Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545285/

  Seborrheic keratosis is a common type of epidermal tumor that is prevalent in middle-aged and older individuals. These lesions are among the most common types of skin tumors seen by primary care physicians and dermatologists in an outpatient setting. […] Recognizing these features is critical to distinguishing these lesions from other benign and malignant skin tumors. […] Given the prevalence of these tumors, it is important to understand the workup and various treatment modalities for seborrheic keratosis management. This activity outlines the general evaluation and workup of seborrheic keratoses in the outpatient setting and discusses common features of seborrheic keratosis as well as various treatment modalities that are available for the interprofessional team. […] Identify the common history and physical examination findings in a patient with seborrheic keratosis.

• #1 Seborrheic keratoses: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/seborrheic-keratoses-treatment

  In most cases, a dermatologist can tell if your skin growth is a seborrheic keratosis by looking at it. Sometimes, a seborrheic keratosis can look like a skin cancer. If it does, the dermatologist will remove the growth so that it can be looked at under a microscope. This is the only way to tell for sure whether a growth is skin cancer. […] If the growth looks like skin cancer, your dermatologist will likely shave off the growth with a blade or scrape it off. This will allow a specially trained doctor to look for skin cancer cells under a microscope.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK545285/

  Apply evidence-based best practices when diagnosing seborrheic keratosis. […] Differentiate the various treatment modalities for seborrheic keratosis in the outpatient setting. […] Collaborate with an interprofessional healthcare team to improve care coordination and enhance the outcomes of patients with seborrheic keratosis. […] The diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis is typically made through clinical observation. Seborrheic keratosis is characterized by its unique appearance as a raised, scaly, brown-to-black papule firmly stuck to the skin. […] Dermoscopy can aid in the clinical diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis. […] A lesion biopsy is typically unnecessary for diagnosing seborrheic keratosis. Nevertheless, in cases where the clinical or dermoscopic diagnosis is ambiguous, it is necessary to conduct a biopsy and histopathologic examination to rule out the presence of melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or basal cell carcinoma.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-are-sebborheic-keratoses

  Often, your doctor can identify seborrheic keratosis just by looking at it. If your doctor isnt sure, theyll do a biopsy to remove the growth and study it more closely. […] When you see your doctor about seborrheic keratosis, they will perform a physical exam to look at the spot or spots. They can often tell just by looking at it whether it’s seborrheic keratosis or another condition. They may ask these questions during the exam: […] If your doctor isn’t sure if you have seborrheic keratosis, they might use a microscope with a light to get a better view of the spot. If they are still unsure, they will probably take a small sample, or remove the spots, which will be tested in a lab.

• #1 Seborrheic keratosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/617

  Seborrheic keratosis is a common, benign skin tumor most commonly found on the torso and forehead. The lesions clinically appear in multiples as well-circumscribed gray-brown-to-black plaques with a „stuck-on” appearance. […] Most important differential diagnosis, and of patient concern, is malignant melanoma. […] Key diagnostic factors include lesions that appear „stuck-on,” localization on the torso or face, yellow or light- to dark-brown-colored lesions, slightly raised, flat surface lesions, wart-like texture, multiple lesions, painless, and itching (prurigo). […] Tests to consider for diagnosis include dermoscopy, biopsy and histopathologic examination, and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM).

• #1 Seborrhoeic keratoses (brown warts, basal cell papillomas, seborrheic keratosis)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/seborrhoeic-keratosis

  Seborrhoeic keratosis is a harmless warty spot that appears during adult life as a common sign of skin ageing. […] The diagnosis of seborrhoeic keratosis is often easy. […] Sometimes, seborrhoeic keratosis may resemble skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or melanoma. […] Dermoscopy often shows a disordered structure in a seborrhoeic keratosis, as is also true for skin cancer. […] There are diagnostic dermatoscopic clues to seborrhoeic keratosis, such as multiple orange or brown clods (due to keratin in skin surface crevices), white milia-like clods, and curved thick ridges and furrows forming a brain-like or cerebriform pattern. […] If doubt remains, a seborrhoeic keratosis may undergo partial shave or punch biopsy or diagnostic excision. […] The dominant histopathological features of seborrhoeic keratosis may be described as: Melanoacanthoma (deeply pigmented), Acanthotic, Hyperkeratotic or papillomatous, Adenoid or reticulated, Clonal or nested, Adamantinoid or mucinous, Desmoplastic, Irritated.

• #1 Management of seborrheic keratosis in elderly patients | CCID

  https://www.dovepress.com/differential-diagnosis-and-management-on-seborrheic-keratosis-in-elder-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID

  The aim of this review is to encompass all the diagnostic clues that may help the clinician recognize and manage SK, especially through dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy in elderly patients. […] Dermoscopy of SK has been extensively described in literature. […] The three main features of SK are: milia-like cysts, comedo-like openings, and fissures and ridges. […] The presence of the blue-black sign, pigment network, pseudopods or streaks, and/or blue-white veil, allows the correct diagnosis of most of the difficult melanoma cases. […] Dermoscopy and RCM have been demonstrated to improve diagnostic accuracy and help recognizing false-positive cases. […] The main limitation of dermoscopy is the evaluation of regressing lesions, in RCM one limit could be a high degree of hyperkeratosis of the lesions hampering the visualization of the DEJ.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545285/

  Apply evidence-based best practices when diagnosing seborrheic keratosis. […] Differentiate the various treatment modalities for seborrheic keratosis in the outpatient setting. […] Collaborate with an interprofessional healthcare team to improve care coordination and enhance the outcomes of patients with seborrheic keratosis. […] The diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis is typically made through clinical observation. Seborrheic keratosis is characterized by its unique appearance as a raised, scaly, brown-to-black papule firmly stuck to the skin. […] Dermoscopy can aid in the clinical diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis. […] A lesion biopsy is typically unnecessary for diagnosing seborrheic keratosis. Nevertheless, in cases where the clinical or dermoscopic diagnosis is ambiguous, it is necessary to conduct a biopsy and histopathologic examination to rule out the presence of melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or basal cell carcinoma.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/seborrheic-keratosis-1068732

  Seborrheic keratoses develop in a type of skin cell called a keratinocyte on the outermost layer of skin (epidermis). While most dermatologists can diagnose them by appearance alone, they may perform a skin biopsy to rule out worrisome conditions like skin cancer. […] A dermatologist can usually diagnose seborrheic keratosis simply by its outright appearance or by using a lighted instrument called a dermatoscope. […] However, in some instances, if the growth looks suspicious for skin cancer or there’s any doubt about what they are, a skin biopsy can confirm a diagnosis. […] The different types of skin biopsies that may be performed include: Shave biopsy: The lesion is shaved to remove a tissue sample. Punch biopsy: A hole-punch-type device removes a narrow cylinder of tissue. Excisional biopsy: The entire lesion is removed with a scalpel.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1059477-workup

  No laboratory tests are needed unless the sudden appearance of multiple pruritic seborrheic keratoses occurs, which is known as the Leser-Trlat sign. This has been associated with the development of adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract, lymphoma, Szary syndrome, and acute leukemia. […] No imaging studies are needed, unless the sudden appearance of multiple pruritic seborrheic keratoses occurs (known as the Leser-Trlat sign). […] The shave biopsy provides histologic material for accurate diagnosis and removes the lesion in a cosmetically acceptable manner at the same time. […] These lesions are raised above the skin surface, and they show a papillomatous epithelial proliferation containing horn cysts without any tendency toward malignancy. […] The histologic differential diagnosis of seborrheic keratoses includes verruca vulgaris, fibroepithelial polyp, condyloma acuminatum, acanthosis nigricans, epidermal nevus, confluent and reticulated papillomatosis of Gougerot and Carteaud, hidroacanthoma simplex, acrokeratosis verruciformis of Hopf, lentigo senilis, and tumor of the follicular infundibulum. […] Acanthotic seborrheic keratoses may be confused with eccrine poromas, but no ductular differentiation is observed in seborrheic keratosis.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratoses: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.vivascope.com/knowledge-base/seborrheic-keratoses/

  Reflectance Confocal Microscopy is a cutting-edge, non-invasive diagnostic tool that provides high-resolution, real-time imaging of the skin at a cellular level. This technique is especially valuable for differentiating seborrheic keratoses from malignant lesions such as melanoma. RCM allows dermatologists to visualize the layers of the skin without the need for biopsy, reducing patient discomfort and enabling faster diagnosis. Its use can be particularly beneficial in cases where dermoscopic findings are inconclusive or when multiple lesions require assessment. […] In rare cases, if there is any doubt about the diagnosis, a biopsy may be performed. This involves removing a small sample of the lesion and examining it under a microscope to rule out skin cancer or other disorders.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1059477-differential

  The clinical differential diagnosis of seborrheic keratoses includes malignant melanoma, melanocytic nevus, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, fibroepithelial polyp, epidermal nevus, actinic keratoses, pigmented basal cell carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. […] A retrospective review of 9204 consecutive pathology reports from the Massachusetts General Hospital containing a clinical diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis revealed that 61 of these specimens (0.66%) were malignant melanoma. […] Distinguishing superficial seborrheic keratoses from lentigo maligna and pigmented actinic keratoses may be difficult. […] Some seborrheic keratoses have a verrucous architecture that can produce a clinical and histologic appearance similar to an aging viral wart. […] An inflamed seborrheic keratosis may be confused with a malignant melanoma or a squamous cell carcinoma.

• #1 Differential Diagnosis of Seborrheic Keratosis: Clinical and Dermoscopic Features – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology

  https://jddonline.com/articles/differential-diagnosis-of-seborrheic-keratosis-clinical-and-dermoscopic-features-S1545961617P0835X

  On the one hand, these cases will not prove to be problematic; a biopsy with histological examination easily proves their benign nature. […] On the other hand, the cost and morbidity associated with this biopsy of benign lesions should not be underestimated. […] The issue of greater concern resides with skin cancers that mimic SK or when a skin cancer arises in association with a SK. […] Fortunately, in vivo imaging methods such as dermoscopy are improving the clinicians diagnostic accuracy of skin lesions.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis vs. Actinic Keratosis: What to Know

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-cancer/seborrheic-keratosis-actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratosis and seborrheic keratosis are two skin conditions that often show up around middle age. […] Actinic keratosis can become cancerous, while seborrheic keratosis is benign or harmless. […] If you have a hard time recognizing the difference between the two, heres a quick rundown: […] Seborrheic keratosis tends to show up as a single lesion. These growths tend to be small, oval, thick, and raised. […] Seborrheic keratosis often doesn’t require treatment. But if you dislike the way your lesion looks or feels, you can always talk with a dermatologist or other doctor about removal. […] Your healthcare professional may recommend one of these procedures: […] Any time your skin changes unexpectedly or you’re concerned about a lesion, a good next step involves getting an assessment from a dermatologist or other doctor. […] It never hurts to have a professional confirm that your skin growth isn’t cancerous. […] Monitoring any changes in any moles or growths can help you get timely potentially life-saving treatment. When in doubt, it’s always wise to visit a dermatologist for an assessment.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545285/

  If there is uncertainty with the diagnosis or other concerns for malignancy, such as ulcerated lesions, rapid change in size, or overall very large lesions, a skin biopsy would be recommended to get confirmation. […] Rapid growth and the emergence of multiple seborrheic keratoses can arise in several situations. The Leser-Trelat sign involves the emergence of multiple seborrheic keratoses and is associated with underlying malignancies such as adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract, leukemia, and lymphoma.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK545285/

  A dermatologist referral should be considered for a more thorough and team-oriented approach in patients with a high number of lesions and high clinical suspicion of malignancy. […] If there is uncertainty with the diagnosis or other concerns for malignancy, such as ulcerated lesions, rapid change in size, or overall very large lesions, a skin biopsy would be recommended to get confirmation. […] Rapid growth and the emergence of multiple seborrheic keratoses can arise in several situations. The Leser-Trelat sign involves the emergence of multiple seborrheic keratoses and is associated with underlying malignancies such as adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract, leukemia, and lymphoma.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Seborrheic_Keratosis

  Seborrheic keratoses have a dull, waxy, verrucous, stuck on appearance. The lesions can be light brown, dark brown, yellow, or gray. There may be few or numerous lesions, and they can be anywhere on the body aside from the palms, soles, and most mucus membranes. Patients may note slow growth of these lesions, pain, pruritus, erythema, bleeding, or may have no symptoms at all. If many of these lesions appear at once, it may be a sign of gastrointestinal or pulmonary malignancy; this is known as the sign of Leser-Trelat. […] A diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis is often confirmed with histology in addition to associated findings such as age, skin pigmentation, and quantity and quality of lesions. There is great variability in the clinical and histologic appearance of SK. […] Rapid formation of many SKs can represent a paraneoplastic condition associated with an underlying malignancy, known as the sign of Leser-Trelat. An association with gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and other internal malignancies have been described. Screening for underlying malignancy is crucial in this setting.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis: What Is It, Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21721-seborrheic-keratosis

  Seborrheic keratosis is a common benign (noncancerous) skin growth. Your healthcare provider can help diagnose your seborrheic keratosis and remove it for you if you’d like. […] Seborrheic keratosis and actinic keratosis can resemble each other. It’s important to know the difference because actinic keratosis is more serious than seborrheic keratosis. […] How is seborrheic keratosis diagnosed? […] Examination. Dermatologists can usually identify a seborrheic keratosis with the naked eye. […] If your healthcare provider is in any doubt about your growth, they might want to remove it for biopsy. […] You should always have new skin growths clinically diagnosed to make sure they aren’t cancerous. […] If it is clearly a seborrheic keratosis, it won’t require any treatment. […] Your healthcare provider can remove it for you in the office using one of several common methods.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis: Symptoms and Treatment | The Dermatology & Skin Surgery Center of Wilmington

  https://www.wilmingtonskinsurgerycenter.com/conditions/seborrheic-keratosis

  Seborrheic keratoses are generally harmless and do not turn into cancer. […] While removal is often permanent, new growths may appear over time. Regular skin checks with a dermatologist are advisable to monitor any changes and address new developments. […] However, because it looks similar in appearance to precancerous growths (actinic keratosis), your dermatologist will likely biopsy the tissue to confirm the diagnosis.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis – Attleboro, MA: Hines Dermatology Associates Inc.: Dermatology

  https://www.hinesdermatologyassociates.com/services/seborrheic-keratosis

  Seborrheic Keratoses are benign, genetically determined growths that usually appear first in adulthood. They gradually increase in number. […] Differential diagnosis includes viral warts, nevi, actinic keratoses, basal-cell carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, and when the keratoses are highly pigmented, malignant melanoma. […] There are two indications for treatment: (1) The diagnosis is in question and /or (2) the patient wants the growths removed. Seborrheic keratoses may itch, are often unsightly, or may otherwise be annoying to the patient. […] If there’s a question of diagnosis, curette them to provide a specimen for histology.

• #1 Seborrheic Keratosis: What Is It, Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21721-seborrheic-keratosis

  A seborrheic keratosis that has been removed will not return. But you might grow a new one somewhere else. […] However, you should see your healthcare provider if you notice: You have a new, unidentified growth. […] Seborrheic keratosis is nothing to worry about, but you should have it diagnosed just to make sure it isn’t something else that could be more harmful.

• #1 Current Understanding of Seborrheic Keratosis: Prevalence, Etiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology

  https://jddonline.com/articles/current-understanding-of-seborrheic-keratosis-prevalence-etiology-clinical-presentation-diagnosis-an-S1545961615P1119X

  Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is among the most common cutaneous lesions, affecting some 83 million Americans. […] SK is diagnosed and managed primarily by dermatologists. […] Dermatologists manage 85% of seborrheic keratosis patients seeking care from physicians. […] While SKs are benign, their presentation may be potentially life-saving because more serious skin disorders and skin cancers may be detected by the dermatologist during the office visit.

• #1 Seborrheic keratosis: Treatment, images, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266748

  Seborrheic keratosis lesions are rarely painful but can be annoying, depending on their position. It is important not to pick or scratch them as this can lead to bleeding, swelling, and, potentially, infection. […] To diagnose seborrheic keratosis, a primary care doctor or dermatologist: asks about symptoms and family and medical history, does a visual and physical examination, may recommend a biopsy to rule out skin cancer and remove a growth at the same time, may recommend further tests to rule out other conditions. […] Since it can be hard to distinguish between skin cancer and seborrheic keratoses, it is best to check with a doctor, especially if multiple lesions appear in a short time or if lesions change. […] Anyone with a large number of seborrheic keratoses requires careful screening, as there is an increased chance of missing any cancerous lesions.

• #1 Seborrheic keratosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353882

  Your doctor can usually tell whether you have a seborrheic keratosis by looking at the affected skin. If there is a question about the diagnosis, your doctor might recommend removing the growth so that it can be examined under a microscope. […] For a seborrheic keratosis, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: Are tests needed to confirm the diagnosis? […] What suspicious changes in my skin should I look for? […] Your doctor may ask: When did you first notice the skin lesion? […] Have you noticed any changes in the growth?

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK545285/

  Seborrheic keratosis is a common type of epidermal tumor that is prevalent in middle-aged and older individuals. These lesions are among the most common types of skin tumors seen by primary care physicians and dermatologists in an outpatient setting. […] Recognizing these features is critical to distinguishing these lesions from other benign and malignant skin tumors. […] Given the prevalence of these tumors, it is important to understand the workup and various treatment modalities for seborrheic keratosis management. This activity outlines the general evaluation and workup of seborrheic keratoses in the outpatient setting and discusses common features of seborrheic keratosis as well as various treatment modalities that are available for the interprofessional team. […] Identify the common history and physical examination findings in a patient with seborrheic keratosis.

• #2 Seborrheic keratosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353882

  Your doctor can usually tell whether you have a seborrheic keratosis by looking at the affected skin. If there is a question about the diagnosis, your doctor might recommend removing the growth so that it can be examined under a microscope. […] For a seborrheic keratosis, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: Are tests needed to confirm the diagnosis? […] What suspicious changes in my skin should I look for? […] Your doctor may ask: When did you first notice the skin lesion? […] Have you noticed any changes in the growth?

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis: What Is It, Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21721-seborrheic-keratosis

  Seborrheic keratosis is a common benign (noncancerous) skin growth. Your healthcare provider can help diagnose your seborrheic keratosis and remove it for you if you’d like. […] Seborrheic keratosis and actinic keratosis can resemble each other. It’s important to know the difference because actinic keratosis is more serious than seborrheic keratosis. […] How is seborrheic keratosis diagnosed? […] Examination. Dermatologists can usually identify a seborrheic keratosis with the naked eye. […] If your healthcare provider is in any doubt about your growth, they might want to remove it for biopsy. […] You should always have new skin growths clinically diagnosed to make sure they aren’t cancerous. […] If it is clearly a seborrheic keratosis, it won’t require any treatment. […] Your healthcare provider can remove it for you in the office using one of several common methods.

• #2 Seborrheic keratosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/617

  Seborrheic keratosis is a common, benign skin tumor most commonly found on the torso and forehead. The lesions clinically appear in multiples as well-circumscribed gray-brown-to-black plaques with a „stuck-on” appearance. […] Most important differential diagnosis, and of patient concern, is malignant melanoma. […] Key diagnostic factors include lesions that appear „stuck-on,” localization on the torso or face, yellow or light- to dark-brown-colored lesions, slightly raised, flat surface lesions, wart-like texture, multiple lesions, painless, and itching (prurigo). […] Tests to consider for diagnosis include dermoscopy, biopsy and histopathologic examination, and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM).

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Seborrheic_Keratosis

  Seborrheic keratoses have a dull, waxy, verrucous, stuck on appearance. The lesions can be light brown, dark brown, yellow, or gray. There may be few or numerous lesions, and they can be anywhere on the body aside from the palms, soles, and most mucus membranes. Patients may note slow growth of these lesions, pain, pruritus, erythema, bleeding, or may have no symptoms at all. If many of these lesions appear at once, it may be a sign of gastrointestinal or pulmonary malignancy; this is known as the sign of Leser-Trelat. […] A diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis is often confirmed with histology in addition to associated findings such as age, skin pigmentation, and quantity and quality of lesions. There is great variability in the clinical and histologic appearance of SK. […] Rapid formation of many SKs can represent a paraneoplastic condition associated with an underlying malignancy, known as the sign of Leser-Trelat. An association with gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and other internal malignancies have been described. Screening for underlying malignancy is crucial in this setting.

• #2 Management of seborrheic keratosis in elderly patients | CCID

  https://www.dovepress.com/differential-diagnosis-and-management-on-seborrheic-keratosis-in-elder-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID

  Seborrheic keratoses are exceedingly common in the elderly and usually are easy to diagnose and do not require treatment. […] However, given their great variety of clinical presentation, they may give rise to false-positive cases, meaning that they may at times mimic melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. […] The diagnosis is readily made in the great majority of cases, they are extremely common in the elderly, however, given their high variability in clinical and dermoscopic presentation they may be at times misdiagnosed, mimicking melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. […] As a general rule, all lesions should be examined by dermoscopy, irrespective of their clinical appearance. […] Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a third level non-invasive diagnostic tool that may help lesion assessment in challenging cases.

• #2 Management of seborrheic keratosis in elderly patients | CCID

  https://www.dovepress.com/differential-diagnosis-and-management-on-seborrheic-keratosis-in-elder-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID

  The aim of this review is to encompass all the diagnostic clues that may help the clinician recognize and manage SK, especially through dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy in elderly patients. […] Dermoscopy of SK has been extensively described in literature. […] The three main features of SK are: milia-like cysts, comedo-like openings, and fissures and ridges. […] The presence of the blue-black sign, pigment network, pseudopods or streaks, and/or blue-white veil, allows the correct diagnosis of most of the difficult melanoma cases. […] Dermoscopy and RCM have been demonstrated to improve diagnostic accuracy and help recognizing false-positive cases. […] The main limitation of dermoscopy is the evaluation of regressing lesions, in RCM one limit could be a high degree of hyperkeratosis of the lesions hampering the visualization of the DEJ.

• #2 Pathology Outlines – Seborrheic keratosis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/skintumornonmelanocyticsk.html

  Common, benign keratinocyte proliferation of middle aged and elderly […] Clinical: Dermoscopy: small keratin filled cysts, fissures, ridges, small vessels with perivascular halo […] Biopsy often performed on irritated lesions or those with rapid growth […] Histologic findings confirm diagnosis.

• #2 Differential Diagnosis of Seborrheic Keratosis: Clinical and Dermoscopic Features – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology

  https://jddonline.com/articles/differential-diagnosis-of-seborrheic-keratosis-clinical-and-dermoscopic-features-S1545961617P0835X

  Fortunately, we do now have in vivo imaging methods such as dermoscopy that can improve the clinicians diagnostic accuracy. […] Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the clinical and dermoscopic features of SK and outline key features for their clinical diagnosis. […] SK may occur as an isolated lesion, but most individuals with SK will harbor multiple lesions. […] In addition, when multiple lesions are encountered, it becomes increasingly more challenging in the face of an enlarging SK. […] Despite the extremely high incidence and prevalence of SK, its etiology, genetic, and molecular profiles are only recently being elucidated. […] Owing to the typical stuck-on and waxy appearance of most SKs, they are readily recognizable, but some may clinically appear atypical resembling melanoma or SCC.

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK545285/

  Apply evidence-based best practices when diagnosing seborrheic keratosis. […] Differentiate the various treatment modalities for seborrheic keratosis in the outpatient setting. […] Collaborate with an interprofessional healthcare team to improve care coordination and enhance the outcomes of patients with seborrheic keratosis. […] The diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis is typically made through clinical observation. Seborrheic keratosis is characterized by its unique appearance as a raised, scaly, brown-to-black papule firmly stuck to the skin. […] Dermoscopy can aid in the clinical diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis. […] A lesion biopsy is typically unnecessary for diagnosing seborrheic keratosis. Nevertheless, in cases where the clinical or dermoscopic diagnosis is ambiguous, it is necessary to conduct a biopsy and histopathologic examination to rule out the presence of melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or basal cell carcinoma.

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/seborrheic-keratosis

  Seborrheic keratosis is a type of benign (non-cancerous) skin tumor or growth. […] A dermatologist typically diagnoses seborrheic keratosis. The growths are usually discovered during a physical examination, then confirmed with a biopsy when needed. […] During a physical exam, your doctor will look for seborrheic keratosis by using a dermatoscope. […] (Biopsy is the standard diagnostic test used to confirm the presence of seborrheic keratosis. Doctors will shave or scrape off skin cells from the growth and send them to a lab for analysis.)

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/seborrheic-keratosis-1068732

  Seborrheic keratoses develop in a type of skin cell called a keratinocyte on the outermost layer of skin (epidermis). While most dermatologists can diagnose them by appearance alone, they may perform a skin biopsy to rule out worrisome conditions like skin cancer. […] A dermatologist can usually diagnose seborrheic keratosis simply by its outright appearance or by using a lighted instrument called a dermatoscope. […] However, in some instances, if the growth looks suspicious for skin cancer or there’s any doubt about what they are, a skin biopsy can confirm a diagnosis. […] The different types of skin biopsies that may be performed include: Shave biopsy: The lesion is shaved to remove a tissue sample. Punch biopsy: A hole-punch-type device removes a narrow cylinder of tissue. Excisional biopsy: The entire lesion is removed with a scalpel.

• #2

  https://www.jclinmedimages.org/articles/OJCMI-v1-1010.html

  Seborrheic keratosis is a common benign epidermal tumor of the skin. […] Following clinical examination and dermoscopic evaluation, histopathologic investigation was required for the accurate diagnosis. […] This case report emphasized the importance of histopathologic evaluation for clinically uncertain and suspicious cases. […] In such clinical situations, after the surgical excision, histopathologic evaluation may be required. […] Histopathologic evaluation was needed for the ultimate diagnosis. […] Histopathology showed papillomatosis, acanthosis, keratinocyte proliferation, cysts including keratin structures and increased pigmentary melanocytes in basal layer in hematoxylin and eosin stain X40, it was diagnosed as pigmented seborrheic keratosis upon microscopic examination of specimen.

• #2 Seborrheic Keratoses: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.vivascope.com/knowledge-base/seborrheic-keratoses/

  Reflectance Confocal Microscopy is a cutting-edge, non-invasive diagnostic tool that provides high-resolution, real-time imaging of the skin at a cellular level. This technique is especially valuable for differentiating seborrheic keratoses from malignant lesions such as melanoma. RCM allows dermatologists to visualize the layers of the skin without the need for biopsy, reducing patient discomfort and enabling faster diagnosis. Its use can be particularly beneficial in cases where dermoscopic findings are inconclusive or when multiple lesions require assessment. […] In rare cases, if there is any doubt about the diagnosis, a biopsy may be performed. This involves removing a small sample of the lesion and examining it under a microscope to rule out skin cancer or other disorders.

• #2 Differential Diagnosis of Seborrheic Keratosis: Clinical and Dermoscopic Features – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology

  https://jddonline.com/articles/differential-diagnosis-of-seborrheic-keratosis-clinical-and-dermoscopic-features-S1545961617P0835X

  Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a benign epidermal keratinocytic tumor that is extremely common, particularly in individuals over the age of 50. […] Although the clinical morphology of most SK with their stuck-on, symmetric, keratotic, and waxy appearance makes them easy to identify, many manifest a morphology resembling melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma. […] One can argue that such cases will ultimately not prove to be problematic since a simple biopsy will easily reveal their benign nature and eliminate any concerns. […] However, the cost and morbidity associated with the biopsy of benign lesions should not be underestimated. […] Methods to improve our in vivo ability to correctly identify SK will prove beneficial not only to the health care system in general but to the individual patient specifically.

• #2 Seborrheic keratosis vs. melanoma: What’s the difference?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320742

  Seborrheic keratosis causes discolored, slightly raised patches on the skin. Seborrheic keratosis and melanoma can look similar. However, while these patches may resemble signs of skin cancer, they are harmless. […] Seborrheic keratoses are noncancerous skin growths that can look a lot like melanoma. […] Seborrheic keratosis is not a risk factor for skin cancer or a form of precancer. […] A doctor may be able to distinguish melanoma from seborrheic keratosis with a visual examination. When a doctor is uncertain of the diagnosis or if a person has a range of risk factors for melanoma, it may be necessary to take a biopsy of the growth. […] Seborrheic keratoses are typically flat, waxy, and painless. […] Melanoma tends to change and grow over time, so anyone who has a growth that looks like seborrheic keratosis but changes in shape or color should contact a doctor.

• #2

  https://www.jclinmedimages.org/articles/OJCMI-v1-1010.html

  In conclusion, dermoscopic evaluation may not be sufficient for the differential diagnosis of benign types and malignant characteristic features. […] In the light of most recent literatures, our team suggests that total surgical resection or at least biopsy and afterwards histopathologic evaluation must be proposed to patients who have subtle lesions for SK to exclude premalignant and malignant diseases.

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis vs. Actinic Keratosis: What to Know

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-cancer/seborrheic-keratosis-actinic-keratosis

  Actinic keratosis and seborrheic keratosis are two skin conditions that often show up around middle age. […] Actinic keratosis can become cancerous, while seborrheic keratosis is benign or harmless. […] If you have a hard time recognizing the difference between the two, heres a quick rundown: […] Seborrheic keratosis tends to show up as a single lesion. These growths tend to be small, oval, thick, and raised. […] Seborrheic keratosis often doesn’t require treatment. But if you dislike the way your lesion looks or feels, you can always talk with a dermatologist or other doctor about removal. […] Your healthcare professional may recommend one of these procedures: […] Any time your skin changes unexpectedly or you’re concerned about a lesion, a good next step involves getting an assessment from a dermatologist or other doctor. […] It never hurts to have a professional confirm that your skin growth isn’t cancerous. […] Monitoring any changes in any moles or growths can help you get timely potentially life-saving treatment. When in doubt, it’s always wise to visit a dermatologist for an assessment.

• #2 Seborrhoeic Keratosis – The Skin Cancer Doctor

  https://www.theskincancerdoctor.com.au/education/skincancerlesions/seborrhoeic-keratosis/

  Seborrhoeic keratosis is usually clinically diagnosed and the key is to rule out similar skin lesion. […] However, physical exam of the lesion are usually the means to diagnosis but can be confirmed with a biopsy or to rule out cancer. […] Histological morphology appear as keratin pseudocyst (horn cyst). […] Some differentials to rule out: Skin tags, Warts, Moles, Actinic keratoses, and Skin cancer.

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK545285/

  A dermatologist referral should be considered for a more thorough and team-oriented approach in patients with a high number of lesions and high clinical suspicion of malignancy. […] If there is uncertainty with the diagnosis or other concerns for malignancy, such as ulcerated lesions, rapid change in size, or overall very large lesions, a skin biopsy would be recommended to get confirmation. […] Rapid growth and the emergence of multiple seborrheic keratoses can arise in several situations. The Leser-Trelat sign involves the emergence of multiple seborrheic keratoses and is associated with underlying malignancies such as adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract, leukemia, and lymphoma.

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Seborrheic_Keratosis

  Seborrheic keratosis is a benign tumor and does not typically require treatment; however, the majority of patients seek therapeutic interventions electively for cosmetic changes or to improve associated symptoms such as ocular irritation. […] If there are any abnormal features including ulceration, irregular or pearly borders, telangiectasias, growth, inflammation or destruction of nearby tissues, a biopsy should be performed to exclude malignancy.

• #2 Seborrheic keratosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-keratosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353878

  Seborrheic keratosis – Symptoms causes – Mayo Clinic […] See your doctor if the appearance of the growth bothers you or if it gets irritated or bleeds when your clothing rubs against it. Also see your doctor if you notice suspicious changes in your skin, such as sores or growths that grow rapidly, bleed and don’t heal. These could be signs of skin cancer. […] Experts don’t completely understand what causes a seborrheic keratosis. This type of skin growth does tend to run in families, so there is likely an inherited tendency. If you’ve had one seborrheic keratosis, you’re at risk of developing others. […] A seborrheic keratosis isn’t contagious or cancerous. […] The peak time for developing seborrheic keratoses is after your 50s. You’re also more likely to have them if you have a family history of the condition.

• #2 Recognizing Actinic Keratosis and Seborrheic Keratosis

  https://plymouthmeetingdermatology.com/actinic-seborrheic-keratosis/

  Seborrheic keratoses are a common form of non-cancerous skin lesions that appear as you age. […] To evaluate which type of keratosis you have, it is best to see a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis. […] When treating seborrheic keratoses, dermatologists often do not recommend treatment. However, removal is an option if they catch on clothing or jewelry, or for cosmetic reasons. […] If there is a rapid development of numerous seborrheic keratoses, it could be a sign of internal malignancy that you should discuss with your dermatologist.

• #2 Seborrheic keratosis: Treatment, images, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266748

  Seborrheic keratosis lesions are rarely painful but can be annoying, depending on their position. It is important not to pick or scratch them as this can lead to bleeding, swelling, and, potentially, infection. […] To diagnose seborrheic keratosis, a primary care doctor or dermatologist: asks about symptoms and family and medical history, does a visual and physical examination, may recommend a biopsy to rule out skin cancer and remove a growth at the same time, may recommend further tests to rule out other conditions. […] Since it can be hard to distinguish between skin cancer and seborrheic keratoses, it is best to check with a doctor, especially if multiple lesions appear in a short time or if lesions change. […] Anyone with a large number of seborrheic keratoses requires careful screening, as there is an increased chance of missing any cancerous lesions.

• #2 Seborrheic Keratoses – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/benign-skin-tumors-growths-and-vascular-lesions/seborrheic-keratoses

  Diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis is clinical. […] Lesions are not premalignant and need no treatment unless they are irritated, itchy, or cosmetically bothersome.

• #2 Seborrheic keratosis vs. melanoma: What’s the difference?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320742

  People with seborrheic keratosis should get regular skin checks. This reduces the likelihood of mistaking melanoma for just another seborrheic keratosis growth. […] Seborrheic keratosis is a skin condition that causes discolored skin growths similar to moles. These growths may appear similar to melanomas but are noncancerous. […] Seborrheic keratoses are not a risk factor for skin cancer, nor do they cause skin cancer.

• #2 Seborrheic keratosis: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of wart or mole-like benign skin tumours | Health – Hindustan Times

  https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/seborrheic-keratosis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-wart-or-mole-like-benign-skin-tumours-101663680530238.html

  Seborrheic keratosis is benign skin tumour that is commonly present in adult and elderly patients but they are benign skin lesions and often do not require treatment however, it is essential to be able to differentiate these lesions from other benign and malignant skin tumours. […] Revealing that diagnosis can be made clinically by the appearance of the lesion by a dermatologist, Dr Deepa Krishnamurthy said, Histopathology and dermoscopy help in confirming a diagnosis. […] Most seborrheic keratosis does not require treatment. […] A dermatologist may remove a seborrheic keratosis when it looks like skin cancer, gets caught on clothing or jewellery becomes irritated easily and seems unsightly to a patient.

• #2 Seborrheic Keratosis – Attleboro, MA: Hines Dermatology Associates Inc.: Dermatology

  https://www.hinesdermatologyassociates.com/services/seborrheic-keratosis

  Seborrheic Keratoses are benign, genetically determined growths that usually appear first in adulthood. They gradually increase in number. […] Differential diagnosis includes viral warts, nevi, actinic keratoses, basal-cell carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, and when the keratoses are highly pigmented, malignant melanoma. […] There are two indications for treatment: (1) The diagnosis is in question and /or (2) the patient wants the growths removed. Seborrheic keratoses may itch, are often unsightly, or may otherwise be annoying to the patient. […] If there’s a question of diagnosis, curette them to provide a specimen for histology.

• #2 Age Spot Specialist

  https://www.cincoderm.com/seborrheic-keratoses.htm

  Seborrheic keratosis (the medical term basically means greasy bump) are extremely common and completely benign skin lesion that occurs in adults. […] I get consulted on these spots frequently because they can grow quite large and are frequently a source of worry for my patients and frequently their primary care doctors as well. […] For clearly irritated lesions, frequently the insurance will cover treatment. […] Other methods for removal that I offer include shave removals, cautery removal, and cautery followed by curettage. I use these methods less frequently but may utilize them if a lesion is particularly large or if perhaps I have concerns about the diagnosis and need to perform a biopsy as well.

• #2 Navigating Seborrheic Keratoses: From Diagnosis to Treatment

  https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/seborrheic-keratoses-identification-treatment/

  In some cases, it’s not possible to provide an accurate diagnosis through visual inspection alone to ensure seborrheic keratosis is not cancer or any other more serious health concern. In these situations, your dermatologist will likely need to perform a biopsy to check for cancerous cells. […] The best thing you can do if you notice warning signs of early-stage seborrheic keratosis is to seek professional medical advice right away. […] Talking to a dermatologist about any areas of skin concern is very important. Not only can they provide you with treatment and diagnosis, but they can also put your mind at ease if you’re worrying about potential risks. Don’t put off talking to a professional if you have concerns. We’re here to help.

• #2 Navigating Seborrheic Keratoses: From Diagnosis to Treatment

  https://www.usdermatologypartners.com/blog/seborrheic-keratoses-identification-treatment/

  Seborrheic keratosis often doesn’t develop until later in life, and it can be difficult to diagnose due to the range of symptoms. […] For this reason, many people are not sure what to think when they notice the warning signs of this common skin condition. By raising awareness, people who develop seborrheic keratosis can more easily receive a diagnosis and the treatment they need. […] This condition needs to be diagnosed by a professional. Because seborrheic keratoses can mimic the appearance of cancerous skin growths, it’s important to receive a professional diagnosis to rule out more serious concerns. […] If you choose not to have seborrheic keratoses removed, these growths will not clear up on their own. […] For this reason, it’s important to consult with a dermatologist as soon as you notice any warning signs of seborrheic keratosis.

• #3 Seborrheic keratoses – dermoscopedia

  https://dermoscopedia.org/Seborrheic_keratoses

  Seborrheic keratosis, Milia-like cysts, Comedo-like openings, Fissures and ridges, Network-like structures, Cerebriform pattern, Fat fingers, Sharply demarcated border, Hairpin blood vessels, Wobble sign Seborrheic keratoses cite! Seborrheic keratoses (message) Seborrheic keratoses participate! […] The diagnosis of most seborrheic keratoses is straightforward. However, some seborrheic keratoses, especially the deeply pigmented variant, can simulate malignant melanomas. […] Knowledge of the above-described dermoscopic features and patterns seen in seborrheic keratosis will often prove valuable in differentiating seborrheic keratoses from other lesions, including melanoma. However, irritated or traumatized seborrheic keratoses can mimic melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma. In these cases the history of trauma or the presence of typical criteria for seborrheic keratoses in another part of the lesion might be comforting. However, it is important to remember that skin cancer can develop within a seborrheic keratosis, and thus a biopsy is justified for atypical appearing seborrheic keratosis.

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