Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute cholecystitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-cholecystitis?lang=us

  Acute cholecystitis is a common cause of hospital admission and is responsible for approximately 3-10% of all patients with abdominal pain. Cholelithiasis is the major risk factor and causes up to 95% of cases. Other risk factors include AIDS, fibrate (hypolipidemic agent) and ascariasis. […] Definitions, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology of Acute Cholangitis and Cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines.

• #1 Acute cholecystitis – Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000084/epidemiology

  The distribution and incidence of acute cholecystitis follow that of cholelithiasis because of the close relationship between the two. […] In the US, 20 to 25 million people are estimated to have gallstones, and approximately 750,000 cholecystectomies are performed annually. […] The prevalence rates are relatively low in Africa and Asia. […] Acute cholecystitis occurs in about 10% of symptomatic patients. […] It is 3 times more common in women than in men up to the age of 50 years, and is about 1.5 times more common in women than in men thereafter. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis accounts for 5% to 14% of cases of acute cholecystitis. […] The incidence is higher in the intensive-care population, particularly in patients in burn and trauma units.

• #1 Acute cholecystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_cholecystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of acute cholecystitis is approximately 6,300 per 100,000 in individuals under 50 years age and 20,900 per 100,000 in individuals over 50 years age worldwide. […] The prevalence of acute cholecystitis is approximately 369 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. […] The mortality rate of acute cholecystitis is approximately 0.6%. […] Acute cholecystitis usually affects individuals of the North American Indian race. […] Females are more commonly affected by acute cholecystitis than males. […] Acute cholecystitis cases are reported worldwide. […] Acute cholecystitis accounts for 700,000 cholecystectomies and costs of $6.5 billion annually only in the United States. […] Gallstone diseases usually affects individuals of the North American Indian race. White Americans, Asians, African Americans, and Africans are less likely to develop acute cholecystitis.

• #1 Epidemiology of Acute Cholecystitis in Colombia: An Analysis of Official Records from the Ministry of Health

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572024000300267

  Epidemiology of Acute Cholecystitis in Colombia: An Analysis of Official Records from the Ministry of Health […] In Colombia, there are no studies on its prevalence or the sociodemographic characteristics of the affected population. […] To establish the prevalence of acute cholecystitis in Colombia and describe the associated sociodemographic characteristics. […] A total of 343,254 cases of acute cholecystitis were identified in Colombia, with a prevalence of 681 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and a female-to-male ratio of 2.3:1. […] This study presents epidemiological and sociodemographic information on acute cholecystitis in Colombia. […] The prevalence of acute cholecystitis by sex was 942 per 100,000 inhabitants for women and 414 per 100,000 inhabitants for men. […] The age group with the highest number of cases was the 35-39 age group, with 32,858 cases, followed by the 30-34 age group (31,876 cases) and the 40-44 age group (30,748 cases).

• #1 Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2784509/

  Acute cholecystitis cases account for 3%10% of all patients with abdominal pain. The percentage of acute cholecystitis cases in patients under 50 years old with abdominal pain (n = 6317) was low, at 6.3%, whereas that in patients aged 50 and over (n = 2406) was high, at 20.9% (average, 10%). […] Cholecystolithiasis accounts for 90%95% of all causes of acute cholecystitis, while acalculous cholecystitis accounts for the remaining 5%10%. […] According to the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions of the People on Health and Welfare conducted by the Medical Statistics Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, the number of those with acute cholecystitis has increased, from 3.9 million in 1979 to over 10 million in 1993. […] The mortality in patients with acute cholecystitis is 0-10%, whereas the mortality in patients with postoperative cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis is as high as 23%-40%. The mortality of elderly patients (75 years and older) tends to be higher than that of younger patients, and a comorbidity such as diabetes may increase the risk of death. Many reports of the mortality and morbidity of acute cholecystitis are difficult to compare, because there are significant variations in the diagnostic criteria, timing and type of operation, presence of comorbidities, and hospital support systems for critically ill patients, as well as variations in available surgical expertise.

• #1 Acta Scientific | International Open Library | Open Access Journals Publishing Group

  https://actascientific.com/ASMS/ASMS-08-1806.php

  One of the most frequent and dangerous complications of cholelithiasis is acute cholecystitis, which occurs in 10-15% of patients with GI. […] According to the report of the Chief Surgeon of the Russian Ministry of Health, the number of confirmed cases of patients with acute cholecystitis in Russia has been steadily increasing over the past 17 years. So, in 2004, 114,400 cases were detected, and in 2019, 160,634 or almost 1.5 times more. […] At the same time, about 60% of patients admitted to the hospital with acute calculous cholecystitis are elderly and senile.

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886-overview

  An estimated 10%-20% of Americans have gallstones, and as many as one third of these people develop acute cholecystitis. Cholecystectomy for either recurrent biliary colic or acute cholecystitis is the most common major surgical procedure performed by general surgeons, resulting in approximately 500,000 operations annually. […] The incidence of cholecystitis increases with age. The physiologic explanation for the increasing incidence of gallstone disease in the elderly population is unclear. The increased incidence in elderly men has been linked to age-related changes in the androgen-to-estrogen ratios. […] Gallstones are 2-3 times more frequent in females than in males, resulting in a higher incidence of calculous cholecystitis in females. Elevated progesterone levels during pregnancy may cause biliary stasis, resulting in higher rates of gallbladder disease in pregnant females. Acalculous cholecystitis, however, is observed more often in elderly men.

• #1 Acute cholecystitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis refers to the acute inflammation of the gallbladder, which is typically due to cystic duct obstruction by a gallstone (acute calculous cholecystitis). Acalculous cholecystitis is less common and is seen predominantly in critically ill patients. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Prevalence: most common complication of cholelithiasis. […] Peak incidence: 50 years. […] Approximately 90% of acute cholecystitis is caused by cholelithiasis. Acalculous cholecystitis accounts for the remaining 10%.

• #1

  https://www.jclmm.com/index.php/journal/article/view/267

  Acute cholecystitis affected the majority of patients (45%) between the ages of 41 and 60. […] In this study, women made up 72% of participants, compared to men who made up only 28%. […] Less than 10% of the cases had a family history that would have pointed to gallstone disease. 90% of the remaining cases lacked any evidence of gall stone disease in their families. […] Acute cholecystitis is typically brought on by gallstones. […] For the first-line therapies of fasting, intravenous fluids, and analgesics, patients with acute cholecystitis should be admitted to the hospital right away. […] Surgery (cholecystectomy) should be performed after the initial course of treatment within 24-48 hours of admission (early). […] Although open cholecystectomy was used in this study, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred method and the gold standard. […] For other researchers to understand the severity of acute cholecystitis in this area of the region, they can use the current work as a benchmark.

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/171886-overview

  Cholelithiasis, the major risk factor for cholecystitis, has an increased prevalence in people of Scandinavian descent, Pima Indians, and Hispanic populations, whereas cholelithiasis is less common among individuals from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. In the United States, white people have a higher prevalence than black people.

• #1 Acute cholecystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_cholecystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Females are more commonly affected by gallstone diseases than males. The female to male ratio ranges from 10:1 in Pima Indians to 23:1 in Europeans women. […] Acute cholecystitis cases are reported worldwide. America and Europe have high rates of gallbladder stones as compared to Asia and Africa. […] Gallstone disease accounts for 700,000 cholecystectomies and costs of $6.5 billion annually only in the United States. […] Gallstone diseases are comparatively less prevalent in the developing countries. […] India and Taiwan have a higher prevalence of acute cholecystitis in the developing countries.

• #1 Epidemiology of Acute Cholecystitis in Colombia: An Analysis of Official Records from the Ministry of Health

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-99572024000300267

  The departments with the highest prevalence of acute cholecystitis were Nariño with 1,035 per 100,000 inhabitants, Valle del Cauca (1,027 per 100,000), followed by Caquetá (917 per 100,000) and Tolima (844 per 100,000). […] The higher prevalence observed in the southwestern part of the country warrants further studies and opens the door to population-based interventions targeting these regions.

• #1

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/120163/acute-cholecystitis

  Epidemiology […] Demographics […] female male […] adults […] Risk factors […] gallstones […] F’s […] Fat […] Female […] Forty […] Flatulent […] Fertile […] hormone replacement therapy […] obesity […] hypertriglyceridemia […] etiology […] EEEK bugs […] E. coli […] Enterobacter […] Enterococcus […] Klebsiella […] […] […] Pathogenesis […] blockage of cystic duct by gallstones can lead to distention of gallbladder, inflammation, and infection

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Gallbladder disease occurs in men and women, with certain populations being more prone to it. The risk of gallbladder disease increases in women, obese patients, pregnant women, and patients in their 40s. Drastic weight loss or acute illnesses may also increase the risk. The formation of gallstones and this condition can run in families. Other conditions that cause the breakdown of blood cells, for example, sickle cell disease, also increase the incidence of gallstones. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. However that does not mean incidental findings of gallstone should be treated, as it is estimated that only 20% of patients with asymptomatic stones will develop symptoms within 20 years, and because approximately 1% of patients with asymptomatic stones develop complications of their stones before the onset of symptoms, prophylactic cholecystectomy is not warranted in asymptomatic patients.

• #1 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/p795.html

  Cholelithiasis, or gallstones, is one of the most common and costly of all the gastrointestinal diseases. The incidence of gallstones increases with age. At-risk populations include persons with diabetes mellitus, persons who are obese, women, rapid weight cyclers, and patients on hormone therapy or taking oral contraceptives. […] Over the past two decades, much has been learned about the epidemiology of this condition and its risk factors. Gallstones are associated with high-calorie diets, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinism, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. […] Acute cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct. It should be suspected in patients with fever, leukocytosis, right upper quadrant mass, persistent pain, a mild elevation of bilirubin levels, or Murphy sign (inspiratory arrest during deep right upper quadrant palpation). […] Choledocholithiasis is found in 6% to 12% of patients with gallstones; it increases the risk of recurrent symptoms, pancreatitis, and cholangitis.

• #1 Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2784509/

  This article discusses the definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. Acute cholangitis and cholecystitis mostly originate from stones in the bile ducts and gallbladder. Acute cholecystitis also has other causes, such as ischemia; chemicals that enter biliary secretions; motility disorders associated with drugs; infections with microorganisms, protozoa, and parasites; collagen disease; and allergic reactions. Acute acalculous cholecystitis is associated with a recent operation, trauma, burns, multisystem organ failure, and parenteral nutrition. Factors associated with the onset of cholelithiasis include obesity, age, and drugs such as oral contraceptives. The reported mortality of less than 10% for acute cholecystitis gives an impression that it is not a fatal disease, except for the elderly and/or patients with acalculous disease. However, there are reports of high mortality for cholangitis, although the mortality differs greatly depending on the year of the report and the severity of the disease. Even reports published in and after the 1980s indicate high mortality, ranging from 10% to 30% in the patients, with multiorgan failure as a major cause of death. Because many of the reports on acute cholecystitis and cholangitis use different standards, comparisons are difficult. Variations in treatment and risk factors influencing the mortality rates indicate the necessity for standardized diagnostic, treatment, and severity assessment criteria.

• #1 Acute acalculous cholecystitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-acalculous-cholecystitis?lang=us

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis represents 5-10% of cases of acute cholecystitis. […] Risk factors and preceding contributory insults associated with the development of acute acalculous cholecystitis include severe tissue injury, postoperative conditions, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, vasculitis, congestive heart failure, shock, cardiac arrest, advanced age, concomitant opioid therapy, positive-pressure ventilation (PPV), total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and viral infections.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0

  Acute cholecystitis is the most frequent complication occurring in patients with cholelithiasis. […] According to the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions of the People on Health and Welfare (conducted by the Medical Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare), the number of cases with acute cholecystitis has increased from 3.9 million in 1979 to over 10 million in 1993. […] The proportion of cases diagnosed as severe (grade III) according to the TG07 severity assessment criteria was 12.3 % or 23 of the 187 cases of acute cholangitis due to bile duct stones. […] The mortality rate in patients with acute cholecystitis has been reported to be 0-10 % […] According to reports after 2000, the mortality rate was less than 1 %. […] The recurrence rate of acute cholecystitis cases waiting for cholecystectomy was 2.5-22 %.

• #1 Cholecystitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis accounts for 310% of cases of abdominal pain worldwide. Cholecystitis caused an estimated 651,829 emergency department visits and 389,180 hospital admissions in the US in 2012. The 2012 US mortality rate was 0.7 per 100,000 people. The frequency of cholecystitis is highest in people age 5069 years old.

• #1 Mortality risk estimation in acute calculous cholecystitis: beyond the Tokyo Guidelines | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-021-00368-x

  Acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) is the second most frequent surgical condition in emergency departments. The recommended treatment is the early laparoscopic cholecystectomy; however, the Tokyo Guidelines (TG) advocate for different initial treatments in some subgroups of patients without a strong evidence that all patients will benefit from them. There is no clear consensus in the literature about who is the unfit patient for surgical treatment. The primary aim of the study is to identify the risk factors for mortality in ACC and compare them with Tokyo Guidelines (TG) classification. […] The overall mortality was 3.6%. Mortality was associated with older age (68 +IQR 27vs.83 +IQR 5.5;P= 0.001) and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (3.5 +5.3vs. 0 +2; P= 0.001). A logistic regression model isolated four mortality risk factors (ACME): chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 4.66 95% CI 1.712.8P= 0.001), dementia (OR 4.12; 95% CI 1.3412.7,P= 0.001), age80 years (OR 1.12: 95% CI 1.021.21,P= 0.001) and the need of preoperative vasoactive amines (OR 9.9: 95% CI 3.528.3,P = 0.001) which predicted the mortality in a 92% of the patients.

• #1 Acalculous Cholecystitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688222/all/Acalculous_Cholecystitis

  AAC accounts 10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis. AAC most frequently presents in critically ill patients (statuspostsurgical intervention; extensive burn injuries) and the elderly. Diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and connective tissue disease are also linked with AAC. Complications occur in about 40% of cases (gangrene, perforation, peritonitis, sepsis, shock). Mortality depends on underlying comorbidities reaching as high as 90% in critically ill patients. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is associated with several complications and a high mortality rate. If treatment is delayed, mortality rates may be as high as 75%. Mortality in patients with acalculous cholecystitis depends on comorbidities and the speed of diagnosis. Mortality rates range from 10% to 90%, depending on the severity of underlying illness.

• #1 Trends in the Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute and Chronic Cholecystitis-Related Admissions in the USA: A Nationwide Emergency Department and Inpatient Sample Study

  https://digitalcommons.kansascity.edu/studentpub/327/

  Acute and chronic cholecystitis can be related to gallstone disease, although in childhood acalculous cholecystitis may be the most frequent form. […] The overall incidence of cholecystitis in children appears to be increasing. […] Studies suggest a widely variable but predominant female, Caucasian and late adolescent preponderance to the affected population. […] Over the study period, there was a significant relative increase in males. […] Our study establishes the gender distribution of cholecystitis-related diagnoses and as yet poorly understood admission discrepancies based on gender and socioeconomic status.

• #1 Multidisciplinary management of acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-43555-3

  The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic had a major impact on most medical services. Our aim was to assess the outcome of acute cholecystitis during the nationwide lockdown period. […] AC admissions increased by 72.8% in Period II. […] In addition to a drop in patient age and CCI, a significant rise in the prevalence of acute cholecystitis, GP and unplanned readmissions was observed during the nationwide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. […] The epidemiology, severity of AC (CCI, grade and ultrasound morphological diagnoses), multidisciplinary management pathways and outcome of the treatment (mortality or readmission) were compared in the cohorts in the two periods. […] This study demonstrated a significant rise in the incidence of AC, a drop in patient age and CCI, and significant growth in the prevalence of GP, unplanned readmission and the rate of PTGBD during the nationwide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Our data suggests that imposing a restriction on elective cholecystectomies can lead to an increased occurrence of acute cholecystitis in younger patients with fewer underlying conditions.

• #1 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-020-00336-x

  Acute calculus cholecystitis (ACC) has a high incidence in the general population. […] The estimated overall prevalence of gallstones is 10-15% in the general population, with some differences across countries. Between 20 and 40% of patients with gallstones will develop gallstone-related complications, with an incidence of 13% annually; acute calculus cholecystitis (ACC) is the first clinical presentation in 10-15% of the cases. […] The WSES committee for guidelines development is responsible for the continuous evaluation of evidence available about acute cholecystitis. The present guidelines will be updated in case of significant changes based on new evidence. […] The pivotal role of surgery is confirmed, including in high-risk patients. […] The value of surgical treatment for high-risk patients should lead to a distinction between high-risk patients and patients who are not suitable for surgery. […] The development of local policies for safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0

  While referring to the evidence adopted in the Tokyo Guidelines 2007 (TG07) as well as subsequently obtained evidence, further discussion took place on terminology, etiology, and epidemiological data. […] The primary etiology of acute cholangitis/cholecystitis is the presence of stones. […] After 2000, the mortality rate of acute cholangitis has been about 10 %, while that of acute cholecystitis has generally been less than 1 %. […] The definition, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis are presented in the Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis 2007 (TG07) […] As for the data of current clinical trials in particular, the data concerning frequency of severe cases, mortality rate, and recurrence rate are introduced along with epidemiological data.

• #1 Mortality risk estimation in acute calculous cholecystitis: beyond the Tokyo Guidelines | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-021-00368-x

  Mortality was higher in ACC patients treated with non-surgical treatment. ACME identifies high-risk patients. The validation to ACME with a prospective multicenter study population could allow us to create a new alternative guideline to TG for treating ACC. […] Regardless of the treatment modality, ACC does not have a high mortality rate, being 0.6% overall and 6% in severe cases according to the highly influential Tokyo Guidelines (TG). […] Using TG to dictate diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of ACC, it was expected that the vital prognosis would be greatly improved. Nevertheless, the mortality of ACC clusters in specific subgroups of patients where it is still significant. There is a crucial need to select the best strategy for these high-risk patients. […] The mortality rate of patients with severe cholecystitis (grade III of the TG18) was nine times greater than that of patients with mild cholecystitis.

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis: Comparison of Clinical Findings from Ultrasound and Computed Tomography

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jcgt/journal-of-clinical-gastroenterology-and-treatment-jcgt-7-079.php?jid=jcgt

  Acute cholecystitis is a common surgical emergency, for which ultrasound (US) is the most common first-line diagnostic imaging test. Computed tomography (CT) is an alternative or complementary test for the assessment of acute cholecystitis. […] The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is confirmed on the basis of typical anamnesis, including recurrent or unrelenting right-upper quadrant pain, fever, nausea, and clinical examination findings of right-upper quadrant tenderness, positive Murphy sign, elevated laboratory findings for acute inflammation, and ultrasound (US). […] In the current literature, the accuracy of US diagnosis in case of acute cholecystitis has been reported at 81%. […] Our results demonstrated that CT yielded a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 85% with an NPV of 77%. Sonography demonstrated a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 72% with an NPV of 77% in our retrospective analyses.

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis: Comparison of Clinical Findings from Ultrasound and Computed Tomography

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jcgt/journal-of-clinical-gastroenterology-and-treatment-jcgt-7-079.php?jid=jcgt

  However, a past study did report a sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 81% for acute cholecystitis on US, while another reported a higher sensitivity of 92% on CT for the detection of acute cholecystitis relative to that by US (79%). […] Our study suggests that certain parameters are highly associated with acute cholecystitis, such as gallbladder wall thickening (≥ 3 mm) and sonographic probe tenderness, but careful consideration should be given to such findings considering the possible confounding factors. […] We thus conclude that CT is comparable to US for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. We also recommend US as the first choice for acute right-upper abdominal pain with a suspected history of gall stone disease. If these findings are unclear, CT can provide a useful supplement radiological examination with a high overall accuracy for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis Market Size, Trends, & Forecast, 2035

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/acute-cholecystitis-market

  The acute cholecystitis market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARC’s new report titled „Acute Cholecystitis Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2025-2035.” […] The escalating prevalence of gallstones that can block the cystic duct, leading to a buildup of pressure and inflammation within the gallbladder, is primarily driving the acute cholecystitis market. […] IMARC Group’s new report provides an exhaustive analysis of the acute cholecystitis market in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. This includes treatment practices, in-market, and pipeline drugs, share of individual therapies, market performance across the seven major markets, market performance of key companies and their drugs, etc.

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis Market Size, Trends, & Forecast, 2035

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/acute-cholecystitis-market

  According to the report the United States has the largest patient pool for acute cholecystitis and also represents the largest market for its treatment. […] What is the number of prevalent cases (2019-2035) of acute cholecystitis across the seven major markets? […] What is the size of the acute cholecystitis patient pool (2019-2024) across the seven major markets? […] What would be the forecasted patient pool (2025-2035) across the seven major markets? […] What are the key factors driving the epidemiological trend of acute cholecystitis? […] What will be the growth rate of patients across the seven major markets?

• #2 Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2784509/

  Acute cholecystitis cases account for 3%10% of all patients with abdominal pain. The percentage of acute cholecystitis cases in patients under 50 years old with abdominal pain (n = 6317) was low, at 6.3%, whereas that in patients aged 50 and over (n = 2406) was high, at 20.9% (average, 10%). […] Cholecystolithiasis accounts for 90%95% of all causes of acute cholecystitis, while acalculous cholecystitis accounts for the remaining 5%10%. […] According to the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions of the People on Health and Welfare conducted by the Medical Statistics Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, the number of those with acute cholecystitis has increased, from 3.9 million in 1979 to over 10 million in 1993. […] The mortality in patients with acute cholecystitis is 0-10%, whereas the mortality in patients with postoperative cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis is as high as 23%-40%. The mortality of elderly patients (75 years and older) tends to be higher than that of younger patients, and a comorbidity such as diabetes may increase the risk of death. Many reports of the mortality and morbidity of acute cholecystitis are difficult to compare, because there are significant variations in the diagnostic criteria, timing and type of operation, presence of comorbidities, and hospital support systems for critically ill patients, as well as variations in available surgical expertise.

• #2 Acute cholecystitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000084

  Acute cholecystitis is a major complication of cholelithiasis (i.e., gallstones); symptomatic gallstones are common before developing cholecystitis. […] It develops in up to 10% of patients with symptomatic gallstones. […] In most cases (90%), it is caused by complete cystic duct obstruction usually due to an impacted gallstone in the gallbladder neck or cystic duct, which leads to inflammation within the gallbladder wall. […] In 5% of cases, bile inspissation (due to dehydration) or bile stasis (due to trauma or severe systemic illness) can block the cystic duct, causing an acalculous cholecystitis.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-012-0564-0

  Acute cholecystitis is the most frequent complication occurring in patients with cholelithiasis. […] According to the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions of the People on Health and Welfare (conducted by the Medical Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare), the number of cases with acute cholecystitis has increased from 3.9 million in 1979 to over 10 million in 1993. […] The proportion of cases diagnosed as severe (grade III) according to the TG07 severity assessment criteria was 12.3 % or 23 of the 187 cases of acute cholangitis due to bile duct stones. […] The mortality rate in patients with acute cholecystitis has been reported to be 0-10 % […] According to reports after 2000, the mortality rate was less than 1 %. […] The recurrence rate of acute cholecystitis cases waiting for cholecystectomy was 2.5-22 %.

• #2 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Narrative Review for a Practical Approach

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/9/2695?type=check_update&version=2

  AC is generally associated with the presence of gallstones, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases, with the remaining 10% being represented by acalculous AC. […] AC represents a common diagnosis at hospital admission, occurring in approximately 3–10% of all patients presenting with abdominal pain at the emergency room. […] AC mainly affects the elderly adult population, with an increasing incidence in people over the age of 50, and presents a high morbidity rate. The overall AC-related mortality is about 3% and increases in the elderly, particularly in cases of comorbidities. […] Differently, a higher rate of mortality occurs in acalculous AC, where it can be as high as 15–40%.

• #2

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/120163/acute-cholecystitis

  Epidemiology […] Demographics […] female male […] adults […] Risk factors […] gallstones […] F’s […] Fat […] Female […] Forty […] Flatulent […] Fertile […] hormone replacement therapy […] obesity […] hypertriglyceridemia […] etiology […] EEEK bugs […] E. coli […] Enterobacter […] Enterococcus […] Klebsiella […] […] […] Pathogenesis […] blockage of cystic duct by gallstones can lead to distention of gallbladder, inflammation, and infection

• #2 Acalculous Cholecystitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688222/all/Acalculous_Cholecystitis?q=Acute+cholecystitis

  AAC accounts 10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis. AAC most frequently presents in critically ill patients (statuspostsurgical intervention; extensive burn injuries) and the elderly. […] Mortality depends on underlying comorbidities reaching as high as 90% in critically ill patients. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is associated with several complications and a high mortality rate. If treatment is delayed, mortality rates may be as high as 75%. […] Mortality rates range from 10% to 90%, depending on the severity of underlying illness.

• #2 Acute cholecystitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Acute_cholecystitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Females are more commonly affected by gallstone diseases than males. The female to male ratio ranges from 10:1 in Pima Indians to 23:1 in Europeans women. […] Acute cholecystitis cases are reported worldwide. America and Europe have high rates of gallbladder stones as compared to Asia and Africa. […] Gallstone disease accounts for 700,000 cholecystectomies and costs of $6.5 billion annually only in the United States. […] Gallstone diseases are comparatively less prevalent in the developing countries. […] India and Taiwan have a higher prevalence of acute cholecystitis in the developing countries.

• #2 Acute acalculous cholecystitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-acalculous-cholecystitis?lang=us

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis represents 5-10% of cases of acute cholecystitis. […] Risk factors and preceding contributory insults associated with the development of acute acalculous cholecystitis include severe tissue injury, postoperative conditions, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, vasculitis, congestive heart failure, shock, cardiac arrest, advanced age, concomitant opioid therapy, positive-pressure ventilation (PPV), total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and viral infections.

• #2

  https://step1.medbullets.com/evidence/17252293

  This article discusses the definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. […] The reported mortality of less than 10% for acute cholecystitis gives an impression that it is not a fatal disease, except for the elderly and/or patients with acalculous disease. […] However, there are reports of high mortality for cholangitis, although the mortality differs greatly depending on the year of the report and the severity of the disease. […] Even reports published in and after the 1980s indicate high mortality, ranging from 10% to 30% in the patients, with multiorgan failure as a major cause of death. […] Because many of the reports on acute cholecystitis and cholangitis use different standards, comparisons are difficult. […] Variations in treatment and risk factors influencing the mortality rates indicate the necessity for standardized diagnostic, treatment, and severity assessment criteria.

• #3 Acute cholecystitis – Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000084/epidemiology

  The distribution and incidence of acute cholecystitis follow that of cholelithiasis because of the close relationship between the two. […] In the US, 20 to 25 million people are estimated to have gallstones, and approximately 750,000 cholecystectomies are performed annually. […] The prevalence rates are relatively low in Africa and Asia. […] Acute cholecystitis occurs in about 10% of symptomatic patients. […] It is 3 times more common in women than in men up to the age of 50 years, and is about 1.5 times more common in women than in men thereafter. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis accounts for 5% to 14% of cases of acute cholecystitis. […] The incidence is higher in the intensive-care population, particularly in patients in burn and trauma units.

• #3 Mortality risk estimation in acute calculous cholecystitis: beyond the Tokyo Guidelines | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-021-00368-x

  Mortality was higher in ACC patients treated with non-surgical treatment. ACME identifies high-risk patients. The validation to ACME with a prospective multicenter study population could allow us to create a new alternative guideline to TG for treating ACC. […] Regardless of the treatment modality, ACC does not have a high mortality rate, being 0.6% overall and 6% in severe cases according to the highly influential Tokyo Guidelines (TG). […] Using TG to dictate diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of ACC, it was expected that the vital prognosis would be greatly improved. Nevertheless, the mortality of ACC clusters in specific subgroups of patients where it is still significant. There is a crucial need to select the best strategy for these high-risk patients. […] The mortality rate of patients with severe cholecystitis (grade III of the TG18) was nine times greater than that of patients with mild cholecystitis.

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