with overall success rates exceeding 98 percent — among the highest in the nation among large pediatric cardiac centers. In particular, the methods used to repair an AV canal defect have improved greatly in the past two decades, and the operation has a high likelihood of success.

• #16 Atrioventricular Canal Defects – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557511/

  The definitive management of complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVCD) is the surgical correction of the defect as early as possible. However, overall management can be divided into three parts. Initial medical management, definitive surgical correction, and long-term follow-up care. […] The timing of correction is preferably before 6 months of age, as the risk of developing the pulmonary vascular disease is directly related to the duration of the disease. […] The medical management is generally directed towards improving the myocardial function by means of reducing the preload and afterload using diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARB). To improve contractility, inotropic agents such as digoxin are used. […] Surgical management of CAVCD is dependent on various factors such as the type of defect, valve morphology, associated valvular and conduction abnormalities, the presence of shunt, and other vascular anomalies.

• #17 Atrioventricular Canal Defect: What You Need to Know

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atrioventricular-canal-defect

  An atrioventricular canal is a congenital heart defect that connects chambers of your childs heart that shouldnt be connected. Atrioventricular canals usually require surgical treatment. […] Partial and complete AV canals usually require surgery. Doctors perform open-heart surgery to repair the hole in your childs heart with patches. […] When treating complete AV canals, your childs surgeon will divide the valve in the middle of their heart into two valves. If the mitral valve on the left side of their heart doesnt function properly, it may need to be repaired or replaced. […] Its generally recommended for surgery to be performed as early in life as possible. Irreversible damage to the blood vessels leading to the lungs can occur within 2 years. […] Medications can help improve your childs heart and lung function before or while theyre recovering from surgery. They may be given: diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, digoxin.

• #17 Atrioventricular Canal Defect: What You Need to Know

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atrioventricular-canal-defect

  The long-term outlook for an AV canal is often good with surgical treatment. Doctors have been performing AV canal repairs since the mid-1950s. […] At least 90% of children who receive treatment are still alive 10 years later. About 3% of children die during surgery or shortly after. […] Once the canal has been closed, your child may not need to limit any physical activities. About 10-20% of children will need a second surgery. […] AV canals are usually treated with surgery. Many children regain normal function of their heart after surgery without the need to limit physical activity or take medications.

• #18 Atrioventricular (AV) Canal in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=atrioventricular-av-canal-in-children-90-P01767

  Digoxin. This medicine helps the heart pump better. […] Diuretics. This medicine helps the kidneys remove extra fluid from the body. […] ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors. These medicines make it easier for the heart to pump blood to the body. […] Babies may become tired when feeding. This may stop them from eating enough to gain weight. Your child may need: […] High-calorie formula or breastmilk. Your child may need special nutritional supplements added to his or her formula or pumped breastmilk. […] Supplemental tube feedings. Your child may need to be fed through a tube. This small, flexible tube passes through the nose, down into the esophagus, and into the stomach. Your child may have tube feedings in addition to or instead of formula or breastmilk. […] Children with heart problems are at risk for infections of the lining of the heart and heart valves (bacterial endocarditis). Make sure that you tell all of your childs healthcare providers that your child has an AV canal defect. Your child may need to take antibiotics before medical tests or procedures to prevent infections.

• #19 Atrioventricular Canal Defect | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/

  Surgery is the only treatment for this condition. […] Sometimes cardiologists will use medication to treat the symptoms associated with this defect. These medications include diuretics, which remove excess fluid from the body, and other medications that widen blood vessels in the body. These medications may delay the need for surgery for a while, but surgery will eventually be required. […] Surgery for this heart defect involves closing the holes between both the atria and the ventricles. It also requires repairing the valve between the atria and ventricles to convert it from one large valve into two distinct valves (one for the right side of the heart and one for the left side). In the case of the Partial AVCD, there is only one hole between the atrium that requires closing, and only the left side valve will need repair. […] Most children with atrioventricular canal defects go on to lead healthy lives after their defect is corrected, but should continue to see a pediatric cardiologist periodically to make sure the heart is doing well.

• #20 Atrioventricular (AV) Canal Defect in Children

  http://library.oumedicine.com/search/90,P01767

  Your child may need special nutritional supplements added to their formula or pumped breastmilk. […] Your child may need to be fed through a tube. This small, flexible tube passes through the nose, down into the esophagus, and into the stomach. Your child may have tube feedings in addition to or instead of formula or breastmilk. […] Tell all of your childs healthcare providers that your child has an AV canal defect. Your child may need to take antibiotics before medical tests or procedures to prevent infections. […] Many children who have had an AV canal defect will live active, healthy lives after their surgery. Their activity levels, appetite, and growth will return to normal over time. Some children will still have heart valve problems after surgery. They may eventually need another surgery to repair or replace the leaky or blocked valve or valves.

• #21 Atrioventricular Septal Defect – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/atrioventricular-septal-defect/

  After your child recovers from surgery, it will be important for them to keep seeing their cardiologist on a regular schedule to check their heart health. It is not unusual for people with a repaired AV septal defect to need a heart valve replaced later in life or to develop a narrow spot below the valve that leads out of their left ventricle (subaortic stenosis). With regular visits, your childs team can check for early signs of conditions like these and make sure your child gets the care they need.

• #22 About Atrioventricular Septal Defect | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/atrioventricular-septal-defect.html

  Surgical repairs for AVSD are not a cure. […] All AVSD types usually require surgery. During surgery, any holes in the chambers are closed using patches. If the mitral valve does not close completely, it is repaired or replaced. For complete AVSD, the common valve is separated into two valvesone on the right side and one on the left. […] The age for surgical repair depends on the child’s health and the specific structure of the AVSD. If possible, surgery should occur before there is permanent damage to the lungs from too much blood pumping to the lungs. Medication may be used to treat heart failure. However, this is only a short-term measure until the infant can grow large enough for surgery. […] Even if their AVSD is surgically repaired, a child or adult with an AVSD needs regular visits with a cardiologist to monitor his or her progress, avoid complications, and check for other health conditions that might develop as the child ages. […] With proper treatment, most babies with AVSD grow up to lead healthy, productive lives.

• #23 AV Canal Defect | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/cardiology/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/atrioventricular-canal/

  All AVC patients will need to be followed by a pediatric cardiologist to look for signs of valve dysfunction as they age. When the child becomes an adult, they will need to see an adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) specialist for care. […] In rare cases, a heart block can occur after surgery. This condition occurs when the sinoatrial impulses that make the heart beat are not conducted, or delayed, from getting to the ventricles. If the condition does not resolve with time, a pacemaker may be needed.

• #24 Atrioventricular Canal Defect (AVCD) | Cardinal Glennon

  https://www.ssmhealth.com/cardinal-glennon/fetal-care-institute/fetal-heart-program/heart-conditions/av-canal

  If treated early, the prognosis for AVCD is promising. […] Depending of the severity of the AVCD, the treatment can vary. Our SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital pediatric cardiology team will work with you to determine the best timing for surgery. […] For complete AVCD, surgery is typically performed in the first four to six months of life. Our surgeons close the holes in the heart using patches. Your surgeon will then separate the single valve into two, one on each side of the patches. Sometimes a valve replacement is required if the valves cannot be repaired. […] For partial defects, surgery is typically performed around two to four years of age. The surgeon closes the hole between the upper two chambers with a patch and repairs the mitral valve. On rare occasions, the mitral valve may need to be replaced.

• #25 Atrioventricular canal defect | AV canal defect | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/atrioventricular-canal

  Specific atrioventricular canal treatment will be determined by your child’s physician based on: […] AV canal defect is treated by surgical repair. However, medical support (i.e., medications) may be necessary until the operation is performed. Treatment may include: […] Many children will eventually need to take medications to help the heart and lungs work better, due to strain from the extra blood passing through the septal defects. Medications that may be prescribed include the following: […] The goal is to repair the septal openings and repair the valves before the lungs become damaged from too much blood flow and pressure. Your child’s cardiologist will recommend when the repair should be performed based on results from the echocardiogram and cardiac catheterization. […] The operative methods used to repair AV canal defects have improved greatly in the past decade, and the operation has a high likelihood of success. Most children undergo surgery by the age of 6 months.

• #26 Atrioventricular Canal Defects | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17972

  Complete AVCD […] 1. Balanced lesion […] Primary complete repair […] – Single-patch […] – Double-patch […] – Modified single-patch […] 2. Unbalanced lesion […] Palliative intervention: Single ventricle palliation (usually done for HLHS and tricuspid atresia) […] Partial and Intermediate AVCD […] Primary surgical repair […] – Patch closure […] – Mitral valvuloplasty […] Long-term Follow-up Care […] Annual cardiologist evaluation is recommended to check for and prevent complications in uncorrected individuals and due to surgery. Children with AVCD are at risk for neurological impairment; hence routine screening for neurological and developmental disorders is advised. The other general measures that have to be taken care of are infective endocarditis prophylaxis and risk assessment during pregnancy.

• #27 No-Patch Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defects | CTSNet

  https://www.ctsnet.org/article/no-patch-repair-complete-atrioventricular-canal-defects

  Direct closure was the first described surgical treatment for complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC). […] Modified single-patch repair, which forgoes the VSD patch, has been shown to be a simplified repair with excellent outcomes in selected patients. […] Using an inverted single-patch technique, direct ASD closure has been reported to be safe and minimizes the risk of heart block. […] The simplicity of the defect closure and preservation of AV conduction and the LVOT make it attractive in CAVC defects, while avoiding the use of a patch and reducing the duration of ischemia and CPB. This technique represents an additional tool in the surgical armamentarium for CAVC repair.

• #28 Atrioventricular Septal Defect – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562194/

  The assessment of pre-operative imaging and hemodynamic data is essential for the optimal selection of surgical procedures to reduce the need for recurrent surgery and postoperative complications. […] In complete AVSD, surgical closure should be performed in early infancy to reduce the pulmonary vascular disease, whereas, in incomplete atrioventricular septal defect, a repair can be slightly delayed if the patient is not symptomatic. For partial AVSD, the primary repair is preferred with patch closure and atrioventricular valvuloplasty. […] For balanced complete AVSD, early primary repair with two patch closure techniques is preferred over one patch closure, as one patch closure is associated with an increased rate of recurrent procedures due to patch dehiscence and residual shunt. […] In the postoperative period, wound care, appropriate nutrition, and nursing care are important to reduce the duration of hospitalization and promote early postoperative recovery. Meticulous postoperative follow up is required to monitor and assess the long-term complications of surgical repair and the need for recurrent surgery.

• #29 Atrioventricular (AV) canal defect – Pediatric Cardiology | Northwell Health

  https://pediatrics.northwell.edu/departments-services/pediatric-cardiology/find-care/conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect

  Prior to surgical intervention, medical therapy may be employed to treat congestive heart failure symptoms and encourage infant weight gain. […] Patients with valve regurgitation will likely need heart failure medications to help their hearts pump better and/or lower their blood pressure. […] Patients with pulmonary hypertension may also require medications. […] Surgery for AV septal defect is usually performed in infancy approximately 3-6 months of age. […] Once the defect has been repaired and healed, patients can usually return to normal activity without any particular precautions, and most children do very well after these repairs. […] Lifelong surveillance is required to assess the valve, the possible development of blockage in flow from the heart, and the development of heart rhythm (electrical) problems. […] How well the repaired valves perform must be monitored long term. […] Some valves may need to be replaced with a mechanical one and occasionally can be repaired.

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