Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stretch Marks – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK436005/

  Striae are a form of dermal scarring associated with stretching of the dermis. They often result from a rapid change in weight (gain and loss) or are associated with endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids. Proposed mechanisms relate to hormones, physical stretch, and structural alterations of dermal collagen and elastic tissue. Adrenocorticotropic hormones promote fibroblast activity and increase protein catabolism. Pregnancy-related hormones may also contribute. Serum relaxin has been described to be lower in women with striae distensae. Deficiency of fibrillin has also been proposed. Genetic factors are unexplored, except that decreased expression of collagen and fibronectin genes is reported to be associated with striae. […] Pathophysiology is thought to involve elastases released from mast cells and macrophage activity. Elastolysis of the mid-dermis is followed by a reorganization of collagen and fibrillin.

• #2 JMIR Dermatology – Consumer Preference of Products for the Prevention and Treatment of Stretch Marks: Systematic Product Search

  https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e18295

  Striae distensae, or stretch marks, are a common and distressing condition affecting females two-and-a-half times more frequently than males. […] The pathogenesis of striae distensae is multifactorial. Striae distensae are typically associated with rapid weight gain (such as in pregnancy) and rapid growth (such as in adolescence) as a result of tissue stretching. […] Striae distensae caused by mechanical stress have been found to exhibit altered extracellular matrix components, primarily fibronectin, fibrillin, elastin, and collagen, through potential mechanisms such as low expression of genes for collagen and fibronectin, reduced fibroblast function, and disorganized fibrils or elastic fiber networks. […] Studies of hormonal changes occurring in pregnancy, during steroid use, and in Cushing syndrome contribute to the understanding of the development of striae distensae; increased steroid levels cause increased protein catabolism and decreased production of collagen by fibroblasts resulting in less elastic fibers in the matrix of the dermis.

• #3 Stretch marks: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/283651

  Stretch marks are long, narrow streaks, stripes, or lines that develop on the skin. […] This type of scarring happens when the skin cannot resume normal form after a period of intense growth, often due to pregnancy, weight gain, weight loss, or puberty. […] Stretch marks form in the dermis, or middle layer, when the connective tissue is stretched beyond the limits of its elasticity. This is normally due to rapid expansion or contraction of the skin. […] As the body grows, the connecting fibers in the dermis slowly stretch to accommodate slow growth. However, rapid growth leads to sudden stretching. This causes the dermis to tear, allowing deeper layers of skin to show through. […] Stretch marks eventually fade to a silvery, white, or glossy appearance, due to the pale fat beneath the skin becoming visible instead of the usual blood vessels. […] They are more likely to develop and become more severe where there are high levels of circulating cortisone, or when cortisone is applied to the skin. Cortisol, the stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands, is converted into cortisone. This weakens elastic fibers in the skin.

• #4 Stretch Marks Types, Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/stretch_marks/article.htm

  Stretch marks (striae distensae) appear as linear streaks on the skin that have been overstretched, and they run perpendicular to maximum lines of tension in the skin. […] There is some controversy over the precise mechanism by which striae occur. There seems to be damage to the elastic fibers of the dermis (the deeper layer of the skin) accompanied by inflammation which eventually results in atrophic scar-like changes. […] Excessive physical stretching of the skin appears to induce these changes. […] Several clinical situations will predispose the skin to the formation of striae, such as: rapid and excessive increase in body mass (weight gain), the excessive use of topical or systemic glucocorticoid drugs (steroids), Cushing’s disease (overproduction of glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland), puberty, Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (two uncommon genetic diseases), excessively large breasts or breast implants, and pregnancy.

• #5 PRP for Stretch Marks: Evaluating Treatment Effectiveness

  https://www.selphyl.com/post/prp-for-stretch-marks-evaluating-treatment-effectiveness

  Striae, or stretch marks, emerge as a result of rapid dermal stretching that exceeds the skin’s capacity for elastic deformation, leading to microtears in the connective tissue. This phenomenon predominantly affects the dermis, where the disrupted architecture manifests as visible striations on the skin surface. Central to this process is the perturbation of collagen and elastin, crucial fibrous proteins that maintain dermal integrity and elasticity. Disruptions in their synthesis or organizational structure compromise the skin’s elasticity, predisposing it to striae upon stretching. […] Exacerbating factors include hormonal fluctuations, notably during pregnancy, where elevated levels of hormones like cortisol may weaken dermal fibers. Additionally, chronic inflammation can further degrade the collagen fibers and elastin, increasing the risk of stretch mark formation.

• #6 Stretch marks – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_marks

  Stretch marks, also known as striae or striae distensae, are a form of scarring on the skin with an off-color hue. Over time, they may diminish, but will not disappear completely. Striae are caused by tearing of the dermis during periods of rapid growth of the body, such as during puberty or pregnancy, in which they usually form during the last trimester. […] Stretch marks occur in the dermis, the resilient middle tissue layer that helps the skin retain its shape. No stretch marks will form as long as there is support within the dermis; stretching plays a role in where the marks occur and in what direction they run. […] Stretch marks appear to be caused by stretching of the skin. This is especially true when there is an increase in cortisone; an increase in cortisone levels can increase the probability or severity of stretch marks by reducing the skin’s pliability. More specifically, it affects the dermis by preventing the fibroblasts from forming collagen and elastin fibers necessary to keep rapidly growing skin taut; this can create a lack of supportive material as the skin is stretched, and lead to dermal and epidermal tearing, which in turn can produce scarring in the form of stretch marks.

• #7 Striae distensae: What’s new at the horizon? | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/striae-distensae-what-s-new-horizon

  Striae distensae, commonly known as stretch marks, are benign skin lesions associated with considerable cosmetic morbidity. Despite considerable investigations into their origins, the pathogenesis of striae distensae remains unknown. The pathogenesis of striae is unknown but probably relates to changes in the components of extracellular matrix, including fibrillin, elastin and collagen. There has been emphasis on the effects of skin stretching in the pathogenesis of striae because the lesions are perpendicular to the direction of skin tension. A possible role of glucocorticoids in the pathogenesis of striae has been suggested because of an increase in the levels of steroid hormones and other metabolites found in patients exhibiting striae. There are studies suggesting the role of fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of striae. Compared to normal fibroblasts, expression of fibronectin and both type I and type III procollagen were found to be significantly reduced in fibroblasts from striae, suggesting that there exists a fundamental aberration of fibroblast metabolism in striae distensae.

• #8 Striae Distensae (Stretch Marks): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1074868-overview

  Striae distensae affect skin that is subjected to continuous and progressive stretching; increased stress is placed on the connective tissue due to increased size of the various parts of the body. […] Factors leading to the development of striae have not been fully elucidated. Striae distensae are a reflection of „breaks” in the connective tissue. Skin distention may lead to excessive mast cell degranulation with subsequent damage of collagen and elastin. […] Oakley and Patel expound on the pathophysiology of stretch marks, asserting that origination of striae is thought to involve release of elastase due to mast cell and macrophage activity. As a result, the mid-dermis undergoes elastolysis, followed by collagen and fibrillin reorganization.

• #9 Stretch Marks – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436005/

  Striae are a form of dermal scarring associated with stretching of the dermis. They often result from a rapid change in weight (gain and loss) or are associated with endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids. Proposed mechanisms relate to hormones, physical stretch, and structural alterations of dermal collagen and elastic tissue. Adrenocorticotropic hormones promote fibroblast activity and increase protein catabolism. Pregnancy-related hormones may also contribute. Serum relaxin has been described to be lower in women with striae distensae. […] Pathophysiology is thought to involve elastases released from mast cells and macrophage activity. Elastolysis of the mid-dermis is followed by a reorganization of collagen and fibrillin. […] Histopathology of striae rubrae reveals excessive fine elastic fibers in the papillary dermis with thicker tortuous fibers in the periphery, with perivascular lymphocytes, dilated dermal vessels and edema. There are reduction and reorganization of elastin and fibrillin fibers, and structural changes in collagen fibers, which are thicker and densely packed in parallel rows. Histopathology of striae albae shows epidermal atrophy, loss of rete ridges, less vascularity, and densely packed, thin and scar-like horizontal collagen bundles. […] Electron microscopy studies have also reported mast cell degranulation, macrophage activation, and elastolysis of mid dermis.

• #10 Stretch Marks – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK436005/

  Histopathology of striae rubrae reveals excessive fine elastic fibers in the papillary dermis with thicker tortuous fibers in the periphery, with perivascular lymphocytes, dilated dermal vessels and edema. There are reduction and reorganization of elastin and fibrillin fibers, and structural changes in collagen fibers, which are thicker and densely packed in parallel rows. Histopathology of striae albae shows epidermal atrophy, loss of rete ridges, less vascularity, and densely packed, thin and scar-like horizontal collagen bundles. […] Electron microscopy studies have also reported mast cell degranulation, macrophage activation, and elastolysis of mid dermis.

• #11 Stretch marks (striae)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/stretch-marks-striae

  Stretch marks are fine lines on the body that occur from tissue under your skin tearing from rapid growth or over-stretching. Stretch marks can also occur from prolonged use of oral or topical corticosteroids and from anabolic steroids. They are also a feature of the disease Cushing syndrome, where increased adrenal cortical activity excessive. The histopathological features of striae rubrae on skin biopsy include: Lack of mast cells, Elastolysis, Structural changes in collagen bundles, Prominent fibroblasts, Dermal oedema, Perivascular lymphocytes, Reduced fibrillin microfibrils. Striae can be confused with linear focal elastosis, which has increased elastic fibres on histopathology. Striae albae resemble scar tissue: Epidermal atrophy, Loss of skin appendages, Densely packed collagen bundles parallel to the skin surface. […] Stretch marks usually are only a cosmetic problem, but rarely, if extensive they may ulcerate or tear easily in an accident.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00266-024-03911-8

  Striae distensae (SD) or stretch marks are linear scars of the skin, mainly localized on the gluteal-trochanteric area, abdomen, hips, thighs, and breasts. […] Even if the pathogenetic mechanism remain unclear, the main hypothesis is structural change of dermal collagen, fibrillin, fibronectin and elastin. […] Several studies reported a key role of fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of striae. Compared with normal fibroblasts, expression of fibronectin and both type I and III procollagen and collagen type IV were found to be significantly reduced in fibroblasts from striae, suggesting that there exist fundamental aberrations of fibroblast metabolism in SD. […] The onset of SD is characterized by an overproduction of collagen and elastin fiber and their alignment. Histologically specimens shows densely packed elastin and collagen fibers aligned parallel to the skin, in contrast to the random orientation of the fibers in healthy skin.

• #13 In a nutshell, how do stretch marks form?

  https://www.mymed.com/health-wellness/interesting-health-info/how-to-get-rid-of-stretch-marks/in-a-nutshell-how-do-stretch-marks-form

  The precise mechanisms of stretch mark formation do not appear to be very well understood and are still seemingly undergoing research to determine the more intricate details. […] It is believed that the formation of stretch marks is multifactorial and includes the following factors: Physical changes to the body (wherein the skin experiences increased tension), Skin structure alterations (with changes to collagen and elastin fibres), Hormonal influences. […] Underlying tissues and cells which rapidly expand cause these layers of skin to stretch beyond their normal capacity. […] Stretched skin alters the normal functions of the skins structure, causing Reduced migration and generation of fibroblasts (cells which help to synthesise collagen), Reduced collagen fibres and fibronectin gene expression (glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix that play a role in cell adhesion, as well as the growth, migration and differentiation of cells), The thinning of tropoelastin-rich fibrils (an elastic protein in fibres), Disruptions in the skins elastic fibre network.

• #14 Stretch marks – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stretch-marks/symptoms-causes/syc-20351139

  Stretch marks (striae) are indented streaks that appear on the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks or other places on the body. […] The cause of stretch marks is stretching of the skin. Their severity is affected by several factors, including your genetics and the degree of stress on the skin. Your level of the hormone cortisol also might play a role. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It weakens elastic fibers in the skin.

• #15 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Stretch-Marks.aspx

  Stretch marks, also known among medical professionals as Stritae distensae, are characteristic of a condition that involves inflammatory lesions on the skin. […] While the exact pathogenesis of stretch marks remains unclear, there is a correlation observed in circumstances where the skin is stretched. Common examples of this are in pregnancy, rapid growth during puberty and significant weight change. They also tend to present perpendicular to where skin tension has occurred. […] Some medications, such as corticosteroids, can also lead to stretch marks, as higher concentrations of glucocorticoids inhibit fibroblast activity and elasticity of the skin, imperative for keeping the skin taut and preventing tearing. This is also likely linked to stretch marks in pregnancy, as there is a higher cortisol concentration during pregnancy.

• #16 In a nutshell, how do stretch marks form?

  https://www.mymed.com/health-wellness/interesting-health-info/how-to-get-rid-of-stretch-marks/in-a-nutshell-how-do-stretch-marks-form

  The physical stretching and structural alterations of the skin then results in an inflammatory reaction and brings about the pink / red or even violet (purplish blue) hues associated with the initial formation of stretch marks. […] Inflammatory responses due to overstretching change the appearance of the skin but fade with time and begin to settle. […] During the fading process the epidermis thins out, excessive degranulation occurs affecting mast cells (a type of white blood cell involved in immune system response), causing them to break down, dermal layers lose elastin (due to increased activity of the enzyme elastase which breaks down elastin) and dense collagen fibres form with the end result being scar tissue. […] Hormonal influences in the development of stretch marks include increases in oestrogen, androgen and glucocorticoid receptors which steroid hormones like cortisol bind to, elevations in serum cortisol (e.g. corticotrophin-releasing hormone / CRH), resulting in increased protein catabolism (the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and other compounds), which inhibits the formation of collagen and also results in changes to elastin fibres, and reduced relaxin serum levels (a hormone secreted by the placenta, which helps to prepare a womans uterus for labour / birth), which decreases the production of collagen and increases the breakdown of the protein.

• #17

  https://daylilyparis.com/en/blogs/daylilymag/vergeture-rouge?srsltid=AfmBOooGE7AQ-Waop0qsJswh_cWcOi55-2j87V5LfLM3nn0CrG-EEZeN

  Stretch marks appear when the skin is subjected to strong tension and reaches its limits in terms of flexibility and elasticity. Concretely, the elastic fibers are no longer able to stretch, and a tear occurs in the deep dermis, between the epidermis and the hypodermis. […] This tear becomes immediately visible: red or purple welts appear, reflecting the inflammation of the deep dermis which has cracked spontaneously. […] This lack of elasticity of the skin can have different origins: a significant hormonal fluctuation, significant weight gain or, on the contrary, rapid weight loss put a strain on the stretching of the skin. […] During pregnancy, during the second trimester, the amount of cortisol increases significantly. This hormone, secreted by the adrenal glands, causes a reduction in collagen production. Since collagen is responsible for the elasticity of the skin, it stretches less easily and therefore becomes prone to stretch marks!

• #18 Stretch marks on the skin Treatment Chicago – Bella Sana Med Spa

  https://bellasanamedspa.com/treatment/stretch-marks-on-the-skin

  Stretch marks, known as striae, are linear breaks in the skin that usually appear as atrophic scars, red or purple streaks on the body due to rapid structural stretching or contraction of the skin. […] Many factors contribute to the formation of stretch marks. The mechanism of development is caused by excessive secretion of the hormone cortisol, which disturbs the natural features of the skin. High concentration of cortisol contributes to thinning and excessive skin stretching, provoking the appearance of microscopic ruptures of elastin and collagen fibers and the formation of atrophic scars. […] Disruption in hormonal secretion can occur for a variety of reasons: the influence of genetic factor; pregnancy; age peculiarities (the first striae may appear during puberty – in 15-18 years); sudden gain of muscle mass during intensive sports; uncontrolled weight gain or sudden weight loss; prolonged therapy with hormonal drugs; stressful conditions (period of repeated increase in cortisol secretion); a number of endocrine diseases.

• #19 Stretch marks – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_marks

  These skin marks are symptoms of pregnancy caused by the tearing of the dermis, resulting in atrophy and loss of rete ridges. […] Mechanical distension and rapidly developing areas of the body during pregnancy (such as the abdomen, breasts, and thighs) are most commonly associated with striae formation. Some have suggested that relaxin and estrogen combined with higher levels of cortisol during pregnancy can cause an accumulation of mucopolysaccharides, which increases water absorption of connective tissue, making it prime for tearing under mechanical stress. […] The prevalence and severity of striae gravidarum varies among populations. The current literature suggest that in the general population of the United States, there is a 50% to 90% prevalence of striae associated with pregnancy, partly as a result of the normal hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and partly due to stretching of skin fibers.

• #20 The Cosmetic Chemist

  http://www.thecosmeticchemist.com/education/skin_science/stretch_marks_and_its_treatment.html

  In pregnancy, the intensified stretching of the skin leads to transformation and disturbance in the extracellular matrix, which causes remodelling of the fibrillin components in the elastic fiber network and allows the skin to be easily torn. In essence, this is dermal scarring. The elevation of steroid levels in the blood, hormonal changes, and disturbance in glucose levels during pregnancy, all contribute to the formation of striae distensae. Estrogen, relaxin, and corticosteroids are thought to encourage the synthesis of certain types of mucopolysaccharides which boost detachment of the collagen fibrils causing stretch marks. […] Overall, retinoic acid shows promise of partial reduction of striae distensae if treatment is administered in the early stages (striae rubrae). The exact mechanism of how retinoic acid works is not fully understood; however, its ability to restore collagen levels in photodamaged skin is believed to play an important role. In addition, retinoic acid modulates keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in the epidermis, which could result in an alteration of keratinocyte cytokine expression and may induce the synthesis of collagen or reduce collagenase activity. […] Nonablative laser therapy is also an encouraging option that has shown promise to reduce striae distensae.

• #21 Striae Distensae | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816047/all/Striae_Distensae

  Innate structural defects whether genetic or transient cause disruptions in the elastic fiber integrity of the skin. Generally, conditions with decreased relaxin and collagen content as well as reduced expression of procollagen and fibronectin genes are associated with higher prevalence of SD. […] In striae rubra, inflammatory changes predominate; dermal alterations visible on transmission electron microscopy include mast cell degranulation and macrophage activation leading to elastolysis in the mid-dermis. […] In striae alba, histologic findings include epidermal atrophy; thin, eosinophilic collagen bundles arranged horizontally, which is parallel to surface of the skin as is seen in other scar formation. […] Skin samples from SD can have marked reduction in visible elastin content compared to adjacent normal dermis as well as decrease in fibrillin content. […] This reorganization of fibrillin and elastin after a possible insult to the skin is thought to play a critical role in pathogenesis of SD.

• #22 Striae distensae: What’s new at the horizon? | British Journal of Medical Practitioners

  https://www.bjmp.org/content/striae-distensae-what-s-new-horizon

  The earliest pathological changes are subclinical to be detected by electron microscopy only. These changes include mast cell degranulation and the presence of activated macrophages in association with mid-dermal elastolysis. When the lesions become clinically visible, collagen bundles start showing structural alterations, fibroblasts become prominent, and mast cells are absent. On light microscopic examination, inflammatory changes are conspicuous in the early stage, with dermal oedema and perivascular lymphocytic cuffing. In later stages, there is epidermal atrophy, loss of rete ridges and other appendages including hair follicles are absent.

• #23 Red Stretch Marks Mclean and Woodbridge VA | Skin & Laser Dermatology Center

  https://www.bderm.com/services/general-dermatology/red-stretch-marks/

  Red stretch marks, medically known as striae rubrae, are a common skin concern characterized by streaky lesions that appear on various parts of the body. They often manifest as reddish or purplish lines on the skin and are most commonly found on the abdomen, breasts, thighs, buttocks, and upper arms. Over time, these red marks may fade to a lighter, silvery color known as striae alba. […] Stretch marks occur when the skin is stretched rapidly, causing the collagen and elastin fibers within the dermis (the middle layer of skin) to tear. This rapid stretching can be due to various factors: […] The reddish or purplish color of new stretch marks is due to the visibility of blood vessels through the thinned skin. At this stage, known as the inflammatory phase, stretch marks are more responsive to treatment. As they mature, the blood vessels contract, and the marks fade to a lighter color.

• #24 A Narrative Review of Current Striae Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/12/2565

  Striae (striae cutis distensae), known as stretch marks, are a common disfiguring skin condition, characterised by the appearance of atrophic-looking linear bands in the skin. The cause of this pathology is currently unknown; however, stretch marks can develop in numerous physiological and pathological states, such as in pregnancy, adolescent growth, obesity, large weight gain, patients with Cushing syndrome and Marfan syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and in situations of long-term use of systemic and topical steroids. […] Regarding the progression of striae, although unknown, it is thought that involves macrophage activity and the release of elastases from mast cells. On one hand, striae rubrae presents an excess of thin elastic fibres in the papillary dermis area, with the presence of thicker fibres in the periphery, with vasodilation and oedema. There is also a decrease in the elastin and fibrillin fibres and structural changes in collagen fibres. On the other hand, striae albae reveal epidermal atrophy, less vascularisation, and more dense, thin, and cicatrised horizontal collagen lines. Several recent electron microscopy studies have shown indications of mast cell degranulation, macrophage activation, and dermal elastolysis.

• #25 The Natural Centella asiatica Extract Acts as a Stretch Mark Eraser: A Biological Evaluation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/11/1/15

  Stretch marks are far from exclusively appearing on pregnant women and appear whenever the body experiences rapid growth. Collagen fibres are altered in the dermis, which is associated with a loss of orientation, and the elastic network is disrupted, leading to a fibrotic organisation. This results in epidermal tearing that produces skin lesions. […] Stretch marks affect the dermis by preventing the fibroblasts from organising collagen fibres to keep up with the skin’s stretching. The collagen bundles are altered, lose their orientation, and are organised into a fibrotic structure, while the elastic network is also disrupted. […] Stretch marks could be classified into six different types depending on their appearance and epidemiology; striae atrophicans (thinned skin), striae gravidarum (following pregnancy), striae distensae (stretched skin), striae rubrae (red), striae albae (white), striae nigra (black), and striae caerulea (dark blue).

• #26 The Natural Centella asiatica Extract Acts as a Stretch Mark Eraser: A Biological Evaluation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/11/1/15

  Stretch mark concerns are mainly characterized by fibrotic skin. We showed that fibroblasts isolated from stretch-marked tissue expressed fibrosis markers (CTGF and PTK2), leading to an intense Sirius red staining on stretch-marked skin sections. […] Interestingly, during our study, we confirmed that CAST enhanced fibroblast migration, but on stretch-marked skin explants, the quantity of collagen I was not impacted by the treatment. […] In the context of pulmonary fibrosis, CAST was able to decrease fibrosis by decreasing collagen I content as well. […] However, in addition to the quantity of collagen, the orientation and maturation of the collagen beams are essential. […] By using specific software that quantifies collagen fibres in all directions, we showed that the occupation of the dermis by collagen bundles was significantly improved following treatment with CAST. […] This CTGF upregulation, which is reversed by topical application of CAST, showed evidence of an improvement in fibrosis through the control of the CTGF pathway.

• #27 Stretch Marks – SkinPen Precision – By Crown Aesthetics

  https://skinpenuk.com/skinpen-indications/stretch-marks/

  Stretch marks can be caused by an overextension of the skin. Can be found on men and women but 2x more frequent on women. There is little evidence for avoidance other than well moisturized skin. Stretch marks tend to start as red discoloration and age to atrophic white stretch marks […] Promotes removal of old damaged collagen […] Induces keratinocytes proliferation that releases growth factors to promote collagen deposition by the fibroblasts and elastin deposition […] Modulates the expression of several genes in the skin (vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, collagen type I and III) that promote extracellular matrix remodeling.

• #28 PRP for Stretch Marks: Evaluating Treatment Effectiveness

  https://www.selphyl.com/post/prp-for-stretch-marks-evaluating-treatment-effectiveness

  Emerging evidence increasingly supports a genetic foundation for the predisposition to striae, intimately linked to polymorphisms in genes responsible for the synthesis and regulation of collagen and elastin. These proteins are pivotal to the dermis’s structural integrity, influencing its elasticity and capacity to withstand stretching. Genetic variations can lead to disparities in the quality and abundance of collagen and elastin, thus affecting an individual’s susceptibility to stretch mark development. […] The application of PRP therapy in the context of striae is predicated on several theorized mechanisms of action, including: Increased Collagen and Elastin Production. PRP is thought to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts, which in turn enhances the synthesis of collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis. This could potentially improve the skin’s structural integrity and elasticity, thereby mitigating the appearance of stretch marks.

• #29 What Role Does Genetics Play in Stretch Mark Formation?

  https://cenladerm.com/what-role-does-genetics-play-in-stretch-mark-formation/

  Stretch marks, also known as striae, are a type of scar that develops when the skin stretches or shrinks rapidly. They typically appear as lines or streaks on the skin, ranging from pink to purple initially and eventually fading to a lighter color over time. While environmental factors such as rapid weight gain or loss can contribute to their formation, genetics also seem to play a significant role. […] Studies have shown that some individuals are genetically predisposed to developing stretch marks more easily than others. Genetic factors can influence the elasticity and resilience of your skin, affecting its ability to withstand stretching without forming scars. […] Certain genetic variations can affect collagen and elastin production, making some individuals more susceptible to stretch marks than others. For example, mutations in genes encoding collagen or elastin proteins may compromise the skin’s structural integrity, making it more prone to tearing when stretched.

• #30 New Research Highlights Role of Elastin in Stretch Mark Formation | Cosmetics & Toiletries

  https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/literature-data/news/21843959/new-research-highlights-role-of-elastin-in-stretch-mark-formation

  The study, Genome-wide association analysis implicates elastic microfibrils in the development of non-syndromic striae distensae, appeared in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology. […] The research supports the hypothesis that variations in the elastic fiber component of the skin extracellular matrix contribute to the development of stretch marks. The expression of collagens, elastin, and fibronectin is decreased in striae, which could be linked to the reorganization and overall loss of elastic fibers in skin affected by striae. […] The researchers are confident that this research connecting elastin and stretch marks can lead to better treatments.

• #31 What Role Does Genetics Play in Stretch Mark Formation?

  https://cenladerm.com/what-role-does-genetics-play-in-stretch-mark-formation/

  Hormonal changes also contribute to the development of stretch marks, and genetics can influence how your body responds to these fluctuations. […] Genetic factors can influence hormone levels and how your body processes and responds to them. […] In conclusion, genetics play a significant role in stretch mark formation, influencing factors such as skin elasticity, hormonal response, and repair mechanisms.

• #32 Stretch marks: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003287.htm

  Stretch marks are irregular areas of skin that look like bands, stripes, or lines. Stretch marks can appear when there is rapid stretching of the skin. The marks appear as parallel streaks of red, thinned, glossy skin that over time become whitish and scar-like in appearance. […] Causes of stretch marks may include any of the following: Cushing syndrome (disorder that occurs when the body has a high level of the hormone cortisol), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (disorder marked by very stretchy skin that bruises easily), Abnormal collagen formation, or medicines that block collagen formation, Pregnancy, Puberty, Obesity, Overuse of cortisone skin creams. […] If the stretch marks are not caused by normal physical changes, tests may be done. Tretinoin cream may help reduce stretch marks. Laser treatment may also help. In very rare cases, surgery may be done.

• #33 Stretch Marks: Why They Happen and How to Get Rid of Them

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-beauty/stretch-marks-why-they-happen-and-how-to-treat-them/

  Stretch marks are the result of abrupt stretching and shrinking of the skin. Stretch marks can occur when the skin stretches out so rapidly that the collagen and elastin, essential proteins that provide strength and elasticity to the skin, break, says Susan Massick, MD, clinical associate professor of dermatology at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Westerville. During the skin’s healing process, stretch marks may show up. […] Certain genetic disorders can also increase the risk of stretch marks. Striae are common in people with Cushing’s syndrome, a disorder in which the body produces too much of the stress hormone cortisol. Prolonged elevated cortisol levels can weaken the elastic fibers in the skin, leading to stretch marks, Dr. Kassouf explains. Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, two disorders of the body’s connective tissues, both weaken the skin, which can lead to stretch marks.

• #34 The Cosmetic Chemist

  http://www.thecosmeticchemist.com/education/skin_science/stretch_marks_and_its_treatment.html

  Stretch marks are caused by the excessive stretching of the skin that results from rapid weight gain or loss, pregnancy, and use of corticosteroids. […] The variation of the quantity and quality of the elastic fiber components in the skin has been found to correlate with the appearance of stretch marks. Therefore, most striae distensae treatments target the dermis structure. Since the fibroblast has a distinctive role in wound healing, it is suggested that treatments targeting the fibroblast should improve the condition of striae distensae by increasing the synthesis of collagen and elastin fibers in the skin. […] The cause of striae distensae is still not entirely clear. Some authors have pointed out that stretch marks are a form of stress rupture of the connective tissue network. Some genetic factors lead to a decrease in the elastic fiber network and affect its organization with fibrillin. Interestingly, striae distensae are associated with depletion in the expression of collagens, elastin, and fibronectin genes. Furthermore, the absence of cross-linking (e.g., within the collagen network) provides the skin with the ability to undergo more stretching.

• #35

  https://journals.lww.com/jcas/fulltext/2017/10030/management_of_stretch_marks__with_a_focus_on.3.aspx

  Stretch marks are one of the most common benign cutaneous lesions and encountered esthetic problems. Histologically, disturbances of the dermal fiber network and local expression of receptors for sexual steroids have been detected. […] Histological studies argue for a primary disruption of the normal elastic fiber network. Instead of normal fibrils, short, disorganized, thin, threadlike fibrils emerge in the mid-to-deep dermis. These fibrils are rich in tropoelastin and persist into the postpartum period without forming normal-appearing elastic fibers. This is accompanied by increased gene expression of tropoelastin and fibrillin-1. […] Immunohistochemical studies suggested a significant increase of estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in stretch marks. […] The natural course of stretch marks argues for an increased vascularity in the early lesions (striae rubrae). Hence, here, vascular lasers should have a beneficial effect, as hemoglobin is working as a chromophore for specific lasers acting in this vascularity.

• #36 The Cosmetic Chemist

  http://www.thecosmeticchemist.com/education/skin_science/stretch_marks_and_its_treatment.html

  In pregnancy, the intensified stretching of the skin leads to transformation and disturbance in the extracellular matrix, which causes remodelling of the fibrillin components in the elastic fiber network and allows the skin to be easily torn. In essence, this is dermal scarring. The elevation of steroid levels in the blood, hormonal changes, and disturbance in glucose levels during pregnancy, all contribute to the formation of striae distensae. Estrogen, relaxin, and corticosteroids are thought to encourage the synthesis of certain types of mucopolysaccharides which boost detachment of the collagen fibrils causing stretch marks. […] Overall, retinoic acid shows promise of partial reduction of striae distensae if treatment is administered in the early stages (striae rubrae). The exact mechanism of how retinoic acid works is not fully understood; however, its ability to restore collagen levels in photodamaged skin is believed to play an important role. In addition, retinoic acid modulates keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in the epidermis, which could result in an alteration of keratinocyte cytokine expression and may induce the synthesis of collagen or reduce collagenase activity. […] Nonablative laser therapy is also an encouraging option that has shown promise to reduce striae distensae.

• #37

  https://daylilyparis.com/en/blogs/daylilymag/vergeture-rouge?srsltid=AfmBOooGE7AQ-Waop0qsJswh_cWcOi55-2j87V5LfLM3nn0CrG-EEZeN

  Stretch marks are common: it is estimated that 50 to 70% of women will see these streaks appear during their first pregnancy, more or less pronounced. […] If stretch marks appear, don’t give up: it is possible to reduce them with the right actions. […] Little by little, the red stretch marks will fade on their own and become white, pearly. They will then look like scars. […] Once they have become white, other heavier, more expensive solutions, such as peeling or laser sessions, may be considered by your dermatologist to make the stretch marks disappear.

• #38 Striae Distensae (Stretch Marks) Medication: Retinoid-like Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1074868-medication

  Drugs of choice should have the ability to improve the skin texture and color, to remodel the collagen in the dermis, and to promote elastin synthesis. […] Topical retinoids have been shown to be beneficial in remodeling hypertrophic scars and in improving the clinical appearance, including improvement of the surface texture, fine and coarse wrinkling, skin color, and laxity, of photoaged skin after 3-6 months of therapy. […] 0.05% strength has been shown to improve hypertrophic scars. Postulated that this is due to effect on fibroblasts (ie, decreased fibroblast proliferation and decreased fibroblast collagen synthesis). Effect on fibroblasts is mediated through specific binding receptor proteins. Topical application significantly improves clinical appearance of early, active stretch marks. Processes responsible for clinical improvement remain unknown.

• #39 Microneedling for Transepidermal Drug Delivery on Stretch Marks | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-20251-8_38-1

  Stretch marks (SMs) are a well-recognized, common skin condition that rarely cause any significant medical problems but are often a significant source of distress to those affected. […] The origins of SM are poorly understood, and a number of treatment modalities are available for their treatment, yet none of them is consistently effective, and no single therapy is considered to be consensus for this problem. […] Microneedling and transepidermal drug delivery together are a new modality of treatment for SM. It is based on stimulation of collagen production and enhancement of the penetration of certain active substances across the skin with which it is possible to achieve satisfactory results.

• #40 Leg Stretch Marks- Handa Aesthetics

  https://handaaesthetics.com/blog/leg-stretch-marks/

  Stretch marks cannot be totally eliminated, but they may be made to seem significantly better using treatments like microneedling, chemical peels or laser treatment. […] Although stretch marks are not entirely prevented, using moisturizers or oils designed especially for pregnant women helps improve suppleness and reduce the likelihood of their appearance. […] The best outcomes come from early intervention. It works better to treat stretch marks that are still red or purple than to treat older, white markings.

• #41 Best Practices for Treating Stretch Marks in Pregnancy

  https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/best-practices-for-treating-stretch-marks-in-pregnancy

  Striae gravidarum, the connective tissue changes commonly known as stretch marks, affect up to 90% of pregnant women. They develop when the skin stretches or shrinks rapidly, rupturing the collagen and elastin. […] Results of several studies also revealed the role of cortisone, a hormone released by the adrenal gland, in stretch mark development. […] Initially, stretch marks may appear as red, purple, or pink slightly raised itchy scars. […] Over time they change into streaks of white lines, during which they are called striae albae and are more difficult to manage. […] Stretch marks mature after a year, making them less likely to fade. […] Although myriad treatment options are available to improve the appearance of stretch marks, only a few are based on true science. […] Stretch marks cannot be cured completely but there are several medically approved treatment options to help relieve the itch or make them less noticeable.

• #42 A Narrative Review of Current Striae Treatments

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/12/2565

  Stretch marks are caused by rapid tissue expansion, a process that can occur during pregnancy, puberty, obesity, and in diseases whose treatment requires the use of corticosteroids. The most common risk factors for developing stretch marks include young age, skin phototype, maternal and family history of stretch marks, higher pre-pregnancy, and pre-labour weight. […] The exact cause for the appearance of stretch marks is still unclear, and, so far, there is no effective preparation to prevent their development. […] Currently, there are several therapeutic modalities available for the treatment and prevention of stretch marks, but none of them are completely effective in eradicating this cutaneous pathology, without good scientific evidence. […] To date, no fully effective treatment has emerged. The most common therapy is the application of topicals such as tretinoin, glycolic acid, ascorbic acid, hyaluronic acid, and Centella Asiatica. Other commonly cited treatments include laser therapy (CO2, Er: YAG, diode, Nd: Q-switched YAG).

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