Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India.

• #2 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://www.termedia.pl/Epidemiology-of-lung-cancer,3,43345,0,1.html

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). […] With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.

• #3 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India.

• #4 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  According to the latest GLOBOCAN estimates, 2,094,000 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed globally in 2018, making lung cancer the leading cancer incidence worldwide. With an estimated 1,369,000 cases, lung cancer is the second most common cancer in men, after prostate cancer, and the second most common cancer in women, after breast cancer, with 725,000 cases. The age-standardized cumulative lifetime risk of diagnosis of lung cancer is 3.8% among men and 1.77% among women. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, among both sexes and men and women separately. In 2018, lung cancer accounted for an estimated 1,761,000 deaths, 18.4% of all cancer deaths worldwide. With an estimated 1,185,000 deaths in 2018, lung cancer was the leading cause of death among men in 93 nations, including the US, Russia, and China.

• #5 Lung cancer – IARC

  https://www.iarc.who.int/cancer-type/lung-cancer/

  Lung cancer is the most common cancer type and the most common cause of cancer death in the world. In 2022 almost 2.5 million people were diagnosed with lung cancer and more than 1.8 million people died from the disease. The principal risk factor for developing lung cancer remains tobacco smoking, which is responsible for approximately 85% of all cases. […] Global lung cancer incidence according to subtype: new study highlights rising adenocarcinoma rates linked to air pollution. […] Banning the sale of tobacco to young generations could significantly reduce lung cancer mortality. […] Banning the sale of tobacco to the young generation could prevent 1.2 million lung cancer deaths by 2095.

• #6 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  According to the latest GLOBOCAN estimates, 2,094,000 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed globally in 2018, making lung cancer the leading cancer incidence worldwide. With an estimated 1,369,000 cases, lung cancer is the second most common cancer in men, after prostate cancer, and the second most common cancer in women, after breast cancer, with 725,000 cases. The age-standardized cumulative lifetime risk of diagnosis of lung cancer is 3.8% among men and 1.77% among women. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, among both sexes and men and women separately. In 2018, lung cancer accounted for an estimated 1,761,000 deaths, 18.4% of all cancer deaths worldwide. With an estimated 1,185,000 deaths in 2018, lung cancer was the leading cause of death among men in 93 nations, including the US, Russia, and China.

• #7 Lung cancer – IARC

  https://www.iarc.who.int/cancer-type/lung-cancer/

  Lung cancer is the most common cancer type and the most common cause of cancer death in the world. In 2022 almost 2.5 million people were diagnosed with lung cancer and more than 1.8 million people died from the disease. The principal risk factor for developing lung cancer remains tobacco smoking, which is responsible for approximately 85% of all cases. […] Global lung cancer incidence according to subtype: new study highlights rising adenocarcinoma rates linked to air pollution. […] Banning the sale of tobacco to young generations could significantly reduce lung cancer mortality. […] Banning the sale of tobacco to the young generation could prevent 1.2 million lung cancer deaths by 2095.

• #8 The spatiotemporal dynamics of lung cancer: 30-year trends of epidemiology across 204 countries and territories | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13281-y

  It has been established that lung cancer is the leading cause of all cancer deaths. This study sought to analyze the epidemiological trends of lung cancer over the past 30 years worldwide. […] Globally, the ASR of lung cancer prevalence, incidence and YLDs in 2019 were 38.84/100,000 persons, 27.66/100,000 persons, and 6.62/100,000 persons, respectively. […] Lung cancer remains a major public health issue globally, warranting the implementation of scientific and effective measures in different countries and territories to control it. […] Lung cancer remains the leading cancer killer, with 1,796,144 deaths reported in 2020, accounting for about 18% of all cancer deaths globally. […] The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) provides an overview of the burden from major diseases, injuries and risk factors to health at global, national and regional levels.

• #9 The spatiotemporal dynamics of lung cancer: 30-year trends of epidemiology across 204 countries and territories | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13281-y

  Our findings can be a supplement and an extension to existing studies, and provide the foothold to guide global-, regional-and national-specific health care plans for lung cancer. […] The prevalence, incidence and YLDs of lung cancer by year, sex and location, were acquired from the GBD 2019, which made a systematic analysis of disease burden to all World Health Organization (WHO) member states. […] The epidemiology of lung cancer globally, and at five SDI regions from 1990 to 2019. […] In 2019, low SDI regions had the lowest absolute number (45,593) and ASR (8.47/100,000 persons) of lung cancer prevalence, with the highest absolute number (1,250,089) and ASR (68.54/100,000 persons) in high SDI regions. […] The absolute number of lung cancer cases increased across the five SDI quintiles from 1990 to 2019.

• #10 The spatiotemporal dynamics of lung cancer: 30-year trends of epidemiology across 204 countries and territories | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13281-y

  Our findings can be a supplement and an extension to existing studies, and provide the foothold to guide global-, regional-and national-specific health care plans for lung cancer. […] The prevalence, incidence and YLDs of lung cancer by year, sex and location, were acquired from the GBD 2019, which made a systematic analysis of disease burden to all World Health Organization (WHO) member states. […] The epidemiology of lung cancer globally, and at five SDI regions from 1990 to 2019. […] In 2019, low SDI regions had the lowest absolute number (45,593) and ASR (8.47/100,000 persons) of lung cancer prevalence, with the highest absolute number (1,250,089) and ASR (68.54/100,000 persons) in high SDI regions. […] The absolute number of lung cancer cases increased across the five SDI quintiles from 1990 to 2019.

• #11 The spatiotemporal dynamics of lung cancer: 30-year trends of epidemiology across 204 countries and territories | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13281-y

  The incidence of lung cancer was heterogeneous across countries. […] The largest YLDs attributable to lung cancer in 2019 were observed in China (199,352), followed by the United States (61,843) and Japan (32,090). […] The ASIR of lung cancer has decreased from 1990 to 2019 globally, although a concomitant increase in ASPR and ASYR was observed. […] The increase in incidence is mainly attributed to population aging. […] Differences in geographic and country-specific population characteristics emphasize the need for targeted strategies to reduce the lung cancer burden.

• #12 Lung Cancer Statistics | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/statistics/index.html

  Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States. More people in the United States die from lung cancer than any other type of cancer. This is true for both men and women. […] The Lung Cancer Stat Bite provides an overview of incidence, deaths, stage distribution, and 5-year relative survival. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.

• #13 Lung Cancer Statistics | How Common is Lung Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Most lung cancer statistics include both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In general, about 13% of all lung cancers are SCLC, and about 87% are NSCLC. […] Lung cancer (both small cell and non-small cell) is the second most common cancer in both men and women in the United States (not counting skin cancer). In men, prostate cancer is more common, while breast cancer is more common in women. […] The American Cancer Societys estimates for lung cancer in the US for 2025 are: About 226,650 new cases of lung cancer (110,680 in men and 115,970 in women) […] About 124,730 deaths from lung cancer (64,190 in men and 60,540 in women). […] Lung cancer mainly occurs in older people. Most people diagnosed with lung cancer are 65 or older; a very small number of people diagnosed are younger than 45. The average age of people when diagnosed is about 70.

• #14 Lung and Bronchus Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 226,650. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 124,730. […] Lung and bronchus cancer represents 11.1% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 226,650 new cases of lung and bronchus cancer and an estimated 124,730 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of lung and bronchus cancer was 47.8 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Lung cancer is more common in men than women, particularly non-Hispanic Black men. […] Death rates for lung cancer are higher among the middle-aged and older populations. Lung and bronchus cancer is the first leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 31.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #15 Lung cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/lung-cancer

  There are around 49,200 new lung cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 130 every day (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer is the 3rd most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 13% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 2% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the UK, accounting for 21% of all cancer deaths (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for lung cancer are generally lower in people of non-White minority ethnicity, compared with the White ethnic group, in England and Wales (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer mortality rates are projected to fall by 9% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 1 in 10 (9.5%) people diagnosed with lung cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] Lung cancer survival has not shown much improvement in the last 50 years in the UK. […] 79% of lung cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 72% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.

• #16 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjcancer/fulltext/2022/59001/evolving_trends_in_lung_cancer__epidemiology,.8.aspx

  Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers globally and accounts for most of the cancer-related deaths in India. Comprehensive data on lung cancer in India are lacking. This review aimed to discuss the epidemiological trends of lung cancers and driver mutations as well as the recent advancements in molecular diagnostics and therapeutic options primarily in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in India. […] As per the GLOBOCAN 2018 report, lung cancer was ranked the fourth leading cause of cancer (5.9% cases) in India, in all ages and sexes. Furthermore, 63,475 of all cancer-related deaths (8.1%) were attributed to lung cancer (cumulative risk 0.60), making it the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. […] According to the GLOBOCAN 2018 report, lung cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer (5.9%; cases: 67,795; cumulative risk: 0.65) in India, in all ages and sexes, after breast, lip, oral cavity, and cervix or uterine cancers. Furthermore, 63,475 of all cancer-related deaths (8.1%) were attributed to lung cancer (cumulative risk 0.60), making it the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality after breast, lip, and oral cavity cancers.

• #18 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Lung cancer incidence and mortality are tightly linked to cigarette smoking patterns. […] These trends have occurred earlier in industrialized countries as compared with the developing world. […] In the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK), lung cancer incidence and mortality rates have in fact been falling since the 1990s. […] In contrast, emerging nations including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) continue to have high rates of cigarette smoking in both men and women. […] Reasons for these patterns include unequal access to healthcare leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment, environmental contamination, and sociocultural barriers. […] In the US, the incidence of lung cancer in men peaked in the 1980s, followed by a subsequent decline, with similar patterns in women following 20 years later.

• #19 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Lung cancer deaths in men are now declining at an average of 2.9% annually with a percent decrease roughly double that of women. […] With regard to differences between racial and ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites and blacks have the highest incidence and death rates. […] These racial and ethnic disparities are largely due to differences in cigarette smoking prevalence, as well as lower rates of resection and higher probability of advanced stage at diagnosis in minorities. […] The UK has similar smoking and lung cancer incidence trends to the US. […] In general, rates are highest in central and eastern Europe, but incidence throughout the continent has been declining in men since the early 1990s. […] In women, rising lung cancer incidence has slowed in the US and UK, but rates continue to increase in central and eastern Europe.

• #20 Lung and Bronchus Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html

  Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new lung and bronchus cancer cases have been falling on average 2.4% each year over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 4.2% each year over 20142023.

• #21 Lung cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/lung-cancer

  There are around 49,200 new lung cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 130 every day (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer is the 3rd most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 13% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 2% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the UK, accounting for 21% of all cancer deaths (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for lung cancer are generally lower in people of non-White minority ethnicity, compared with the White ethnic group, in England and Wales (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer mortality rates are projected to fall by 9% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 1 in 10 (9.5%) people diagnosed with lung cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] Lung cancer survival has not shown much improvement in the last 50 years in the UK. […] 79% of lung cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 72% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.

• #22 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Projections of Lung Cancer Incidence by 2035 in 40 Countries Worldwide: Population-Based Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e43651/

  Global ASRs of the 40 studied countries were predicted to decrease by 23% (8.2/35.8) among males, from 35.8 per 100,000 person-years in 2010 to 27.6 in 2035, and increase by 2% (0.3/16.8) among females, from 16.8 in 2010 to 17.1 in 2035. […] The ASRs of LC among females are projected to continue increasing dramatically in most countries by 2035, with peaks after the 2020s in most European, Eastern Asian, and Oceanian countries, whereas the ASRs among males will continue to decline in almost all countries. […] LC incidence is expected to continue to increase through 2035 in most countries, making LC a major public health challenge worldwide. […] The ongoing transition in the epidemiology of LC highlights the need for resource redistribution and improved LC control measures to reduce future LC burden worldwide.

• #23 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Projections of Lung Cancer Incidence by 2035 in 40 Countries Worldwide: Population-Based Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e43651/

  Global ASRs of the 40 studied countries were predicted to decrease by 23% (8.2/35.8) among males, from 35.8 per 100,000 person-years in 2010 to 27.6 in 2035, and increase by 2% (0.3/16.8) among females, from 16.8 in 2010 to 17.1 in 2035. […] The ASRs of LC among females are projected to continue increasing dramatically in most countries by 2035, with peaks after the 2020s in most European, Eastern Asian, and Oceanian countries, whereas the ASRs among males will continue to decline in almost all countries. […] LC incidence is expected to continue to increase through 2035 in most countries, making LC a major public health challenge worldwide. […] The ongoing transition in the epidemiology of LC highlights the need for resource redistribution and improved LC control measures to reduce future LC burden worldwide.

• #24 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India.

• #25 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://www.termedia.pl/Epidemiology-of-lung-cancer,3,43345,0,1.html

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). […] With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.

• #26 Females and lung cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/females-and-lung-cancer

  Comparison of males and females — Lung cancer mortality has been and continues to be more common in males than females. However, the magnitude of this difference continues to decline. […] The age-adjusted lung cancer incidence has historically been higher in males than females. However, the magnitude of this difference has decreased. Moreover, given that the incidence of lung cancer has declined more steeply in young males than in young females over the past two decades, the incidence of lung cancer in non-Hispanic White individuals in the 30 to 49 year old age group is higher in females than in males, according to cancer registry data from 1995 through 2014. This reversal in trends is not accounted for by sex difference in smoking behaviors.

• #27 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://www.termedia.pl/Epidemiology-of-lung-cancer,3,43345,0,1.html

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). […] With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.

• #28 Females and lung cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/females-and-lung-cancer

  INTRODUCTION […] The epidemic of lung cancer in females is reviewed here, focusing on epidemiologic issues, risk factors, outcome, and prevention. General issues related to lung cancer risk and its clinical presentation are discussed separately. […] EPIDEMIOLOGY […] Worldwide, lung cancer is among the most common cancers and cancer death in females. In the United States, lung cancer is the leading cancer killer of females, having surpassed breast cancer in 1987. Approximately 40 percent more females in the United States are expected to die annually from lung cancer compared with breast cancer. […] The age-adjusted lung cancer death rate has risen in parallel to the smoking rate among females, with the increase in lung cancer deaths following the increase in smoking incidence by approximately 20 years. This separation reflects the latency period between smoking and death from lung cancer. Specifically, the smoking rate for females rose dramatically in the United States from 1930 to 1960, and this was followed by a rapidly increasing lung cancer death rate that began in 1960. The lung cancer death rate in females reached a plateau and has now started to decline, with a reported decrease of 1.1 percent per year since 2006 to 2007. The same trend has been documented in many European countries.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lung-Cancer-in-Women-Understanding-the-Increasing-Risk.aspx

  Lung cancer has been widely perceived as a disease that predominantly affects men. However, recent epidemiological data indicate that it is increasingly being diagnosed in women. In fact, a large proportion of lung cancer cases are being diagnosed in non-smoking women, highlighting the importance of continued research in this area. […] Lung cancer rates are now higher in women aged 35-54 than men of the same age in many high-income countries, despite declining smoking rates among both sexes. […] According to research, lung cancer diagnoses in women have increased by 84% in the last 43 years while decreasing by 36% in males, despite the fact that many of those women never smoked. […] In fact, women who have never smoked have more than twice the risk of developing lung cancer as males who have never smoked.

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Lung-Cancer-in-Women-Understanding-the-Increasing-Risk.aspx

  Lung cancer has been widely perceived as a disease that predominantly affects men. However, recent epidemiological data indicate that it is increasingly being diagnosed in women. In fact, a large proportion of lung cancer cases are being diagnosed in non-smoking women, highlighting the importance of continued research in this area. […] Lung cancer rates are now higher in women aged 35-54 than men of the same age in many high-income countries, despite declining smoking rates among both sexes. […] According to research, lung cancer diagnoses in women have increased by 84% in the last 43 years while decreasing by 36% in males, despite the fact that many of those women never smoked. […] In fact, women who have never smoked have more than twice the risk of developing lung cancer as males who have never smoked.

• #31 Lung Cancer Statistics | How Common is Lung Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Most lung cancer statistics include both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In general, about 13% of all lung cancers are SCLC, and about 87% are NSCLC. […] Lung cancer (both small cell and non-small cell) is the second most common cancer in both men and women in the United States (not counting skin cancer). In men, prostate cancer is more common, while breast cancer is more common in women. […] The American Cancer Societys estimates for lung cancer in the US for 2025 are: About 226,650 new cases of lung cancer (110,680 in men and 115,970 in women) […] About 124,730 deaths from lung cancer (64,190 in men and 60,540 in women). […] Lung cancer mainly occurs in older people. Most people diagnosed with lung cancer are 65 or older; a very small number of people diagnosed are younger than 45. The average age of people when diagnosed is about 70.

• #32 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://www.termedia.pl/Epidemiology-of-lung-cancer,3,43345,0,1.html

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). […] With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.

• #33 Lung and Bronchus Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 226,650. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 124,730. […] Lung and bronchus cancer represents 11.1% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 226,650 new cases of lung and bronchus cancer and an estimated 124,730 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of lung and bronchus cancer was 47.8 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Lung cancer is more common in men than women, particularly non-Hispanic Black men. […] Death rates for lung cancer are higher among the middle-aged and older populations. Lung and bronchus cancer is the first leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 31.5 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted.

• #34 The epidemiology of lung cancer – de Groot – Translational Lung Cancer Research

  https://tlcr.amegroups.org/article/view/21996/html

  Individuals with more education are less likely to start smoking and more amendable to quitting. […] Better educated people also have more resources with greater access to healthcare, leading to disparities in mortality and survival. […] Approximately 27.9% of people below the poverty threshold smoke. […] Older age is associated with cancer development due to biologic factors that include DNA damage over time and shortening telomeres. […] The median age of lung cancer diagnosis is 70 years for both men and women. […] The highest incidence of lung cancer in men is 585.9 per 100,000 in 85-89 years old, while the highest incidence in women is 365.8 per 100,000 in 75-79 years old. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of death by any means in men over 40 years and in women over 59 years of age.

• #35 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://www.termedia.pl/Epidemiology-of-lung-cancer,3,43345,0,1.html

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). […] With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.

• #36 Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/lung-cancer-epidemiology2022

  The risk of developing lung cancer remains higher among men in all age groups after age 40 years. […] The ACS also states that lung cancer accounts for nearly 25% of all cancer deaths, and annually more individuals die from lung cancer than from the three most common cancers (colon, breast, and prostate) combined. […] According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), one in 16 persons in the U.S. will be diagnosed with lung cancer in his or her lifetime. […] The NCI also notes that while lung cancer accounts for 12% of all new cancer diagnoses, it is responsible for 22% of all cancer deaths. […] The ACS estimates that the probability that a man will develop lung cancer in his lifetime is about one in 15; for a woman, the risk is about one in 17. […] The ACS also notes the following: African American men are approximately 12% more likely than Caucasian men to develop lung cancer, and the rate is estimated to be roughly 16% lower in African American women than in Caucasian women.

• #37 Lung cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/lung-cancer

  There are around 49,200 new lung cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s more than 130 every day (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer is the 3rd most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 13% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 2% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the UK, accounting for 21% of all cancer deaths (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for lung cancer are generally lower in people of non-White minority ethnicity, compared with the White ethnic group, in England and Wales (2017-2019). […] Lung cancer mortality rates are projected to fall by 9% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 1 in 10 (9.5%) people diagnosed with lung cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] Lung cancer survival has not shown much improvement in the last 50 years in the UK. […] 79% of lung cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 72% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.

• #38 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Lung cancer deaths in men are now declining at an average of 2.9% annually with a percent decrease roughly double that of women. […] With regard to differences between racial and ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites and blacks have the highest incidence and death rates. […] These racial and ethnic disparities are largely due to differences in cigarette smoking prevalence, as well as lower rates of resection and higher probability of advanced stage at diagnosis in minorities. […] The UK has similar smoking and lung cancer incidence trends to the US. […] In general, rates are highest in central and eastern Europe, but incidence throughout the continent has been declining in men since the early 1990s. […] In women, rising lung cancer incidence has slowed in the US and UK, but rates continue to increase in central and eastern Europe.

• #39 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  The most common genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma are epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS activating mutations. […] EGFR insertions and deletions are found in roughly 15% of lung adenocarcinomas in the US, with increased frequency in nonsmokers and Asians. […] In advanced stages of disease, this mutation predicts a more favorable prognosis and sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib. […] Conversely, KRAS mutations occur more commonly in smokers and appear to confer worse prognosis. […] While no targeted therapeutics are currently available for this mutation, clinical trials are in progress to test drugs that target downstream effectors of activated KRAS. […] The myriad risk factors for lung cancer most commonly include lifestyle, environmental, and occupational exposures.

• #40 Lung Cancer Statistics | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/statistics/index.html

  Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States. More people in the United States die from lung cancer than any other type of cancer. This is true for both men and women. […] The Lung Cancer Stat Bite provides an overview of incidence, deaths, stage distribution, and 5-year relative survival. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.

• #41 What CDC Is Doing About Lung Cancer | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/what-cdc-is-doing/index.html

  ATSDR and CDC’s NCEH support environmental health tracking programs and conduct activities to prevent or control exposures and diseases related to the environment. […] The coalition is dedicated to reducing lung cancer incidence of and mortality in the United States through coordinated leadership, strategic planning, and advocacy. […] CDC supports the Guide to Community Preventive Services, which recommends ways to improve tobacco control at the community level. […] 1-800-QUITNOW and NCI support a national network of quitlines that people in the United States can use for help with quitting smoking. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lung-cancer

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for the highest mortality rates among both men and women. […] Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for approximately 85% of all cases. […] Lung cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages when treatment options are limited. […] Screening high risk individuals has the potential to allow early detection and to dramatically improve survival rates. […] Primary prevention (such as tobacco control measures and reducing exposure to environmental risk factors) can reduce the incidence of lung cancer and save lives. […] Lung cancer is a significant public health concern, causing a considerable number of deaths globally. GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) show as lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%) in 2020.

• #43 The epidemiology of lung cancer – de Groot – Translational Lung Cancer Research

  https://tlcr.amegroups.org/article/view/21996/html

  The incidence and mortality from lung cancer is decreasing in the US due to decades of public education and tobacco control policies, but are increasing elsewhere in the world related to the commencement of the tobacco epidemic in various countries and populations in the developing world. […] Individual cigarette smoking is by far the most common risk factor for lung carcinoma; other risks include passive smoke inhalation, residential radon, occupational exposures, infection and genetic susceptibility. […] The predominant disease burden currently falls on minority populations and socioeconomically disadvantaged people. […] In the US, the recent legalization of marijuana for recreational use in many states and the rapid growth of commercially available electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) present challenges to public health for which little short term and no long term safety data is available.

• #44 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Lung cancer has become an epidemic since the 1930s. The incidence of lung cancer in the 20th century has largely mirrored the rise and fall in cigarette smoking. The risk of lung cancer in smokers is ten times that of non-smokers. However, the incidence is expected to plateau in the next few decades because of a fall in the number of smokers. […] Lung cancer remains on the list as one of the major killers because of the sheer number of people who smoke, whether cigarettes, cigars, pipes or beedis (cigarettes made of unprocessed tobacco wrapped in leaves). […] The lung cancer risk is determined by the number of cigarettes smoked, the duration of smoking and the age at which one starts smoking. […] The risk of lung cancer rises 1.7-fold with a positive family history and the risk becomes 3.6-fold if two or more relatives had the disease.

• #45 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Lung cancer has become an epidemic since the 1930s. The incidence of lung cancer in the 20th century has largely mirrored the rise and fall in cigarette smoking. The risk of lung cancer in smokers is ten times that of non-smokers. However, the incidence is expected to plateau in the next few decades because of a fall in the number of smokers. […] Lung cancer remains on the list as one of the major killers because of the sheer number of people who smoke, whether cigarettes, cigars, pipes or beedis (cigarettes made of unprocessed tobacco wrapped in leaves). […] The lung cancer risk is determined by the number of cigarettes smoked, the duration of smoking and the age at which one starts smoking. […] The risk of lung cancer rises 1.7-fold with a positive family history and the risk becomes 3.6-fold if two or more relatives had the disease.

• #46 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  The roles these factors play vary depending on geographic location, sex and race characteristics, genetic predisposition, as well as their synergistic interactions. […] Cigarette smoking is the most recognized risk factor for developing lung cancer. […] Since the Surgeon Generals report on smoking and health in 1964, the prevalence of cigarette smoking in US and consequently lung cancer has markedly decreased. […] While nicotine itself is not carcinogenic, there be as many as 55 substances in cigarette smoke that have been deemed carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. […] Secondhand smoke exposure also leads to a dose-dependent risk of lung cancer. […] Electronic cigarettes have sparked much recent controversy over potential risks from long-term use, as well as their role in smoking initiation and potentially cessation.

• #47 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  The roles these factors play vary depending on geographic location, sex and race characteristics, genetic predisposition, as well as their synergistic interactions. […] Cigarette smoking is the most recognized risk factor for developing lung cancer. […] Since the Surgeon Generals report on smoking and health in 1964, the prevalence of cigarette smoking in US and consequently lung cancer has markedly decreased. […] While nicotine itself is not carcinogenic, there be as many as 55 substances in cigarette smoke that have been deemed carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. […] Secondhand smoke exposure also leads to a dose-dependent risk of lung cancer. […] Electronic cigarettes have sparked much recent controversy over potential risks from long-term use, as well as their role in smoking initiation and potentially cessation.

• #48 The epidemiology of lung cancer – de Groot – Translational Lung Cancer Research

  https://tlcr.amegroups.org/article/view/21996/html

  Tobacco combustion produces at least 60 known carcinogens. […] The mechanisms of carcinogenesis from tobacco include formation of DNA adducts by carcinogens and their metabolites as well as free radical damage. […] The combustion of organic material while smoking marijuana does produce carcinogenic substances. […] Some case controlled studies have suggested a 2.4-fold increased risk for lung cancer in men after adjusting for tobacco smoking and occupational exposures. […] Epidemiologic studies to date have not found a strong association between cannabis use and lung cancer. […] The rise of ENDS use in previous non-smokers is predicated on consumer understanding of the devices as safer. […] The US Surgeon General has determined that second-hand e-cigarette aerosol contains harmful and potential harmful components and urges the inclusion of ENDS in comprehensive smoke-free regulations to both reduce involuntary environmental exposure and prevent re-standardization of tobacco use.

• #49 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  The roles these factors play vary depending on geographic location, sex and race characteristics, genetic predisposition, as well as their synergistic interactions. […] Cigarette smoking is the most recognized risk factor for developing lung cancer. […] Since the Surgeon Generals report on smoking and health in 1964, the prevalence of cigarette smoking in US and consequently lung cancer has markedly decreased. […] While nicotine itself is not carcinogenic, there be as many as 55 substances in cigarette smoke that have been deemed carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. […] Secondhand smoke exposure also leads to a dose-dependent risk of lung cancer. […] Electronic cigarettes have sparked much recent controversy over potential risks from long-term use, as well as their role in smoking initiation and potentially cessation.

• #50 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of female deaths from cancer in the USA. […] African-American and white women have a similar lung cancer incidence. […] Poverty, low-income occupations, and lower education levels are associated with increasing lung cancer incidence rates all over the world, irrespective of the socioeconomic status of the country as a whole. […] Passive smoking, also called secondhand smoking, is responsible for 1.6 percent of lung cancers. […] Non-smokers who have a smoker at home have a 20 to 30 percent increased risk of lung cancer, compared to those without exposure to home smoking. […] Exposure to carcinogens at the workplace, such as chrysotile asbestos and crystalline silica, as well as inhaled radioactive particles in uranium miners or nuclear plant workers, increases the incidence of lung cancers.

• #51 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of female deaths from cancer in the USA. […] African-American and white women have a similar lung cancer incidence. […] Poverty, low-income occupations, and lower education levels are associated with increasing lung cancer incidence rates all over the world, irrespective of the socioeconomic status of the country as a whole. […] Passive smoking, also called secondhand smoking, is responsible for 1.6 percent of lung cancers. […] Non-smokers who have a smoker at home have a 20 to 30 percent increased risk of lung cancer, compared to those without exposure to home smoking. […] Exposure to carcinogens at the workplace, such as chrysotile asbestos and crystalline silica, as well as inhaled radioactive particles in uranium miners or nuclear plant workers, increases the incidence of lung cancers.

• #52 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Proposed mechanisms for the link between COPD and lung cancer include matrix remodeling and lung repair processes which lead to development of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and carcinogenesis. […] Exposure to asbestos is one of the most well-recognized occupational causes of lung cancer. […] Workers in asbestos mining and milling, shipbuilding, construction, textiles and insulation, and automobile repair are at the highest risk. […] Diesel exhaust exposure has also been studied in trucking industry workers and coal miners. […] European and American studies have evaluated the association of ambient air pollution with lung cancer risk. […] Arsenic occurring naturally in drinking water and food has been implicated in lung cancer. […] Residential radon exposure is another known risk factor for lung cancer.

• #53 Incidence trends and spatial distributions of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-28253-4

  Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in Taiwan. After Taiwan implemented the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act in 1997, smoking rates declined. However, the incidence rates of lung cancer for both sexes are still increasing, possibly due to risk factors other than smoking. […] In Taiwan, lung cancer is the third most common cancer. The age-standardized incidence rate was 43.5 per 100,000 in men and 31.6 per 100,000 in women in 2017. […] This study examined the incidence trends and spatial distributions of lung cancer and its histological types in Taiwan using age-period-cohort analysis. […] In Taiwan, the incidence rates of lung adenocarcinoma in both sexes increased from 1997 to 2017, whereas those of lung squamous cell carcinoma decreased. […] The SIR hotspots of lung adenocarcinoma in Taiwan were correlated with the geographic distribution of air pollutants.

• #54 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Unprocessed biomass fuels, including wood, crop residues, dung, and coal, are used by approximately half of the worlds population for in-home cooking or heating, primarily in eastern and southern Asia. […] Indoor emissions in these households contain high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, and other carcinogenic compounds. […] Several studies have confirmed an increased lung cancer risk associated with biomass fuels. […] While epidemiological studies report that approximately 2030% of smokers develop COPD and 1015% develop lung cancer, COPD is by far the most common comorbidity in patients with lung cancer. […] A cohort of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases was reported to have a prevalence of COPD as high as six-fold greater than matched smokers without cancer.

• #55 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of female deaths from cancer in the USA. […] African-American and white women have a similar lung cancer incidence. […] Poverty, low-income occupations, and lower education levels are associated with increasing lung cancer incidence rates all over the world, irrespective of the socioeconomic status of the country as a whole. […] Passive smoking, also called secondhand smoking, is responsible for 1.6 percent of lung cancers. […] Non-smokers who have a smoker at home have a 20 to 30 percent increased risk of lung cancer, compared to those without exposure to home smoking. […] Exposure to carcinogens at the workplace, such as chrysotile asbestos and crystalline silica, as well as inhaled radioactive particles in uranium miners or nuclear plant workers, increases the incidence of lung cancers.

• #56 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Proposed mechanisms for the link between COPD and lung cancer include matrix remodeling and lung repair processes which lead to development of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and carcinogenesis. […] Exposure to asbestos is one of the most well-recognized occupational causes of lung cancer. […] Workers in asbestos mining and milling, shipbuilding, construction, textiles and insulation, and automobile repair are at the highest risk. […] Diesel exhaust exposure has also been studied in trucking industry workers and coal miners. […] European and American studies have evaluated the association of ambient air pollution with lung cancer risk. […] Arsenic occurring naturally in drinking water and food has been implicated in lung cancer. […] Residential radon exposure is another known risk factor for lung cancer.

• #57 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Proposed mechanisms for the link between COPD and lung cancer include matrix remodeling and lung repair processes which lead to development of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and carcinogenesis. […] Exposure to asbestos is one of the most well-recognized occupational causes of lung cancer. […] Workers in asbestos mining and milling, shipbuilding, construction, textiles and insulation, and automobile repair are at the highest risk. […] Diesel exhaust exposure has also been studied in trucking industry workers and coal miners. […] European and American studies have evaluated the association of ambient air pollution with lung cancer risk. […] Arsenic occurring naturally in drinking water and food has been implicated in lung cancer. […] Residential radon exposure is another known risk factor for lung cancer.

• #58 The epidemiology of lung cancer – de Groot – Translational Lung Cancer Research

  https://tlcr.amegroups.org/article/view/21996/html

  An association between mining and lung disease has been known in Europe since the 15th century. […] Residential radon from soil accounts for the second most common risk factor for lung cancer, estimated 10% of cases. […] Occupational exposure to carcinogens is estimated to account for 5-10% of lung cancers. […] Ambient air quality was suggested as a potential risk factor for lung cancer as early as the 1920s. […] The risk of lung cancer is elevated in occupations that have prolonged exposure to these elements. […] The risk of lung cancer from fine particulate pollution is increased regardless of smoking status, and the association is greatest in nonsmokers. […] Second hand, or side-stream, tobacco smoke is also an environmental pollutant with a dose response relationship between exposure and lung cancer risk.

• #59 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://www.termedia.pl/Epidemiology-of-lung-cancer,3,43345,0,1.html

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). […] With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.

• #60 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Proposed mechanisms for the link between COPD and lung cancer include matrix remodeling and lung repair processes which lead to development of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and carcinogenesis. […] Exposure to asbestos is one of the most well-recognized occupational causes of lung cancer. […] Workers in asbestos mining and milling, shipbuilding, construction, textiles and insulation, and automobile repair are at the highest risk. […] Diesel exhaust exposure has also been studied in trucking industry workers and coal miners. […] European and American studies have evaluated the association of ambient air pollution with lung cancer risk. […] Arsenic occurring naturally in drinking water and food has been implicated in lung cancer. […] Residential radon exposure is another known risk factor for lung cancer.

• #61 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India.

• #62 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://www.termedia.pl/Epidemiology-of-lung-cancer,3,43345,0,1.html

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). […] With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.

• #63 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Lung cancer has become an epidemic since the 1930s. The incidence of lung cancer in the 20th century has largely mirrored the rise and fall in cigarette smoking. The risk of lung cancer in smokers is ten times that of non-smokers. However, the incidence is expected to plateau in the next few decades because of a fall in the number of smokers. […] Lung cancer remains on the list as one of the major killers because of the sheer number of people who smoke, whether cigarettes, cigars, pipes or beedis (cigarettes made of unprocessed tobacco wrapped in leaves). […] The lung cancer risk is determined by the number of cigarettes smoked, the duration of smoking and the age at which one starts smoking. […] The risk of lung cancer rises 1.7-fold with a positive family history and the risk becomes 3.6-fold if two or more relatives had the disease.

• #64 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Familial clustering of lung cancer is associated with certain gene markers. […] The use of menthol cigarettes may lead to cigarette smoking, greater tendency to smoking addiction, and may also intensify exposure to toxins in cigarette smoke. […] Women who smoke in addition to taking estrogen plus progestin formulations, as opposed to estrogen alone, have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] More than 30 g of alcohol a day is linked to a higher incidence of lung cancer. […] Many people who have had radiotherapy to the chest or breast, or have undergone CT scans, may have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] Lung cancer incidence increases with age. […] Supplementation with high-dose -carotene increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers. […] Lean people tend to have a higher risk of lung cancer.

• #65 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Fruit and vegetable consumption have been associated with decreased lung cancer risk in current smokers. […] Genetic factors leading to increased susceptibility to lung cancer have been poorly studied. […] This review has examined international trends in lung cancer epidemiology. […] Emerging economies and developing countries face many challenges in initiating tobacco cessation campaigns while also addressing environmental risk factors and cultural barriers. […] Over the past three to four decades, in contrast, industrialized nations have seen large declines in cigarette smoking and, consequently, lung cancer. […] However, despite knowledge gains in tumor biology that have led to targeted therapies, mortality from lung cancer remains high for most patients around the world. […] Future directions must include improvements in early detection and technological advances in genomics and genetics to achieve a more personalized approach to therapy and ultimately improve lung cancer survival.

• #66 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Familial clustering of lung cancer is associated with certain gene markers. […] The use of menthol cigarettes may lead to cigarette smoking, greater tendency to smoking addiction, and may also intensify exposure to toxins in cigarette smoke. […] Women who smoke in addition to taking estrogen plus progestin formulations, as opposed to estrogen alone, have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] More than 30 g of alcohol a day is linked to a higher incidence of lung cancer. […] Many people who have had radiotherapy to the chest or breast, or have undergone CT scans, may have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] Lung cancer incidence increases with age. […] Supplementation with high-dose -carotene increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers. […] Lean people tend to have a higher risk of lung cancer.

• #67 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Lung-Cancer.aspx

  Familial clustering of lung cancer is associated with certain gene markers. […] The use of menthol cigarettes may lead to cigarette smoking, greater tendency to smoking addiction, and may also intensify exposure to toxins in cigarette smoke. […] Women who smoke in addition to taking estrogen plus progestin formulations, as opposed to estrogen alone, have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] More than 30 g of alcohol a day is linked to a higher incidence of lung cancer. […] Many people who have had radiotherapy to the chest or breast, or have undergone CT scans, may have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] Lung cancer incidence increases with age. […] Supplementation with high-dose -carotene increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers. […] Lean people tend to have a higher risk of lung cancer.

• #68 The epidemiology of lung cancer – de Groot – Translational Lung Cancer Research

  https://tlcr.amegroups.org/article/view/21996/html

  Tobacco combustion produces at least 60 known carcinogens. […] The mechanisms of carcinogenesis from tobacco include formation of DNA adducts by carcinogens and their metabolites as well as free radical damage. […] The combustion of organic material while smoking marijuana does produce carcinogenic substances. […] Some case controlled studies have suggested a 2.4-fold increased risk for lung cancer in men after adjusting for tobacco smoking and occupational exposures. […] Epidemiologic studies to date have not found a strong association between cannabis use and lung cancer. […] The rise of ENDS use in previous non-smokers is predicated on consumer understanding of the devices as safer. […] The US Surgeon General has determined that second-hand e-cigarette aerosol contains harmful and potential harmful components and urges the inclusion of ENDS in comprehensive smoke-free regulations to both reduce involuntary environmental exposure and prevent re-standardization of tobacco use.

• #69 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  According to SEER, the latest 5-year survival rate for lung cancer in the US (from 2010-2016) was 20.5%. The earliest reported 5-year survival rate, in 1975, was 11.5%. Increases in survival are likely due to earlier detection (e.g. recommended computed tomography (CT) screening among those with significant smoking history), as well as improvements in treatment modalities with the introduction of targeted (EGFR, ALK, ROS, and BRAF inhibitors) and immune therapies (PD-1, PDL-1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors). Higher-income nations have better access to the latest diagnosis and treatment tools and better lung cancer survival. […] Lung cancer is the most common and deadly cancer worldwide, and its global disease burden is projected to rise with increasing tobacco-smoking rates. Lung cancer is more common among men, adults over 60 years old, African Americans, and those with a family history. Tobacco smoking accounts for over 80% of lung cancer cases and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. While smoking has decreased in the Western world, smoking is on the rise globally and in many developing nations like China. Further major contributors include radon, second-hand smoke, asbestos, air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and TB infection, while cannabis, e-cigarettes, and COVID-19 have been suggested to increase risk. Underprivileged populations are at higher risk of cigarette smoking, HIV and TB infection, poor air quality, lower access to healthcare, higher risk of lung cancer, and worsened lung cancer survival rates. Prevention efforts to curb the growing global burden of lung cancer should be targeted against risk factors such as smoking, occupational and environmental exposure, and HIV and TB infection. Increasing access to screening, nicotine addiction programs, and aggressive/experimental lung cancer treatments among underprivileged populations can help reduce disparities. Further investigation into the impact of cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19 on lung cancer risk is required.

• #70 Lung Cancer Statistics | How Common is Lung Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Most lung cancer statistics include both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In general, about 13% of all lung cancers are SCLC, and about 87% are NSCLC. […] Lung cancer (both small cell and non-small cell) is the second most common cancer in both men and women in the United States (not counting skin cancer). In men, prostate cancer is more common, while breast cancer is more common in women. […] The American Cancer Societys estimates for lung cancer in the US for 2025 are: About 226,650 new cases of lung cancer (110,680 in men and 115,970 in women) […] About 124,730 deaths from lung cancer (64,190 in men and 60,540 in women). […] Lung cancer mainly occurs in older people. Most people diagnosed with lung cancer are 65 or older; a very small number of people diagnosed are younger than 45. The average age of people when diagnosed is about 70.

• #71 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  The remainder of Asia has extremely diverse lung cancer incidences, which are nevertheless consistent within different regions. […] These notable regional differences reflect geographic trends in the tobacco epidemic. […] Lung cancer was traditionally classified into two primary groups, small versus nonsmall cell type. […] This grouping was progressively specified with the use of histopathologic features and immunohistochemical markers, and now inroads are being made in distinguishing invasive adenocarcinomas from pre-invasive lesions. […] Moreover, further knowledge about the molecular characteristics of lung cancers and the availability of targeted therapies has substantially impacted the classification of lung cancers. […] Adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic subtype of lung cancer in men and women.

• #72 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Prior to the 1990s, squamous cell lung carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype, particularly among men. […] Since then, the incidence of adenocarcinoma rose to be greater than that of squamous cell carcinomas in the US, Canada, many European countries, and Japan. […] However, this switch has not yet been observed in other countries such as Spain and the Netherlands. […] The higher rates of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous and small cell lung cancer are greater in women. […] Consequently, the proportion of adenocarcinomas is rising in many countries in parallel to increased incidence of lung cancer in women. […] These findings may reflect differences in the types of cigarettes (including filtered and low-tar versions) more frequently used by women as well as genetic predisposition and environmental exposures in female never-smokers.

• #73 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Prior to the 1990s, squamous cell lung carcinoma was the most common histologic subtype, particularly among men. […] Since then, the incidence of adenocarcinoma rose to be greater than that of squamous cell carcinomas in the US, Canada, many European countries, and Japan. […] However, this switch has not yet been observed in other countries such as Spain and the Netherlands. […] The higher rates of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous and small cell lung cancer are greater in women. […] Consequently, the proportion of adenocarcinomas is rising in many countries in parallel to increased incidence of lung cancer in women. […] These findings may reflect differences in the types of cigarettes (including filtered and low-tar versions) more frequently used by women as well as genetic predisposition and environmental exposures in female never-smokers.

• #74 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  In 2011, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society proposed a new adenocarcinoma categorization based upon histological evidence of invasion. […] Preinvasive lesions are classified on a continuum from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) includes small (3 cm) lesions with 5 mm of invasion. […] Invasive adenocarcinomas include a variety of patterns (e.g., lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma [LPA], acinar, papillary, micropapillary, and solid) characterized by tumor disruption of 5 mm of the alveolar basement membrane. […] This grouping correlates with clinical outcomes, with pre-invasive lesions having an indolent clinical course with almost 100% curability, in contrast to invasive carcinomas, which have a considerably worse prognosis.

• #75 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  In 2011, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society proposed a new adenocarcinoma categorization based upon histological evidence of invasion. […] Preinvasive lesions are classified on a continuum from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) includes small (3 cm) lesions with 5 mm of invasion. […] Invasive adenocarcinomas include a variety of patterns (e.g., lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma [LPA], acinar, papillary, micropapillary, and solid) characterized by tumor disruption of 5 mm of the alveolar basement membrane. […] This grouping correlates with clinical outcomes, with pre-invasive lesions having an indolent clinical course with almost 100% curability, in contrast to invasive carcinomas, which have a considerably worse prognosis.

• #76 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Recent studies have shown AIS, MIA, and LPA to have a higher incidence in Japan compared with western populations. […] Squamous cell lung cancer is the second most common subtype, comprising approximately 20% of primary lung neoplasms in the US. […] These tumors are distinguished histologically by squamous pearl formation, keratin production, and intercellular bridging. […] Historically, squamous cell lung cancer occurred more commonly as central lesions, but peripheral tumors are rising in incidence. […] Small cell lung cancer, which has an aggressive clinical course, comprises 14% of lung cancers and typically presents as a perihilar mass with early and extensive lymph node metastases. […] It has a strong association with smoking history and commonly causes paraneoplastic syndromes.

• #77 Small-Cell Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/who-gets-small-cell-lung-cancer

  Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive type of lung cancer. Each year in the U.S., about 30,000 to 35,000 people are diagnosed with it. For most, it has already spread to distant parts of their body by the time they learn they have it. Although anyone can get SCLC, the major cause of the disease is smoking. Its rare to get it if you’ve never smoked. The number of people who get SCLC has gone down over the last few years as the number of people who smoke has gone down. About 10%-15% of all lung cancers today are SCLC. This type of lung cancer is less common than non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for nearly 87% of all lung cancer cases. […] All cancer risks go up as you age. Youre most likely to get an SCLC diagnosis between the ages of 60-80. Its slightly more common in men. But the number of women with SCLC has gone up over the last few decades in the U.S., from 27% of all SCLC cases in 1973 to about 50% of SCLC cases in recent years. While Blacks and whites have similar rates of lung cancer, black men are less likely than white men to get SCLC. One study showed that Black women are twice as likely as Black men to get a genetic mutation that leads to SCLC. But its smoking that makes the biggest difference in your risk for SCLC. Over 98% of people with the disease have a history of smoking. Your risk also goes up if youre exposed to secondhand smoke, radon, asbestos, or you have a family history of SCLC. But none of these raise your risk of SCLC as much as smoking does.

• #78 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Recent studies have shown AIS, MIA, and LPA to have a higher incidence in Japan compared with western populations. […] Squamous cell lung cancer is the second most common subtype, comprising approximately 20% of primary lung neoplasms in the US. […] These tumors are distinguished histologically by squamous pearl formation, keratin production, and intercellular bridging. […] Historically, squamous cell lung cancer occurred more commonly as central lesions, but peripheral tumors are rising in incidence. […] Small cell lung cancer, which has an aggressive clinical course, comprises 14% of lung cancers and typically presents as a perihilar mass with early and extensive lymph node metastases. […] It has a strong association with smoking history and commonly causes paraneoplastic syndromes.

• #79 Small-Cell Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/who-gets-small-cell-lung-cancer

  Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive type of lung cancer. Each year in the U.S., about 30,000 to 35,000 people are diagnosed with it. For most, it has already spread to distant parts of their body by the time they learn they have it. Although anyone can get SCLC, the major cause of the disease is smoking. Its rare to get it if you’ve never smoked. The number of people who get SCLC has gone down over the last few years as the number of people who smoke has gone down. About 10%-15% of all lung cancers today are SCLC. This type of lung cancer is less common than non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for nearly 87% of all lung cancer cases. […] All cancer risks go up as you age. Youre most likely to get an SCLC diagnosis between the ages of 60-80. Its slightly more common in men. But the number of women with SCLC has gone up over the last few decades in the U.S., from 27% of all SCLC cases in 1973 to about 50% of SCLC cases in recent years. While Blacks and whites have similar rates of lung cancer, black men are less likely than white men to get SCLC. One study showed that Black women are twice as likely as Black men to get a genetic mutation that leads to SCLC. But its smoking that makes the biggest difference in your risk for SCLC. Over 98% of people with the disease have a history of smoking. Your risk also goes up if youre exposed to secondhand smoke, radon, asbestos, or you have a family history of SCLC. But none of these raise your risk of SCLC as much as smoking does.

• #80 Small-Cell Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/who-gets-small-cell-lung-cancer

  Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive type of lung cancer. Each year in the U.S., about 30,000 to 35,000 people are diagnosed with it. For most, it has already spread to distant parts of their body by the time they learn they have it. Although anyone can get SCLC, the major cause of the disease is smoking. Its rare to get it if you’ve never smoked. The number of people who get SCLC has gone down over the last few years as the number of people who smoke has gone down. About 10%-15% of all lung cancers today are SCLC. This type of lung cancer is less common than non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for nearly 87% of all lung cancer cases. […] All cancer risks go up as you age. Youre most likely to get an SCLC diagnosis between the ages of 60-80. Its slightly more common in men. But the number of women with SCLC has gone up over the last few decades in the U.S., from 27% of all SCLC cases in 1973 to about 50% of SCLC cases in recent years. While Blacks and whites have similar rates of lung cancer, black men are less likely than white men to get SCLC. One study showed that Black women are twice as likely as Black men to get a genetic mutation that leads to SCLC. But its smoking that makes the biggest difference in your risk for SCLC. Over 98% of people with the disease have a history of smoking. Your risk also goes up if youre exposed to secondhand smoke, radon, asbestos, or you have a family history of SCLC. But none of these raise your risk of SCLC as much as smoking does.

• #81 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  The most common genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma are epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS activating mutations. […] EGFR insertions and deletions are found in roughly 15% of lung adenocarcinomas in the US, with increased frequency in nonsmokers and Asians. […] In advanced stages of disease, this mutation predicts a more favorable prognosis and sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib. […] Conversely, KRAS mutations occur more commonly in smokers and appear to confer worse prognosis. […] While no targeted therapeutics are currently available for this mutation, clinical trials are in progress to test drugs that target downstream effectors of activated KRAS. […] The myriad risk factors for lung cancer most commonly include lifestyle, environmental, and occupational exposures.

• #82 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  The most common genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma are epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS activating mutations. […] EGFR insertions and deletions are found in roughly 15% of lung adenocarcinomas in the US, with increased frequency in nonsmokers and Asians. […] In advanced stages of disease, this mutation predicts a more favorable prognosis and sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib. […] Conversely, KRAS mutations occur more commonly in smokers and appear to confer worse prognosis. […] While no targeted therapeutics are currently available for this mutation, clinical trials are in progress to test drugs that target downstream effectors of activated KRAS. […] The myriad risk factors for lung cancer most commonly include lifestyle, environmental, and occupational exposures.

• #83

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjcancer/fulltext/2022/59001/evolving_trends_in_lung_cancer__epidemiology,.8.aspx

  The common mutations that have been detected and targeted for treatment in lung cancer patients include EGFR, ALK and ROS1. The incidence/prevalence of EGFR mutations in India range from 33% to 48% among studies with varied methodology and population demographics. […] Currently, the role of several molecular aberrations in lung cancer development has been widely investigated. Researchers examined the association between some mutations and lung cancer progression, especially in NSCLC. […] Screening of lung cancer in India is associated with several challenges, such as overall expenses and poor infrastructure limiting the availability of diagnostic modalities in remote areas. […] The first-line therapy for Stage IV NSCLC is cytotoxic combination chemotherapy, usually influenced by histology of tumor, age, comorbidities, and the performance status (PS).

• #84 The epidemiology of lung cancer – de Groot – Translational Lung Cancer Research

  https://tlcr.amegroups.org/article/view/21996/html

  It should be noted that while the incidence rates for new lung cancer diagnoses per 100,000 population have trended down, the actual number of incident cases of lung cancer has increased: there were 161,000 new lung cancer cases in 1991, compared with an estimated 234,101 new diagnoses in 2018. […] In the US, a hard-won decline in lung cancer deaths follows decades of tobacco control initiatives. […] Estimates of mortality in 2018 are 83,550 deaths for men and 70,500 for women, around 25% of annual cancer fatalities. […] Lung cancer has one of the lowest survival rates, along with liver and pancreatic cancer. […] Lung cancer rates vary around the world, reflecting geographical differences in tobacco use and air quality. […] Worldwide, lung cancer incidence is increasing. […] Rates of lung cancer in men are considerably higher in developed countries than in less-developed ones, predominantly related to smoking habits, but overall incidence is decreasing in men from developed countries due to tobacco control policies.

• #85 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  According to SEER, the latest 5-year survival rate for lung cancer in the US (from 2010-2016) was 20.5%. The earliest reported 5-year survival rate, in 1975, was 11.5%. Increases in survival are likely due to earlier detection (e.g. recommended computed tomography (CT) screening among those with significant smoking history), as well as improvements in treatment modalities with the introduction of targeted (EGFR, ALK, ROS, and BRAF inhibitors) and immune therapies (PD-1, PDL-1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors). Higher-income nations have better access to the latest diagnosis and treatment tools and better lung cancer survival. […] Lung cancer is the most common and deadly cancer worldwide, and its global disease burden is projected to rise with increasing tobacco-smoking rates. Lung cancer is more common among men, adults over 60 years old, African Americans, and those with a family history. Tobacco smoking accounts for over 80% of lung cancer cases and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. While smoking has decreased in the Western world, smoking is on the rise globally and in many developing nations like China. Further major contributors include radon, second-hand smoke, asbestos, air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and TB infection, while cannabis, e-cigarettes, and COVID-19 have been suggested to increase risk. Underprivileged populations are at higher risk of cigarette smoking, HIV and TB infection, poor air quality, lower access to healthcare, higher risk of lung cancer, and worsened lung cancer survival rates. Prevention efforts to curb the growing global burden of lung cancer should be targeted against risk factors such as smoking, occupational and environmental exposure, and HIV and TB infection. Increasing access to screening, nicotine addiction programs, and aggressive/experimental lung cancer treatments among underprivileged populations can help reduce disparities. Further investigation into the impact of cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19 on lung cancer risk is required.

• #86 Lung Cancer Statistics | How Common is Lung Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer death in the US, accounting for about 1 in 5 of all cancer deaths. Each year, more people die of lung cancer than of colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. […] On a positive note, the number of new lung cancer cases continues to decrease, partly because more people are quitting smoking (or not starting). The number of deaths from lung cancer continues to drop as well, due to fewer people smoking and advances in early detection and treatment. […] Overall, the chance that a man will develop lung cancer in his lifetime is about 1 in 17; for a woman, the risk is about 1 in 18. These numbers include both people who smoke and those who dont smoke. For people who smoke, the risk is much higher, while for those who don’t, the risk is lower. […] Statistics on survival in people with lung cancer vary depending on the type of lung cancer, the stage (extent) of the cancer when it is diagnosed, and other factors.

• #87 Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/lung-cancer-epidemiology2022

  Nearly 65% of all new lung cancer cases occur in individuals who have never smoked or are former smokers. […] The ACS indicates that the 5-year relative survival rate for lung cancer is 22% overall (18% for men and 25% for women); 26% for nonsmall cell lung cancer; and 7% for SCLC. […] In the U.S., lung cancer death rates have been declining at an accelerated rate, and from 2014 to 2018, mortality rates diminished by more than 5% per year in men and 4% per year in women.

• #88 Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/lung-cancer-epidemiology-2024

  Nearly 65% of all new lung cancer cases occur in individuals who have never smoked or are former smokers. Recent data from the CDC indicate that in the U.S., about 10% to 20% of lung cancers, or 20,000 to 40,000 lung cancers each year, are diagnosed in people who never smoked or smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. According to a report from the American Lung Associations 2023 State of Lung Cancer report, the 5-year relative survival rate for lung cancer increased from 22% to 26.6% over the past 5 years for men and women. The NCI indicates that if detected early before metastases, an estimated 64% of all people diagnosed with lung cancer will survive 5 years or more. Additionally, in the U.S., lung cancer death rates have been declining at an accelerated rate, and from 2019 to 2021, mortality rates diminished by more than 3.7% per year in men and 2.6% per year in women.

• #89 Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/lung-cancer-epidemiology-2024

  Nearly 65% of all new lung cancer cases occur in individuals who have never smoked or are former smokers. Recent data from the CDC indicate that in the U.S., about 10% to 20% of lung cancers, or 20,000 to 40,000 lung cancers each year, are diagnosed in people who never smoked or smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. According to a report from the American Lung Associations 2023 State of Lung Cancer report, the 5-year relative survival rate for lung cancer increased from 22% to 26.6% over the past 5 years for men and women. The NCI indicates that if detected early before metastases, an estimated 64% of all people diagnosed with lung cancer will survive 5 years or more. Additionally, in the U.S., lung cancer death rates have been declining at an accelerated rate, and from 2019 to 2021, mortality rates diminished by more than 3.7% per year in men and 2.6% per year in women.

• #90 Lung cancer statistics in the United States: a reflection on the impact of cancer control – Zhang – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/6862/html

  Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer death globally (1). The American Cancer Society updates cancer statistics in the United States of America (US) each year. In 2021, it reported declines in lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in both males and females (2). In 2021, an estimated total of 235,760 new lung cancer cases were diagnosed. These incident cases place lung cancer as the second commonest cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers) in males (119,100 cases) and females (116,660 cases) (2). Fortunately, age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates in both sexes have been decreasing from 2005 to 2017 (males: since 1980s). But despite this, lung cancer will remained the leading cause of cancer death (overall: 131,880 deaths; males: 69,410 deaths; females: 62,470 deaths); both estimates in males and females respectively accounted for 22% of deaths from all cancers. The age-adjusted mortality rates in both sexes have been decreasing as well (males: since 1990; females: since 2000), accounting for 46% of the decline in mortality for all cancers from 2014 to 2018 (2). Consistent with previous reports, over half of lung cancer cases were diagnosed with distant metastasis (57%), rather than at localized (17%) or regional (22%) stages, based on the data from 2010-2016 (2). The 5-year relative survival estimate for lung cancer remained poor (21% in all stages, 59% in localized stage, 32% in regional stage and 6% in distant stage), compared to other cancers. Nevertheless, for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for nearly 80% of lung cancer, 2-year relative survival has been increasing from 34% in 2009-2010 to 42% in 2015-2016 in the US, with absolute gains of 56% in each stage (2). These lung cancer statistics in the US are encouraging given the statistics reflect the successful efforts over many years in primary prevention, secondary prevention and diagnosis, treatment, survivorship and supportive care, through to end-of-life care. Since lung cancer screening has been introduced only recently, most of the beneficial impact may be ascribed to tobacco control measures and advances in early diagnosis of symptomatic patients and treatment (1-4). One of the important statistics from the report is that over half of all US lung cancer cases are still diagnosed with distant metastasis. This highlights the ongoing need to improve early diagnosis, through lung cancer screening for the asymptomatic population at increased risk, as well as timely diagnosis of symptomatic patients (1,4).

• #91 Lung cancer statistics in the United States: a reflection on the impact of cancer control – Zhang – Annals of Cancer Epidemiology

  https://ace.amegroups.org/article/view/6862/html

  Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer death globally (1). The American Cancer Society updates cancer statistics in the United States of America (US) each year. In 2021, it reported declines in lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in both males and females (2). In 2021, an estimated total of 235,760 new lung cancer cases were diagnosed. These incident cases place lung cancer as the second commonest cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers) in males (119,100 cases) and females (116,660 cases) (2). Fortunately, age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates in both sexes have been decreasing from 2005 to 2017 (males: since 1980s). But despite this, lung cancer will remained the leading cause of cancer death (overall: 131,880 deaths; males: 69,410 deaths; females: 62,470 deaths); both estimates in males and females respectively accounted for 22% of deaths from all cancers. The age-adjusted mortality rates in both sexes have been decreasing as well (males: since 1990; females: since 2000), accounting for 46% of the decline in mortality for all cancers from 2014 to 2018 (2). Consistent with previous reports, over half of lung cancer cases were diagnosed with distant metastasis (57%), rather than at localized (17%) or regional (22%) stages, based on the data from 2010-2016 (2). The 5-year relative survival estimate for lung cancer remained poor (21% in all stages, 59% in localized stage, 32% in regional stage and 6% in distant stage), compared to other cancers. Nevertheless, for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for nearly 80% of lung cancer, 2-year relative survival has been increasing from 34% in 2009-2010 to 42% in 2015-2016 in the US, with absolute gains of 56% in each stage (2). These lung cancer statistics in the US are encouraging given the statistics reflect the successful efforts over many years in primary prevention, secondary prevention and diagnosis, treatment, survivorship and supportive care, through to end-of-life care. Since lung cancer screening has been introduced only recently, most of the beneficial impact may be ascribed to tobacco control measures and advances in early diagnosis of symptomatic patients and treatment (1-4). One of the important statistics from the report is that over half of all US lung cancer cases are still diagnosed with distant metastasis. This highlights the ongoing need to improve early diagnosis, through lung cancer screening for the asymptomatic population at increased risk, as well as timely diagnosis of symptomatic patients (1,4).

• #92 Small-Cell Lung Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/who-gets-small-cell-lung-cancer

  Many people diagnosed with SCLC have a poor prognosis. The disease causes rapid, uncontrolled growth of certain cells in your lungs that eventually form a tumor. The cancer can spread to other areas of the body. Doctors use 5-year survival rates as a measure to tell you what percentage of people live at least 5 years after diagnosis. The overall 5-year survival rate for people with SCLC is 7%. But about a fourth of those with limited-stage SCLC (SCLC thats small and in only one part of your lung) have a good prognosis. Some may even get rid of the cancer completely with early treatments of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. If you have regional stage SCLC, it means your cancer has spread outside your lung to nearby areas. The 5-year survival rate for this type is 18%. The distant form, where SCLC has spread to a distant part of your body, is the most deadly. Its 5-year survival rate is only 3%. But nearly 70% of people with SCLC have this form when theyre diagnosed.

• #93

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lung-cancer

  Smoking tobacco (including cigarettes, cigars, and pipes) is the primary risk factor for lung cancer but it can also affect non-smokers. […] Secondary prevention for lung cancer involves screening methods that aim to detect the disease in its early stages, before symptoms become apparent and can be indicated for high-risk individuals. […] The primary screening method for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). […] Early detection of lung cancer can lead to better treatments and outcomes. […] Systemic therapies, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, play a crucial role in the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. […] WHO recognizes the significant impact of lung cancer on global health and has implemented several initiatives to address the disease comprehensively. […] The WHO’s response focuses on tobacco control, cancer prevention, early detection, and improving access to quality treatment and care.

• #94

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lung-cancer

  Smoking tobacco (including cigarettes, cigars, and pipes) is the primary risk factor for lung cancer but it can also affect non-smokers. […] Secondary prevention for lung cancer involves screening methods that aim to detect the disease in its early stages, before symptoms become apparent and can be indicated for high-risk individuals. […] The primary screening method for lung cancer is low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). […] Early detection of lung cancer can lead to better treatments and outcomes. […] Systemic therapies, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, play a crucial role in the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. […] WHO recognizes the significant impact of lung cancer on global health and has implemented several initiatives to address the disease comprehensively. […] The WHO’s response focuses on tobacco control, cancer prevention, early detection, and improving access to quality treatment and care.

• #95 Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening

  The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. […] The USPSTF recommends using age and smoking history to determine screening eligibility rather than more elaborate risk prediction models because there is insufficient evidence to assess whether risk prediction model-based screening would improve outcomes relative to using the risk factors of age and smoking history for broad implementation in primary care. […] The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with LDCT in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years. […] The USPSTF recommends that screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery.

• #96

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lung-cancer

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for the highest mortality rates among both men and women. […] Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for approximately 85% of all cases. […] Lung cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages when treatment options are limited. […] Screening high risk individuals has the potential to allow early detection and to dramatically improve survival rates. […] Primary prevention (such as tobacco control measures and reducing exposure to environmental risk factors) can reduce the incidence of lung cancer and save lives. […] Lung cancer is a significant public health concern, causing a considerable number of deaths globally. GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) show as lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%) in 2020.

• #97 The epidemiology of lung cancer – de Groot – Translational Lung Cancer Research

  https://tlcr.amegroups.org/article/view/21996/html

  An understanding of this causal relationship developed only slowly and gradually, not least because of the decades-long latency period between smoking initiation and lung cancer occurrence. […] Cigarette smoking increased dramatically in the US and Europe during the world wars, first in men and then in women. […] Major epidemiological studies published in 1950 definitively established that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer; additional confirmatory studies followed. […] Concerted efforts since the 1960s to decrease tobacco consumption have had success in reducing the percentage of smokers in the US population. […] An estimated 6.8 million people in the US meet eligibility criteria for lung cancer screening, although only 4% of them have pursued it. […] The addictive component of tobacco is nicotine, a natural alkaloid that acts as an acetylcholine agonist and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nervous system, causing release of neurotransmitters into the blood stream.

• #98

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  Transitioning from active treatment to post-treatment care is an important milestone in the long-term health of people who have undergone curative-intent treatment of lung cancer. […] Primary care is well placed to offer follow-up and supportive care to the patient and their family/whnau that includes monitoring for cancer recurrence and reducing the physical and psychosocial impacts of cancer and its treatments. […] Approximately half of people who undergo curative-intent lung cancer surgery will have recurrence; recurrence rates are higher in those treated with radiation or chemotherapy. The majority of lung cancer recurrence happens within the first two years post-treatment. […] Symptoms and signs associated with local recurrence are similar to primary lung cancer and include persistent cough, breathlessness, haemoptysis, chest/shoulder pain, weight loss, abnormal chest signs, recurrent chest infections and hoarseness.

• #99

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  A chest X-ray is usually the first investigation if local recurrence is suspected. […] The main goals of post-treatment care are to: Prevent and detect recurrent or new cancers to enable timely and appropriate management; Prevent, identify and manage medical and psychosocial late or chronic effects of cancer and cancer treatment; Co-ordinate care between all providers to ensure the patients needs are met; Help the patient to gain greater independence and self-management of their ongoing health and wellbeing. […] Recurrence and second primary cancer rates following lung cancer are variable and influenced by many factors, including ongoing risk factors, e.g. smoking; characteristics of the original malignancy; increased contact with healthcare leading to detection and diagnosis of a second primary cancer.

• #100

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  Transitioning from active treatment to post-treatment care is an important milestone in the long-term health of people who have undergone curative-intent treatment of lung cancer. […] Primary care is well placed to offer follow-up and supportive care to the patient and their family/whnau that includes monitoring for cancer recurrence and reducing the physical and psychosocial impacts of cancer and its treatments. […] Approximately half of people who undergo curative-intent lung cancer surgery will have recurrence; recurrence rates are higher in those treated with radiation or chemotherapy. The majority of lung cancer recurrence happens within the first two years post-treatment. […] Symptoms and signs associated with local recurrence are similar to primary lung cancer and include persistent cough, breathlessness, haemoptysis, chest/shoulder pain, weight loss, abnormal chest signs, recurrent chest infections and hoarseness.

• #101

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  Transitioning from active treatment to post-treatment care is an important milestone in the long-term health of people who have undergone curative-intent treatment of lung cancer. […] Primary care is well placed to offer follow-up and supportive care to the patient and their family/whnau that includes monitoring for cancer recurrence and reducing the physical and psychosocial impacts of cancer and its treatments. […] Approximately half of people who undergo curative-intent lung cancer surgery will have recurrence; recurrence rates are higher in those treated with radiation or chemotherapy. The majority of lung cancer recurrence happens within the first two years post-treatment. […] Symptoms and signs associated with local recurrence are similar to primary lung cancer and include persistent cough, breathlessness, haemoptysis, chest/shoulder pain, weight loss, abnormal chest signs, recurrent chest infections and hoarseness.

• #102

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  People who have had lung cancer are at risk of any second primary cancer; common second cancers include head and neck, thyroid, pancreatic and bladder cancers. […] The risk of developing a new primary lung cancer two or more years following curative-intent treatment is 1.5-2% per year. […] While follow-up of people treated for lung cancer has traditionally taken place in secondary care, in many instances this can be provided in the community, e.g. by a general practitioner or nurse practitioner, or via outpatient services with a clinical nurse specialist. […] Routine chest X-ray is not recommended for surveillance. […] There is limited evidence to guide the use of routine surveillance imaging following curative-intent lung cancer treatment. […] The frequency and type of follow-up care will be specified in the treatment plan.

• #103

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  People who have had lung cancer are at risk of any second primary cancer; common second cancers include head and neck, thyroid, pancreatic and bladder cancers. […] The risk of developing a new primary lung cancer two or more years following curative-intent treatment is 1.5-2% per year. […] While follow-up of people treated for lung cancer has traditionally taken place in secondary care, in many instances this can be provided in the community, e.g. by a general practitioner or nurse practitioner, or via outpatient services with a clinical nurse specialist. […] Routine chest X-ray is not recommended for surveillance. […] There is limited evidence to guide the use of routine surveillance imaging following curative-intent lung cancer treatment. […] The frequency and type of follow-up care will be specified in the treatment plan.

• #104 Lung Cancer Surveillance After Definitive Curative-Intent Therapy – ASCO

  https://asco.org/guidelines/GUIDELINEASCO142246

  To provide evidence-based recommendations to practicing clinicians on radiographic imaging and biomarker surveillance strategies after definitive curative-intent therapy in patients with stage I-III nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). […] Patients should undergo surveillance imaging for recurrence every 6 months for 2 years and then annually for detection of new primary lung cancers. Chest computed tomography imaging is the optimal imaging modality for surveillance. […] Age should not preclude surveillance imaging. […] Circulating biomarkers should not be used as a surveillance strategy for detection of recurrence. […] Brain magnetic resonance imaging should not be used for routine surveillance in stage I-III NSCLC but may be used every 3 months for the first year and every 6 months for the second year in patients with stage I-III small-cell lung cancer who have undergone curative-intent treatment.

• #105 Lung Cancer Surveillance After Definitive Curative-Intent Therapy – ASCO

  https://asco.org/guidelines/GUIDELINEASCO142246

  To provide evidence-based recommendations to practicing clinicians on radiographic imaging and biomarker surveillance strategies after definitive curative-intent therapy in patients with stage I-III nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). […] Patients should undergo surveillance imaging for recurrence every 6 months for 2 years and then annually for detection of new primary lung cancers. Chest computed tomography imaging is the optimal imaging modality for surveillance. […] Age should not preclude surveillance imaging. […] Circulating biomarkers should not be used as a surveillance strategy for detection of recurrence. […] Brain magnetic resonance imaging should not be used for routine surveillance in stage I-III NSCLC but may be used every 3 months for the first year and every 6 months for the second year in patients with stage I-III small-cell lung cancer who have undergone curative-intent treatment.

• #106 Lung Cancer Surveillance After Definitive Curative-Intent Therapy – ASCO

  https://asco.org/guidelines/GUIDELINEASCO142246

  To provide evidence-based recommendations to practicing clinicians on radiographic imaging and biomarker surveillance strategies after definitive curative-intent therapy in patients with stage I-III nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). […] Patients should undergo surveillance imaging for recurrence every 6 months for 2 years and then annually for detection of new primary lung cancers. Chest computed tomography imaging is the optimal imaging modality for surveillance. […] Age should not preclude surveillance imaging. […] Circulating biomarkers should not be used as a surveillance strategy for detection of recurrence. […] Brain magnetic resonance imaging should not be used for routine surveillance in stage I-III NSCLC but may be used every 3 months for the first year and every 6 months for the second year in patients with stage I-III small-cell lung cancer who have undergone curative-intent treatment.

• #107 Lung Cancer Surveillance After Definitive Curative-Intent Therapy – ASCO

  https://asco.org/guidelines/GUIDELINEASCO142246

  To provide evidence-based recommendations to practicing clinicians on radiographic imaging and biomarker surveillance strategies after definitive curative-intent therapy in patients with stage I-III nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). […] Patients should undergo surveillance imaging for recurrence every 6 months for 2 years and then annually for detection of new primary lung cancers. Chest computed tomography imaging is the optimal imaging modality for surveillance. […] Age should not preclude surveillance imaging. […] Circulating biomarkers should not be used as a surveillance strategy for detection of recurrence. […] Brain magnetic resonance imaging should not be used for routine surveillance in stage I-III NSCLC but may be used every 3 months for the first year and every 6 months for the second year in patients with stage I-III small-cell lung cancer who have undergone curative-intent treatment.

• #108

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  People who have had lung cancer are at risk of any second primary cancer; common second cancers include head and neck, thyroid, pancreatic and bladder cancers. […] The risk of developing a new primary lung cancer two or more years following curative-intent treatment is 1.5-2% per year. […] While follow-up of people treated for lung cancer has traditionally taken place in secondary care, in many instances this can be provided in the community, e.g. by a general practitioner or nurse practitioner, or via outpatient services with a clinical nurse specialist. […] Routine chest X-ray is not recommended for surveillance. […] There is limited evidence to guide the use of routine surveillance imaging following curative-intent lung cancer treatment. […] The frequency and type of follow-up care will be specified in the treatment plan.

• #109

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  People who have had lung cancer are at risk of any second primary cancer; common second cancers include head and neck, thyroid, pancreatic and bladder cancers. […] The risk of developing a new primary lung cancer two or more years following curative-intent treatment is 1.5-2% per year. […] While follow-up of people treated for lung cancer has traditionally taken place in secondary care, in many instances this can be provided in the community, e.g. by a general practitioner or nurse practitioner, or via outpatient services with a clinical nurse specialist. […] Routine chest X-ray is not recommended for surveillance. […] There is limited evidence to guide the use of routine surveillance imaging following curative-intent lung cancer treatment. […] The frequency and type of follow-up care will be specified in the treatment plan.

• #110

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  People who have had lung cancer are at risk of any second primary cancer; common second cancers include head and neck, thyroid, pancreatic and bladder cancers. […] The risk of developing a new primary lung cancer two or more years following curative-intent treatment is 1.5-2% per year. […] While follow-up of people treated for lung cancer has traditionally taken place in secondary care, in many instances this can be provided in the community, e.g. by a general practitioner or nurse practitioner, or via outpatient services with a clinical nurse specialist. […] Routine chest X-ray is not recommended for surveillance. […] There is limited evidence to guide the use of routine surveillance imaging following curative-intent lung cancer treatment. […] The frequency and type of follow-up care will be specified in the treatment plan.

• #111

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  People who have had lung cancer are at risk of any second primary cancer; common second cancers include head and neck, thyroid, pancreatic and bladder cancers. […] The risk of developing a new primary lung cancer two or more years following curative-intent treatment is 1.5-2% per year. […] While follow-up of people treated for lung cancer has traditionally taken place in secondary care, in many instances this can be provided in the community, e.g. by a general practitioner or nurse practitioner, or via outpatient services with a clinical nurse specialist. […] Routine chest X-ray is not recommended for surveillance. […] There is limited evidence to guide the use of routine surveillance imaging following curative-intent lung cancer treatment. […] The frequency and type of follow-up care will be specified in the treatment plan.

• #112

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/lung-cancer-surveillance.aspx

  The treatment summary should contain information on the diagnosis, treatments received and when completed, long-term adverse effects that may occur and any laboratory monitoring or other investigations required. […] Ensure that the patient and their family/whnau understand the purpose of the appointments, the recommended schedule and what to do if they have symptoms or concerns that arise before a routine follow-up appointment. […] Regularly review medicines to ensure that appropriate medicines are continued, and doses are adjusted as required. […] Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all people who have undergone lung cancer treatment. […] The presence of co-morbidities can limit treatment options and is associated with an increased risk of post-treatment complications and worse survival outcomes.

• #113 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Projections of Lung Cancer Incidence by 2035 in 40 Countries Worldwide: Population-Based Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e43651/

  Global ASRs of the 40 studied countries were predicted to decrease by 23% (8.2/35.8) among males, from 35.8 per 100,000 person-years in 2010 to 27.6 in 2035, and increase by 2% (0.3/16.8) among females, from 16.8 in 2010 to 17.1 in 2035. […] The ASRs of LC among females are projected to continue increasing dramatically in most countries by 2035, with peaks after the 2020s in most European, Eastern Asian, and Oceanian countries, whereas the ASRs among males will continue to decline in almost all countries. […] LC incidence is expected to continue to increase through 2035 in most countries, making LC a major public health challenge worldwide. […] The ongoing transition in the epidemiology of LC highlights the need for resource redistribution and improved LC control measures to reduce future LC burden worldwide.

• #114 The epidemiology of lung cancer – de Groot – Translational Lung Cancer Research

  https://tlcr.amegroups.org/article/view/21996/html

  Lung cancer in women is also more prevalent in the developed world and linked with cigarette smoking. […] Worldwide, rates of female lung cancer are increasing. […] Of particular concern for the future is the recent rise of cigarette consumption in countries like China, where 65% of men initiate smoking by their mid-20s, presaging an epidemic of lung cancer in the next few decades. […] Lung cancer incidence and mortality in the US have racial and ethnic disparities as well as geographical differences. […] The burden of lung cancer in the 21st century is disproportionately borne by minorities and those living in poverty. […] Cigarette smoking is much more prevalent in individuals with less than a high school education, compared with college graduates. […] Lung cancer incidence is similarly disproportionate by education level.

• #115 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  According to SEER, the latest 5-year survival rate for lung cancer in the US (from 2010-2016) was 20.5%. The earliest reported 5-year survival rate, in 1975, was 11.5%. Increases in survival are likely due to earlier detection (e.g. recommended computed tomography (CT) screening among those with significant smoking history), as well as improvements in treatment modalities with the introduction of targeted (EGFR, ALK, ROS, and BRAF inhibitors) and immune therapies (PD-1, PDL-1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors). Higher-income nations have better access to the latest diagnosis and treatment tools and better lung cancer survival. […] Lung cancer is the most common and deadly cancer worldwide, and its global disease burden is projected to rise with increasing tobacco-smoking rates. Lung cancer is more common among men, adults over 60 years old, African Americans, and those with a family history. Tobacco smoking accounts for over 80% of lung cancer cases and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. While smoking has decreased in the Western world, smoking is on the rise globally and in many developing nations like China. Further major contributors include radon, second-hand smoke, asbestos, air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and TB infection, while cannabis, e-cigarettes, and COVID-19 have been suggested to increase risk. Underprivileged populations are at higher risk of cigarette smoking, HIV and TB infection, poor air quality, lower access to healthcare, higher risk of lung cancer, and worsened lung cancer survival rates. Prevention efforts to curb the growing global burden of lung cancer should be targeted against risk factors such as smoking, occupational and environmental exposure, and HIV and TB infection. Increasing access to screening, nicotine addiction programs, and aggressive/experimental lung cancer treatments among underprivileged populations can help reduce disparities. Further investigation into the impact of cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19 on lung cancer risk is required.

• #116 Epidemiology of lung cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8063897/

  According to SEER, the latest 5-year survival rate for lung cancer in the US (from 2010-2016) was 20.5%. The earliest reported 5-year survival rate, in 1975, was 11.5%. Increases in survival are likely due to earlier detection (e.g. recommended computed tomography (CT) screening among those with significant smoking history), as well as improvements in treatment modalities with the introduction of targeted (EGFR, ALK, ROS, and BRAF inhibitors) and immune therapies (PD-1, PDL-1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors). Higher-income nations have better access to the latest diagnosis and treatment tools and better lung cancer survival. […] Lung cancer is the most common and deadly cancer worldwide, and its global disease burden is projected to rise with increasing tobacco-smoking rates. Lung cancer is more common among men, adults over 60 years old, African Americans, and those with a family history. Tobacco smoking accounts for over 80% of lung cancer cases and is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. While smoking has decreased in the Western world, smoking is on the rise globally and in many developing nations like China. Further major contributors include radon, second-hand smoke, asbestos, air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and TB infection, while cannabis, e-cigarettes, and COVID-19 have been suggested to increase risk. Underprivileged populations are at higher risk of cigarette smoking, HIV and TB infection, poor air quality, lower access to healthcare, higher risk of lung cancer, and worsened lung cancer survival rates. Prevention efforts to curb the growing global burden of lung cancer should be targeted against risk factors such as smoking, occupational and environmental exposure, and HIV and TB infection. Increasing access to screening, nicotine addiction programs, and aggressive/experimental lung cancer treatments among underprivileged populations can help reduce disparities. Further investigation into the impact of cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19 on lung cancer risk is required.

• #117 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Fruit and vegetable consumption have been associated with decreased lung cancer risk in current smokers. […] Genetic factors leading to increased susceptibility to lung cancer have been poorly studied. […] This review has examined international trends in lung cancer epidemiology. […] Emerging economies and developing countries face many challenges in initiating tobacco cessation campaigns while also addressing environmental risk factors and cultural barriers. […] Over the past three to four decades, in contrast, industrialized nations have seen large declines in cigarette smoking and, consequently, lung cancer. […] However, despite knowledge gains in tumor biology that have led to targeted therapies, mortality from lung cancer remains high for most patients around the world. […] Future directions must include improvements in early detection and technological advances in genomics and genetics to achieve a more personalized approach to therapy and ultimately improve lung cancer survival.

• #118 The spatiotemporal dynamics of lung cancer: 30-year trends of epidemiology across 204 countries and territories | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-13281-y

  The incidence of lung cancer was heterogeneous across countries. […] The largest YLDs attributable to lung cancer in 2019 were observed in China (199,352), followed by the United States (61,843) and Japan (32,090). […] The ASIR of lung cancer has decreased from 1990 to 2019 globally, although a concomitant increase in ASPR and ASYR was observed. […] The increase in incidence is mainly attributed to population aging. […] Differences in geographic and country-specific population characteristics emphasize the need for targeted strategies to reduce the lung cancer burden.

• #119 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Fruit and vegetable consumption have been associated with decreased lung cancer risk in current smokers. […] Genetic factors leading to increased susceptibility to lung cancer have been poorly studied. […] This review has examined international trends in lung cancer epidemiology. […] Emerging economies and developing countries face many challenges in initiating tobacco cessation campaigns while also addressing environmental risk factors and cultural barriers. […] Over the past three to four decades, in contrast, industrialized nations have seen large declines in cigarette smoking and, consequently, lung cancer. […] However, despite knowledge gains in tumor biology that have led to targeted therapies, mortality from lung cancer remains high for most patients around the world. […] Future directions must include improvements in early detection and technological advances in genomics and genetics to achieve a more personalized approach to therapy and ultimately improve lung cancer survival.

• #120 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Fruit and vegetable consumption have been associated with decreased lung cancer risk in current smokers. […] Genetic factors leading to increased susceptibility to lung cancer have been poorly studied. […] This review has examined international trends in lung cancer epidemiology. […] Emerging economies and developing countries face many challenges in initiating tobacco cessation campaigns while also addressing environmental risk factors and cultural barriers. […] Over the past three to four decades, in contrast, industrialized nations have seen large declines in cigarette smoking and, consequently, lung cancer. […] However, despite knowledge gains in tumor biology that have led to targeted therapies, mortality from lung cancer remains high for most patients around the world. […] Future directions must include improvements in early detection and technological advances in genomics and genetics to achieve a more personalized approach to therapy and ultimately improve lung cancer survival.

• #121 Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.2419

  Fruit and vegetable consumption have been associated with decreased lung cancer risk in current smokers. […] Genetic factors leading to increased susceptibility to lung cancer have been poorly studied. […] This review has examined international trends in lung cancer epidemiology. […] Emerging economies and developing countries face many challenges in initiating tobacco cessation campaigns while also addressing environmental risk factors and cultural barriers. […] Over the past three to four decades, in contrast, industrialized nations have seen large declines in cigarette smoking and, consequently, lung cancer. […] However, despite knowledge gains in tumor biology that have led to targeted therapies, mortality from lung cancer remains high for most patients around the world. […] Future directions must include improvements in early detection and technological advances in genomics and genetics to achieve a more personalized approach to therapy and ultimately improve lung cancer survival.

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