Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288566/

  Stroke is ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide with an annual mortality rate of about 5.5 million. […] The public health burden of stroke is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke has a huge public health burden, which is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke is a disease of immense public health importance with serious economic and social consequences. […] Stroke surveillance forms an important component of the overall control of stroke as it provides information about etiology, risk, prognosis, prevention, and intervention as well as disease distribution and time trends. […] The WHO has proposed a surveillance system for stroke involving three steps, which represent the possible initial outcomes for stroke patients: events in hospital, fatal events in community, and nonfatal events in community. […] The WHO stepwise approach to stroke surveillance provides a flexible system and an opportunity for all countries to contribute data on stroke.

• #2 WHO EMRO | Stroke, Cerebrovascular accident | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/stroke-cerebrovascular-accident/index.html

  Stroke carries a high risk of death. Survivors can experience loss of vision and/or speech, paralysis and confusion. Stroke is so called because of the way it strikes people down. The risk of further episodes is significantly increased for people having experienced a previous stroke. The risk of death depends on the type of stroke. Transient ischaemic attacks or TIA where symptoms resolve in less than 24 hours have the best outcome, followed by stroke caused by carotid stenosis (narrowing of the artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain). Blockage of an artery is more dangerous, with rupture of a cerebral blood vessel the most dangerous of all. […] Annually, 15 million people worldwide suffer a stroke. Of these, 5 million die and another 5 million are left permanently disabled, placing a burden on family and community. Stroke is uncommon in people under 40 years; when it does occur, the main cause is high blood pressure. However, stroke also occurs in about 8% of children with sickle cell disease.

• #3 Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-regional-and-national-burden-stroke-and-its-risk-factors-1990-2021

  In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death, after ischemic heart disease and COVID-19, constituting 10.7% of all deaths. […] Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. […] We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. […] We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years.

• #4 Epidemiology of Stroke: A Comprehensive Overview

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/epidemiology-of-stroke-a-comprehensive-overview-18440.html

  Stroke, a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, poses a significant public health challenge. […] This article provides a detailed examination of the epidemiology of stroke, including its incidence, prevalence, risk factors, geographic distribution and the impact on healthcare systems. […] Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally, after ischemic heart disease. […] According to the (GBD) study, approximately 12.2 million people experience a new stroke each year, resulting in over 6.5 million deaths annually. […] The lifetime risk of stroke is estimated to be 1 in 4 for individuals over the age of 25, highlighting the widespread nature of this condition. […] The risk factors for stroke can be broadly categorized into modifiable and non-modifiable factors.

• #5 World Stroke Organization

  https://www.world-stroke.org/world-stroke-day-campaign/about-stroke/impact-of-stroke

  Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Globally, 1 in 4 adults over the age of 25 will have a stroke in their lifetime. […] Over 12 million people worldwide will have their first stroke this year and 6.5 million will die as a result. Over 100 million people in the world have experienced stroke. The incidence of stroke increases significantly with age, however over 60% of strokes happen to people under the age of 70 and 16% happen to those under the age of 50. […] Rates of stroke are growing fastest in low and middle income countries, often where healthcare providers find it more challenging to provide the care that is needed for effective prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of stroke. […] The global economic impact of stroke currently represents 0.66% of Global GDP and the total cost of stroke is estimated to tip US$1 trillion by 2030.

• #6 Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3250269/

  Stroke is the fourth killer and number one cause of adult disability in the United States. The estimated direct and indirect costs of stroke care in this country are $68.9 billion for 2009. The prevalence of stroke and its cost will undoubtedly rise as the aging population increases. In addition, stroke incidence and mortality are increasing in less developed countries in which the lifestyles and population restructuring are rapidly changing. More population-based research to assess incidence, risk factors, and outcomes are needed in these countries. Epidemiologic studies can help identify groups of individuals or regions at higher risk for stroke. They can also help us better understand the natural history of certain conditions and therefore push the direction of therapeutic investigations. Furthermore, the study of trends across different time periods and different populations can help investigators evaluate the effects of stroke care programs and treatment options.

• #7 Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3250269/

  The incidence of stroke rapidly increases with age, doubling for each decade after age 55. […] Perhaps due to better control of vascular risk factors during the last decade, incidence rates of stroke in developed nations have modestly diminished or plateaued. […] It has been projected that with continued aging of the population, especially in Western countries, these rates are expected to rise again dramatically during the next 40 years. […] Understanding the factors that are associated with clinical outcomes can lead to more effective interventions to reduce case fatality and mortality, and to improve functional status in patients with stroke. […] In general, the trends in stroke incidence and mortality rates have decreased in the recent decades for high-income countries such as the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Canada.

• #8 Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3250269/

  While there have been reports of decreased stroke incidence and mortality in high-income countries, the opposite has been observed in low-to-middle income countries. […] Although advancement in stroke prevention and management has led to many successes in the fight against this disease for the past 2 decades, many challenges remain as clinicians and investigators continue to try and uncover the underlying causes behind the many disparities in stroke burden and outcome observed in epidemiologic studies to be able to design interventions to improve stroke mortality and disability for all.

• #9 Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3250269/

  The incidence of stroke rapidly increases with age, doubling for each decade after age 55. […] Perhaps due to better control of vascular risk factors during the last decade, incidence rates of stroke in developed nations have modestly diminished or plateaued. […] It has been projected that with continued aging of the population, especially in Western countries, these rates are expected to rise again dramatically during the next 40 years. […] Understanding the factors that are associated with clinical outcomes can lead to more effective interventions to reduce case fatality and mortality, and to improve functional status in patients with stroke. […] In general, the trends in stroke incidence and mortality rates have decreased in the recent decades for high-income countries such as the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Canada.

• #10 Prevalence of Stroke — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2011–2022 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7320a1.htm

  From 2011-2013 to 2020-2022, U.S. stroke prevalence increased by 7.8%. Increases occurred among adults aged 18-64 years; females and males; non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) adults; and adults with less than a college degree. Stroke prevalence was higher among adults aged 65 years; non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and Black adults; and adults with lower education. Stroke prevalence decreased in the District of Columbia and increased in 10 states. […] This analysis found that age-standardized stroke prevalence increased by 7.8% from 2011-2013 to 2020-2022. This increase contrasts with the decrease of 3.7% reported during 2006-2010. Significant increases in stroke prevalence were observed among several sociodemographic groups, including adults aged 18-44 and 45-64 years; females and males; Black, White, and Hispanic adults; and adults with less than a college degree. Stroke prevalence decreased in DC and had a statistically significant increase in 10 states.

• #11 Neurobehavioural consequences of stroke – Epidemiology and global impact – Neurotorium

  https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/neurobehavioural-consequences-of-stroke-epidemiology-and-global-impact/

  Stroke is a burdensome condition. In 2019, it was estimated that there were 12.22 million incident cases of stroke and 6.55 million deaths due to stroke. This slide deck discusses the epidemiology and burden of stroke and the epidemiology and impact of neurobehavioral consequences of stroke. […] Stroke is common across the world, and increased substantially between 1990-2019. The greatest rates of stroke burden are seen in low-income countries. In order to combat these increases, and halt the increases in the prevalence of stroke worldwide, effective primary prevention strategies are needed. […] Data from the Global Burden of Disease surveys have been used to model the global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, between 1990-2019. The analysis also modelled disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to the various risk factors of stroke.

• #12 Stroke Facts | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  The risk of having a stroke varies with race and ethnicity. […] Risk of having a first stroke is nearly twice as high for non-Hispanic Black adults as for White adults. […] Non-Hispanic Black adults and Pacific Islander adults have the highest rates of death from stroke. […] High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and diabetes are leading causes of stroke. […] CDC and its partners are leading national initiatives and programs to reduce rates of death and disability caused by stroke and to help people live longer, healthier lives. […] The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program funds states to measure, track, and improve the quality of care for stroke patients. The program works to reduce death and disability from stroke.

• #13 Stroke Facts | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Stroke statistics vary by race and ethnicity. […] In the United States in 2022, 1 in 6 deaths (17.5%) from cardiovascular disease was due to stroke. […] The death rate for stroke decreased from 41.1 per 100,000 in 2021 to 39.5 per 100,000 in 2022. […] Every year, more than 795,000 people in the United States have a stroke. […] About 610,000 of these are first or new strokes. […] About 185,000 strokes nearly 1 in 4 are in people who have had a previous stroke. […] About 87% of all strokes are ischemic strokes, in which blood flow to the brain is blocked. […] Stroke-related costs in the United States came to nearly $56.2 billion between 2019 and 2020. […] Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability. […] Stroke reduces mobility in more than half of stroke survivors age 65 and older.

• #14 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Current Treatment Strategies in Stroke

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-current-treatment-strategies-in-stroke.html

  Both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are critical health issues and the incidence is on the rise. […] Clinical trials show conflicting findings, with ischemic strokes accounting for 87% of all strokes. […] Because of demographic factors like age, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, the incidence and prevalence of stroke differ across people and regions. […] Globally, stroke is the second leading cause of death and a significant contributor to long-term disability. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, the global prevalence of all stroke subtypes of 89.13 million cases and the age-standardized stroke prevalence rates were highest in sub-Saharan Africa and in certain regions of the Southeast United States and East and Southeast Asia. […] The global incidence of stroke was 11.71 million people, and the incidence of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage was 7.59 million, 3.41 million, and 0.71 million people, respectively.

• #15 Stroke Epidemiology and Near Future Projection in Turkey: Analysis of Turkey Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study | 2022, Volume 28 – Issue 4 | Turkish Journal of Neurology

  https://tjn.org.tr/full-text/65/eng

  The most up-to-date stroke statistics for Turkey are presented using the Global Burden of Disease e-research system. In 2019, the incidence of stroke for Turkey was estimated as 125,345 (154 per hundred thousand), the prevalence was 1,080,380 (1.3%), the death rate due to stroke was 48,947 and the number of life years lost due to stroke-related death/disability was estimated to be 993,082 years. Of strokes 17.4% occurred under the age of fifty, 58.5% under the age of seventy, and 54.3% in women. 65.1% of strokes are acute ischemic stroke, 24% intracerebral and 10.9% subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although there is a numerical increase in all stroke types with the aging of our country’s population, it has been observed that the increase in the frequency of hemorrhagic strokes are limited over time when frequency standardization is made according to age.

• #16 Prevalence of Stroke — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2011–2022 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7320a1.htm

  Identifying and understanding demographic factors associated with stroke, and disparities in stroke prevalence, might help focus programmatic and clinical interventions to improve the prevention and treatment of stroke at state and national levels. Effective national programs, such as the Million Hearts 2027 initiative, maintain a repository of sustainable interventions focused on stroke risk factor prevention and improvement in clinical management that can be replicated across diverse communities.

• #17 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Current Treatment Strategies in Stroke

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-current-treatment-strategies-in-stroke.html

  Age is the strongest non-modifiable risk factor for stroke and elderly patients with strokes typically have higher mortality rates and reduced ability for functional recovery. […] Historically, it has been well-documented that the incidence of stroke is higher in men compared to women. […] However, recent studies have shown that there is a decrease in ischemic stroke among men which means that the incidence of stroke is declining more in men than women and the overall incidence of stroke is decreasing over time. […] Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. […] The two main causes of stroke are occlusion of blood vessels (ischemic stroke) and rupture of brain vessels (hemorrhagic stroke).

• #18 Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3250269/

  The incidence of stroke rapidly increases with age, doubling for each decade after age 55. […] Perhaps due to better control of vascular risk factors during the last decade, incidence rates of stroke in developed nations have modestly diminished or plateaued. […] It has been projected that with continued aging of the population, especially in Western countries, these rates are expected to rise again dramatically during the next 40 years. […] Understanding the factors that are associated with clinical outcomes can lead to more effective interventions to reduce case fatality and mortality, and to improve functional status in patients with stroke. […] In general, the trends in stroke incidence and mortality rates have decreased in the recent decades for high-income countries such as the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Canada.

• #19 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Each year, approximately 795,000 people in the United States experience new (610,000 people) or recurrent (185,000 people) stroke. Epidemiologic studies indicate that 8292% of strokes in the United States are ischemic. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 15 million people suffer stroke worldwide each year. Of these, 5 million die, and another 5 million are left permanently disabled. […] In the United States, Blacks have an age-adjusted risk of death from stroke that is 1.49 times that of Whites. Hispanics have a lower overall incidence of stroke than Whites and Blacks but more frequent lacunar strokes and stroke at an earlier age. Indigenous people in high-income countries have higher incidence of stroke than non-indigenous people. Men are at higher risk for stroke than women; White men have a stroke incidence of 62.8 per 100,000, with death being the final outcome in 26.3% of cases, while women have a stroke incidence of 59 per 100,000 and a death rate of 39.2%. […] Although stroke often is considered a disease of elderly persons, one third of strokes occur in persons younger than 65 years. Risk of stroke increases with age, especially in patients older than 64 years, in whom 75% of all strokes occur.

• #20 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Current Treatment Strategies in Stroke

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-current-treatment-strategies-in-stroke.html

  Age is the strongest non-modifiable risk factor for stroke and elderly patients with strokes typically have higher mortality rates and reduced ability for functional recovery. […] Historically, it has been well-documented that the incidence of stroke is higher in men compared to women. […] However, recent studies have shown that there is a decrease in ischemic stroke among men which means that the incidence of stroke is declining more in men than women and the overall incidence of stroke is decreasing over time. […] Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. […] The two main causes of stroke are occlusion of blood vessels (ischemic stroke) and rupture of brain vessels (hemorrhagic stroke).

• #21 Ischemic Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1916852-overview

  Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Each year, approximately 795,000 people in the United States experience new (610,000 people) or recurrent (185,000 people) stroke. Epidemiologic studies indicate that 8292% of strokes in the United States are ischemic. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 15 million people suffer stroke worldwide each year. Of these, 5 million die, and another 5 million are left permanently disabled. […] In the United States, Blacks have an age-adjusted risk of death from stroke that is 1.49 times that of Whites. Hispanics have a lower overall incidence of stroke than Whites and Blacks but more frequent lacunar strokes and stroke at an earlier age. Indigenous people in high-income countries have higher incidence of stroke than non-indigenous people. Men are at higher risk for stroke than women; White men have a stroke incidence of 62.8 per 100,000, with death being the final outcome in 26.3% of cases, while women have a stroke incidence of 59 per 100,000 and a death rate of 39.2%. […] Although stroke often is considered a disease of elderly persons, one third of strokes occur in persons younger than 65 years. Risk of stroke increases with age, especially in patients older than 64 years, in whom 75% of all strokes occur.

• #22 Stroke Facts | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  The risk of having a stroke varies with race and ethnicity. […] Risk of having a first stroke is nearly twice as high for non-Hispanic Black adults as for White adults. […] Non-Hispanic Black adults and Pacific Islander adults have the highest rates of death from stroke. […] High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and diabetes are leading causes of stroke. […] CDC and its partners are leading national initiatives and programs to reduce rates of death and disability caused by stroke and to help people live longer, healthier lives. […] The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program funds states to measure, track, and improve the quality of care for stroke patients. The program works to reduce death and disability from stroke.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2007/10030/surveillance_of_stroke__who_step_wise_approach__a.5.aspx

  Hypertension is the most significant risk factor for the occurrence of stroke, but the stroke outcome was not significantly affected by the presence of hypertension, as the number of hypertensives with favourable outcomes and those with increased morbidity and mortality were about the same. […] The outcome of stroke essentially depends on the type of stroke, the severity, and the subtype. However the morbidity and mortality of stroke, as determined by the outcome at 4 weeks by the MRS, is significantly higher in elderly patients with diabetes and IHD and in smokers. […] Heightened public awareness of the risk factors and their management not only aids primary prevention of stroke, it also leads to early treatment and better stroke outcomes.

• #24 WHO EMRO | Stroke, Cerebrovascular accident | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/stroke-cerebrovascular-accident/index.html

  High blood pressure and tobacco use are the most significant modifiable risks. For every 10 people who die of stroke, four could have been saved if their blood pressure had been regulated. Among those aged under 65, two-fifths of deaths from stroke are linked to smoking. Atrial fibrillation, heart failure and heart attack are other important risk factors. The incidence of stroke is declining in many developed countries, largely as a result of better control of high blood pressure and reduced levels of smoking. However, the absolute number of strokes continues to increase because of the ageing population.

• #25 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Current Treatment Strategies in Stroke

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-current-treatment-strategies-in-stroke.html

  In the United States alone in 2021, 1 in 6 cardiovascular disease-related deaths were due to stroke. […] Transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs due to a transient obstruction of blood flow to the brain that results in temporary neurological deficits that typically resolve on their own. […] A recent INTERSTROKE study from 2016 analyzed the potential effects of modifiable risk factors associated with stroke in 32 countries. […] Among the 13,000 stroke cases, it was shown that modifiable risk factors such as diet, physical inactivity, hypertension, psychosocial factors, cardiac causes, diabetes, smoking, abdominal obesity, hyperlipidemia, and alcohol consumption accounted for approximately 90% of all strokes. […] Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke. […] Diabetes is another well-established modifiable risk factor for stroke.

• #26 Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288566/

  Stroke is ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide with an annual mortality rate of about 5.5 million. […] The public health burden of stroke is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke has a huge public health burden, which is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke is a disease of immense public health importance with serious economic and social consequences. […] Stroke surveillance forms an important component of the overall control of stroke as it provides information about etiology, risk, prognosis, prevention, and intervention as well as disease distribution and time trends. […] The WHO has proposed a surveillance system for stroke involving three steps, which represent the possible initial outcomes for stroke patients: events in hospital, fatal events in community, and nonfatal events in community. […] The WHO stepwise approach to stroke surveillance provides a flexible system and an opportunity for all countries to contribute data on stroke.

• #27 Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288566/

  Stroke is ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide with an annual mortality rate of about 5.5 million. […] The public health burden of stroke is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke has a huge public health burden, which is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke is a disease of immense public health importance with serious economic and social consequences. […] Stroke surveillance forms an important component of the overall control of stroke as it provides information about etiology, risk, prognosis, prevention, and intervention as well as disease distribution and time trends. […] The WHO has proposed a surveillance system for stroke involving three steps, which represent the possible initial outcomes for stroke patients: events in hospital, fatal events in community, and nonfatal events in community. […] The WHO stepwise approach to stroke surveillance provides a flexible system and an opportunity for all countries to contribute data on stroke.

• #28 Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288566/

  Stroke is ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide with an annual mortality rate of about 5.5 million. […] The public health burden of stroke is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke has a huge public health burden, which is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke is a disease of immense public health importance with serious economic and social consequences. […] Stroke surveillance forms an important component of the overall control of stroke as it provides information about etiology, risk, prognosis, prevention, and intervention as well as disease distribution and time trends. […] The WHO has proposed a surveillance system for stroke involving three steps, which represent the possible initial outcomes for stroke patients: events in hospital, fatal events in community, and nonfatal events in community. […] The WHO stepwise approach to stroke surveillance provides a flexible system and an opportunity for all countries to contribute data on stroke.

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2007/10030/surveillance_of_stroke__who_step_wise_approach__a.5.aspx

  Stroke is potentially the most devastating consequence of vascular disease, causing long-term disability and placing high medical, emotional, and financial burdens on the patient. WHO STEPS stroke surveillance study, provided the framework for our study of stroke patients in Chennai. […] The objective of the study was to analyze the data profile of our stroke patients and to assess the outcome of our protocol for treating patients with stroke. […] The WHO stroke surveillance part of the study focuses on hospitalized stroke patients only (STEP-1). […] The risk factors of age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease (IHD), dyslipidemia, anemia, and nicotine intake were evaluated. […] Hypertension was found to be a major risk factor of stroke in 72% of the patients. […] The result of the multiple logistic regression analysis shows an increase in morbidity and mortality, with the MRS scores more than 5, in the presence of risk factors such as age, diabetes mellitus, and IHD.

• #30 Stroke Facts | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  The risk of having a stroke varies with race and ethnicity. […] Risk of having a first stroke is nearly twice as high for non-Hispanic Black adults as for White adults. […] Non-Hispanic Black adults and Pacific Islander adults have the highest rates of death from stroke. […] High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and diabetes are leading causes of stroke. […] CDC and its partners are leading national initiatives and programs to reduce rates of death and disability caused by stroke and to help people live longer, healthier lives. […] The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program funds states to measure, track, and improve the quality of care for stroke patients. The program works to reduce death and disability from stroke.

• #31 China stroke surveillance report 2021 | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-023-00463-x

  Data from 1599 hospitals in the Hospital Quality Monitoring System and Bigdata Observatory Platform for Stroke of China (BOSC) showed that a total of 3,418,432 stroke cases were admitted during 2020. […] The China Stroke Surveillance Report 2021 refers to China’s latest major research results. […] The report primarily focuses on several areas, including the progress made in stroke diagnosis and treatment, the development of China’s stroke prevention and control system, the construction of the Bigdata Observatory Platform for Stroke of China (BOSC), data analysis of screening and intervention projects for high-risk stroke groups, prospects for stroke prevention and treatment, and the primary tasks and goals for future stroke prevention and control efforts. […] The epidemiological characteristics of stroke in China are mainly as follows: 1) age characteristics, younger-onset (average age 65 years); 2) regional differences, high in the North and low in the South, and prominent in the middle; 3) differences between urban and rural areas, high in rural areas; 4) gender differences, high in men.

• #32 China stroke surveillance report 2021 | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-023-00463-x

  Data from 1599 hospitals in the Hospital Quality Monitoring System and Bigdata Observatory Platform for Stroke of China (BOSC) showed that a total of 3,418,432 stroke cases were admitted during 2020. […] The China Stroke Surveillance Report 2021 refers to China’s latest major research results. […] The report primarily focuses on several areas, including the progress made in stroke diagnosis and treatment, the development of China’s stroke prevention and control system, the construction of the Bigdata Observatory Platform for Stroke of China (BOSC), data analysis of screening and intervention projects for high-risk stroke groups, prospects for stroke prevention and treatment, and the primary tasks and goals for future stroke prevention and control efforts. […] The epidemiological characteristics of stroke in China are mainly as follows: 1) age characteristics, younger-onset (average age 65 years); 2) regional differences, high in the North and low in the South, and prominent in the middle; 3) differences between urban and rural areas, high in rural areas; 4) gender differences, high in men.

• #33 National surveillance of stroke quality of care and outcomes by applying post-stratification survey weights on the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke patient registry.

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10n978vg

  The U.S. lacks a stroke surveillance system. This study develops a method to transform an existing registry into a nationally representative database to evaluate acute ischemic stroke care quality. […] Leveraging existing databases with patient registries to develop post-stratification weights is a reliable approach to estimate acute ischemic stroke epidemiology and monitoring for stroke quality of care nationally. These methods may be applied to other diseases or settings to better monitor population health.

• #34 High incidence and prevalence of visual problems after acute stroke: An epidemiology study with implications for service delivery | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213035

  High incidence and prevalence of visual problems after acute stroke: An epidemiology study with implications for service delivery […] Visual problems are an under-reported sequela following stroke. The aim of this study is to report annual incidence and point prevalence of visual problems in an acute adult stroke population and to explore feasibility of early timing of visual assessment. […] Multi-centre acute stroke unit, prospective, epidemiology study (1st July 2014 to 30th June 2015). Orthoptists reviewed all patients with assessment of visual acuity, visual fields, ocular alignment, ocular motility, visual inattention and visual perception. 1033 patients underwent visual screening at a median of 3 days (IQR 2) and full visual assessment at a median of 4 days (IQR 7) after the incident stroke: 52% men, 48% women, mean age 73 years and 87% ischaemic strokes. Excluding pre-existent eye problems, the incidence of new onset visual sequelae was 48% for all stroke admissions and 60% in stroke survivors. Three quarters 752/1033 (73%) had visual problems (point prevalence): 56% with impaired central vision, 40% eye movement abnormalities, 28% visual field loss, 27% visual inattention, 5% visual perceptual disorders. 281/1033 (27%) had normal eye exams.

• #35 High incidence and prevalence of visual problems after acute stroke: An epidemiology study with implications for service delivery | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213035

  Incidence and point prevalence of visual problems in acute stroke is alarmingly high, affecting over half the survivors. For most, visual screening and full visual assessment was achieved within about 5 days of stroke onset. Crucial information can thus be provided on visual status and its functional significance to the stroke team, patients and carers, enabling early intervention. […] Accurate information about incidence of visual sequelae and timing of visual assessment is important when considering the needs of stroke survivors and developing services for appropriate and adequate patient care. […] The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and point prevalence of visual problems in an acute stroke population and to explore the timing at which visual assessment can be first undertaken in this population.

• #36 Heart Disease Stroke Surveillance System

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/Health-Information-Systems–Reporting/Hisrhome/Heart-Disease–Stroke-Surveillance-System

  Public health tracking of heart disease and stroke is an essential part of reducing the disease burden in Connecticut, identifying high-risk groups, formulating health care policy, and evaluating our states progress in preventing this disease. […] The objective of the Connecticut Heart Disease Stroke Surveillance System (CHDSS) is to provide timely and relevant information about heart disease, stroke and their complications in Connecticut, as well as related risk factor information. […] Please see the Mortality Statistics page heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease-related death counts; age-adjusted mortality and premature mortality rates; and mortality disparities by gender, race, and ethnicity.

• #37 Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288566/

  Stroke is ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide with an annual mortality rate of about 5.5 million. […] The public health burden of stroke is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke has a huge public health burden, which is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke is a disease of immense public health importance with serious economic and social consequences. […] Stroke surveillance forms an important component of the overall control of stroke as it provides information about etiology, risk, prognosis, prevention, and intervention as well as disease distribution and time trends. […] The WHO has proposed a surveillance system for stroke involving three steps, which represent the possible initial outcomes for stroke patients: events in hospital, fatal events in community, and nonfatal events in community. […] The WHO stepwise approach to stroke surveillance provides a flexible system and an opportunity for all countries to contribute data on stroke.

• #38 Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288566/

  Stroke is ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide with an annual mortality rate of about 5.5 million. […] The public health burden of stroke is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke has a huge public health burden, which is set to rise over future decades because of demographic transitions of populations, particularly in developing countries. […] Stroke is a disease of immense public health importance with serious economic and social consequences. […] Stroke surveillance forms an important component of the overall control of stroke as it provides information about etiology, risk, prognosis, prevention, and intervention as well as disease distribution and time trends. […] The WHO has proposed a surveillance system for stroke involving three steps, which represent the possible initial outcomes for stroke patients: events in hospital, fatal events in community, and nonfatal events in community. […] The WHO stepwise approach to stroke surveillance provides a flexible system and an opportunity for all countries to contribute data on stroke.

• #39 Epidemiology of Stroke: A Comprehensive Overview

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/epidemiology-of-stroke-a-comprehensive-overview-18440.html

  The global distribution of stroke highlights significant disparities between high-income and low-income countries. […] In HICs, healthcare infrastructure, early detection and preventive measures have led to a decline in stroke mortality rates. […] In contrast, LMICs face a growing stroke burden due to limited resources, lack of awareness and inadequate healthcare access. […] Stroke imposes a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. […] In the United States alone, the annual direct and indirect costs of stroke are estimated to exceed $50 billion. […] Understanding the epidemiology of stroke is essential for developing effective prevention, treatment and rehabilitation strategies.

• #40 Stroke Facts | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Stroke statistics vary by race and ethnicity. […] In the United States in 2022, 1 in 6 deaths (17.5%) from cardiovascular disease was due to stroke. […] The death rate for stroke decreased from 41.1 per 100,000 in 2021 to 39.5 per 100,000 in 2022. […] Every year, more than 795,000 people in the United States have a stroke. […] About 610,000 of these are first or new strokes. […] About 185,000 strokes nearly 1 in 4 are in people who have had a previous stroke. […] About 87% of all strokes are ischemic strokes, in which blood flow to the brain is blocked. […] Stroke-related costs in the United States came to nearly $56.2 billion between 2019 and 2020. […] Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability. […] Stroke reduces mobility in more than half of stroke survivors age 65 and older.

• #41 Stroke Epidemiology, Etiology, and Background | Anesthesia Key

  https://aneskey.com/stroke-epidemiology-etiology-and-background/

  Country Age-adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 per year Canada 25.7 USA 30.4 Australia 32.6 United Kingdom 45.6 Kyrgyzstan 249.4 India 108 China 156.5 Russian Federation 228 South Africa 141.1 Nigeria 152.8 Brazil 91.1 Pakistan 117.9 […] Estimates suggest that stroke consumes 24 % of the total healthcare costs globally. In developed nations this proportion exceeds 4 % of healthcare costs. […] In the United States, the estimated cost of stroke in 2008 was $34.3 billion; this includes direct medical costs of $18.8 billion. […] United States data estimates the annual stroke incidence to be 795,000, of which approximately 610,000 are first-time strokes. […] In the United States, stroke as a cause of death declined by 19 % from 1998 to 2008 so that it is now the fourth most common cause of death.

• #42 World Stroke Organization

  https://www.world-stroke.org/world-stroke-day-campaign/about-stroke/impact-of-stroke

  Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Globally, 1 in 4 adults over the age of 25 will have a stroke in their lifetime. […] Over 12 million people worldwide will have their first stroke this year and 6.5 million will die as a result. Over 100 million people in the world have experienced stroke. The incidence of stroke increases significantly with age, however over 60% of strokes happen to people under the age of 70 and 16% happen to those under the age of 50. […] Rates of stroke are growing fastest in low and middle income countries, often where healthcare providers find it more challenging to provide the care that is needed for effective prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of stroke. […] The global economic impact of stroke currently represents 0.66% of Global GDP and the total cost of stroke is estimated to tip US$1 trillion by 2030.

• #43 Epidemiology of Stroke: A Comprehensive Overview

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/epidemiology-of-stroke-a-comprehensive-overview-18440.html

  The global distribution of stroke highlights significant disparities between high-income and low-income countries. […] In HICs, healthcare infrastructure, early detection and preventive measures have led to a decline in stroke mortality rates. […] In contrast, LMICs face a growing stroke burden due to limited resources, lack of awareness and inadequate healthcare access. […] Stroke imposes a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. […] In the United States alone, the annual direct and indirect costs of stroke are estimated to exceed $50 billion. […] Understanding the epidemiology of stroke is essential for developing effective prevention, treatment and rehabilitation strategies.

• #44 Stroke Facts | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Stroke statistics vary by race and ethnicity. […] In the United States in 2022, 1 in 6 deaths (17.5%) from cardiovascular disease was due to stroke. […] The death rate for stroke decreased from 41.1 per 100,000 in 2021 to 39.5 per 100,000 in 2022. […] Every year, more than 795,000 people in the United States have a stroke. […] About 610,000 of these are first or new strokes. […] About 185,000 strokes nearly 1 in 4 are in people who have had a previous stroke. […] About 87% of all strokes are ischemic strokes, in which blood flow to the brain is blocked. […] Stroke-related costs in the United States came to nearly $56.2 billion between 2019 and 2020. […] Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability. […] Stroke reduces mobility in more than half of stroke survivors age 65 and older.

• #45

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2007/10030/surveillance_of_stroke__who_step_wise_approach__a.5.aspx

  Stroke is potentially the most devastating consequence of vascular disease, causing long-term disability and placing high medical, emotional, and financial burdens on the patient. WHO STEPS stroke surveillance study, provided the framework for our study of stroke patients in Chennai. […] The objective of the study was to analyze the data profile of our stroke patients and to assess the outcome of our protocol for treating patients with stroke. […] The WHO stroke surveillance part of the study focuses on hospitalized stroke patients only (STEP-1). […] The risk factors of age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease (IHD), dyslipidemia, anemia, and nicotine intake were evaluated. […] Hypertension was found to be a major risk factor of stroke in 72% of the patients. […] The result of the multiple logistic regression analysis shows an increase in morbidity and mortality, with the MRS scores more than 5, in the presence of risk factors such as age, diabetes mellitus, and IHD.

• #46 Stroke Facts | Stroke | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Stroke statistics vary by race and ethnicity. […] In the United States in 2022, 1 in 6 deaths (17.5%) from cardiovascular disease was due to stroke. […] The death rate for stroke decreased from 41.1 per 100,000 in 2021 to 39.5 per 100,000 in 2022. […] Every year, more than 795,000 people in the United States have a stroke. […] About 610,000 of these are first or new strokes. […] About 185,000 strokes nearly 1 in 4 are in people who have had a previous stroke. […] About 87% of all strokes are ischemic strokes, in which blood flow to the brain is blocked. […] Stroke-related costs in the United States came to nearly $56.2 billion between 2019 and 2020. […] Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability. […] Stroke reduces mobility in more than half of stroke survivors age 65 and older.

• #47

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2007/10030/surveillance_of_stroke__who_step_wise_approach__a.5.aspx

  Hypertension is the most significant risk factor for the occurrence of stroke, but the stroke outcome was not significantly affected by the presence of hypertension, as the number of hypertensives with favourable outcomes and those with increased morbidity and mortality were about the same. […] The outcome of stroke essentially depends on the type of stroke, the severity, and the subtype. However the morbidity and mortality of stroke, as determined by the outcome at 4 weeks by the MRS, is significantly higher in elderly patients with diabetes and IHD and in smokers. […] Heightened public awareness of the risk factors and their management not only aids primary prevention of stroke, it also leads to early treatment and better stroke outcomes.

• #48 Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3250269/

  Epidemiologic studies on stroke help us with understanding the natural history of the disease, identification of risk factors, and prognostic factors that can lead to markers for disease mechanisms. Epidemiology and observational data can inform scientists of possible novel areas for more focused research. They help us identify the individuals, groups, or geographic areas that are at increased risk of disease or poorer outcomes. Critical analyses of the factors that are involved in those cases of higher risks and poorer outcomes can lead to a better understanding of the underlying causes. Furthermore, knowing which individuals, groups, or geographic areas are at risk helps physicians and public health policymakers to develop more effective target programs to reduce the risk of stroke, stroke mortality, and disability.

• #49

  https://journals.lww.com/continuum/fulltext/2020/04000/epidemiology_and_primary_prevention_of_stroke.4.aspx

  PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an update on the epidemiology and prevention of a first stroke. Risk factor modification plays a large role in stroke prevention. Strategies for early intervention, particularly for hypertension, are critical for reducing stroke morbidity and mortality. […] SUMMARY Primary prevention of stroke is essential for maintaining brain health throughout the life span. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle and routine screening for stroke risk factors can promote healthy, stroke-free aging.

• #50

  https://journals.lww.com/continuum/fulltext/2020/04000/epidemiology_and_primary_prevention_of_stroke.4.aspx

  PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an update on the epidemiology and prevention of a first stroke. Risk factor modification plays a large role in stroke prevention. Strategies for early intervention, particularly for hypertension, are critical for reducing stroke morbidity and mortality. […] SUMMARY Primary prevention of stroke is essential for maintaining brain health throughout the life span. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle and routine screening for stroke risk factors can promote healthy, stroke-free aging.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2007/10030/surveillance_of_stroke__who_step_wise_approach__a.5.aspx

  Hypertension is the most significant risk factor for the occurrence of stroke, but the stroke outcome was not significantly affected by the presence of hypertension, as the number of hypertensives with favourable outcomes and those with increased morbidity and mortality were about the same. […] The outcome of stroke essentially depends on the type of stroke, the severity, and the subtype. However the morbidity and mortality of stroke, as determined by the outcome at 4 weeks by the MRS, is significantly higher in elderly patients with diabetes and IHD and in smokers. […] Heightened public awareness of the risk factors and their management not only aids primary prevention of stroke, it also leads to early treatment and better stroke outcomes.

• #52 Prevalence of Stroke — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2011–2022 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7320a1.htm

  Identifying and understanding demographic factors associated with stroke, and disparities in stroke prevalence, might help focus programmatic and clinical interventions to improve the prevention and treatment of stroke at state and national levels. Effective national programs, such as the Million Hearts 2027 initiative, maintain a repository of sustainable interventions focused on stroke risk factor prevention and improvement in clinical management that can be replicated across diverse communities.

• #53 Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (OAMJMS).

  https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/11505

  According to the official statistics of the Ministry of Health, 40 thousand cases of stroke are registered annually in Kazakhstan. […] The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of stroke among the population of Kazakhstan and the organization of medical care in hospitals for the years 20182020. […] The availability of medical care for stroke is of great importance. As the analysis of survival rate showed, the average survival time directly depends on the patients condition at admission to hospitals. The survival rate of patients with various nosologies of cerebral circulation in men and women differs significantly and reaches 80 years. […] The correct organization of the management of medical care for patients with acute circulatory disorders is of paramount importance. It is necessary to strengthen the integration and coordination of the systems of emergency care and primary health care.

• #54 Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences (OAMJMS).

  https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/11505

  According to the official statistics of the Ministry of Health, 40 thousand cases of stroke are registered annually in Kazakhstan. […] The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of stroke among the population of Kazakhstan and the organization of medical care in hospitals for the years 20182020. […] The availability of medical care for stroke is of great importance. As the analysis of survival rate showed, the average survival time directly depends on the patients condition at admission to hospitals. The survival rate of patients with various nosologies of cerebral circulation in men and women differs significantly and reaches 80 years. […] The correct organization of the management of medical care for patients with acute circulatory disorders is of paramount importance. It is necessary to strengthen the integration and coordination of the systems of emergency care and primary health care.

• #55 The epidemiology and management of stroke in French Guiana | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-020-01650-2

  French Guiana has the highest incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke of all French territories. However, there is no further information on the epidemiology and management of stroke in French Guiana. Our goal was to describe the characteristics of patients in French Guiana in order to generate hypotheses regarding the determinants explaining the magnitude of this public health problem. […] The present study is the first epidemiologic description of stroke in French Guiana. The comparisons of these results show that stroke patients in French Guiana are epidemiologically atypical because they are younger, and more likely to be males than patients in mainland France. Stroke risk factors and delay between stroke and hospital admission were comparable with what is observed in France, suggesting that efforts should focus on primary care and social inequalities of health to alleviate the main determinants of stroke in French Guiana.

• #56 The epidemiology and management of stroke in French Guiana | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12883-020-01650-2

  Although it was known that the incidence of stroke was high, the present study provides the first epidemiological data on strokes in French Guiana. The comparison of the results of the present descriptive study with those of French stroke registries showed that the proportion of ischemic to hemorrhagic strokes and the frequency of risk factors were similar in French Guiana and France, but underlined that strokes in French Guiana affected younger patients, and more males than in mainland France.

• #57 Stroke Epidemiology and Near Future Projection in Turkey: Analysis of Turkey Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study | 2022, Volume 28 – Issue 4 | Turkish Journal of Neurology

  https://tjn.org.tr/full-text/65/eng

  Over the last 30 years, the combined incidence of all hemorrhagic and ISs has increased by 117% with a fairly stable acceleration, increasing from 57,650 (97 per 100,000) to 125,235 (154 per 100,000). […] The number of patients diagnosed as having SAH was 7,849 in 1990, increasing by 75% in approximately thirty years to reach 13,719 in 2019. […] The number of deaths from ICH increased markedly between 2000 and 2010, and remained approximately stable in the previous and subsequent decades (approximately 75% increase from 8,635 to 15,901 between 2000 and 2010). […] The number of life years lost due to death and disability due to ICH increased from 256,093 in 1990 to 350,129 in 2019 with an increase of 37%. […] Based on the current population characteristics in Turkey, it is inevitable that acute stroke will continue to be an important public health problem.

• #58 Advances in treatments for acute ischemic stroke | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/389/bmj-2023-076161

  In 2021, 69.93 million people worldwide had an ischemic stroke, representing a 1.33% decrease since 2010. […] In 2021, 7.44 million deaths caused by ischemic stroke were recorded, which represented a 17.39% decrease since 2010, with the highest mortality seen in Oceania and South East Asia. […] Although the absolute number of ischemic strokes increased by 70% since 1990, potentially owing to the increase in the worlds population, the incidence decreased by 17% between 1990 and 2019, likely because of decreased prevalence of stroke risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. […] Stroke affects patients disproportionately. […] In the United States, black people have a higher risk of stroke and are less likely to undergo thrombectomy compared with white people. […] Risk factors for stroke are also disproportionate.

• #59 Stroke in Young Adults in Spain: Epidemiology and Risk Factors by Age

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/13/5/768

  A significant rise in the incidence of IS among young patients has been observed in recent epidemiological studies conducted in both Europe and North America. This trend was also evident during the period analyzed in this research. […] Young adults who experience IS have been found to have higher rates of vascular risk factors compared to the general population, a trend also observed in this study when compared to the percentage of these risk factors in the same age group from a population-based survey representative of the Spanish population. […] The present study evaluated the incidence of IS in Spain according to sex and age groups using data from a national hospital admission registry. The results indicated that the estimated incidence of IS was consistently higher among men across all age groups, compared to women. Furthermore, the studied cohort exhibited a greater prevalence of most vascular risk factors when compared to the overall Spanish population. These risk factors were distributed differently across genders and age groups, highlighting the need for careful consideration when planning primary and secondary prevention strategies.

• #60 Epidemiology of Stroke: A Comprehensive Overview

  https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/epidemiology-of-stroke-a-comprehensive-overview-18440.html

  The global distribution of stroke highlights significant disparities between high-income and low-income countries. […] In HICs, healthcare infrastructure, early detection and preventive measures have led to a decline in stroke mortality rates. […] In contrast, LMICs face a growing stroke burden due to limited resources, lack of awareness and inadequate healthcare access. […] Stroke imposes a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. […] In the United States alone, the annual direct and indirect costs of stroke are estimated to exceed $50 billion. […] Understanding the epidemiology of stroke is essential for developing effective prevention, treatment and rehabilitation strategies.

• #61 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Cancer-Associated Ischemic Stroke

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/23/4016

  The risk of stroke in patients with cancer is highest amongst patients with distant metastases and within six months of diagnosis. The risk of stroke appears to correlate with the aggressiveness of the cancer itself, as metastatic lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers appear to carry the highest risk. […] In approximately half of cancer patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke, the etiology of ischemic stroke remains undetermined after standard diagnostic imaging and evaluation, with the estimated proportion of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) patients with cancer approaching 10%, although it may be as high as 20% in some Asian populations. […] Further evidence has suggested that cancer-associated ischemic stroke, specifically embolic stroke, is a distinct subtype of stroke. There is not yet a reliable serum biomarker for cancer-associated ischemic stroke, though progress has been made regarding improving the diagnosis of cancer in patients with cryptogenic stroke. […] The aim of this narrative review is to comprehensively examine epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention, treatment, recovery, and future directions regarding CAIS.

• #62 Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-regional-and-national-burden-stroke-and-its-risk-factors-1990-2021

  Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden.

• #63 Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021 | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/library/global-regional-and-national-burden-stroke-and-its-risk-factors-1990-2021

  In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death, after ischemic heart disease and COVID-19, constituting 10.7% of all deaths. […] Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. […] We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. […] We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years.

• #64 Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3250269/

  While there have been reports of decreased stroke incidence and mortality in high-income countries, the opposite has been observed in low-to-middle income countries. […] Although advancement in stroke prevention and management has led to many successes in the fight against this disease for the past 2 decades, many challenges remain as clinicians and investigators continue to try and uncover the underlying causes behind the many disparities in stroke burden and outcome observed in epidemiologic studies to be able to design interventions to improve stroke mortality and disability for all.

• #65 Stroke Epidemiology, Etiology, and Background | Anesthesia Key

  https://aneskey.com/stroke-epidemiology-etiology-and-background/

  Country Age-adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 per year Canada 25.7 USA 30.4 Australia 32.6 United Kingdom 45.6 Kyrgyzstan 249.4 India 108 China 156.5 Russian Federation 228 South Africa 141.1 Nigeria 152.8 Brazil 91.1 Pakistan 117.9 […] Estimates suggest that stroke consumes 24 % of the total healthcare costs globally. In developed nations this proportion exceeds 4 % of healthcare costs. […] In the United States, the estimated cost of stroke in 2008 was $34.3 billion; this includes direct medical costs of $18.8 billion. […] United States data estimates the annual stroke incidence to be 795,000, of which approximately 610,000 are first-time strokes. […] In the United States, stroke as a cause of death declined by 19 % from 1998 to 2008 so that it is now the fourth most common cause of death.

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