Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stroke: causes and clinical features

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7409792/

  Stroke is a clinically defined syndrome of acute, focal neurological deficit attributed to vascular injury (infarction, haemorrhage) of the central nervous system. Stroke is not a single disease but can be caused by a wide range of risk factors, disease processes and mechanisms. Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke, although its contribution differs for different subtypes. Most (85%) strokes are ischaemic, predominantly caused by small vessel arteriolosclerosis, cardioembolism and large artery athero-thromboembolism. […] Approximately 15% of strokes worldwide are the result of intracerebral haemorrhage, which can be deep (basal ganglia, brainstem), cerebellar or lobar. Deep haemorrhages usually result from deep perforator (hypertensive) arteriopathy (arteriolosclerosis), while lobar haemorrhages are mainly caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy or arteriolosclerosis. A minority (about 20%) of intracerebral haemorrhages are caused by macrovascular lesions (vascular malformations, aneurysms, cavernomas), venous sinus thrombosis or rarer causes; these are particularly important in young patients (50 years). […] Stroke in adults 50 years old accounts for 15% of cases and can result from a different spectrum of diverse causes compared with older individuals, including extracranial dissection.

• #1 Stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke

  Stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop functioning properly. […] The most significant risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include high blood cholesterol, tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, a previous TIA, end-stage kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation. Ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either bleeding directly into the brain or into the space between the brain’s membranes. […] In thrombotic stroke, a thrombus (blood clot) usually forms around atherosclerotic plaques. Since blockage of the artery is gradual, onset of symptomatic thrombotic stroke is slower than that of hemorrhagic stroke.

• #1 Stroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113

  An ischemic stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or reduced. This prevents brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. Another type of stroke is a hemorrhagic stroke. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or bursts and causes bleeding in the brain. The blood increases pressure on brain cells and damages them. […] There are two main causes of stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). A TIA doesn’t cause lasting symptoms. […] An ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot, known as a thrombus, blocks or plugs an artery leading to the brain. A blood clot often forms in arteries damaged by a buildup of plaques, known as atherosclerosis. It can occur in the carotid artery of the neck as well as other arteries.

• #1 Stroke: Causes and types

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/types

  A stroke happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, killing brain cells. Damage to the brain can affect how the body works. It can also change how you think and feel. The effects of a stroke depend on where it takes place in the brain, and how big the damaged area is. […] This is caused by a blockage cutting off the blood supply to the brain. […] This is caused by bleeding in or around the brain. […] As we age, our arteries become harder and narrower and more likely to become blocked. However, certain medical conditions and lifestyle factors can speed up this process and increase your risk of having a stroke. […] Many people think that strokes only happen to older people, but stroke can strike anyone, at any time. […] While most people who have a stroke are older, younger people can have strokes too, including children. One in four strokes in the UK happens to people of working age. […] There are lots of things you can do to reduce your risk. With simple checks, your GP can help you understand your risk of stroke, and support you to make the changes necessary to reduce your risk.

• #1 Stroke – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/causes

  Strokes are caused by blocked blood flow to the brain (ischemic stroke) or sudden bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). […] About 87% of strokes are ischemic. The blockage in the brain is usually caused by a piece of plaque or a blood clot. […] If the blockage occurs locally in the brain, the condition is called thrombosis. If the blood clot travels from somewhere else in the body, it is called an embolism. […] Ischemic strokes are classified specifically based on where in the brain the blockage occurs and where in the body an embolism developed. […] In some cases, the location of the original embolism is not known. […] When plaque builds up on the inner walls of the arteries, it can lead to a disease called atherosclerosis. […] Plaque can build up in any artery in the body, including arteries in the brain and neck.

• #1 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Acute ischemic strokes result from vascular occlusion secondary to thromboembolic disease (see Etiology). Ischemic strokes result from events that limit or stop blood flow, such as extracranial or intracranial thrombotic embolism, thrombosis in situ, or relative hypoperfusion. As blood flow decreases, neurons cease functioning. Although a range of thresholds has been described, irreversible neuronal ischemia and injury is generally thought to begin at blood flow rates of less than 18 mL/100 g of tissue/min, with cell death occurring rapidly at rates below 10 mL/100 g of tissue/min. […] Risk factors for ischemic stroke include modifiable and nonmodifiable conditions. Identification of risk factors in each patient can uncover clues to the cause of the stroke and the most appropriate treatment and secondary prevention plan.

• #1 What Causes Stroke?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/stroke/guide/symptoms/

  Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and a major cause of disability in American adults. […] About 795,000 strokes are reported each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] A stroke happens when blood that carries oxygen to the brain is blocked. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic. […] Ischemic strokes are caused by blood clots that block blood flow to the brain. This type of stroke accounts for 87 percent of all cases. […] Blockages can form when the arteries supplying blood to the brain become narrowed by a buildup of plaque. […] Plaque is a combination of fat, cholesterol, and other substances that build up in the inner lining of the artery wall. This condition is often referred to as atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.

• #1 Stroke – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/causes

  Carotid artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the carotid arteries in the neck that supply blood to the brain. It is a common cause of ischemic stroke. […] Blood clots leading to stroke can happen when there are other heart and blood conditions, such as atrial fibrillation and sickle cell disease. […] Studies have found ischemic stroke in people who have COVID-19. However, it is too early to tell whether COVID-19 can cause stroke. […] Chronic (long-term) inflammation contributes to ischemic stroke. […] Research shows that inflammation can damage the blood vessels and contribute to atherosclerosis. […] A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is caused by a blockage in the brain just like an ischemic stroke. […] Sudden bleeding can cause a hemorrhagic stroke. […] This can happen when an artery in or on top of the brain breaks open.

• #1 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Thrombotic strokes are generally thought to originate on ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Arterial stenosis can cause turbulent blood flow, which can promote thrombus formation; atherosclerosis (ie, ulcerated plaques); and platelet adherence. All cause the formation of blood clots that either embolize or occlude the artery. […] Watershed infarcts occur at the most distal areas between arterial territories. They are believed to be secondary to embolic phenomenon or to severe hypoperfusion, as occurs, for example, in carotid occlusion or prolonged hypotension. […] Stroke symptoms can result from inadequate cerebral blood flow because of decreased blood pressure (and specifically, decreased cerebral perfusion pressure) or as a result of hematologic hyperviscosity from sickle cell disease or other hematologic illnesses, such as multiple myeloma and polycythemia vera.

• #1 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Large-artery occlusion typically results from embolization of atherosclerotic debris originating from the common or internal carotid arteries or from a cardiac source. A smaller number of large-artery occlusions may arise from plaque ulceration and in situ thrombosis. […] Lacunar strokes represent 13-20% of all ischemic strokes. They result from occlusion of the penetrating branches of the MCA, the lenticulostriate arteries, or the penetrating branches of the circle of Willis, vertebral artery, or basilar artery. The great majority of lacunar strokes are related to hypertension. […] Cardiogenic emboli may account for up to 20% of acute strokes. Emboli may arise from the heart, the extracranial arteries, including the aortic arch or, rarely, the right-sided circulation (paradoxical emboli) with subsequent passage through a patent foramen ovale.

• #1 Stroke – Causes, signs & symptoms – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/stroke

  While there are different types of stroke and different ways strokes can happen, all types of strokes can disrupt the blood flow to your brain. If the blood flow to the brain is interrupted, brain cells can get damaged because they are not getting the oxygen and nutrients they need. […] Factors that increase your risk (chance) of having a stroke include: […] If you have a type of irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation (AF) if you have AF, the top chambers of your heart (your atria) do not pump blood through your heart as well as they should. If the chambers are not emptied properly, this can lead to a blood clot forming within the chamber. If this happens, theres a risk that it can travel to your brain and block the blood flow. […] For more information on risk factors and cause of stroke, visit the NHS webpage on strokes.

• #1 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Nonmodifiable risk factors include the following (although there are likely many others): Age, Race, Sex, Ethnicity, History of migraine headaches, Fibromuscular dysplasia, Heredity: Family history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). […] Modifiable risk factors include the following: Hypertension (the most important), Diabetes mellitus, Cardiac disease: Atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, heart failure, mitral stenosis, structural anomalies allowing right-to-left shunting (eg, patent foramen ovale), and atrial and ventricular enlargement, Hypercholesterolemia, Transient ischemic attacks (TIA), Carotid stenosis, Hyperhomocystinemia, Lifestyle issues: Excessive alcohol intake, tobacco use, illicit drug use, physical inactivity, Obesity, Oral contraceptive use/postmenopausal hormone use, Sickle cell disease.

• #1 Stroke – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/causes

  There are two types of hemorrhagic stroke: intracranial hemorrhage, or bleeding within the skull, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), or bleeding between the brain and the membrane that surrounds it. […] Some conditions make blood vessels in the brain more likely to bleed. […] High blood pressure puts pressure on the inside walls of the arteries. This pressure makes them more likely to break open, especially if they are weakened from an aneurysm or AVM. […] Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes share many of the same risk factors, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high blood cholesterol. […] Other risk factors are specific to the type of stroke. […] Blood clots can arise from coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart valve disease, and carotid artery disease. […] Other medical conditions, such as sleep apnea, kidney disease, and migraine headaches, are also factors. […] Viral infections or conditions, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, can cause inflammation.

• #1 Stroke: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/stroke

  The NHLBI states that 10% of strokes are ICH, while 3% are SAH. […] A blood clot usually causes a TIA. While its not technically a full stroke, a TIA serves as a warning that an actual stroke may happen. […] Certain medical conditions can also increase your risk of stroke, including a previous stroke or TIA, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes. […] Proper medical evaluation and prompt treatment are vital to recovering from a stroke. Treatment will depend on the type of stroke. […] Strokes caused by bleeds or leaks in the brain require different treatment strategies.

• #1

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/stroke/causes/

  Ischaemic strokes are the most common type of stroke. They happen when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to part of the brain. […] Blood clots usually form where the arteries have been narrowed or blocked by fatty deposits known as plaques. This process is known as atherosclerosis. […] Atrial fibrillation can also cause an ischaemic stroke. Atrial fibrillation is a type of irregular heartbeat. This can cause blood clots to form in the heart. These blood clots can travel to the brain and block the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. […] The main cause of haemorrhagic stroke is high blood pressure. High blood pressure can weaken the arteries in the brain. This makes them more likely to split or burst. […] Haemorrhagic strokes can also be caused by: the rupture of a balloon-like expansion of a blood vessel (brain aneurysm), abnormally formed blood vessels in the brain (’AV malformation’), age-related changes to the vessel wall making them leak (’cerebral amyloid angiopathy-CAA’).

• #1 Stroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113

  This is the most common type of stroke. It happens when the brain’s blood vessels become narrowed or blocked. This causes reduced blood flow, known as ischemia. Blocked or narrowed blood vessels can be caused by fatty deposits that build up in blood vessels. Or they can be caused by blood clots or other debris that travel through the bloodstream, most often from the heart. An ischemic stroke occurs when fatty deposits, blood clots or other debris become lodged in the blood vessels in the brain. […] Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures. Bleeding inside the brain, known as a brain hemorrhage, can result from many conditions that affect the blood vessels. Factors related to hemorrhagic stroke include: High blood pressure that’s not under control. Overtreatment with blood thinners, also known as anticoagulants. Bulges at weak spots in the blood vessel walls, known as aneurysms. Head trauma, such as from a car accident. Protein deposits in blood vessel walls that lead to weakness in the vessel wall. This is known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ischemic stroke that leads to a brain hemorrhage.

• #1 Stroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113

  A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. But a TIA doesn’t cause permanent damage. A TIA is caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of the brain. The decrease may last as little as five minutes. A transient ischemic attack is sometimes known as a ministroke. […] Seek emergency care even if you think you’ve had a TIA. It’s not possible to tell if you’re having a stroke or TIA based only on the symptoms. If you’ve had a TIA, it means you may have a partially blocked or narrowed artery leading to the brain. Having a TIA increases your risk of having a stroke later.

• #1 Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-ischemic-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20355679

  The cause of a transient ischemic attack is similar to the cause of an ischemic stroke, which is the most common type of stroke. In an ischemic stroke, a blood clot blocks the blood supply to part of the brain. In a TIA, unlike a stroke, the blockage is brief and there is no permanent damage. […] The blockage that occurs during a TIA often results from a buildup of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits called plaques in an artery. This is known as atherosclerosis. The buildup also may occur in an artery’s branches that supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain. […] Plaques can decrease the blood flow through an artery or lead to the development of a clot. A blood clot that moves from another part of the body, such as the heart, to an artery that supplies the brain also may cause a TIA.

• #1 Top 10 Causes of Strokes – Risk Factors and How You Can Lower Your Risks

  https://www.webmd.com/stroke/stroke-causes-risks

  People who have it often have high blood pressure and are more likely to be overweight. Both raise the chance of a stroke. […] Your chances of a stroke may go up if you’re overweight. […] Some medicines can raise your chances of stroke. […] Generally, your chances go up as you get older. They double every decade after age 55. […] Strokes can run in families. […] Women are slightly less likely to have a stroke than men of the same age. […] Strokes affect African-Americans and nonwhite Hispanic Americans much more often than any other group in the U.S.

• #1 Stroke Causes and Risk Factors | Texas Health

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Stroke/Stroke-Causes-and-Risk-Factors

  You were born with some risk factors for stroke, while others can be addressed through lifestyle changes. Understanding your health and risk for stroke is key to prevention. […] The chance of having a stroke approximately doubles for each decade of life after age 55. […] Your stroke risk may be greater if a parent, grandparent, sister or brother has had a stroke. […] African-Americans have a much higher risk of death from a stroke than Caucasians do. […] Each year, women have more strokes than men, and stroke kills more women than men. […] The risk of stroke for someone who has already had one is many times that of a person who has not. […] High blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke and the most important controllable risk factor for stroke. […] In recent years, studies have shown cigarette smoking to be an important risk factor for stroke.

• #1 Risk Factors for Stroke | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/risk-factors/index.html

  Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure levels and the risk for stroke. […] Tobacco use increases the risk for stroke. […] Family members share genes, behaviors, lifestyles, and environments that can influence their health and their risk for disease. […] Genetic factors likely play some role in high blood pressure, stroke, and other related conditions. […] The older you are, the more likely you are to have a stroke. […] Stroke is more common in women than in men, and women of all ages are more likely than men are to die from stroke. […] People who are non-Hispanic Black or Pacific Islander may be more likely to die from a stroke than people who are non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Asian.

• #1 Causes of a stroke – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/causes/

  A stroke can happen to anyone at any age, but your risk may increase if: […] Certain conditions also increase the risk of stroke. These include: […] high blood pressure (hypertension) […] diabetes […] irregular and fast heartbeats (atrial fibrillation) […] high cholesterol […] a transient ischaemic attack (TIA or mini stroke).

• #1 Risk Factors for Stroke | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/risk-factors/index.html

  Many common medical conditions can increase your chances of having a stroke. […] High blood pressure is a leading cause of stroke. […] Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance made by the liver and found in certain foods. […] Common heart disorders can increase your risk for stroke. […] Diabetes increases your risk for stroke. […] Obesity is linked to higher „bad” cholesterol and triglyceride levels and to lower „good” cholesterol levels. […] Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder linked to ischemic stroke that affects mainly Black children. […] Your lifestyle choices can increase your risk for stroke. […] Eating a diet high in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol has been linked to stroke and related conditions, such as heart disease. […] Not getting enough physical activity can lead to other health conditions that can raise the risk for stroke.

• #1 Stroke Causes and Risk Factors | Texas Health

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Stroke/Stroke-Causes-and-Risk-Factors

  Diabetes is an independent risk factor for stroke. […] A carotid artery narrowed by fatty deposits from atherosclerosis may become blocked by a blood clot. […] People with peripheral artery disease have a higher risk of carotid artery disease, which raises their risk of stroke. […] This heart rhythm disorder raises the risk for stroke. […] People with coronary heart disease or heart failure have a higher risk of stroke than those with hearts that work normally. […] This is a genetic disorder that mainly affects African-American and Hispanic children. […] People with high blood cholesterol have an increased risk for stroke. […] Diets high in saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol can raise blood cholesterol levels. […] Being inactive, obese or both can increase your risk of high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease and stroke.

• #1 Uncommon Causes of Stroke | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-risk-factors/uncommon-causes-of-stroke

  Atrial fibrillation, hardening of the arteries and high blood pressure are the causes of most strokes. But there are less common causes as well, particularly vascular and hematologic disorders: […] Ischemic stroke may be associated with hereditary and acquired blood clotting disorders. These are uncommon. […] Migraine is associated with abnormalities of platelet, coagulation and blood vessel inner lining function. Migraine with aura is associated with a greater risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in women, especially under age 55. We need more research to recommend specific ways to treat migraine while lowering stroke risk. However, stroke risk and migraine frequency are associated. Therefore, guidelines recommend treatments that lower stroke risk and reduce how often migraines happen. Quitting smoking is strongly recommended for women with migraine headaches with aura.

• #1 Ischemic Stroke (Clot): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24208-ischemic-stroke-clots

  Ischemic strokes happen when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in your brain. Blood clots are the most common ischemic stroke cause. Ischemic strokes happen when something causes ischemia in your brain. Ischemia (pronounced iss-KEY-me-uh) is the medical term for cells not getting enough blood and dying. Blood clots are the most common cause. Many health conditions can cause blood clots, such as: Atherosclerosis (hardened arteries), Clotting disorders, Atrial fibrillation, Heart defects (atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects), Microvascular ischemic disease (which can block smaller blood vessels in your brain). There are two types of ischemic strokes: Thrombotic strokes. These happen when a blood clot forms in your brain. The medical name for this process is thrombosis. Embolic strokes. These happen when a clot called an embolism forms somewhere else in your body, travels to your brain and gets stuck in a blood vessel.

• #1 Women and Stroke: Symptoms, Causes and Risks | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/news/women-and-stroke-symptoms-causes-and-risks

  Stroke is the third-leading cause of death for women in the U.S., and over twice as many women die of stroke as they do of breast cancer. Women account for over half of all stroke deaths worldwide. […] Women have more strokes and worse outcomes after stroke than men. They also have more subarachnoid hemorrhages, a less common type of stroke, than men, and are more likely to suffer from post-stroke depression. […] TIAs put all people, not just women, at greater risk for stroke. […] The American Stroke Association says women who experience migraines with aura are twice as likely to have strokes, depending on their other risks. […] One potential reason is thought to be the increase in obesity among younger women. […] Some of the most common factors that cause or contribute to stroke risk in young women include high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, heart and vascular disease and disorders, migraines, pregnancy, smoking, obesity, oral contraceptives, sickle-cell anemia, recreational drugs, especially cocaine or methamphetamine, and alcohol abuse.

• #1 Uncommon Causes of Stroke | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-risk-factors/uncommon-causes-of-stroke

  Cerebral venous thrombosis – CVT is a rare cause of stroke. In children, it’s related to infections —sinusitis, tonsillitis or pharyngitis — and requires immediate antibiotics. In adults, most cases are related to contraceptives, severe dehydration, malignancy and conditions that cause blood cells to grow abnormally in the bone marrow.

• #1 Infectious Causes of Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/stroke/infectious-causes-of-stroke/31616/

  Stroke is an often-devastating and not uncommon complication of many central nervous system infections. […] Although traditional cardiovascular risk factors account for the majority of strokes, infectious pathogens may add additional risk, and in some cases, have a direct causal role. […] Systemic infections have been associated with increased risk of strokes, with stimulation of inflammation thought to be the predominant mechanism. […] Cerebrovascular disease is a complication of many infectious pathogens. […] In the setting of basilar meningitis, vasculitis and vasospasm are common mechanisms for stroke, as are hypercoagulable states in combination with endothelial dysfunction related to local infection and invasion by pathogens. […] Strokes in TB occur in 15% to 60% of people with tuberculous meningitis.

• #1 4 Perplexing Main Rare Causes of Stroke

  https://neuronup.us/cognitive-stimulation-news/acquired-brain-injury/stroke/4-perplexing-main-rare-causes-of-stroke/

  Stroke is a chief cause of death- the third in the U.S with statistics citing about 140,000 fatalities annually. The condition occurs when there is a problem with the blood vessels like blockage (ischemic) or a leak (hemorrhagic). […] Several known risk factors and diseases can lead to the condition or make an individual more susceptible to it, and these include cardiovascular ailments, high blood pressure, and atrial fibrillation. […] However, some rare diseases and circumstances exist that can result in the condition. […] Moyamoya disease is one of main rare causes of stroke. It is a rare disease where the carotid arteries narrow over time. […] Another main rare causes of stroke is Cavernous Angioma. […] The antibodies can sometimes attack a healthy section of the body instead of tackling infections.

• #1 4 Perplexing Main Rare Causes of Stroke

  https://neuronup.us/cognitive-stimulation-news/acquired-brain-injury/stroke/4-perplexing-main-rare-causes-of-stroke/

  Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome is the last of the main rare causes of stroke we are talking about today. […] Understanding, not just the recognized causes of the condition but the main rare causes of stroke as well, is essential for both medical practitioners and high-risk individuals.

• #1 Childhood Stroke | Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/stroke

  Most people think of a stroke as something that happens to older people. But a stroke can happen to anyone, including teenagers, children, newborns and even unborn babies. In fact, stroke is one of the top 10 causes of death in children. […] A stroke occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain stops because of a clot (ischemic stroke) or because a blood vessel ruptures (hemorrhagic stroke). […] In adults, the main risk factors for stroke are hardening of the arteries, high cholesterol and diabetes. In children, they are very different. […] Ischemic strokes and TIAs usually are related to: Lack of oxygen during birth, A heart defect present at birth, Blood disorders such as sickle cell disease, Injury to a blood vessel in the brain, Clotting disorders, Dehydration, Genetic disorders, An infection, such as meningitis or chickenpox, Problems that occurred during the mothers pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes or maternal high blood pressure (these can cause an ischemic stroke before or after birth).

• #1 Childhood Stroke | Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/stroke

  Hemorrhagic strokes may be associated with: A broken blood vessel related to a head injury, An arteriovenous malformation, which is a tangle of abnormal blood vessels connecting arteries and veins in the brain, An aneurysm, which is a bulge or weakness in an artery wall, In infants, premature birth or low birth weight. […] Medical tests can confirm that a stroke has occurred but cannot always reveal the cause of a stroke. In about one third of all childhood strokes, doctors are not able to identify a cause.

• #1 Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/stroke/stroke

  What Causes a Stroke? […] Ischemic stroke is similar to a heart attack, except it occurs in the blood vessels of the brain. Clots can form in the brain’s blood vessels, in blood vessels leading to the brain, or even in blood vessels elsewhere in the body and then travel to the brain. These clots block blood flow to the brain’s cells. […] Ischemic stroke can also happen when too much plaque (fatty deposits and cholesterol) clogs the brain’s blood vessels. Atrial fibrillation (Afib) is an irregular heart rhythm that causes clots to form in the heart. Those clots can get loose and travel to the brain. Less commonly, ischemic strokes happen because of a clotting disorder that people are either born with or develop. Almost 90% of all strokes are ischemic. […] Hemorrhagic (heh-more-raj-ik) strokes occur when a blood vessel in the brain breaks or ruptures. The result is blood seeping into the brain tissue and damage to brain cells. The most common causes of hemorrhagic stroke are high blood pressure and brain aneurysms. An aneurysm is a weakness or thinness in the blood vessel wall. A brain tumor or cancer that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the brain is another cause of hemorrhagic strokes. […] COVID-19 infection may increase the risk for stroke in some people. The immune system response to the virus causes inflammation that might help plaques grow and break up into clots.

• #1 Stroke Causes | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/brain-spine-neuro/stroke/causes

  Strokes occur when blood flow to your brain stops or is disrupted. […] This happens due to a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or when a blood vessel leaks or bursts (hemorrhagic stroke). […] Fatty deposits called plaque building up in blood vessels are a main cause of ischemic stroke. […] Certain conditions, such as high blood pressure or heart disease, increase your risk for a stroke, as do certain genetic factors. […] High blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke. […] Common heart disorders, such as coronary artery disease where plaque builds up in the arteries, increase your risk of stroke. […] Diabetes This disease causes sugars to build up in the blood, which prevents oxygen from getting to various parts of the body, including the brain. […] Too much cholesterol narrows the arteries, which can lead to stroke and other dangerous health conditions.

• #1 Pediatric Stroke Causes | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-in-children/pediatric-stroke-causes

  Blood clots form in the heart and travel to the brain. This can be caused by congenital heart problems such as abnormal valves or infections. […] At least 10% of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer a stroke. In sickle cell disease, the red blood cells can’t carry oxygen to the brain. Blood vessels leading to the brain may have narrowed or closed. […] Ischemic strokes result from events that limit or stop blood flow. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, sickle cell, cardiac disease, or even a neck injury or trauma etc. […] Hemorrhagic strokes are most often caused by rupturing, weakened or malformed arteries called arteriovenous malformations (AVMS). The risk of hemorrhage is higher with certain illnesses such as hemophilia.

• #1 Infectious Causes of Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/stroke/infectious-causes-of-stroke/31616/

  Infection with HIV has been found to be a risk factor for stroke, which occurs approximately 1.5 times more in people with HIV than in the general population. […] There are several postulated mechanisms of stroke in the context of HIV, including cardiothromboembolism, opportunistic infections, HIV-associated vasculopathy, coagulopathy, concomitant drug use, and metabolic syndrome caused by antiretroviral therapies. […] In a small series, ischemic stroke complicated cryptococcal meningitis in 8 of 32 (26%) individuals. […] The mechanism by which cryptococcal infection causes stroke is related to vessel compression and inflammation by basal meningeal exudate with resulting stenosis, necrosis, and thrombosis. […] The fungi have a predilection to invade vasculature, which leads to strokes and mycotic aneurysms. […] The mechanism of stroke is similar to other meningitides with perivascular and meningeal inflammation causing a vasculitis with associated intimal proliferation and vessel thrombosis.

• #1 Stroke | CVA | Cerebrovascular Accident | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/stroke.html

  If you have already had a stroke or are at risk of having a stroke, you can make some heart-healthy lifestyle changes to try to prevent a future stroke: Eating a heart-healthy diet, Aiming for a healthy weight, Managing stress, Getting regular physical activity, Quitting smoking, Managing your blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

• #2 Stroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113

  A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. But a TIA doesn’t cause permanent damage. A TIA is caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of the brain. The decrease may last as little as five minutes. A transient ischemic attack is sometimes known as a ministroke. […] Seek emergency care even if you think you’ve had a TIA. It’s not possible to tell if you’re having a stroke or TIA based only on the symptoms. If you’ve had a TIA, it means you may have a partially blocked or narrowed artery leading to the brain. Having a TIA increases your risk of having a stroke later.

• #2 Stroke – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/causes

  Strokes are caused by blocked blood flow to the brain (ischemic stroke) or sudden bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). […] About 87% of strokes are ischemic. The blockage in the brain is usually caused by a piece of plaque or a blood clot. […] If the blockage occurs locally in the brain, the condition is called thrombosis. If the blood clot travels from somewhere else in the body, it is called an embolism. […] Ischemic strokes are classified specifically based on where in the brain the blockage occurs and where in the body an embolism developed. […] In some cases, the location of the original embolism is not known. […] When plaque builds up on the inner walls of the arteries, it can lead to a disease called atherosclerosis. […] Plaque can build up in any artery in the body, including arteries in the brain and neck.

• #2 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Thrombotic strokes are generally thought to originate on ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Arterial stenosis can cause turbulent blood flow, which can promote thrombus formation; atherosclerosis (ie, ulcerated plaques); and platelet adherence. All cause the formation of blood clots that either embolize or occlude the artery. […] Watershed infarcts occur at the most distal areas between arterial territories. They are believed to be secondary to embolic phenomenon or to severe hypoperfusion, as occurs, for example, in carotid occlusion or prolonged hypotension. […] Stroke symptoms can result from inadequate cerebral blood flow because of decreased blood pressure (and specifically, decreased cerebral perfusion pressure) or as a result of hematologic hyperviscosity from sickle cell disease or other hematologic illnesses, such as multiple myeloma and polycythemia vera.

• #2 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Large-artery occlusion typically results from embolization of atherosclerotic debris originating from the common or internal carotid arteries or from a cardiac source. A smaller number of large-artery occlusions may arise from plaque ulceration and in situ thrombosis. […] Lacunar strokes represent 13-20% of all ischemic strokes. They result from occlusion of the penetrating branches of the MCA, the lenticulostriate arteries, or the penetrating branches of the circle of Willis, vertebral artery, or basilar artery. The great majority of lacunar strokes are related to hypertension. […] Cardiogenic emboli may account for up to 20% of acute strokes. Emboli may arise from the heart, the extracranial arteries, including the aortic arch or, rarely, the right-sided circulation (paradoxical emboli) with subsequent passage through a patent foramen ovale.

• #2 Top 10 Causes of Strokes – Risk Factors and How You Can Lower Your Risks

  https://www.webmd.com/stroke/stroke-causes-risks

  A stroke happens when blood flow to a part of your brain is cut off. Without the oxygen in blood, brain cells start dying within minutes. […] A stroke can happen in two main ways: Something blocks the flow of blood, or something causes bleeding in the brain. […] In 8 out of 10 strokes, a blood vessel that takes blood to your brain gets plugged. It happens when fatty deposits in arteries break off and travel to the brain or when poor blood flow from an irregular heartbeat forms a blood clot. […] It’s the biggest cause of strokes. If your blood pressure is typically 130/80 or higher, your doctor will discuss treatments with you. […] Smoking or chewing it raises your odds of a stroke. Nicotine makes your blood pressure go up. […] This condition includes defective heart valves as well as atrial fibrillation, or irregular heartbeat, which causes a quarter of all strokes among the very elderly.

• #2 Stroke: Etiology, classification, and epidemiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-classification-and-epidemiology-of-stroke

  Stroke is classified into two major types: […] Brain ischemia due to thrombosis, embolism, or systemic hypoperfusion. […] Each of these categories can be divided into subtypes that have somewhat different causes, clinical pictures, clinical courses, outcomes, and treatment strategies. […] Intracranial hemorrhage can be caused by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH, also called parenchymal hemorrhage), which involves bleeding directly into brain tissue, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which involves bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. […] Causative Classification System (CCS) of ischemic stroke etiology.

• #2 What Causes Stroke?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/stroke/guide/symptoms/

  Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by bleeding in or around the brain. They make up about 13 percent of stroke cases. […] Bleeding occurs when a weakened blood vessel in the brain ruptures and leaks into the surrounding brain tissue. […] Two types of weakened blood vessels can cause hemorrhagic stroke: aneurysm, an abnormally shaped weak point in a blood vessel and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), clusters of abnormally formed blood vessels.

• #2 Stroke Causes and Risk Factors | Texas Health

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Stroke/Stroke-Causes-and-Risk-Factors

  You were born with some risk factors for stroke, while others can be addressed through lifestyle changes. Understanding your health and risk for stroke is key to prevention. […] The chance of having a stroke approximately doubles for each decade of life after age 55. […] Your stroke risk may be greater if a parent, grandparent, sister or brother has had a stroke. […] African-Americans have a much higher risk of death from a stroke than Caucasians do. […] Each year, women have more strokes than men, and stroke kills more women than men. […] The risk of stroke for someone who has already had one is many times that of a person who has not. […] High blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke and the most important controllable risk factor for stroke. […] In recent years, studies have shown cigarette smoking to be an important risk factor for stroke.

• #2 Risk Factors for Stroke | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/risk-factors/index.html

  Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure levels and the risk for stroke. […] Tobacco use increases the risk for stroke. […] Family members share genes, behaviors, lifestyles, and environments that can influence their health and their risk for disease. […] Genetic factors likely play some role in high blood pressure, stroke, and other related conditions. […] The older you are, the more likely you are to have a stroke. […] Stroke is more common in women than in men, and women of all ages are more likely than men are to die from stroke. […] People who are non-Hispanic Black or Pacific Islander may be more likely to die from a stroke than people who are non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Asian.

• #2 How High Blood Pressure Can Lead to Stroke | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/health-threats-from-high-blood-pressure/how-high-blood-pressure-can-lead-to-stroke

  A stroke happens when a blood vessel to the brain is narrowed or blocked by a clot or bursts. […] Stroke is a leading cause of death and severe, long-term disability. Most people who have had a first stroke also had high blood pressure. […] High blood pressure damages arteries throughout the body. It creates conditions that can make arteries burst or clog easily. Weakened or blocked arteries in the brain create a much higher risk for stroke. This is why managing high blood pressure is critical to reducing your risk for stroke. […] A stroke happens when a blood vessel to the brain is narrowed or blocked by a clot (ischemic stroke) or bursts (hemorrhagic stroke). […] A TIA (transient ischemic attack) is usually caused by a temporary clot. These are often called a mini stroke. These warning strokes should be taken seriously.

• #2 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Nonmodifiable risk factors include the following (although there are likely many others): Age, Race, Sex, Ethnicity, History of migraine headaches, Fibromuscular dysplasia, Heredity: Family history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). […] Modifiable risk factors include the following: Hypertension (the most important), Diabetes mellitus, Cardiac disease: Atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, heart failure, mitral stenosis, structural anomalies allowing right-to-left shunting (eg, patent foramen ovale), and atrial and ventricular enlargement, Hypercholesterolemia, Transient ischemic attacks (TIA), Carotid stenosis, Hyperhomocystinemia, Lifestyle issues: Excessive alcohol intake, tobacco use, illicit drug use, physical inactivity, Obesity, Oral contraceptive use/postmenopausal hormone use, Sickle cell disease.

• #2 Stroke Causes and Risk Factors | Texas Health

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Stroke/Stroke-Causes-and-Risk-Factors

  Diabetes is an independent risk factor for stroke. […] A carotid artery narrowed by fatty deposits from atherosclerosis may become blocked by a blood clot. […] People with peripheral artery disease have a higher risk of carotid artery disease, which raises their risk of stroke. […] This heart rhythm disorder raises the risk for stroke. […] People with coronary heart disease or heart failure have a higher risk of stroke than those with hearts that work normally. […] This is a genetic disorder that mainly affects African-American and Hispanic children. […] People with high blood cholesterol have an increased risk for stroke. […] Diets high in saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol can raise blood cholesterol levels. […] Being inactive, obese or both can increase your risk of high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease and stroke.

• #2 Top 7 Causes of a Brain Stroke – Major Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://psrihospital.com/causes-major-risk-factors-and-prevention-of-a-brain-stroke/

  Your doctor may diagnose you with hypertension. It is the leading cause of strokes. […] This disorder involves faulty cardiac valves and atrial fibrillation, or irregular heartbeat, which accounts for one-quarter of all strokes in the elderly. […] People who have it are more prone to high blood pressure and be overweight. Both increase the likelihood of having a stroke. […] If you are overweight, your chances of having a stroke increase. […] Smoking or chewing it increases your chances of having a stroke. […] Strokes can be passed on via families. […] Some medications might increase your risk of having a stroke. […] If not properly managed, high blood pressure can make you 4-6 times more likely to have a stroke. […] Tobacco usage doubles your chance of having a stroke. […] High blood sugar levels might increase your chances of having a stroke by 2-4 times. […] Healthy eating can help you lose weight and reduce your chance of having a stroke. […] Being a lazy slob can result in obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure, which are risk factors for stroke.

• #2 Stroke – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/stroke/causes

  There are two types of hemorrhagic stroke: intracranial hemorrhage, or bleeding within the skull, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), or bleeding between the brain and the membrane that surrounds it. […] Some conditions make blood vessels in the brain more likely to bleed. […] High blood pressure puts pressure on the inside walls of the arteries. This pressure makes them more likely to break open, especially if they are weakened from an aneurysm or AVM. […] Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes share many of the same risk factors, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high blood cholesterol. […] Other risk factors are specific to the type of stroke. […] Blood clots can arise from coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart valve disease, and carotid artery disease. […] Other medical conditions, such as sleep apnea, kidney disease, and migraine headaches, are also factors. […] Viral infections or conditions, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, can cause inflammation.

• #3 Stroke: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/stroke

  A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds or when theres a blockage in the blood supply to the brain. The rupture or blockage prevents blood and oxygen from reaching the brains tissues. […] The cause of a stroke depends on the type of stroke. Strokes fall into three main categories: ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA). […] During an ischemic stroke, the arteries supplying blood to the brain narrow or become blocked. Blood clots or severely reduced blood flow to the brain cause these blockages. […] A hemorrhagic stroke happens when an artery in the brain breaks open or leaks blood. […] A TIA, or ministroke, occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked temporarily. […] According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), 87% of strokes are ischemic.

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