Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/

  Its not always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis, but you can reduce your risk of developing the condition by cutting your risk of gallstones. […] One of the main steps you can take to help lower your chances of developing gallstones is adopting a healthy, balanced diet and reducing the number of high-cholesterol foods you eat, as cholesterol is thought to contribute to the formation of gallstones. […] Being overweight, particularly being obese, also increases your risk of developing gallstones. You should therefore control your weight by eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. […] However, low-calorie, rapid weight loss diets should be avoided, because there is evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and actually increase your risk of developing gallstones. A more gradual weight loss plan is best.

• #2 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  It’s not always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis, but you can lower your risk of developing it by reducing your risk of getting gallstones. […] One of the main things you can do to lower your chances of getting gallstones is to adopt a healthy, balanced diet and reduce the number of high-cholesterol foods you eat, as cholesterol is thought to contribute to the formation of gallstones. […] Living with overweight or obesity also increases your risk of developing gallstones. […] You should therefore control your weight by eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. […] But low-calorie rapid weight loss diets should be avoided because there’s evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and actually increase your risk of developing gallstones. […] A more gradual weight loss plan is best.

• #3 Acute cholecystitis – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000084/prevention

  Primary prevention starts with preventing gallstones, which entails lifestyle modification: a diet high in fibre and low in saturated fat, and maintenance of a normal body weight, coupled with moderate physical activity. […] Preventative medical therapy employs ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to lower cholesterol saturation in bile and so lessen the short-term risk of stone formation in obese individuals undergoing rapid weight loss through dietary caloric restriction or bariatric surgery. […] Patients with symptomatic gallstones should be offered elective cholecystectomy to prevent development of acute cholecystitis.

• #4 Cholecystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867

  You can reduce your risk of cholecystitis by taking the following steps to prevent gallstones: […] Lose weight slowly. Fast weight loss can raise the risk of gallstones. […] Be at a healthy weight. Being overweight makes you more likely to get gallstones. To get to a healthy weight, cut calories and increase your physical activity. Stay at a healthy weight through healthy eating and exercise. […] Choose a healthy-eating plan. Eating foods high in fat and low in fiber may raise the risk of gallstones. To lower your risk, eat a lot of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

• #5 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  It’s not always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis, but you can lower your risk of developing it by reducing your risk of getting gallstones. […] One of the main things you can do to lower your chances of getting gallstones is to adopt a healthy, balanced diet and reduce the number of high-cholesterol foods you eat, as cholesterol is thought to contribute to the formation of gallstones. […] Living with overweight or obesity also increases your risk of developing gallstones. […] You should therefore control your weight by eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. […] But low-calorie rapid weight loss diets should be avoided because there’s evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and actually increase your risk of developing gallstones. […] A more gradual weight loss plan is best.

• #6 Cholecystitis – what is it, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Moscow

  https://www.k31.ru/en/service/gastroenterologiya/cholecystitis.html

  Preventive measures are related to the maintenance of general health and the emphasis on a healthy lifestyle. These include: […] Balanced nutrition. It is recommended to exclude from the diet fatty and fried foods, as well as dishes that contain large amounts of cholesterol. At the same time, it is important to provide the body with a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals, fiber, and natural dietary fiber. […] Maintaining normal weight. The presence of extra pounds increases the likelihood of developing diseases of the gallbladder. You need to monitor your weight and adjust it. […] Regular exercise. Physical activity supports overall health and improves gallbladder function. In addition, it normalizes metabolism and prevents the development of gallstone disease. […] Rejection of bad habits. Smoking and drinking alcohol impair fat metabolism, which causes an increase in the level of bile acids and increases the viscosity of bile. All this threatens the formation of stones in the gallbladder. […] It is important to remember that even if all of the above recommendations are followed, the risk of developing the disease still exists.

• #7 Cholecystitis: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172067

  Some measures can reduce the risk of developing gallstones, which can decrease the likelihood of cholecystitis. These measures include: avoiding saturated and trans fats […] keeping to regular breakfast, lunch, and dinner times and not skipping meals […] getting regular physical exercise […] losing excess body weight, as obesity increases the risk of gallstones […] avoiding rapid weight loss, as this increases the risk of developing gallstones. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend aiming to lose about 12 pounds of body weight per week, which equates to about 0.5 kilograms (kg) to 1 kg. The closer a person is to their ideal body weight, the lower their risk of developing gallstones.

• #8 Acute Cholecystitis: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment – Southlake General Surgery

  https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/acute-cholecystitis-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  Prevention strategies for acute cholecystitis focus on reducing the risk of gallstones through a healthy diet, weight management, and avoiding rapid weight loss. […] Maintaining a healthy weight and following a low-fat diet can help decrease the risk of gallstones, which can result in cholecystitis. […] Avoiding sudden weight loss is also beneficial in reducing the risk of developing cholecystitis, as it can contribute to gallstone formation. […] In addition to lifestyle modifications, preventative medical therapy and cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone-related disease may be considered to decrease the risk of acute cholecystitis. […] These preventive measures, combined with early diagnosis and intervention, can help minimize the impact of this potentially serious condition.

• #9 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  It’s not always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis, but you can lower your risk of developing it by reducing your risk of getting gallstones. […] One of the main things you can do to lower your chances of getting gallstones is to adopt a healthy, balanced diet and reduce the number of high-cholesterol foods you eat, as cholesterol is thought to contribute to the formation of gallstones. […] Living with overweight or obesity also increases your risk of developing gallstones. […] You should therefore control your weight by eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. […] But low-calorie rapid weight loss diets should be avoided because there’s evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and actually increase your risk of developing gallstones. […] A more gradual weight loss plan is best.

• #10 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/

  Its not always possible to prevent acute cholecystitis, but you can reduce your risk of developing the condition by cutting your risk of gallstones. […] One of the main steps you can take to help lower your chances of developing gallstones is adopting a healthy, balanced diet and reducing the number of high-cholesterol foods you eat, as cholesterol is thought to contribute to the formation of gallstones. […] Being overweight, particularly being obese, also increases your risk of developing gallstones. You should therefore control your weight by eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. […] However, low-calorie, rapid weight loss diets should be avoided, because there is evidence they can disrupt your bile chemistry and actually increase your risk of developing gallstones. A more gradual weight loss plan is best.

• #11 Acute cholecystitis – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000084/prevention

  Primary prevention starts with preventing gallstones, which entails lifestyle modification: a diet high in fibre and low in saturated fat, and maintenance of a normal body weight, coupled with moderate physical activity. […] Preventative medical therapy employs ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to lower cholesterol saturation in bile and so lessen the short-term risk of stone formation in obese individuals undergoing rapid weight loss through dietary caloric restriction or bariatric surgery. […] Patients with symptomatic gallstones should be offered elective cholecystectomy to prevent development of acute cholecystitis.

• #12 Cholecystitis (Gall Bladder Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/what-is-cholecystitis

  You can take steps to lower your chances of getting gallstone and cholecystitis. They include: […] Obesity is a major risk factor for getting gallstones. Losing weight can reduce your chances, but be sure you do it in a healthy way. If you’re planning a rapid weight loss program, such as weight loss surgery, your doctor or nurse should monitor you. They may recommend bile acid pills to prevent gallstones as you lose weight.

• #13 Acute cholecystitis primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_cholecystitis_primary_prevention

  Administration of NSAIDs in the patients with biliary colic prevents the progression to acute cholecystitis. […] Administration of diclofenac (75 mg; intramuscular injection) in patients with biliary colic attack relieved the pain and prevented the progression of the disease to acute cholecystitis.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01540262

  Sixty patients were treated in the emergency ward for biliary colic. […] In comparison, nine patients of the other two groups progressed to acute cholecystitis and needed surgical intervention. […] The possible anticolic and anti-biliary inflammation properties and the indications for use of Voltaren are discussed.

• #15 Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in acute cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials – Singh – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8281/html

  A preoperative single dose of prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing acute LC for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis does not offer extra benefits to reduce infective complications. […] Preoperative prophylactic antibiotics for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis does not offer extra benefit to reduce infective complications during acute cholecystectomy. […] This systematic review has shown that there is no benefit of using preoperative antibiotics in grades 1 and 2 of acute cholecystitis.

• #16 Antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Perioperative Medicine | Full Text

  https://perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13741-024-00441-4

  Emergency cholecystectomy is the mainstay in treating acute cholecystitis (AC). In actual practice, perioperative prophylactic antibiotics are used to prevent postoperative infectious complications (PIC), but their effectiveness lacks evidence. We aim to investigate the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in emergency cholecystectomy. […] Our analysis showed no significant differences regarding total PIC (RR=0.84 with 95% CI (0.63, 1.12), P=0.23), surgical site infection (RR=0.79 with 95% CI (0.56, 1.12), P=0.19), distant infections (RR=1.01 with 95% CI (0.55, 1.88), P=0.97), non-infectious complications (RR=0.84 with 95% CI (0.64, 1.11), P=0.22), mortality (RR=0.34 with 95% CI (0.04, 3.23), P=0.35), and readmission (RR=0.69 with 95% CI (0.43, 1.11), P=0.13). […] Perioperative antibiotics in patients with mild to moderate acute cholecystitis did not show a significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy.

• #17 Antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Perioperative Medicine | Full Text

  https://perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13741-024-00441-4

  Emergency cholecystectomy is the mainstay in treating acute cholecystitis (AC). In actual practice, perioperative prophylactic antibiotics are used to prevent postoperative infectious complications (PIC), but their effectiveness lacks evidence. We aim to investigate the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in emergency cholecystectomy. […] Our analysis showed no significant differences regarding total PIC (RR=0.84 with 95% CI (0.63, 1.12), P=0.23), surgical site infection (RR=0.79 with 95% CI (0.56, 1.12), P=0.19), distant infections (RR=1.01 with 95% CI (0.55, 1.88), P=0.97), non-infectious complications (RR=0.84 with 95% CI (0.64, 1.11), P=0.22), mortality (RR=0.34 with 95% CI (0.04, 3.23), P=0.35), and readmission (RR=0.69 with 95% CI (0.43, 1.11), P=0.13). […] Perioperative antibiotics in patients with mild to moderate acute cholecystitis did not show a significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy.

• #18 Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in acute cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials – Singh – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8281/html

  A preoperative single dose of prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing acute LC for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis does not offer extra benefits to reduce infective complications. […] Preoperative prophylactic antibiotics for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis does not offer extra benefit to reduce infective complications during acute cholecystectomy. […] This systematic review has shown that there is no benefit of using preoperative antibiotics in grades 1 and 2 of acute cholecystitis.

• #19 Antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Perioperative Medicine | Full Text

  https://perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13741-024-00441-4

  Although the Surgical Infection Society and the Tokyo Guidelines recommend the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy, these recommendations are not supported with sufficient evidence. […] The current evidence on the administration of prophylactic perioperative antibiotics in patients with mild to moderate acute cholecystitis did not show a significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy. This meta-analysis recommends revising the current guidelines on the use of antibiotics in acute cholecystitis, especially with the growing challenges of antimicrobial resistance.

• #20

  https://emergency.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/1668

  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with cholecystitis is considered the best, appropriate and safe method of treatment for gallstone disease. […] However, the role of antibiotic administration before or after cholecystectomy to reduce infectious complications, particularly surgical site infections, or mortality is less clear. […] Some guidelines suggest the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for all cholecystectomies, although current evidence does not indicate any benefit to this practice in the absence of risk factors. […] Most studies argue against the need to use prophylactic antibiotics during elective surgery in low-risk patients. […] In cases of mild and moderate acute cholecystitis, the use of antibiotics to prevent postoperative infectious complications has no evidence of effectiveness, although these recommendations are also ambiguous.

• #21 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/p795.html

  Prophylactic treatment, usually with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, should be recommended for patients with biliary-type symptoms or those with complications of gallstones, because these patients are likely to have recurrent and more severe symptoms. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is not required in low-risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but it may reduce the incidence of wound infection in high-risk patients (i.e., those older than 60 years; patients with diabetes mellitus, acute colic within 30 days of surgery, jaundice, acute cholecystitis, or cholangitis).

• #22 HIE Multimedia – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=StLukesmedicalcenter.adam.com&login=STLK7926

  Removing the gallbladder and gallstones will prevent further attacks.

• #23 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/p795.html

  Prophylactic treatment, usually with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, should be recommended for patients with biliary-type symptoms or those with complications of gallstones, because these patients are likely to have recurrent and more severe symptoms. […] Antibiotic prophylaxis is not required in low-risk patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but it may reduce the incidence of wound infection in high-risk patients (i.e., those older than 60 years; patients with diabetes mellitus, acute colic within 30 days of surgery, jaundice, acute cholecystitis, or cholangitis).

• #24 Cholelithiasis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/cholelithiasis

  Cholecystectomy effectively prevents future biliary colic but is less effective for preventing atypical symptoms such as dyspepsia. […] Prophylactic cholecystectomy is warranted in asymptomatic patients with cholelithiasis only if they have large gallstones ( 3 cm) or a calcified gallbladder (porcelain gallbladder); these conditions increase the risk of gallbladder carcinoma. […] European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL): EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones.

• #25 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  Patients with acute cholecystitis should have a laparoscopic cholecystectomy early in their management course. This reduces the hospital stay but does not reduce the complication rate compared with delayed surgery. […] Once the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is made, the patient should be resuscitated with intravenous fluids, concomitant medical problems should be stabilized, and cholecystectomy should be performed at the earliest available time. […] Historically, early surgery for acute cholecystitis was discouraged. Patients were treated medically with intravenous fluid, antibiotics, and analgesics until the inflammation in the gallbladder resolved, and then elective cholecystectomy (delayed surgery) was performed. However, more than 20 percent of patients fail to respond to medical management or experience recurrent cholecystitis during the intervening period.

• #26 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  A meta-analysis of these trials found that early cholecystectomy (up to 72 hours after admission) significantly reduced the total hospital stay but not the overall complication rate when compared with delayed surgery (72 hours to 12 weeks after the acute event). […] Patients with acute cholecystitis who are critically ill or otherwise at very high risk for surgical complications should be managed medically with intravenous fluid, antibiotics, and analgesics; if this treatment fails, a percutaneous cholecystostomy should be considered. This procedure has been shown to achieve clinical improvement in 80 percent of patients within five days after placement.

• #27 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  Patients with acute cholecystitis should have a laparoscopic cholecystectomy early in their management course. This reduces the hospital stay but does not reduce the complication rate compared with delayed surgery. […] Once the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is made, the patient should be resuscitated with intravenous fluids, concomitant medical problems should be stabilized, and cholecystectomy should be performed at the earliest available time. […] Historically, early surgery for acute cholecystitis was discouraged. Patients were treated medically with intravenous fluid, antibiotics, and analgesics until the inflammation in the gallbladder resolved, and then elective cholecystectomy (delayed surgery) was performed. However, more than 20 percent of patients fail to respond to medical management or experience recurrent cholecystitis during the intervening period.

• #28 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  A meta-analysis of these trials found that early cholecystectomy (up to 72 hours after admission) significantly reduced the total hospital stay but not the overall complication rate when compared with delayed surgery (72 hours to 12 weeks after the acute event). […] Patients with acute cholecystitis who are critically ill or otherwise at very high risk for surgical complications should be managed medically with intravenous fluid, antibiotics, and analgesics; if this treatment fails, a percutaneous cholecystostomy should be considered. This procedure has been shown to achieve clinical improvement in 80 percent of patients within five days after placement.

• #29 Prevention of Cholecystitis in Patients Undergoing ERCP for Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction Involving the Cystic Duct: A Novel Technique – Endoscopy Campus

  https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/ec-news/prevention-of-cholecystitis-in-patients-undergoing-ercp-for-malignant-distal-biliary-obstruction-involving-the-cystic-duct-a-novel-technique/

  Cholecystitis following biliary drainage with a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) and cystic duct orifice involvement is significant. Interventions such as placing a cystic duct stent during ERCP can decrease the risk. […] No patients in the intervention group versus 5 (22.7%) in the control group developed acute cholecystitis (P=.049). […] EUS-GBD appears to lower the risk of acute cholecystitis in patients with unresectable MBO and cystic duct orifice obstruction.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/abstract/1985/01000/cholecystokinin_prophylaxis_of_parenteral.11.aspx

  Recent studies indicate that long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) induces gallstone formation and acalculous cholecystitis in humans. […] The present study was designed to develop a method to prevent TPN-induced gallbladder disease. […] Daily CCK-OP infusions resulted in a Rsa of 0.92 0.10 (p 0.05 vs. TPN without CCK-OP), indicating that TPN-induced gallbladder stasis is prevented by daily CCK-OP. […] These data indicate that 1) TPN induces gallbladder stasis but does not increase bile lithogenic index; and 2) daily injections of CCK-OP prevent TPN-induced gallbladder stasis.

• #31 Natural Acute Cholecystitis Care – Free Consult – WINIT

  https://winitclinic.com/conditions/acute-cholecystitis-treatment/

  Preventing acute cholecystitis mainly revolves around mitigating the risk factors associated with gallstones. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats can significantly reduce the risk of gallstone formation. Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding rapid weight loss are also crucial. […] In terms of natural treatment, while severe cases might still require conventional medical intervention, certain lifestyle adjustments and remedies can help manage mild symptoms: – A warm pack applied to the abdomen can ease discomfort. – Hydration is key; drinking plenty of water helps. – Certain herbs and supplements, like milk thistle and turmeric, have shown promise in supporting liver and gallbladder health though should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional to avoid complications. – An anti-inflammatory diet, avoiding processed foods, and reducing animal fats in favor of plant-based sources can also support gallbladder health. Adopting these practices does not guarantee prevention or cure but can significantly aid in symptom management and overall wellness, especially in conjunction with professional medical advice.

• #32 Natural Acute Cholecystitis Care – Free Consult – WINIT

  https://winitclinic.com/conditions/acute-cholecystitis-treatment/

  Preventing acute cholecystitis mainly revolves around mitigating the risk factors associated with gallstones. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats can significantly reduce the risk of gallstone formation. Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding rapid weight loss are also crucial. […] In terms of natural treatment, while severe cases might still require conventional medical intervention, certain lifestyle adjustments and remedies can help manage mild symptoms: – A warm pack applied to the abdomen can ease discomfort. – Hydration is key; drinking plenty of water helps. – Certain herbs and supplements, like milk thistle and turmeric, have shown promise in supporting liver and gallbladder health though should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional to avoid complications. – An anti-inflammatory diet, avoiding processed foods, and reducing animal fats in favor of plant-based sources can also support gallbladder health. Adopting these practices does not guarantee prevention or cure but can significantly aid in symptom management and overall wellness, especially in conjunction with professional medical advice.

• #33 Acute Cholecystitis: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment – Southlake General Surgery

  https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/acute-cholecystitis-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  Prevention strategies for acute cholecystitis focus on reducing the risk of gallstones through a healthy diet, weight management, and avoiding rapid weight loss. […] Maintaining a healthy weight and following a low-fat diet can help decrease the risk of gallstones, which can result in cholecystitis. […] Avoiding sudden weight loss is also beneficial in reducing the risk of developing cholecystitis, as it can contribute to gallstone formation. […] In addition to lifestyle modifications, preventative medical therapy and cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone-related disease may be considered to decrease the risk of acute cholecystitis. […] These preventive measures, combined with early diagnosis and intervention, can help minimize the impact of this potentially serious condition.

• #34 What to do about gallstones – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/what-to-do-about-gallstones

  There’s no proven way to prevent gallstones, but eating a well-balanced diet, maintaining a normal weight, and exercising regularly (at least 30 minutes a day most days of the week). […] Avoiding fatty foods won’t prevent or get rid of gallstones, but it may reduce the frequency of attacks.

• #35 Antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy for mild to moderate acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Perioperative Medicine | Full Text

  https://perioperativemedicinejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13741-024-00441-4

  Although the Surgical Infection Society and the Tokyo Guidelines recommend the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in emergency cholecystectomy, these recommendations are not supported with sufficient evidence. […] The current evidence on the administration of prophylactic perioperative antibiotics in patients with mild to moderate acute cholecystitis did not show a significant reduction of postoperative infectious complications after emergency cholecystectomy. This meta-analysis recommends revising the current guidelines on the use of antibiotics in acute cholecystitis, especially with the growing challenges of antimicrobial resistance.

• #36

  https://emergency.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/1668

  It is not recommended to use postoperative antibiotics after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, as well as for mild or moderate acute cholecystitis. […] However, additional studies with well-defined patient populations and comparable outcomes are needed to better assess the most appropriate timing and duration of antibiotic use in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

• #37 Acute cholecystitis primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_cholecystitis_primary_prevention

  Administration of NSAIDs in the patients with biliary colic prevents the progression to acute cholecystitis. […] Administration of diclofenac (75 mg; intramuscular injection) in patients with biliary colic attack relieved the pain and prevented the progression of the disease to acute cholecystitis.

• #38 Prevention of Cholecystitis in Patients Undergoing ERCP for Malignant Distal Biliary Obstruction Involving the Cystic Duct: A Novel Technique – Endoscopy Campus

  https://www.endoscopy-campus.com/en/ec-news/prevention-of-cholecystitis-in-patients-undergoing-ercp-for-malignant-distal-biliary-obstruction-involving-the-cystic-duct-a-novel-technique/

  Cholecystitis following biliary drainage with a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) and cystic duct orifice involvement is significant. Interventions such as placing a cystic duct stent during ERCP can decrease the risk. […] No patients in the intervention group versus 5 (22.7%) in the control group developed acute cholecystitis (P=.049). […] EUS-GBD appears to lower the risk of acute cholecystitis in patients with unresectable MBO and cystic duct orifice obstruction.

• #39 Cholecystitis – what is it, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Moscow

  https://www.k31.ru/en/service/gastroenterologiya/cholecystitis.html

  Preventive measures are related to the maintenance of general health and the emphasis on a healthy lifestyle. These include: […] Balanced nutrition. It is recommended to exclude from the diet fatty and fried foods, as well as dishes that contain large amounts of cholesterol. At the same time, it is important to provide the body with a sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals, fiber, and natural dietary fiber. […] Maintaining normal weight. The presence of extra pounds increases the likelihood of developing diseases of the gallbladder. You need to monitor your weight and adjust it. […] Regular exercise. Physical activity supports overall health and improves gallbladder function. In addition, it normalizes metabolism and prevents the development of gallstone disease. […] Rejection of bad habits. Smoking and drinking alcohol impair fat metabolism, which causes an increase in the level of bile acids and increases the viscosity of bile. All this threatens the formation of stones in the gallbladder. […] It is important to remember that even if all of the above recommendations are followed, the risk of developing the disease still exists.

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