Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Lung cancer begins in the cells of the lungs. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. […] People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes smoked. […] Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs develop changes in their DNA. […] Smoking causes most lung cancers. It can cause lung cancer in both people who smoke and in people exposed to secondhand smoke. […] Researchers believe smoking causes lung cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. […] Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, headaches or other symptoms depending on what organ is affected. […] A number of factors may increase the risk of lung cancer.

• #2 Lung Cancer: Types, Stages, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4375-lung-cancer

  Lung cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell division in your lungs. […] Lung cancer is caused by cells that keep dividing even though they shouldnt. […] Certain factors, including smoking tobacco products, can put you at higher risk for damage to your cells that can cause lung cancer. […] While there are many factors that can increase your risk of lung cancer, smoking any kind of tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars or pipes is the biggest single risk factor. […] Experts estimate that 80% of lung cancer deaths are smoking-related. […] Were not sure what causes these changes that lead to cancer in some people and not others. […] You can inhale a number of substances when you vape, including some that are known to cause cancer. […] While smoking is the leading risk factor for lung cancer, up to 20% of people diagnosed have never smoked.

• #3 Lung Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/basics/what-causes-lung-cancer

  What Causes Lung Cancer? Anyone can get lung cancer. Lung cancer happens when cells in the lung mutate or change. Various factors can cause this mutation (a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene) to happen. Most often, this change in lung cells happens when people breathe in dangerous, toxic substances. Even if you were exposed to these substances many years ago, you are still at risk for lung cancer. […] Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. It causes about 90 percent of lung cancer cases. Tobacco smoke contains many chemicals that are known to cause lung cancer. […] Radon exposure is the second-leading cause of lung cancer. Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas that exists naturally in soil. […] Exposure to certain hazardous chemicals poses a lung cancer risk. Working with materials such as asbestos, uranium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel and some petroleum products is especially dangerous. […] Evidence shows that particle pollution like that coming from that exhaust smoke increases the risk of lung cancer. […] Genetic factors also may play a role in one’s chances of developing lung cancer. A family history of lung cancer may mean you are at a higher risk for getting the disease.

• #4 Causes – Lung Foundation Australia

  https://lungfoundation.com.au/patients-carers/conditions/lung-cancer/causes/

  Lung cancer affects men, women, smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers. In fact, 1 in 3 women and 1 in 10 men diagnosed with lung cancer have no history of smoking, and occupational exposure is known to contribute to 29% of lung cancer cases in men. […] The cause of lung cancer, and other cancers, is not fully understood. However, it is thought that changes in the genes that program cell functions become faulty. This results in abnormal cell growth and/or multiplication. For many types of cancers, including lung cancer, external influences, such as lifestyle, diet, chemicals and environment, may trigger these faulty genes into action. […] Tobacco smoking has been scientifically identified as a cause of lung cancer. However, people who have never smoked can also be diagnosed with the disease. The risk of developing lung cancer decreases in people who stop smoking, but they are still at higher risk than people who have never smoked. […] Other risk factors have also been identified as having a link to the development of lung cancer. […] A family history of lung cancer increases the risk for the disease in both smokers and never-smokers.

• #5 Lung Cancer Risk Factors | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. In the United States, cigarette smoking is linked to about 80% to 90% of lung cancer deaths. […] People who smoke cigarettes are 15 to 30 times more likely to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke. […] Cigarette smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in the body. […] Smoke from other people’s cigarettes, pipes, or cigars (secondhand smoke) also causes lung cancer. […] Indoor radon is another important cause of lung cancer in the United States. […] The risk of lung cancer from radon exposure is higher for people who smoke than for people who don’t smoke. […] Examples of substances found at some workplaces that increase risk include asbestos, arsenic, diesel exhaust, and some forms of silica and chromium.

• #6 Lung Cancer Causes | Lung Cancer in Non-Smokers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of lung cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer cells. […] Smoking tobacco is by far the leading cause of lung cancer. About 85% of lung cancer deaths in 2025 are expected to be caused by smoking, and many others will be caused by exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Not all people who get lung cancer smoke. Many people with lung cancer formerly smoked, but many others never smoked at all. […] Lung cancer in people who dont smoke can be caused by exposure to radon, secondhand smoke, air pollution, or other factors. […] Some people with no known risk factors may develop lung cancer. This may be due to random events that dont have an outside cause, but it also may be due to factors that we dont yet know about.

• #7 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The World Health Organization estimates that lung cancer deaths worldwide will continue to rise, largely as a result of an increase in global tobacco use, especially in Asia. Tobacco use is the principal risk factor for lung cancer, and a large proportion of all pulmonary carcinomas are attributable to the effects of cigarette smoking. […] It is also clear that individual susceptibility is a factor in carcinogenesis. Although more than 80% of lung cancers occur in persons with tobacco exposure, fewer than 20% of smokers develop lung cancer. This variability in cancer susceptibility is likely affected by other environmental factors or by genetic predisposition. […] Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. […] The report concluded, Cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action.

• #8 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The first scientific report that associated cigarette smoking with an increased risk of premature death was in 1938, when Pear showed the degree of adverse effect on longevity increased with the amount of smoking. […] In 1950, two large landmark epidemiologic studies established the role of tobacco smoking as a causal factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. […] The Surgeon General of the United States re-emphasized in 2004 the conclusions of the 1964 report that cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. […] The primary determinant of tobacco addiction is nicotine, and tar is the total particulate matter of cigarette smoke after nicotine and water have been removed. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified at least 50 carcinogens in tobacco smoke.

• #9

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/causes/

  Most cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking, although people who have never smoked can also develop the condition. […] Smoking cigarettes is the single biggest risk factor for lung cancer. It’s responsible for more than 7 out of 10 cases. […] Tobacco smoke contains more than 60 different toxic substances, which are known to be carcinogenic (cancer-producing). […] If you smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day, you are 25 times more likely to get lung cancer than someone who does not smoke. […] Frequent exposure to other peoples tobacco smoke (passive smoking) can also increase your risk of developing lung cancer. […] While smoking cigarettes is the biggest risk factor, using other types of tobacco products can also increase your risk of developing lung cancer and other types of cancer, such as oesophageal cancer and mouth cancer.

• #10 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The first scientific report that associated cigarette smoking with an increased risk of premature death was in 1938, when Pear showed the degree of adverse effect on longevity increased with the amount of smoking. […] In 1950, two large landmark epidemiologic studies established the role of tobacco smoking as a causal factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. […] The Surgeon General of the United States re-emphasized in 2004 the conclusions of the 1964 report that cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. […] The primary determinant of tobacco addiction is nicotine, and tar is the total particulate matter of cigarette smoke after nicotine and water have been removed. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified at least 50 carcinogens in tobacco smoke.

• #11 Lung Cancer: What Causes it?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-causes-lung-cancer

  Many factors can increase your risk of lung cancer. Some are controllable, like smoking, while others aren’t, like your medical history. Knowing the controllable risk factors might help you reduce your risk. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the number one risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. […] In fact, a 2023 paper estimates that 90% of lung cancer cases are linked to cigarette smoking, with the risk highest in males. Tobacco products produce over 7,000 chemicals, and the CDC states that at least 70 of these are known to cause cancer. […] Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. […] If radon gets into a building and you breathe it in, it can build up in your body over time and cause lung cancer. This risk is higher if you also smoke.

• #12 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The first scientific report that associated cigarette smoking with an increased risk of premature death was in 1938, when Pear showed the degree of adverse effect on longevity increased with the amount of smoking. […] In 1950, two large landmark epidemiologic studies established the role of tobacco smoking as a causal factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. […] The Surgeon General of the United States re-emphasized in 2004 the conclusions of the 1964 report that cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. […] The primary determinant of tobacco addiction is nicotine, and tar is the total particulate matter of cigarette smoke after nicotine and water have been removed. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified at least 50 carcinogens in tobacco smoke.

• #13

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/causes/

  Most cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking, although people who have never smoked can also develop the condition. […] Smoking cigarettes is the single biggest risk factor for lung cancer. It’s responsible for more than 7 out of 10 cases. […] Tobacco smoke contains more than 60 different toxic substances, which are known to be carcinogenic (cancer-producing). […] If you smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day, you are 25 times more likely to get lung cancer than someone who does not smoke. […] Frequent exposure to other peoples tobacco smoke (passive smoking) can also increase your risk of developing lung cancer. […] While smoking cigarettes is the biggest risk factor, using other types of tobacco products can also increase your risk of developing lung cancer and other types of cancer, such as oesophageal cancer and mouth cancer.

• #14 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Some things can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can increase or decrease the risk. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who dont have any risks. Smoking tobacco is the main risk for lung cancer. […] The risk of developing lung cancer increases with age. More than half of all newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occur among people aged 60 years or older. […] Several things could increase your risk for lung cancer. A few of these cant be changed. But in some cases, there are things you can do to lower your risk. […] All forms of smoking tobacco, particularly cigarettes, increase the risk of lung cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your risk of developing lung cancer.

• #15 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  Tobacco carcinogens, such as NNK, can bind to DNA and create DNA adducts, which are pieces of DNA covalently bonded to a cancer-causing chemical, such as PAH in cigarette smoke. […] There is no question that tobacco smoking remains the most important modifiable risk factor for lung cancer. It has been estimated that up to 20% of all cancer deaths worldwide could be prevented by the elimination of tobacco smoking. […] The risk for lung cancer is proportional to the quantity of cigarette consumption, because factors, such as the number of packs per day smoked, the age of onset of smoking, the degree of inhalation, the tar and nicotine content of cigarettes, and use of unfiltered cigarettes, become important. […] The observed gender differences in susceptibility may be related to gender-related differences in nicotine metabolism and in metabolic activation or detoxification of lung carcinogens.

• #16

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/causes/

  Most cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking, although people who have never smoked can also develop the condition. […] Smoking cigarettes is the single biggest risk factor for lung cancer. It’s responsible for more than 7 out of 10 cases. […] Tobacco smoke contains more than 60 different toxic substances, which are known to be carcinogenic (cancer-producing). […] If you smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day, you are 25 times more likely to get lung cancer than someone who does not smoke. […] Frequent exposure to other peoples tobacco smoke (passive smoking) can also increase your risk of developing lung cancer. […] While smoking cigarettes is the biggest risk factor, using other types of tobacco products can also increase your risk of developing lung cancer and other types of cancer, such as oesophageal cancer and mouth cancer.

• #17 Causes & Risk Factors of Lung Cancer | Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers

  https://www.rockymountaincancercenters.com/lung-cancer/causes-risk-factors

  There’s no sure thing when it comes to whether you’ll develop lung cancer in your lifetime. However, there are several factors that can leave you more susceptible than other people. While there are some obvious risk factors, such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals like asbestos, other risk factors aren’t quite as well-known. […] Tobacco use is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. Tobacco users’ risk of developing lung cancer goes up with the number of years and packs smoked per day. […] Lung cancer is also linked to cigar and pipe smoking, however, the risk may be lower in people who do not also smoke cigarettes. […] Radon exposure alone increases the risk of lung cancer, but if you also smoke, that risk goes up even more. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer among Americans and the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers.

• #18 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Some things can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can increase or decrease the risk. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who dont have any risks. Smoking tobacco is the main risk for lung cancer. […] The risk of developing lung cancer increases with age. More than half of all newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occur among people aged 60 years or older. […] Several things could increase your risk for lung cancer. A few of these cant be changed. But in some cases, there are things you can do to lower your risk. […] All forms of smoking tobacco, particularly cigarettes, increase the risk of lung cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your risk of developing lung cancer.

• #19 Lung Cancer Symptoms and Causes | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/centers-services/thoracic-multidisciplinary-clinic/lung-cancer-symptoms-and-causes

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States in both men and women, leading to more deaths than colon, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancers combined. […] Smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, with around 90 percent of lung cancers occurring as a result of tobacco use. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked each day and the number of years as a smoker. Quitting at any time lowers the risk of developing lung cancer. However, smoking is not the only cause of lung cancer. Other causes of lung cancer include: […] Second-hand smoke Even if you do not smoke, exposure to second-hand smoke increases the risk of lung cancer. Studies have shown that nonsmokers who live with a smoker have a 24-percent increased risk for developing lung cancer when compared with other nonsmokers. Each year, there are around 7,300 deaths from lung cancer in the U.S. that are attributed to second-hand smoke.

• #20 What Causes Lung Cancer, Is It Hereditary & Known Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/lung-cancer/risk-factors

  Smoking tobacco, the leading cause of lung cancer, is linked to up to 90 percent of lung cancer deaths in the United States. […] Lung cancer is caused when mutated cells in the lungs grow out of control, forming a tumor. […] Leading causes and known risk factors for lung cancer include: […] Smoking is widely considered the leading cause of lung cancer. […] The National Cancer Institute (NCI) reports that tobacco smoking causes about nine in 10 cases of lung cancer in men and eight in 10 in women. […] Carcinogenic chemicals in the workplace, such as asbestos and other pollutants, may increase lung cancer risk, especially in people who smoke. […] Radon is a colorless, scent-less radioactive gas that is found in some houses and is a leading cause of lung cancer. […] Exposure to air pollution may increase the risk of developing lung cancer, particularly for people who work or exercise outdoors in areas with high levels of pollutants in the air.

• #21 Lung Cancer Risk Factors | Smoking & Lung Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Several risk factors can make you more likely to develop lung cancer. These factors are related to the risk of lung cancer in general. […] Smoking is by far the leading risk factor for lung cancer. About 80% of lung cancer deaths are thought to result from smoking, and this number is probably even higher for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Its rare for someone who has never smoked to have SCLC. […] According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States, and its the leading cause among people who dont smoke. […] People who work with asbestos (such as in mines, mills, textile plants, places where insulation is used, and shipyards) are several times more likely to die of lung cancer. Lung cancer risk is much greater in workers exposed to asbestos who also smoke.

• #22 What Are the Causes of Lung Cancer?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-cancer/guide/causes/

  Lung cancer involves the out-of-control growth of abnormal cells in the lining of the bronchi (tubes that move air in and out of the lungs) and other parts of the lungs. Researchers have identified harmful substances (carcinogens) that can cause cell damage and lead to lung cancer. […] Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, followed by radon exposure. Smoking is the No. 1 risk factor for lung cancer, contributing to 80 percent of lung cancer deaths in women and 90 percent of lung cancer deaths in men. Cigar and pipe smoking are almost as likely to cause cancer as cigarette smoking. […] Secondhand smoke, or smoke that’s breathed in from someone else’s cigarette, cigar, or pipe, can also lead to lung cancer. Secondhand smoke causes more than 7,300 deaths among nonsmokers in the United States every year.

• #23 Lung Cancer Risk Factors | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. In the United States, cigarette smoking is linked to about 80% to 90% of lung cancer deaths. […] People who smoke cigarettes are 15 to 30 times more likely to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke. […] Cigarette smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in the body. […] Smoke from other people’s cigarettes, pipes, or cigars (secondhand smoke) also causes lung cancer. […] Indoor radon is another important cause of lung cancer in the United States. […] The risk of lung cancer from radon exposure is higher for people who smoke than for people who don’t smoke. […] Examples of substances found at some workplaces that increase risk include asbestos, arsenic, diesel exhaust, and some forms of silica and chromium.

• #24 Lung Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/basics/what-causes-lung-cancer

  What Causes Lung Cancer? Anyone can get lung cancer. Lung cancer happens when cells in the lung mutate or change. Various factors can cause this mutation (a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene) to happen. Most often, this change in lung cells happens when people breathe in dangerous, toxic substances. Even if you were exposed to these substances many years ago, you are still at risk for lung cancer. […] Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. It causes about 90 percent of lung cancer cases. Tobacco smoke contains many chemicals that are known to cause lung cancer. […] Radon exposure is the second-leading cause of lung cancer. Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas that exists naturally in soil. […] Exposure to certain hazardous chemicals poses a lung cancer risk. Working with materials such as asbestos, uranium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel and some petroleum products is especially dangerous. […] Evidence shows that particle pollution like that coming from that exhaust smoke increases the risk of lung cancer. […] Genetic factors also may play a role in one’s chances of developing lung cancer. A family history of lung cancer may mean you are at a higher risk for getting the disease.

• #25 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Your risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes you smoke each day. […] Even if you don’t smoke, your risk of lung cancer increases if you’re around people who are smoking. […] If you’ve had radiation therapy to the chest for another type of cancer, you may have an increased risk of developing lung cancer. […] Radon is produced by the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water. […] Workplace exposure to cancer-causing substances, called carcinogens, can increase your risk of developing lung cancer. […] People with a parent, sibling or child with lung cancer have an increased risk of the disease.

• #26

• #27

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/causes/

  Smoking cannabis may also increase the risk of developing lung cancer. […] If radon is breathed in, it can damage your lungs, particularly if you smoke. Radon gas causes a small number of lung cancer deaths in England. […] Exposure to certain chemicals and substances which are used in several occupations and industries may increase your risk of developing lung cancer. […] Research has also found that frequently being exposed to diesel fumes over many years increases your risk of developing lung cancer.

• #28 10 Common Causes of Lung Cancer

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/ss/slideshow-lung-cancer-surprising-causes

  Radon: This colorless, odorless gas forms as soil and rocks break down. As that happens, it seeps into buildings. Its also radioactive and the second-leading cause of lung cancer (behind smoking) in the U.S. Radon is responsible for as many as 21,000 lung cancer deaths a year. […] Your Family History: If you have lung cancer in the family tree, you may be more likely to get it yourself. Its not clear if thats due to genetics or because family members often live where causes like secondhand smoke, radon, and other things are in play. […] Alcohol: Its hard to tease out the link between booze and lung cancer because so many people smoke when they drink. But one study suggests heavy alcohol use is tied to the disease, even among nonsmokers. Researchers followed more than 100,000 people and found those who have more than three drinks a day were more likely to get lung cancer.

• #29 Health Risk of Radon | US EPA

  https://www.epa.gov/radon/health-risk-radon

  Exposure to radon causes lung cancer in non-smokers and smokers alike. […] Lung cancer is the number one cause of lung cancer among non-smokers, according to EPA estimates. Overall, radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer. Radon is responsible for about 21,000 lung cancer deaths every year. About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked. […] Studies find direct evidence linking radon in homes to lung cancer. […] This research confirms that breathing low levels of radon can lead to lung cancer. […] The report confirms that radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. and that it is a serious public health problem. The study fully supports EPA estimates that radon causes about 15,000 lung cancer deaths per year. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) says radon causes up to 15% of lung cancers worldwide. […] More than 20,000 Americans die of radon-related lung cancer each year.

• #30 Lung Cancer Risk Factors | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. In the United States, cigarette smoking is linked to about 80% to 90% of lung cancer deaths. […] People who smoke cigarettes are 15 to 30 times more likely to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke. […] Cigarette smoking can cause cancer almost anywhere in the body. […] Smoke from other people’s cigarettes, pipes, or cigars (secondhand smoke) also causes lung cancer. […] Indoor radon is another important cause of lung cancer in the United States. […] The risk of lung cancer from radon exposure is higher for people who smoke than for people who don’t smoke. […] Examples of substances found at some workplaces that increase risk include asbestos, arsenic, diesel exhaust, and some forms of silica and chromium.

• #31 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Second-hand smoke also increases your risk of lung cancer. […] Radon exposure increases the risk for lung cancer. Radon is the leading risk factor for lung cancer in people who dont smoke and the second leading risk factor for lung cancer in people who smoke. […] There are several different types of asbestos, and all are known to cause cancer. While asbestos more often causes mesothelioma, it also increases the risk of lung cancer. People who smoke who are exposed to asbestos have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] Coming into contact with the following chemicals at work increases the risk of lung cancer: arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, chemicals used in rubber manufacturing, iron and steel founding, and painting, chloromethyl ethers and bis(chloromethyl) ether, chromium (VI) compounds, diesel engine exhaust, mustard gas, radioactive ores such as uranium and plutonium, silica dust and crystalline silica, some nickel compounds, some types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bitumen used in roofing, cobalt-tungsten carbide, welding fumes.

• #32 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The risk factors considered important for never smokers include secondhand smoke; radon exposure; environmental exposures, such as indoor air pollution, asbestos, and arsenic; history of lung disease; and genetic factors. […] There is a genetic component to the pathogenesis of lung cancer, whether it relates to host susceptibility to lung cancer, with or without exposure to cigarette smoke to the development of certain types of lung cancer, or to an individuals responsiveness to biologic therapies. […] The IARC has identified arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, chloromethyl ethers, chromium, nickel, radon, silica, and vinyl chloride as carcinogens. […] Asbestos is the most widely known and most common occupational cause of lung cancer. […] Radon is a well-established carcinogen with extensive data available both as an occupational hazards as well as exposures experienced by the general population. […] The combination of exposure to the two carcinogens is worse than exposure to either alone.

• #33 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Second-hand smoke also increases your risk of lung cancer. […] Radon exposure increases the risk for lung cancer. Radon is the leading risk factor for lung cancer in people who dont smoke and the second leading risk factor for lung cancer in people who smoke. […] There are several different types of asbestos, and all are known to cause cancer. While asbestos more often causes mesothelioma, it also increases the risk of lung cancer. People who smoke who are exposed to asbestos have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] Coming into contact with the following chemicals at work increases the risk of lung cancer: arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, chemicals used in rubber manufacturing, iron and steel founding, and painting, chloromethyl ethers and bis(chloromethyl) ether, chromium (VI) compounds, diesel engine exhaust, mustard gas, radioactive ores such as uranium and plutonium, silica dust and crystalline silica, some nickel compounds, some types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bitumen used in roofing, cobalt-tungsten carbide, welding fumes.

• #34 Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Survival Rate, Stages, 7 Types, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/lung_cancer/article.htm

  Cancer of the lung, like all cancers, results from an abnormality in the body’s basic unit of life, the cell. […] Common causes of lung cancer include: Active Smoking, Passive smoking or secondhand smoke, Exposure to asbestos fibers, Exposure to radon gas, Familial predisposition, Lung diseases, Prior history of lung cancer, Air pollutions, Exposure to diesel exhaust. […] The incidence of lung cancer is strongly correlated with cigarette smoking, with about 90% of lung cancers arising because of tobacco use. […] Cigarette smoking drastically increases the chance of developing asbestos-related lung cancer in workers exposed to asbestos; asbestos workers who do not smoke have a fivefold greater risk of developing lung cancer than nonsmokers, but asbestos workers who smoke have a risk that is 50- to 90-fold greater than nonsmokers.

• #35 Causes and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer

  https://www.lung-cancer.com/causes

  Also referred to as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), secondhand smoke has been identified as a significant risk factor for lung cancer in people who have never smoked. According to the American Cancer Society, up to 20% of lung cancer cases among never-smokers are associated with ETS. […] Asbestos is a known cause of several types of cancer, including lung cancer. The asbestos fibers can become airborne and get into your lungs. […] Studies have shown a synergistic relationship between asbestos and tobacco smoke in the causation of lung cancer. The studies found that in approximately a third of the lung cancer cases where smokers had asbestos exposure, the lung cancer was attributable to the synergy of the two working together rather than either individual carcinogen. […] The combination of tobacco and asbestos exposure has been proven to cause lung cancer much more frequently than either smoking or asbestos on its own. In fact, when a smoker is exposed to asbestos fibers, his or her risk of lung cancer increases 50-fold.

• #36 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Second-hand smoke also increases your risk of lung cancer. […] Radon exposure increases the risk for lung cancer. Radon is the leading risk factor for lung cancer in people who dont smoke and the second leading risk factor for lung cancer in people who smoke. […] There are several different types of asbestos, and all are known to cause cancer. While asbestos more often causes mesothelioma, it also increases the risk of lung cancer. People who smoke who are exposed to asbestos have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] Coming into contact with the following chemicals at work increases the risk of lung cancer: arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, chemicals used in rubber manufacturing, iron and steel founding, and painting, chloromethyl ethers and bis(chloromethyl) ether, chromium (VI) compounds, diesel engine exhaust, mustard gas, radioactive ores such as uranium and plutonium, silica dust and crystalline silica, some nickel compounds, some types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bitumen used in roofing, cobalt-tungsten carbide, welding fumes.

• #37 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6203-non-small-cell-lung-cancer

  Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) occurs when abnormal cells form and multiply in your lungs. NSCLC is one of two main types of lung cancer. The other is small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type of lung cancer, making up about 80% to 85% of all lung cancer cases. […] NSCLC occurs when normal cells change and grow out of control. But experts don’t always know why it happens in some people and not in others. But they have identified some risk factors. A risk factor is something that increases your chances of developing non-small cell lung carcinoma. […] The most common risk factor for lung cancer is a history of smoking. Other known NSCLC risk factors include: A family history of lung cancer, Asbestos exposure, Exposure to metal and mineral dust, Exposure to radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, Having respiratory conditions like pulmonary fibrosis or COPD, Radiation therapy to your breast or chest.

• #38 Lung Cancer Causes in Non-Smokers – Chemical Exposure

  https://www.lungcancercenter.com/lung-cancer/causes/

  When people breathe in arsenic, it could put them at risk of developing lung cancer. […] Cadmium exposure has been known to be among the causes of lung cancer as well as prostate, pancreatic, and kidney cancer. […] Research has shown that long-term exposure to chromium can increase the risk of developing lung cancer in patients. […] Nickel can cause lung cancer when people inhale its particles through fumes or by skin contact. […] Medical professionals feel that prolonged inhalation or exposure to petroleum products can lead to lung disease and cancer. […] Particle pollution or smog is a significant cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. […] Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer, with smoking being the leading cause of almost 80-90% of all lung cancer deaths. […] It is unfortunate that genetic factors, independent of exposure to environmental risk factors, can cause lung cancer. […] Reducing the risk of lung cancer is possible through certain measures.

• #39 Lung Cancer Causes in Non-Smokers – Chemical Exposure

  https://www.lungcancercenter.com/lung-cancer/causes/

  When people breathe in arsenic, it could put them at risk of developing lung cancer. […] Cadmium exposure has been known to be among the causes of lung cancer as well as prostate, pancreatic, and kidney cancer. […] Research has shown that long-term exposure to chromium can increase the risk of developing lung cancer in patients. […] Nickel can cause lung cancer when people inhale its particles through fumes or by skin contact. […] Medical professionals feel that prolonged inhalation or exposure to petroleum products can lead to lung disease and cancer. […] Particle pollution or smog is a significant cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. […] Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer, with smoking being the leading cause of almost 80-90% of all lung cancer deaths. […] It is unfortunate that genetic factors, independent of exposure to environmental risk factors, can cause lung cancer. […] Reducing the risk of lung cancer is possible through certain measures.

• #40 Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Survival Rate, Stages, 7 Types, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/lung_cancer/article.htm

  Air pollution from vehicles, industry and power plants can raise the likelihood of developing lung cancer in exposed individuals. […] Exhaust from diesel engines contains gases and soot (particulate matter). Many occupations, such as truck drivers, toll booth workers, forklift and other heavy machinery operators, railroad and dock workers, miners, garage workers and mechanics, and some farmworkers are frequently exposed to diesel exhaust. Studies of workers exposed to diesel exhaust have shown a small but significant increase in the risk of developing lung cancer.

• #41 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq

  Non-small cell lung cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the lung. […] Smoking is the major risk factor for non-small cell lung cancer. […] Lung cancer is caused by certain changes to the way lung cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. […] A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors for lung cancer, like smoking, can be changed. […] Smoking tobacco now or in the past is the most important risk factor for lung cancer. […] Other risk factors for lung cancer include: being exposed to secondhand smoke, being exposed to asbestos, arsenic, chromium, beryllium, nickel, soot, or tar in the workplace, being exposed to radiation from radiation therapy to the breast or chest, radon in the home or workplace, imaging tests such as CT scans, atomic bomb radiation, living where there is air pollution, having a family history of lung cancer, being infected with HIV, taking beta carotene supplements and being a heavy smoker. […] Older age is the main risk factor for most cancers. The chance of getting cancer increases as you get older. […] When smoking is combined with other risk factors, the risk of lung cancer is increased.

• #42 Lung Cancer Causes in Non-Smokers – Chemical Exposure

  https://www.lungcancercenter.com/lung-cancer/causes/

  When people breathe in arsenic, it could put them at risk of developing lung cancer. […] Cadmium exposure has been known to be among the causes of lung cancer as well as prostate, pancreatic, and kidney cancer. […] Research has shown that long-term exposure to chromium can increase the risk of developing lung cancer in patients. […] Nickel can cause lung cancer when people inhale its particles through fumes or by skin contact. […] Medical professionals feel that prolonged inhalation or exposure to petroleum products can lead to lung disease and cancer. […] Particle pollution or smog is a significant cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. […] Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer, with smoking being the leading cause of almost 80-90% of all lung cancer deaths. […] It is unfortunate that genetic factors, independent of exposure to environmental risk factors, can cause lung cancer. […] Reducing the risk of lung cancer is possible through certain measures.

• #43 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Second-hand smoke also increases your risk of lung cancer. […] Radon exposure increases the risk for lung cancer. Radon is the leading risk factor for lung cancer in people who dont smoke and the second leading risk factor for lung cancer in people who smoke. […] There are several different types of asbestos, and all are known to cause cancer. While asbestos more often causes mesothelioma, it also increases the risk of lung cancer. People who smoke who are exposed to asbestos have a higher risk of lung cancer. […] Coming into contact with the following chemicals at work increases the risk of lung cancer: arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, chemicals used in rubber manufacturing, iron and steel founding, and painting, chloromethyl ethers and bis(chloromethyl) ether, chromium (VI) compounds, diesel engine exhaust, mustard gas, radioactive ores such as uranium and plutonium, silica dust and crystalline silica, some nickel compounds, some types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bitumen used in roofing, cobalt-tungsten carbide, welding fumes.

• #44 Risk factors & causes – roycastle.org

  https://roycastle.org/about-lung-cancer/risk-factors-and-causes/

  There are many different causes of lung cancer. By knowing the common causes of lung cancer and taking steps to avoid or address them, you can reduce your risk of getting the disease. […] Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Smoking causes more than 70% of all lung cancers. […] Approximately 28% of lung cancers are not caused by smoking. […] It is estimated that approximately 13% of lung cancers are caused by occupational exposure. […] Exposure to diesel fumes can increase a persons risk of getting lung cancer. Outdoor air pollution roughly causes 1 in every 10 lung cancers in the UK. […] According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), ionising radiation causes 5% of lung cancers in the UK. […] A study from 2012 found that people whose sibling was diagnosed with lung cancer have an increased risk of lung cancer (82%), whilst people whose parent has/had the disease has a 25-37% increased risk. This is independent of smoking.

• #45 Lung cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/lung-cancer

  Lung cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015 […] 79% of lung cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 72% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking. […] 5% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by ionising radiation. […] 13% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by workplace exposures. […] 8% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by air pollution.

• #46 Causes and risk factors for Lung Cancer | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/lung-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors

  Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. Over 4,000 harmful substances have been identified in cigarette smoke, of which 60 are probably carcinogenic. […] 80-90% of lung cancers occur in people who smoke; the risk of a smoker developing lung cancer is 10 to 20 times greater than a non-smoker. […] Passive smoking also has an increased risk of developing lung cancer. […] Workers in industries such as mining, insulation and textiles; these include exposure to asbestos, nickel and radon. […] Radon is an invisible, odourless, tasteless gas that seeps through the ground and diffuses into the air by the normal breakdown of chemical elements in rocks and soil. […] Lung cancer can also be diagnosed in non-smokers although, at 10% of cases, the incidence is lower. […] Lung cancer is not a hereditary disease, although the risk may be higher if a number of family members have had this disease. […] Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), immunosuppressive states and pulmonary fibrosis.

• #47 Lung cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/lung_cancer/lung-cancer-overview.html

  Lung cancer begins when abnormal cells grow and multiply in an uncontrolled way in one or both lungs. […] Most cases of lung cancer are caused by tobacco smoking. The earlier a person starts smoking, the longer they smoke and the more they smoke, the higher their risk of developing lung cancer. […] People who are exposed to asbestos are more likely to develop lung cancer or pleural mesothelioma. […] People who have been exposed to radioactive gas (radon), such as uranium miners, have an increased risk of lung cancer. […] Lung cancer is diagnosed mostly in people aged over 60 years, although it can occur in younger people. […] You may be at a slightly higher risk if a family member has been diagnosed with lung cancer. […] Having another lung disease – lung fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, emphysema or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) – or human immunodeficiency disease (HIV) may increase the risk of lung cancer.

• #48 Lung Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/lung-cancer/basics/what-causes-lung-cancer

  What Causes Lung Cancer? Anyone can get lung cancer. Lung cancer happens when cells in the lung mutate or change. Various factors can cause this mutation (a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene) to happen. Most often, this change in lung cells happens when people breathe in dangerous, toxic substances. Even if you were exposed to these substances many years ago, you are still at risk for lung cancer. […] Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer. It causes about 90 percent of lung cancer cases. Tobacco smoke contains many chemicals that are known to cause lung cancer. […] Radon exposure is the second-leading cause of lung cancer. Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas that exists naturally in soil. […] Exposure to certain hazardous chemicals poses a lung cancer risk. Working with materials such as asbestos, uranium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel and some petroleum products is especially dangerous. […] Evidence shows that particle pollution like that coming from that exhaust smoke increases the risk of lung cancer. […] Genetic factors also may play a role in one’s chances of developing lung cancer. A family history of lung cancer may mean you are at a higher risk for getting the disease.

• #49 What Are the Causes of Lung Cancer?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-cancer/guide/causes/

  Exposure to radon, a natural, invisible gas that can get trapped in buildings, is the second leading cause of lung cancer. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that about 10 percent of all lung cancer cases are caused by radon, leading to about 21,000 lung cancer deaths each year. […] Exposure to asbestos raises your risk of lung cancer as well as mesothelioma, a rare type of cancer that starts in the pleura the lining surrounding the lungs. […] Particle pollution (a mix of tiny solid and liquid particles in the air) can cause lung cancer. Between 1 percent and 2 percent of lung cancer cases are caused by outdoor air pollution. […] Other potential causes of lung cancer include radiation therapy to the chest and exposure to several other substances such as arsenic, chromium, and some forms of silica.

• #50 Lung cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/lung-cancer

  Lung cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015 […] 79% of lung cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 72% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking. […] 5% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by ionising radiation. […] 13% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by workplace exposures. […] 8% of lung cancer cases in the UK are caused by air pollution.

• #51 Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Survival Rate, Stages, 7 Types, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/lung_cancer/article.htm

  Air pollution from vehicles, industry and power plants can raise the likelihood of developing lung cancer in exposed individuals. […] Exhaust from diesel engines contains gases and soot (particulate matter). Many occupations, such as truck drivers, toll booth workers, forklift and other heavy machinery operators, railroad and dock workers, miners, garage workers and mechanics, and some farmworkers are frequently exposed to diesel exhaust. Studies of workers exposed to diesel exhaust have shown a small but significant increase in the risk of developing lung cancer.

• #52 Lung Cancer Causes – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/lung-cancer-causes/

  In lung cancer, atypical cells grow in an unmanageable way in the lungs. The cancer cells very likely form a mass-like structure called a tumour. It is important to understand its causes early to avoid serious health effects. Smoking tobacco – Cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. When anyone inhales cigarette smoke, cancer-causing agents present in the cigarette cause changes in the lung tissue. Tobacco smoke causes exposure to carcinogens (chemicals that cause cancer) such as benzopyrene, chloroethylene, N-nitrosamine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and nickel. Smoking can be the main reason for lung cancer in both people who smoke and who are exposed to secondhand smoke also called passive smokers. Frequent exposure to other peoples tobacco smoke which is called passive smoking can also increase the risk of developing lung cancer. Air pollution – Pollutants from vehicle emissions, industrial processes, household combustion. Chronic exposure to cooking fumes from burning wood or frying can lead to an increased risk of lung cancer. Exposure to radon – Radon gas forms from the radioactive decay of uranium, found at differing concentrations in soil and rock. Occupational exposure to cadmium, arsenic, beryllium, mustard gas, silica dust, diesel engine exhaust, etc increases the risk of lung cancer. KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene) – These types of gene mutations are mostly found in smokers and can lead to lung cancer progression. A family history of lung cancer can indicate inherited genetic variants which increase susceptibility. People with compromised immunity, and weakened immune systems may contribute to lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer for people who smoke is always higher than for people who don’t smoke. The longer anyone smokes and the quantity per day anyone takes increases the risk of lung cancer. Smoking cigarettes is the main cause of lung cancer that’s why smoking avoidance results in decreased chances of lung cancer. By taking appropriate precautions, by quitting smoking and acquiring a balanced diet, anyone can stop the spread of lung cancer at a much earlier stage.

• #53 What Causes Lung Cancer? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/what-causes-lung-cancer

  If you have a family history of lung cancer, you are at an increased risk of developing it yourself. […] Its also possible that you may share exposure to environmental risk factors with them, such as radon or secondhand tobacco smoke. […] Approximately 8 percent of lung cancer cases are inherited or due to genetic predisposition. […] Radon is a radioactive gas that naturally forms when uranium found in rocks and soil breaks down. […] According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer behind smoking. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for SCLC in particular, which is rarely diagnosed in people who don’t smoke. […] Tobacco smoke contains at least 70 known carcinogens that damage lung cells and lead to cancer. […] Asbestos is a fibrous material that was commonly used as insulation in older buildings.

• #54 Lung cancer causes: Is it genetic?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-lung-cancer-genetic

  Although environmental and lifestyle factors often cause lung cancer, the disease can sometimes be genetic. Some genetic mutations that contribute to lung cancer run in families, but others do not. […] Both genetic and environmental factors can cause lung cancer. However, smoking remains the primary cause of lung cancer, being responsible for about 8090% of cases. […] Some experts estimate that a genetic predisposition to lung cancer contributes to approximately 8% of cases. Some of these genetic risk factors are inherited, meaning that they run in families. […] In some cases, gene mutations that contribute to lung cancer can be hereditary, which means that a person is more likely to develop the disease if it has affected a close relative. […] Research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors influence a persons lung cancer risk. However, doctors do not fully understand the genetic factors responsible for lung cancer.

• #55 Risk factors & causes – roycastle.org

  https://roycastle.org/about-lung-cancer/risk-factors-and-causes/

  There are many different causes of lung cancer. By knowing the common causes of lung cancer and taking steps to avoid or address them, you can reduce your risk of getting the disease. […] Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Smoking causes more than 70% of all lung cancers. […] Approximately 28% of lung cancers are not caused by smoking. […] It is estimated that approximately 13% of lung cancers are caused by occupational exposure. […] Exposure to diesel fumes can increase a persons risk of getting lung cancer. Outdoor air pollution roughly causes 1 in every 10 lung cancers in the UK. […] According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), ionising radiation causes 5% of lung cancers in the UK. […] A study from 2012 found that people whose sibling was diagnosed with lung cancer have an increased risk of lung cancer (82%), whilst people whose parent has/had the disease has a 25-37% increased risk. This is independent of smoking.

• #56 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Your risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes you smoke each day. […] Even if you don’t smoke, your risk of lung cancer increases if you’re around people who are smoking. […] If you’ve had radiation therapy to the chest for another type of cancer, you may have an increased risk of developing lung cancer. […] Radon is produced by the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water. […] Workplace exposure to cancer-causing substances, called carcinogens, can increase your risk of developing lung cancer. […] People with a parent, sibling or child with lung cancer have an increased risk of the disease.

• #57 Lung Cancer Causes | Lung Cancer in Non-Smokers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause lung cancer. […] Inherited gene changes, or germline mutations, are gene changes that you inherit from your parents. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations from their parents that may increase their risk for developing certain cancers. […] Acquired gene changes, or somatic mutations, may occur in any individual cell and cannot be inherited. […] Certain somatic mutations can affect the cells ability to control its own growth, and will eventually transform a non-cancer cell to become a cancer cell.

• #58 Adenocarcinoma Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/adenocarcinoma-lung-cancer-8655933

  Researchers identified two main types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the most common type. Adenocarcinoma (also known as adenocarcinoma lung cancer or lung adenocarcinoma) is the most common type of NSCLC. […] Adenocarcinoma is a term for cancers that develop from cells in your glands, which are organs that release substances like mucus, hormones, and digestive juices. Lung adenocarcinoma occurs when cancer forms in glandular cells in the lungs called epithelial cells, which produce mucus. […] This cancer is also the most commonly diagnosed type of lung cancer in people with no history of smoking. […] Over the years, researchers have identified several genes associated with lung cancer, including the TP53, KRAS, and EGFR genes. A mutation (change) in the genes that control cell growth, division, or repair of damaged DNA can sometimes lead to the development of cancer. But, environmental factors combined with genetic influences can determine your risk of developing cancer.

• #59 Lung cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/lung-cancer/

  Lung cancer can start in the windpipe (also known as the trachea), the bronchus (an airway that takes air from the windpipe into the lungs) or the tissue of the lungs themselves. […] Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. […] More than 90% of lung cancer cases in men and more than 80% in women worldwide are caused by smoking tobacco. Passive smoking is also a cause of lung cancer. […] But lung cancer can also develop in people who have never smoked. […] Drinking water containing arsenic increases the risk of lung cancer. […] People with a history of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis or pneumonia have a higher risk of developing lung cancer. […] People who work with asbestos, crystalline silica, radon, mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or diesel fumes have a higher risk of lung cancer.

• #60 Lung cancer – symptoms, causes, treatments and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lung-cancer

  Lung diseases you may have a higher chance of developing lung cancer if you already have a lung disease such as pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary tuberculosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] There isnt currently any evidence that vaping (using e-cigarettes) causes lung cancer. People who vape are 3 times as likely to start smoking cigarettes, which is the most significant cause of lung cancer in Australia.

• #61 Lung Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Survival Rate, Stages, 7 Types, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/lung_cancer/article.htm

  Radon gas is a known cause of lung cancer, with an estimated 12% of lung cancer deaths attributable to radon gas, or about 21,000 lung-cancer-related deaths annually in the U.S., making radon the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. after smoking. […] While the majority of lung cancers are associated with tobacco smoking, the fact that not all smokers eventually develop lung cancer suggests that other factors, such as individual genetic susceptibility, may play a role in the causation of lung cancer. […] The presence of certain diseases of the lung, notably chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is associated with an increased risk (four- to sixfold the risk of a nonsmoker) for the development of lung cancer even after the effects of concomitant cigarette smoking are excluded.

• #62 Lung cancer – symptoms, causes, treatments and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lung-cancer

  Lung diseases you may have a higher chance of developing lung cancer if you already have a lung disease such as pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary tuberculosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] There isnt currently any evidence that vaping (using e-cigarettes) causes lung cancer. People who vape are 3 times as likely to start smoking cigarettes, which is the most significant cause of lung cancer in Australia.

• #63 Lung cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/lung-cancer/

  Lung cancer can start in the windpipe (also known as the trachea), the bronchus (an airway that takes air from the windpipe into the lungs) or the tissue of the lungs themselves. […] Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. […] More than 90% of lung cancer cases in men and more than 80% in women worldwide are caused by smoking tobacco. Passive smoking is also a cause of lung cancer. […] But lung cancer can also develop in people who have never smoked. […] Drinking water containing arsenic increases the risk of lung cancer. […] People with a history of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis or pneumonia have a higher risk of developing lung cancer. […] People who work with asbestos, crystalline silica, radon, mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or diesel fumes have a higher risk of lung cancer.

• #64 Causes and risk factors for Lung Cancer | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/lung-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors

  Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. Over 4,000 harmful substances have been identified in cigarette smoke, of which 60 are probably carcinogenic. […] 80-90% of lung cancers occur in people who smoke; the risk of a smoker developing lung cancer is 10 to 20 times greater than a non-smoker. […] Passive smoking also has an increased risk of developing lung cancer. […] Workers in industries such as mining, insulation and textiles; these include exposure to asbestos, nickel and radon. […] Radon is an invisible, odourless, tasteless gas that seeps through the ground and diffuses into the air by the normal breakdown of chemical elements in rocks and soil. […] Lung cancer can also be diagnosed in non-smokers although, at 10% of cases, the incidence is lower. […] Lung cancer is not a hereditary disease, although the risk may be higher if a number of family members have had this disease. […] Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), immunosuppressive states and pulmonary fibrosis.

• #65 Lung cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer

  Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of lung cells. These changes are sometimes random, but are typically induced by breathing in toxic substances such as cigarette smoke. […] Tobacco smoking is by far the major contributor to lung cancer, causing 80% to 90% of cases. […] Exposure to a variety of other toxic chemicals typically encountered in certain occupations is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. […] Asbestos and cigarette smoking increase risk synergistically that is, the risk of someone who smokes and has asbestos exposure dying from lung cancer is much higher than would be expected from adding the two risks together. […] Exposure to radon, a naturally occurring breakdown product of the Earth’s radioactive elements, is associated with increased lung cancer risk. […] Several other diseases that cause inflammation of the lung increase one’s risk of lung cancer. […] Particular gene combinations may make some people more susceptible to lung cancer.

• #66 Lung Cancer Risk Factors | Smoking & Lung Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Studies of people in parts of Southeast Asia and South America with high levels of arsenic in their drinking water have found a higher risk of lung cancer. […] People who have had radiation therapy to the chest for other cancers are at higher risk for lung cancer, particularly if they smoke. […] In cities, air pollution, such as from diesel exhaust, appears to raise the risk of lung cancer slightly. […] If you have had lung cancer, you have a higher risk of developing another lung cancer. […] Researchers have found that genetics do play a role in some families with a strong history of lung cancer. […] There are reasons to think smoking marijuana might increase lung cancer risk. […] E-cigarettes cause health risks, including lung damage.

• #67 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Air pollution is chemicals, particles and other materials in the air in amounts that could damage the environment or harm the health or comfort of people, animals and plants. Being exposed to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. The more air pollution you are exposed to, the greater your risk of lung cancer. […] People who have had lung cancer before have a higher risk of developing the disease again. […] Some lung diseases or conditions can scar the lungs and increase the risk for lung cancer. […] People who were treated with radiation therapy to the chest for certain cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma or breast cancer, have a higher risk for lung cancer. […] Drinking water with arsenic increases the risk of lung cancer. The risk is even greater in people who smoke. […] An HIV infection can weaken the immune system. People with HIV/AIDS have a higher risk of developing many types of cancer, including lung cancer.

• #68 Risk factors for the development of lung cancer around the world: a review

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001201

  Smoking is known to cause 85% of lung cancer cases; however, in several population-based studies, only a fraction of long-term smokers develop lung cancer. […] Studies have shown that the risk of developing lung cancer is increased in a family history of individuals who have had lung cancer. […] A case-control study of non-smokers shows that a diet rich in vegetables and fruit has some protective effect against lung cancer. […] The risk of developing lung cancer is associated with common exposures to ionizing radiation. […] Many environmental factors are involved in the development of lung cancer. […] It is also important to note that exposure to radon, heavy metals used in foundries and asbestos considerably increases the risk of developing lung cancer. […] Nowadays, it is important to carefully note that occupational exposures play a major role in the factors of the increased development of lung cancer, and the risk of lung cancer is also observed in a very high way among workers in a certain number of industries and professions. […] This article helps to understand that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world and a preventable disease that can be effectively prevented by taking adequate preventive measures. It is found that smoking remains the main risk factor for the development of lung cancer.

• #69 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Some things can affect your risk, or chance, of developing cancer. Certain behaviours, substances or conditions can increase or decrease the risk. Most cancers are the result of many risks. But sometimes cancer develops in people who dont have any risks. Smoking tobacco is the main risk for lung cancer. […] The risk of developing lung cancer increases with age. More than half of all newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occur among people aged 60 years or older. […] Several things could increase your risk for lung cancer. A few of these cant be changed. But in some cases, there are things you can do to lower your risk. […] All forms of smoking tobacco, particularly cigarettes, increase the risk of lung cancer. The more you smoke and the longer you smoke, the greater your risk of developing lung cancer.

• #70 Why Is Lung Cancer Deadly? Survival Rates & Treatment | SERO

  https://treatcancer.com/blog/why-lung-cancer-so-deadly/

  Studies show that treatment delays as short as one month can increase mortality risk by approximately 10%, making timely diagnosis crucial. […] While cancer can develop at any age, lung cancer disproportionately affects seniors. In the United States, 68% of lung cancer diagnoses occur after age 65, and 14% after age 80. […] Yes, approximately 10-20% of lung cancer cases occur in people who have never smoked. Risk factors for non-smokers include exposure to secondhand smoke, radon gas, air pollution, workplace carcinogens, and genetic factors. Some lung cancers in never-smokers have specific genetic mutations that can be targeted with newer therapies.

• #71 What Are the Causes of Lung Cancer?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lung-cancer/guide/causes/

  There’s no evidence that smoking marijuana raises lung cancer risk, but there’s reason to believe it may. Marijuana smoke contains tar and several other cancer-causing substances that are found in tobacco smoke. […] Some people inherit certain gene mutations or changes in their DNA that can raise their risk of developing cancer. These gene changes alone don’t cause many cases of lung cancer, but they do play a role in some. […] More often, gene mutations that impact lung cancer are acquired, rather than inherited. This means that the defect develops during your lifetime. These acquired mutations often occur because of exposure to cancer-causing substances, such as tobacco smoke. […] Historically, rates of lung cancer have always been higher in men than women. But a study from 2018 found that rates of lung cancer are now higher in women than men among white and Hispanic people born since 1965.

• #72

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/causes/

  Smoking cannabis may also increase the risk of developing lung cancer. […] If radon is breathed in, it can damage your lungs, particularly if you smoke. Radon gas causes a small number of lung cancer deaths in England. […] Exposure to certain chemicals and substances which are used in several occupations and industries may increase your risk of developing lung cancer. […] Research has also found that frequently being exposed to diesel fumes over many years increases your risk of developing lung cancer.

• #73 What Causes Lung Cancer?

  https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/lung-cancer-causes

  Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. It happens when the cells in your lungs mutate, or change. The most common cause of these changes is when you breathe in toxic substances. Lung cancer can develop many years after you have inhaled the damaging fumes. […] A variety of things cause lung cancer. […] Smoking causes about 90% of lung cancer cases. It also has a link to more than a dozen other types of cancer. […] Secondhand smoke, or smoke you inhale from a lit cigarette or from a smoker, is also known to cause this disease. […] Your risk for lung cancer goes down when you quit. […] The liquids in a vape contain nicotine, flavoring chemicals, and other toxic substances you breathe in. […] Marijuana smoke contains many of the same toxins as tobacco smoke.

• #74 Lung Cancer: Types, Stages, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4375-lung-cancer

  Lung cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell division in your lungs. […] Lung cancer is caused by cells that keep dividing even though they shouldnt. […] Certain factors, including smoking tobacco products, can put you at higher risk for damage to your cells that can cause lung cancer. […] While there are many factors that can increase your risk of lung cancer, smoking any kind of tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars or pipes is the biggest single risk factor. […] Experts estimate that 80% of lung cancer deaths are smoking-related. […] Were not sure what causes these changes that lead to cancer in some people and not others. […] You can inhale a number of substances when you vape, including some that are known to cause cancer. […] While smoking is the leading risk factor for lung cancer, up to 20% of people diagnosed have never smoked.

• #75 Lung cancer – symptoms, causes, treatments and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lung-cancer

  Lung diseases you may have a higher chance of developing lung cancer if you already have a lung disease such as pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary tuberculosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] There isnt currently any evidence that vaping (using e-cigarettes) causes lung cancer. People who vape are 3 times as likely to start smoking cigarettes, which is the most significant cause of lung cancer in Australia.

• #76

• #77 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Air pollution is chemicals, particles and other materials in the air in amounts that could damage the environment or harm the health or comfort of people, animals and plants. Being exposed to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. The more air pollution you are exposed to, the greater your risk of lung cancer. […] People who have had lung cancer before have a higher risk of developing the disease again. […] Some lung diseases or conditions can scar the lungs and increase the risk for lung cancer. […] People who were treated with radiation therapy to the chest for certain cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma or breast cancer, have a higher risk for lung cancer. […] Drinking water with arsenic increases the risk of lung cancer. The risk is even greater in people who smoke. […] An HIV infection can weaken the immune system. People with HIV/AIDS have a higher risk of developing many types of cancer, including lung cancer.

• #78 Lung cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/lung-cancer/

  A pollutant called particulate matter, which is in diesel and petrol exhaust fumes (and tobacco smoke), increases the risk of lung and other cancers. […] Eating red meat or processed meat may increase the risk of lung cancer. […] Drinking alcohol may increase the risk of lung cancer. […] In current smokers and former smokers, eating vegetables and fruit may decrease the risk of lung cancer. […] High-dose beta carotene supplements can increase lung cancer risk in smokers and ex-smokers.

• #79 Risk factors for the development of lung cancer around the world: a review

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001201

  Smoking is known to cause 85% of lung cancer cases; however, in several population-based studies, only a fraction of long-term smokers develop lung cancer. […] Studies have shown that the risk of developing lung cancer is increased in a family history of individuals who have had lung cancer. […] A case-control study of non-smokers shows that a diet rich in vegetables and fruit has some protective effect against lung cancer. […] The risk of developing lung cancer is associated with common exposures to ionizing radiation. […] Many environmental factors are involved in the development of lung cancer. […] It is also important to note that exposure to radon, heavy metals used in foundries and asbestos considerably increases the risk of developing lung cancer. […] Nowadays, it is important to carefully note that occupational exposures play a major role in the factors of the increased development of lung cancer, and the risk of lung cancer is also observed in a very high way among workers in a certain number of industries and professions. […] This article helps to understand that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world and a preventable disease that can be effectively prevented by taking adequate preventive measures. It is found that smoking remains the main risk factor for the development of lung cancer.

• #80 Lung Cancer Risk Factors | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  If you are a lung cancer survivor, there is a risk that you may develop another lung cancer, especially if you smoke. […] Cancer survivors who had radiation therapy to the chest are at higher risk of lung cancer. […] We do know that people who smoke and take beta carotene supplements have increased risk of lung cancer. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.

• #81 Lung cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/lung-cancer/

  A pollutant called particulate matter, which is in diesel and petrol exhaust fumes (and tobacco smoke), increases the risk of lung and other cancers. […] Eating red meat or processed meat may increase the risk of lung cancer. […] Drinking alcohol may increase the risk of lung cancer. […] In current smokers and former smokers, eating vegetables and fruit may decrease the risk of lung cancer. […] High-dose beta carotene supplements can increase lung cancer risk in smokers and ex-smokers.

• #82 Lung Cancer Risk Factors | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  If you are a lung cancer survivor, there is a risk that you may develop another lung cancer, especially if you smoke. […] Cancer survivors who had radiation therapy to the chest are at higher risk of lung cancer. […] We do know that people who smoke and take beta carotene supplements have increased risk of lung cancer. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.

• #83 Risks for lung cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/lung/risks

  Air pollution is chemicals, particles and other materials in the air in amounts that could damage the environment or harm the health or comfort of people, animals and plants. Being exposed to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer. The more air pollution you are exposed to, the greater your risk of lung cancer. […] People who have had lung cancer before have a higher risk of developing the disease again. […] Some lung diseases or conditions can scar the lungs and increase the risk for lung cancer. […] People who were treated with radiation therapy to the chest for certain cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma or breast cancer, have a higher risk for lung cancer. […] Drinking water with arsenic increases the risk of lung cancer. The risk is even greater in people who smoke. […] An HIV infection can weaken the immune system. People with HIV/AIDS have a higher risk of developing many types of cancer, including lung cancer.

• #84 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  Lung cancer arises from the cells of the respiratory epithelium and can be divided into two broad categories. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant tumor derived from cells exhibiting neuroendocrine characteristics and accounts for 15% of lung cancer cases. Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for the remaining 85% of cases, is further divided into 3 major pathologic subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma by itself accounts for 38.5% of all lung cancer cases, with squamous cell carcinoma accounting for 20% and large cell carcinoma accounting for 2.9%. In the past several decades, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased greatly, and adenocarcinoma has replaced squamous cell carcinoma as the most prevalent type of NSCLC.

• #85 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/non-small-cell-lung-cancer

  One of two primary types of lung cancer and the most common kind […] The vast majority (85 percent) of lung cancers fall into the category called non-small cell lung cancer. […] While many non-smokers can get lung cancer, the most prevalent risk factor for NSCLC is smoking, explains Yale Medicines Roy S. Herbst, MD, PhD, Yale Cancer Centers chief of medical oncology. […] Your overall exposure to smokingthe longer you smoke and the more packs you smoke in your lifetimeincreases the risk for developing this type of cancer. […] The leading risk for developing NSCLC is smoking cigarettes. The more you smoke and the earlier in life you begin smoking, the greater your risk for developing NSCLC. […] Other risk factors include second-hand smoke, exposure to workplace carcinogens, radiation exposure, environmental pollution, family history of lung cancer and previous infection of HIV.

• #86 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  Lung cancer arises from the cells of the respiratory epithelium and can be divided into two broad categories. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant tumor derived from cells exhibiting neuroendocrine characteristics and accounts for 15% of lung cancer cases. Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for the remaining 85% of cases, is further divided into 3 major pathologic subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma by itself accounts for 38.5% of all lung cancer cases, with squamous cell carcinoma accounting for 20% and large cell carcinoma accounting for 2.9%. In the past several decades, the incidence of adenocarcinoma has increased greatly, and adenocarcinoma has replaced squamous cell carcinoma as the most prevalent type of NSCLC.

• #87 Lung Cancer Risk Factors | Smoking & Lung Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Several risk factors can make you more likely to develop lung cancer. These factors are related to the risk of lung cancer in general. […] Smoking is by far the leading risk factor for lung cancer. About 80% of lung cancer deaths are thought to result from smoking, and this number is probably even higher for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Its rare for someone who has never smoked to have SCLC. […] According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), radon is the second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States, and its the leading cause among people who dont smoke. […] People who work with asbestos (such as in mines, mills, textile plants, places where insulation is used, and shipyards) are several times more likely to die of lung cancer. Lung cancer risk is much greater in workers exposed to asbestos who also smoke.

• #88 What Causes Lung Cancer? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/what-causes-lung-cancer

  If you have a family history of lung cancer, you are at an increased risk of developing it yourself. […] Its also possible that you may share exposure to environmental risk factors with them, such as radon or secondhand tobacco smoke. […] Approximately 8 percent of lung cancer cases are inherited or due to genetic predisposition. […] Radon is a radioactive gas that naturally forms when uranium found in rocks and soil breaks down. […] According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer behind smoking. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for SCLC in particular, which is rarely diagnosed in people who don’t smoke. […] Tobacco smoke contains at least 70 known carcinogens that damage lung cells and lead to cancer. […] Asbestos is a fibrous material that was commonly used as insulation in older buildings.

• #89 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/non-small-cell-lung-cancer

  Squamous cell carcinoma is more closely associated with smoking than any other type of lung cancer. […] Treatment for NSCLC will depend on whether the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, your overall health and age, and the presence of certain proteins that make treatments more effective. […] If your NSCLC is detected early (before it has spread to other areas), surgery to remove the affected tissue or tumor is the treatment of choice. […] Immunotherapy activates your bodys immune system to specifically kill cancer cells and is usually recommended for late-stage lung cancer, specifically Stage IV NSCLC. […] Since NSCLC is one of the worlds most prevalent and lethal forms of cancer, research is being conducted through Yale Cancer Centers Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) for lung cancer, one of the three lung cancer-focused SPOREs funded by the National Cancer Institute.

• #90 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The observed risk was proportional to the duration of hormone exposure, with approximately 50% increased risk for those who used hormone replacement therapy for 10 years or longer. […] The effects of inhaling smoke from recreational drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, are less studied than the effects of tobacco smoke. […] The term, never smokers, refers to persons who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, including lifetime nonsmokers. […] The overall global statistics estimate that 15% of lung cancers in men and up to 53% in women are not attributable to smoking, with never smokers accounting for 25% of all lung cancer cases worldwide. […] The incidence of lung cancer in never smokers seems to have a geographic variation. […] Although all histologic types of lung cancer are associated with cigarette smoking, in smokers the association is stronger for SCLC and for squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast, adenocarcinoma of the lung is more common in never smokers (62% vs 18%, based on 5144 cases compared with smokers (19% vs 53% based on 21,853 cases).

• #91 What Causes Lung Cancer in Nonsmokers? | Hackensack Meridian Health

  https://www.hackensackmeridianhealth.org/en/healthu/2023/08/02/what-causes-lung-cancer-in-nonsmokers

  Lung cancer is most often associated with smoking, but nonsmokers can also be at risk. Approximately 10-15 percent of lung cancer patients in North America are nonsmokers, according to the National Institutes of Health, with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma being the most common types of lung cancer found in that population. […] Lung cancer risk factors in nonsmokers can include exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke, cooking oil fumes, asbestos, residential radon gas fumes, particulate matter air pollution, and diesel exhaust. […] Additionally, obesity and chronic lung disease such as asthma, COPD and tuberculosis may increase your risk for lung cancer. […] Multiple studies have pointed toward a relationship between non-smokers and a family history of lung cancer. This suggests a role for genetic predisposition based on family history. In fact, according to the National Institutes of Health, approximately 8 percent of lung cancers are inherited or occur as a result of genetic predisposition. […] A person’s risk of lung cancer may increase if their parent or sibling has or had the disease.

• #92 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The observed risk was proportional to the duration of hormone exposure, with approximately 50% increased risk for those who used hormone replacement therapy for 10 years or longer. […] The effects of inhaling smoke from recreational drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, are less studied than the effects of tobacco smoke. […] The term, never smokers, refers to persons who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, including lifetime nonsmokers. […] The overall global statistics estimate that 15% of lung cancers in men and up to 53% in women are not attributable to smoking, with never smokers accounting for 25% of all lung cancer cases worldwide. […] The incidence of lung cancer in never smokers seems to have a geographic variation. […] Although all histologic types of lung cancer are associated with cigarette smoking, in smokers the association is stronger for SCLC and for squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast, adenocarcinoma of the lung is more common in never smokers (62% vs 18%, based on 5144 cases compared with smokers (19% vs 53% based on 21,853 cases).

• #93 Lung Cancer Among People Who Never Smoked | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/nonsmokers/index.html

  In the United States, about 10% to 20% of lung cancers, or 20,000 to 40,000 lung cancers each year, happen in people who never smoked or smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. […] Lung cancer can be caused by risk factors other than smoking cigarettes, pipes, or cigars. Examples include exposure to other people’s smoke (called secondhand smoke), radon, air pollution, a family history of lung cancer, and asbestos. […] Researchers estimate that secondhand smoke contributes to about 7,300 and radon to about 2,900 of these lung cancers. […] Some risk factors, such as a personal or family history of lung cancer, can’t be changed. If lung cancer runs in your family, talk to your doctor about actions you can take stay healthy. People with lung cancer who have never smoked may have a DNA mutation, such as a mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene or other genes. Cancers caused by these mutations may be treated with targeted therapy.

• #94 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The observed risk was proportional to the duration of hormone exposure, with approximately 50% increased risk for those who used hormone replacement therapy for 10 years or longer. […] The effects of inhaling smoke from recreational drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, are less studied than the effects of tobacco smoke. […] The term, never smokers, refers to persons who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, including lifetime nonsmokers. […] The overall global statistics estimate that 15% of lung cancers in men and up to 53% in women are not attributable to smoking, with never smokers accounting for 25% of all lung cancer cases worldwide. […] The incidence of lung cancer in never smokers seems to have a geographic variation. […] Although all histologic types of lung cancer are associated with cigarette smoking, in smokers the association is stronger for SCLC and for squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast, adenocarcinoma of the lung is more common in never smokers (62% vs 18%, based on 5144 cases compared with smokers (19% vs 53% based on 21,853 cases).

• #95 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The risk factors considered important for never smokers include secondhand smoke; radon exposure; environmental exposures, such as indoor air pollution, asbestos, and arsenic; history of lung disease; and genetic factors. […] There is a genetic component to the pathogenesis of lung cancer, whether it relates to host susceptibility to lung cancer, with or without exposure to cigarette smoke to the development of certain types of lung cancer, or to an individuals responsiveness to biologic therapies. […] The IARC has identified arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, chloromethyl ethers, chromium, nickel, radon, silica, and vinyl chloride as carcinogens. […] Asbestos is the most widely known and most common occupational cause of lung cancer. […] Radon is a well-established carcinogen with extensive data available both as an occupational hazards as well as exposures experienced by the general population. […] The combination of exposure to the two carcinogens is worse than exposure to either alone.

• #96 Lung Cancer Among People Who Never Smoked | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/nonsmokers/index.html

  In the United States, about 10% to 20% of lung cancers, or 20,000 to 40,000 lung cancers each year, happen in people who never smoked or smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. […] Lung cancer can be caused by risk factors other than smoking cigarettes, pipes, or cigars. Examples include exposure to other people’s smoke (called secondhand smoke), radon, air pollution, a family history of lung cancer, and asbestos. […] Researchers estimate that secondhand smoke contributes to about 7,300 and radon to about 2,900 of these lung cancers. […] Some risk factors, such as a personal or family history of lung cancer, can’t be changed. If lung cancer runs in your family, talk to your doctor about actions you can take stay healthy. People with lung cancer who have never smoked may have a DNA mutation, such as a mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene or other genes. Cancers caused by these mutations may be treated with targeted therapy.

• #97 Lung Cancer Among People Who Never Smoked | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/nonsmokers/index.html

  About 50% to 60% of lung cancers found in people who never smoked are adenocarcinomas (a type of non-small cell lung cancer that begins in the cells that line the lungs tiny air sacs and make substances such as mucus). About 10% to 20% are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that forms in the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the lungs). A few (6% to 8%) are small cell lung cancers, and the rest are other types of lung cancer. […] Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of lung cancer.

• #98 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  The observed risk was proportional to the duration of hormone exposure, with approximately 50% increased risk for those who used hormone replacement therapy for 10 years or longer. […] The effects of inhaling smoke from recreational drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, are less studied than the effects of tobacco smoke. […] The term, never smokers, refers to persons who have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, including lifetime nonsmokers. […] The overall global statistics estimate that 15% of lung cancers in men and up to 53% in women are not attributable to smoking, with never smokers accounting for 25% of all lung cancer cases worldwide. […] The incidence of lung cancer in never smokers seems to have a geographic variation. […] Although all histologic types of lung cancer are associated with cigarette smoking, in smokers the association is stronger for SCLC and for squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast, adenocarcinoma of the lung is more common in never smokers (62% vs 18%, based on 5144 cases compared with smokers (19% vs 53% based on 21,853 cases).

• #99 Top 5 Causes of Lung Cancer in Non-Smokers

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/top-5-causes-of-lung-cancer-in-non-smokers

  While smoking can cause lung cancer, it isn’t the only risk factor. Lung cancer is also diagnosed in people who have never smoked. There are several important factors, besides tobacco use, that increase the risk of developing lung cancer. These factors can cause lung cancer even if you’ve never smoked or chewed tobacco in your entire life. […] Exposure to radon. […] Inhaling or ingesting cancer-causing agents like asbestos and benzene can cause lung cancer. […] Air pollution may cause lung cancer by triggering DNA damage, leading to tumor growth. […] The more exposure you have to secondhand smoke, whether it’s through living with someone who smokes or visiting friends and family members who smoke, the greater your risk is for developing lung cancer. […] Changes in our genes can happen over time from exposure to different environmental factors, such as chemicals, smoke, and pollutants. These changes, known as somatic mutations, can affect genes like TP53, EGFR, and KRAS, which are linked to non-small cell lung cancer. […] Some cases of lung cancer have no clear cause. Understanding what is most likely to cause lung cancer can help you make informed decisions about reducing your risk.

• #100 Lung Cancer Among People Who Never Smoked | Lung Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lung-cancer/nonsmokers/index.html

  In the United States, about 10% to 20% of lung cancers, or 20,000 to 40,000 lung cancers each year, happen in people who never smoked or smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. […] Lung cancer can be caused by risk factors other than smoking cigarettes, pipes, or cigars. Examples include exposure to other people’s smoke (called secondhand smoke), radon, air pollution, a family history of lung cancer, and asbestos. […] Researchers estimate that secondhand smoke contributes to about 7,300 and radon to about 2,900 of these lung cancers. […] Some risk factors, such as a personal or family history of lung cancer, can’t be changed. If lung cancer runs in your family, talk to your doctor about actions you can take stay healthy. People with lung cancer who have never smoked may have a DNA mutation, such as a mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene or other genes. Cancers caused by these mutations may be treated with targeted therapy.

• #101 Lung cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer

  Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of lung cells. These changes are sometimes random, but are typically induced by breathing in toxic substances such as cigarette smoke. […] Tobacco smoking is by far the major contributor to lung cancer, causing 80% to 90% of cases. […] Exposure to a variety of other toxic chemicals typically encountered in certain occupations is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. […] Asbestos and cigarette smoking increase risk synergistically that is, the risk of someone who smokes and has asbestos exposure dying from lung cancer is much higher than would be expected from adding the two risks together. […] Exposure to radon, a naturally occurring breakdown product of the Earth’s radioactive elements, is associated with increased lung cancer risk. […] Several other diseases that cause inflammation of the lung increase one’s risk of lung cancer. […] Particular gene combinations may make some people more susceptible to lung cancer.

• #102 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Lung cancer begins in the cells of the lungs. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. […] People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes smoked. […] Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs develop changes in their DNA. […] Smoking causes most lung cancers. It can cause lung cancer in both people who smoke and in people exposed to secondhand smoke. […] Researchers believe smoking causes lung cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. […] Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, headaches or other symptoms depending on what organ is affected. […] A number of factors may increase the risk of lung cancer.

• #103 Lung Cancer Causes | Lung Cancer in Non-Smokers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause lung cancer. […] Inherited gene changes, or germline mutations, are gene changes that you inherit from your parents. […] Some people inherit DNA mutations from their parents that may increase their risk for developing certain cancers. […] Acquired gene changes, or somatic mutations, may occur in any individual cell and cannot be inherited. […] Certain somatic mutations can affect the cells ability to control its own growth, and will eventually transform a non-cancer cell to become a cancer cell.

• #104 Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3864624/

  Tobacco carcinogens, such as NNK, can bind to DNA and create DNA adducts, which are pieces of DNA covalently bonded to a cancer-causing chemical, such as PAH in cigarette smoke. […] There is no question that tobacco smoking remains the most important modifiable risk factor for lung cancer. It has been estimated that up to 20% of all cancer deaths worldwide could be prevented by the elimination of tobacco smoking. […] The risk for lung cancer is proportional to the quantity of cigarette consumption, because factors, such as the number of packs per day smoked, the age of onset of smoking, the degree of inhalation, the tar and nicotine content of cigarettes, and use of unfiltered cigarettes, become important. […] The observed gender differences in susceptibility may be related to gender-related differences in nicotine metabolism and in metabolic activation or detoxification of lung carcinogens.

• #105 Lung cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

  Lung cancer begins in the cells of the lungs. […] Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. […] People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes smoked. […] Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs develop changes in their DNA. […] Smoking causes most lung cancers. It can cause lung cancer in both people who smoke and in people exposed to secondhand smoke. […] Researchers believe smoking causes lung cancer by damaging the cells that line the lungs. […] The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. […] Cancer that spreads can cause pain, nausea, headaches or other symptoms depending on what organ is affected. […] A number of factors may increase the risk of lung cancer.

• #106

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer

  Around one-third of deaths from cancer are due to tobacco use, high body mass index, alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, and lack of physical activity. In addition, air pollution is an important risk factor for lung cancer. […] Cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into tumour cells in a multi-stage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumour. These changes are the result of the interaction between a person’s genetic factors and three categories of external agents, including: physical carcinogens, such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation; chemical carcinogens, such as asbestos, components of tobacco smoke, alcohol, aflatoxin (a food contaminant), and arsenic (a drinking water contaminant); and biological carcinogens, such as infections from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

• #107

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lung-cancer

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for the highest mortality rates among both men and women. […] Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, responsible for approximately 85% of all cases. […] Smoking tobacco (including cigarettes, cigars, and pipes) is the primary risk factor for lung cancer but it can also affect non-smokers. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational hazards (such as asbestos, radon and certain chemicals), air pollution, hereditary cancer syndromes, and previous chronic lung diseases. […] Primary prevention aims to prevent the initial occurrence of a disease through risk reduction and promoting healthy behaviour. In public health, these preventive measures include smoking cessation, promoting smoke-free environments, implementing tobacco control policies, addressing occupational hazards, and reducing air pollution levels. […] Secondary prevention for lung cancer involves screening methods that aim to detect the disease in its early stages, before symptoms become apparent and can be indicated for high-risk individuals.

• #108 Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22054876/

  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States and around the world. A vast majority of lung cancer deaths are attributable to cigarette smoking, and curbing the rates of cigarette smoking is imperative. Understanding the epidemiology and causal factors of lung cancer can provide additional foundation for disease prevention. This article focuses on modifiable risk factors, including tobacco smoking, occupational carcinogens, diet, and ionizing radiation. […] It also discusses briefly the molecular and genetic aspects of lung carcinogenesis.

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