Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs due to occlusion of the cystic duct or impaired emptying of the gallbladder. Often this impaired emptying is due to stones or biliary sludge. […] The etiology of acute cholecystitis is, by definition, cystic duct blockage, which causes inflammation. […] When cystic duct blockage is caused by a stone, it is called acute calculous cholecystitis. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] Regardless of the cause of the blockage, the gallbladder wall edema will eventually cause wall ischemia and become gangrenous. […] The complications of acute cholecystitis include: Biloma, Intraabdominal abscess, Bile duct injury, Hepatic injury, Small bowel injury, Infection, Retained stones in the bile duct, Bleeding.

• #2 Acute Cholecystitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19448

  The etiology of acute cholecystitis is, by definition, cystic duct blockage, which causes inflammation. […] When cystic duct blockage is caused by a stone, it is called acute calculous cholecystitis. […] Regardless of the cause of the blockage, the gallbladder wall edema will eventually cause wall ischemia and become gangrenous. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] The complications of acute cholecystitis include:

• #2

• #3 Cholecystitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis

  More than 90% of the time acute cholecystitis is caused from blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone. […] Gallstones blocking the flow of bile account for 90% of cases of cholecystitis (acute calculous cholecystitis). […] Cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed. […] Gallstones are the most common cause of gallbladder inflammation but it can also occur due to blockage from a tumor or scarring of the bile duct. […] The greatest risk factor for cholecystitis is gallstones. […] Risk factors for gallstones include female sex, increasing age, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, obesity, diabetes mellitus, ethnicity (Native North American), rapid weight loss. […] In acalculous cholecystitis, no stone is in the biliary ducts. […] It is associated with many causes including vasculitis, chemotherapy, major trauma or burns.

• #4 Acute Cholecystitis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/acute-cholecystitis

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that develops over hours, usually because a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct. […] Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of cholelithiasis. In fact, 95% of patients with acute cholecystitis have cholelithiasis. When a stone becomes impacted in the cystic duct and persistently obstructs it, acute inflammation results. Bile stasis triggers release of inflammatory enzymes (eg, phospholipase A, which converts lecithin to lysolecithin, which then may mediate inflammation). […] The mechanism probably involves inflammatory mediators released because of ischemia, infection, or bile stasis. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis is suggested if a patient has no gallstones but has ultrasonographic Murphy sign or a thickened gallbladder wall and pericholecystic fluid. […] Most (95%) patients with acute cholecystitis have cholelithiasis.

• #5 Acute cholecystitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000264.htm

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes. […] Sometimes, the bile duct becomes blocked temporarily. When this occurs repeatedly, it can lead to long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. This is swelling and irritation that continues over time. Eventually, the gallbladder becomes thick and hard. It does not store and release bile as well as it did.

• #6 Cholecystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867

  Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections. […] Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by: […] Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder, called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation. […] A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis. […] Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage. […] AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation. […] Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.

• #7 Acute Cholecystitis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/acute-cholecystitis

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that develops over hours, usually because a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct. […] Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of cholelithiasis. In fact, 95% of patients with acute cholecystitis have cholelithiasis. When a stone becomes impacted in the cystic duct and persistently obstructs it, acute inflammation results. Bile stasis triggers release of inflammatory enzymes (eg, phospholipase A, which converts lecithin to lysolecithin, which then may mediate inflammation). […] The mechanism probably involves inflammatory mediators released because of ischemia, infection, or bile stasis. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis is suggested if a patient has no gallstones but has ultrasonographic Murphy sign or a thickened gallbladder wall and pericholecystic fluid. […] Most (95%) patients with acute cholecystitis have cholelithiasis.

• #8 Acute Cholecystitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/19448

  The etiology of acute cholecystitis is, by definition, cystic duct blockage, which causes inflammation. […] When cystic duct blockage is caused by a stone, it is called acute calculous cholecystitis. […] Regardless of the cause of the blockage, the gallbladder wall edema will eventually cause wall ischemia and become gangrenous. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] The complications of acute cholecystitis include:

• #9 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs due to occlusion of the cystic duct or impaired emptying of the gallbladder. Often this impaired emptying is due to stones or biliary sludge. […] The etiology of acute cholecystitis is, by definition, cystic duct blockage, which causes inflammation. […] When cystic duct blockage is caused by a stone, it is called acute calculous cholecystitis. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] Regardless of the cause of the blockage, the gallbladder wall edema will eventually cause wall ischemia and become gangrenous. […] The complications of acute cholecystitis include: Biloma, Intraabdominal abscess, Bile duct injury, Hepatic injury, Small bowel injury, Infection, Retained stones in the bile duct, Bleeding.

• #10 Acute cholecystitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4140413/

  Of people admitted to hospital for biliary tract disease, 20% have acute cholecystitis. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] It is thought that blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone or local inflammation can lead to acute cholecystitis, but we don’t know whether bacterial infection is also necessary. […] Acute calculous cholecystitis seems to be caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone, or local mucosal erosion and inflammation caused by a stone, but cystic duct ligation alone does not produce acute cholecystitis in animal studies. […] The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis is not clear; positive cultures of bile or gallbladder wall are found in 50% to 75% of cases. […] The cause of acute acalculous cholecystitis is uncertain and may be multifactorial, including increased susceptibility to bacterial colonisation of static gallbladder bile.

• #11 Updates on Antibiotic Regimens in Acute Cholecystitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1040

  Acute cholecystitis is one of the most common surgical diseases, which may progress from mild to severe cases. […] The most frequently isolated microorganisms are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Clostridium spp. […] Approximately 5% to 10% of cases of cholecystitis may not be related to the presence of gallstones. […] Other risk factors for the development of AAC are total parenteral nutrition, intensive care unit hospitalization, major surgeries, heart attack, stroke, sepsis, severe burns, and extensive trauma. […] The standard of care in patients with both AC and AAC is early laparoscopic cholecystectomy. […] The aim of this review is to focus on the latest scientific evidence on antibiotic therapy in AC, considering the rising problem of antimicrobial resistance.

• #12

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/120163/acute-cholecystitis

  acute inflammation of the gallbladder, often in the setting of gallstones or biliary sludge […] acalculous cholecystitis […] etiology […] gallbladder stasis […] hypoperfusion […] infection […] calculous cholecystitis […] etiology […] gallstone impaction resulting in inflammation […] EEEK bugs […] E. coli […] Enterobacter […] Enterococcus […] Klebsiella […] blockage of cystic duct by gallstones can lead to distention of gallbladder, inflammation, and infection.

• #13 Acute cholecystitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/78

  Acute cholecystitis is acute inflammation of the gallbladder, and is one of the major complications of cholelithiasis (the presence of gallstones). In most cases (90%), acute cholecystitis is caused by obstruction of the cystic duct due to a stone in the gallbladder neck or cystic duct, which leads to inflammation within the gallbladder wall. […] In 5% of cases, bile inspissation (due to dehydration) or bile stasis (due to trauma or severe systemic illness) can block the cystic duct, causing acalculous cholecystitis. […] Bacterial infection can develop as a secondary feature; it is not an initiating event. Infection may be community- or healthcare-acquired. This topic covers community-acquired infection only. […] Risk factors include gallstones, physical inactivity, low fiber intake, severe illness, trauma, severe burns, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), diabetes, use of ceftriaxone, use of cyclosporine, hepatic arterial embolization, and infections.

• #14 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The causes of acute cholecystitis can be grouped into 2 main categories: calculous cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis. […] Calculous cholecystitis develops when the main opening to the gallbladder, the cystic duct, gets blocked by a gallstone or a substance known as biliary sludge. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is gallbladder inflammation without gallstones. It’s less common, but usually more serious, than calculous cholecystitis. […] The exact cause of acalculous cholecystitis is not known, but it’s usually a complication of a serious illness, infection or injury that damages the gallbladder. […] A combination of risk factors may lead to acalculous cholecystitis, including accidental damage to the gallbladder during major surgery, serious injuries or burns, sepsis, severe malnutrition or dehydration.

• #15 Cholecystitis: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172067

  Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder. […] The main cause of cholecystitis is gallstones or biliary sludge becoming trapped at the gallbladders opening. […] According to research, between 90% and 95% of people with cholecystitis have gallstones, which can form from cholesterol, a pigment called bilirubin, or a mix of the two. […] Cholecystitis can also occur when biliary sludge collects in the biliary ducts. […] Other possible causes include injury to the abdomen from burns, sepsis, trauma, or surgery, shock, immune deficiency, prolonged fasting, and vasculitis.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2024/10001/s2524_fungi_gone_rogue__the_surprising_tale_of.2525.aspx

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis is a condition that causes inflammation of the gallbladder without the presence of gallstones. Acalculous cholecystitis represents approximately 10% of the cases of acute cholecystitis in adults, but the mortality rate can be as high as 50%-60% compared to less than 5% in calculous cholecystitis. The most common infectious causes of acute cholecystitis are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Enterococcus; however, opportunistic pathogens including fungi like Candida can rarely be causative agents in cases of underlying malignancy or immunocompromise. […] While fungal causes of acute acalculous cholecystitis are more common in immunocompromised patients or with underlying malignancy, our patient had neither feature.

• #17 Understanding Acalculous Cholecystitis Causes

  https://drniveditapandey.com/cholangitis/understanding-acalculous-cholecystitis-causes/

  Acalculous cholecystitis accounts for approximately 10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis and 5% to 10% of all cases of cholecystitis. […] The mortality rate for acalculous cholecystitis ranges from 30% to 50%. […] Risk factors for acalculous cholecystitis include long periods of fasting, total parenteral nutrition, drastic weight loss, and serious underlying conditions such as sepsis, trauma, burns, and major surgeries. […] Treatment for acalculous cholecystitis often involves stabilizing the patient before performing a cholecystectomy, either laparoscopic or open. Antibiotics are usually ineffective in treating acalculous cholecystitis.

• #18 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The causes of acute cholecystitis can be grouped into 2 main categories: calculous cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis. […] Calculous cholecystitis develops when the main opening to the gallbladder, the cystic duct, gets blocked by a gallstone or a substance known as biliary sludge. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is gallbladder inflammation without gallstones. It’s less common, but usually more serious, than calculous cholecystitis. […] The exact cause of acalculous cholecystitis is not known, but it’s usually a complication of a serious illness, infection or injury that damages the gallbladder. […] A combination of risk factors may lead to acalculous cholecystitis, including accidental damage to the gallbladder during major surgery, serious injuries or burns, sepsis, severe malnutrition or dehydration.

• #19 Acute cholecystitis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis/

  The causes of acute cholecystitis can be grouped into 2 main categories: calculous cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis. […] Calculous cholecystitis develops when the main opening to the gallbladder, called the cystic duct, gets blocked by a gallstone or by a substance known as biliary sludge. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is a less common, but usually more serious, type of acute cholecystitis. It usually develops as a complication of a serious illness, infection or injury that damages the gallbladder.

• #20 Acalculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acalculous-cholecystitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis is an acute necroinflammatory disease of the gallbladder with a multifactorial pathogenesis, occurring in the absence of gallstones. It accounts for approximately 10 percent of all cases of acute cholecystitis and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. […] The pathogenesis of acalculous cholecystitis is multifactorial and likely results from ischemia and cholestasis. The cystic artery, which supplies blood to the gallbladder, is a terminal artery and susceptible to ischemia. Ischemia and necrosis of the gallbladder wall can occur with hypoperfusion in cases of hypotension, vasoactive drug use, or major surgery and trauma. Cholestasis may be seen in prolonged fasting states, usage of total parental nutrition, and ileus or bowel obstruction. Cholestasis results in increased pressure within the gallbladder and distension, further decreasing perfusion to the gallbladder wall. Pathologically, ischemia and cholestasis result in local inflammatory response in the gallbladder wall, epithelial injury, and eventually necrosis of the gallbladder tissue.

• #21 Acalculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acalculous-cholecystitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis is an acute necroinflammatory disease of the gallbladder with a multifactorial pathogenesis, occurring in the absence of gallstones. It accounts for approximately 10 percent of all cases of acute cholecystitis and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. […] The pathogenesis of acalculous cholecystitis is multifactorial and likely results from ischemia and cholestasis. The cystic artery, which supplies blood to the gallbladder, is a terminal artery and susceptible to ischemia. Ischemia and necrosis of the gallbladder wall can occur with hypoperfusion in cases of hypotension, vasoactive drug use, or major surgery and trauma. Cholestasis may be seen in prolonged fasting states, usage of total parental nutrition, and ileus or bowel obstruction. Cholestasis results in increased pressure within the gallbladder and distension, further decreasing perfusion to the gallbladder wall. Pathologically, ischemia and cholestasis result in local inflammatory response in the gallbladder wall, epithelial injury, and eventually necrosis of the gallbladder tissue.

• #22 Acalculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acalculous-cholecystitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis is an acute necroinflammatory disease of the gallbladder with a multifactorial pathogenesis, occurring in the absence of gallstones. It accounts for approximately 10 percent of all cases of acute cholecystitis and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. […] The pathogenesis of acalculous cholecystitis is multifactorial and likely results from ischemia and cholestasis. The cystic artery, which supplies blood to the gallbladder, is a terminal artery and susceptible to ischemia. Ischemia and necrosis of the gallbladder wall can occur with hypoperfusion in cases of hypotension, vasoactive drug use, or major surgery and trauma. Cholestasis may be seen in prolonged fasting states, usage of total parental nutrition, and ileus or bowel obstruction. Cholestasis results in increased pressure within the gallbladder and distension, further decreasing perfusion to the gallbladder wall. Pathologically, ischemia and cholestasis result in local inflammatory response in the gallbladder wall, epithelial injury, and eventually necrosis of the gallbladder tissue.

• #23 Acute acalculous cholecystitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-acalculous-cholecystitis?lang=us

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis refers to the development of cholecystitis in the gallbladder either without gallstones or with gallstones where they are not the contributory factor. It is thought to occur most often due to biliary stasis and/or gallbladder ischemia. […] Risk factors and preceding contributory insults associated with the development of acute acalculous cholecystitis include severe tissue injury, including major trauma and burns, postoperative, especially following major surgery e.g. valvular replacement, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, vasculitis, congestive heart failure, shock, cardiac arrest, advanced age, concomitant opioid therapy, positive-pressure ventilation (PPV), total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and viral infections such as dengue, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis (A-C), cytomegalovirus, disseminated varicella-zoster, Zika, and HIV.

• #24 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation) Signs & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/cholecystitis/

  Gallstones are the main risk factor for developing cholecystitis. […] Cholecystitis without gallstones, which is far less common, is generally associated with factors that include: Failure of multiple organs, Serious burns or other injuries, Intravenous feeding (parenteral nutrition) for long periods of time, Being in intensive care, Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, Sepsis, Advanced stages of HIV.

• #25 Acalculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acalculous-cholecystitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  The majority of patients with acalculous cholecystitis have multiple risk factors. In some cases, specific primary infections with non-enteric organisms predispose to acalculous cholecystitis. As an example, acalculous cholecystitis occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other immunosuppressed patients may be due to opportunistic infections such as microsporidia, Cryptosporidium, or cytomegalovirus. More often, however, these infections cause a cholangiopathy without cholecystitis. There is also association of acalculous cholecystitis with COVID-19, though it is unclear whether disease results from primary infection of the biliary system or critical illness.

• #26 Acalculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acalculous-cholecystitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  The majority of patients with acalculous cholecystitis have multiple risk factors. In some cases, specific primary infections with non-enteric organisms predispose to acalculous cholecystitis. As an example, acalculous cholecystitis occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other immunosuppressed patients may be due to opportunistic infections such as microsporidia, Cryptosporidium, or cytomegalovirus. More often, however, these infections cause a cholangiopathy without cholecystitis. There is also association of acalculous cholecystitis with COVID-19, though it is unclear whether disease results from primary infection of the biliary system or critical illness.

• #27 Cholecystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867

  Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections. […] Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by: […] Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder, called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation. […] A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis. […] Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage. […] AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation. […] Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.

• #28 Cholecystitis: Symotoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/cholecystitis

  The factors frequently causing the inflammation is the block of the bile flow such as gallstones, tumor, and bile duct blockage which leads to infection of gallbladder. […] The inflammation, which usually leads to infection, mostly happens when the gallstones block the cystic duct (the tube that connects the gallbladder to the bile duct). Apart from gallstones, tumors, bile duct obstruction, some serious illnesses, and some infections are also the causes of the disease. […] Cholecystitis is normally caused by inflammation of the gallbladder. The factors frequently causing the inflammation are the block of the bile flow such as gallstones, tumors, and bile duct blockage which leads to infection of the gallbladder. When these barriers block the cystic duct, the bile builds up and causes inflammation. Some kinds of infection such as AIDS and certain viral infections are also triggers of the disease as well as blood vessel problems. When blood flow to the gallbladder is insufficient from a very severe illness, it may lead to cholecystitis.

• #29 Cholecystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867

  Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections. […] Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by: […] Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder, called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation. […] A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis. […] Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage. […] AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation. […] Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.

• #30 Acute cholecystitis ➤ causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/acute-cholecystitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Acute cholecystitis is the inflammation and subsequent infection of the gallbladder due to blockage of the bile ducts by cholelithiasis. […] The main causes of acute cholecystitis are divided into obstructive, if bile stones or gallstones are involved, and inflammatory causes. Within both causes, obstructive causes are usually the most frequent. […] Acute obstructive cholecystitis involves episodes of inflammation and subsequent infection of the gallbladder due to blockage caused by gallstones (stones in the gallbladder). […] In most cases, acute cholecystitis develops as a result of gallstones blocking the duct leading from the gallbladder. […] As the name of this other cause of acute cholecystitis indicates, acute cholecystitis develops when the gallbladder becomes inflamed. Among the causes of gallbladder inflammation we can differentiate: The development of a tumour: the development of a tumour inside the gallbladder results in the gallbladder being unable to drain bile properly, causing the accumulation of fluid and leading to cholecystitis.

• #31 Cholecystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867

  Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections. […] Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by: […] Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder, called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation. […] A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis. […] Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage. […] AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation. […] Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.

• #32 Cholecystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867

  Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections. […] Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by: […] Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder, called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation. […] A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis. […] Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage. […] AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation. […] Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.

• #33 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The causes of acute cholecystitis can be grouped into 2 main categories: calculous cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis. […] Calculous cholecystitis develops when the main opening to the gallbladder, the cystic duct, gets blocked by a gallstone or a substance known as biliary sludge. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is gallbladder inflammation without gallstones. It’s less common, but usually more serious, than calculous cholecystitis. […] The exact cause of acalculous cholecystitis is not known, but it’s usually a complication of a serious illness, infection or injury that damages the gallbladder. […] A combination of risk factors may lead to acalculous cholecystitis, including accidental damage to the gallbladder during major surgery, serious injuries or burns, sepsis, severe malnutrition or dehydration.

• #34 Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to infectious causes

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i23/6674.htm

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is an inflammation of the gallbladder not associated with the presence of gallstones. […] In this subgroup of patients, infectious causes comprise the primary etiology. […] Since its first description by Duncan in 1884, numerous pathogens have been identified as causative agents. […] The pathogenesis of AAC, when it directly originates from infectious agents, falls into two main categories: (1) AAC associated with critical medical conditions; and (2) AAC in patients without underlying critical illness. […] Through an extensive review of cases of AAC in patients without underlying critical illness, the main mechanisms that were found to be involved are: Direct invasion of the gallbladder epithelial cells, gallbladder vasculitis, and obstruction of the biliary tree.

• #35 Acute Cholecystitis- Causes, Symptoms, Complications, Treatment!

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/acute-cholecystitis

  Acute cholecystitis refers to moderate to mild amounts of eruption in the gallbladder. […] Usually, gallstones are the reason for your cholecystitis. Gallstones are stone in the gallbladder or bile ducts formed by small and hard crystalline masses. Abnormal production of bile pigments, high cholesterol, and excess calcium salts are some of the components that may develop gallstones. […] Helminthic infection or ascariasis is another reason behind acute cholecystitis and biliary disease. Helminthic infection is known as an obstruction in the cystic duct which results in inflation, pain and even perforation or gangrene of the gallbladder. […] Tumor or severe illness can also be a root cause of acute cholecystitis in the gallbladder. […] AIDS or certain viral infections can also trigger gallbladder inflammation, which leads to cholecystitis.

• #36 Cholecystitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis is the most common problem resulting from gallbladder stones. It occurs when a stone blocks the cystic duct, which carries bile from the gallbladder. […] Acute cholecystitis begins suddenly, resulting in severe, steady pain in the upper abdomen. At least 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. The inflammation almost always begins without infection, although infection may follow later. Inflammation may cause the gallbladder to fill with fluid and its walls to thicken. […] Rarely, a form of acute cholecystitis without gallstones (acalculous cholecystitis) occurs. However, the gallbladder may contain sludge (microscopic particles of materials similar to those in gallstones). Acalculous cholecystitis is more serious than other types of cholecystitis. It tends to occur after major surgery, critical illnesses such as serious injuries, severe burns, or a bloodstream infection (sepsis), intravenous feedings for a long time, fasting for a long time, a deficiency in the immune system, or certain disorders involving blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis), such as systemic lupus erythematosus or polyarteritis nodosa. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis can occur in young children, perhaps developing from a viral or other infection.

• #37 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #38 Cholecystitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis

  More than 90% of the time acute cholecystitis is caused from blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone. […] Gallstones blocking the flow of bile account for 90% of cases of cholecystitis (acute calculous cholecystitis). […] Cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed. […] Gallstones are the most common cause of gallbladder inflammation but it can also occur due to blockage from a tumor or scarring of the bile duct. […] The greatest risk factor for cholecystitis is gallstones. […] Risk factors for gallstones include female sex, increasing age, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, obesity, diabetes mellitus, ethnicity (Native North American), rapid weight loss. […] In acalculous cholecystitis, no stone is in the biliary ducts. […] It is associated with many causes including vasculitis, chemotherapy, major trauma or burns.

• #39 Acute cholecystitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000264.htm

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes. […] Sometimes, the bile duct becomes blocked temporarily. When this occurs repeatedly, it can lead to long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. This is swelling and irritation that continues over time. Eventually, the gallbladder becomes thick and hard. It does not store and release bile as well as it did.

• #40 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #41 Acute cholecystitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000264.htm

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes. […] Sometimes, the bile duct becomes blocked temporarily. When this occurs repeatedly, it can lead to long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. This is swelling and irritation that continues over time. Eventually, the gallbladder becomes thick and hard. It does not store and release bile as well as it did.

• #42 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #43 Acute cholecystitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000264.htm

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes. […] Sometimes, the bile duct becomes blocked temporarily. When this occurs repeatedly, it can lead to long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. This is swelling and irritation that continues over time. Eventually, the gallbladder becomes thick and hard. It does not store and release bile as well as it did.

• #44 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y

  Acute cholecystitis is the most frequent complication occurring in patients with cholelithiasis. […] According to a meta-analysis of the risk of disease induced by hormone replacement therapy, the relative risks (RRs) of cholecystitis were 1.8 and 2.5 at less than 5 years of treatment and at 5 and more years, respectively. […] The risk of cholelithiasis in women begins to increase when adolescence begins and it declines when the menopause begins. […] Cholecystitis is the second most common cause of acute abdomen, following appendicitis, in pregnant women, and occurs in one of 1600 to 10 000 pregnant women. […] Cholelithiasis is the most frequent cause of cholecystitis in pregnancy and accounts for 90% or more of all causes of cholecystitis. […] The major cause of death in acute cholangitis is multiple organ failure with irreversible shock, and mortality rates have not significantly improved over the years.

• #46 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #47

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y

  Acute cholecystitis is the most frequent complication occurring in patients with cholelithiasis. […] According to a meta-analysis of the risk of disease induced by hormone replacement therapy, the relative risks (RRs) of cholecystitis were 1.8 and 2.5 at less than 5 years of treatment and at 5 and more years, respectively. […] The risk of cholelithiasis in women begins to increase when adolescence begins and it declines when the menopause begins. […] Cholecystitis is the second most common cause of acute abdomen, following appendicitis, in pregnant women, and occurs in one of 1600 to 10 000 pregnant women. […] Cholelithiasis is the most frequent cause of cholecystitis in pregnancy and accounts for 90% or more of all causes of cholecystitis. […] The major cause of death in acute cholangitis is multiple organ failure with irreversible shock, and mortality rates have not significantly improved over the years.

• #48 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #49 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Symptoms, Signs, Treatment, Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cholecystitis/article_em.htm

  Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. Gallstones that obstruct the cystic duct most commonly cause it. […] There are many causes of cholecystitis, for example: Gallstones blocking the cystic duct of the gallbladder, Bile duct like scarring or narrowing, Tumors, Trauma to the gallbladder and/or the bile ducts, Infections of the gallbladder. […] Risk factors for gallstones and associated cholecystitis include: High-fat diet, Obesity, Increasing age, Female sex, Diabetes, Rapid weight loss, HIV infection, Pregnancy, Drugs (for example, erythromycin, dapsone, narcotics and others). […] The difference between these two types is that chronic cholecystitis results in recurring pain attacks without fever that are less severe and dont last as long as acute cholecystitis attacks that can often have fever with the pain.

• #50 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #51 Cholecystitis (Gallbladder Inflammation): Symptoms, Signs, Treatment, Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/cholecystitis/article_em.htm

  Acalculous cholecystitis — inflammatory disease of the gallbladder without evidence of gallstones or cystic duct blockage, Emphysematous cholecystitis — a rare form of acute cholecystitis in which necrosis of the gallbladder wall causes gas formation in the gallbladders lumen or wall, Gangrenous cholecystitis — gallbladder wall ischemia (loss of blood flow) with wall necrosis, Pregnancy cholecystitis — biliary colic (intermittent abdominal pains late in pregnancy). […] Treatment depends on the type of cholecystitis and/or the severity of complications. For example, doctors may treat patients with uncomplicated cholecystitis as an outpatient. Patients with complicated cholecystitis usually require a surgical intervention like a percutaneous drain or a cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) or lithotripsy (fragmentation and extraction of gallstones). […] You can reduce the risk of getting cholecystitis by slow weight loss, as rapid weight loss increases the risk of developing gallstones. Avoid obesity and a diet high in fat, as a diet high in fiber and low in fat helps to inhibit bile cholesterol from forming gallstones.

• #52 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #53 Acute cholecystitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000264.htm

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes. […] Sometimes, the bile duct becomes blocked temporarily. When this occurs repeatedly, it can lead to long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. This is swelling and irritation that continues over time. Eventually, the gallbladder becomes thick and hard. It does not store and release bile as well as it did.

• #54 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7313-gallstones

  Gallstones form when there’s an excess of one of the main ingredients in bile. The excess ingredient turns to sediment at the bottom of your gallbladder or bile ducts, and the sediment gradually hardens into stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type. Pigment (bilirubin) stones are the other. […] A variety of factors may be involved in this process, including: […] Excess cholesterol. Your liver extracts cholesterol from your blood to make bile. If there’s too much cholesterol in your blood, the proportions in your bile will be off. Bile needs a balance of lipids and acids to hold all the ingredients together. Any excess will fall by the wayside. […] Excess bilirubin. Bilirubin is a byproduct of broken-down old red blood cells. You might have an excess of bilirubin if you have a blood disorder that destroys too many red blood cells, or if your liver is impaired in some way and struggling to process its normal load of bilirubin into bile.

• #55 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7313-gallstones

  Gallstones form when there’s an excess of one of the main ingredients in bile. The excess ingredient turns to sediment at the bottom of your gallbladder or bile ducts, and the sediment gradually hardens into stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type. Pigment (bilirubin) stones are the other. […] A variety of factors may be involved in this process, including: […] Excess cholesterol. Your liver extracts cholesterol from your blood to make bile. If there’s too much cholesterol in your blood, the proportions in your bile will be off. Bile needs a balance of lipids and acids to hold all the ingredients together. Any excess will fall by the wayside. […] Excess bilirubin. Bilirubin is a byproduct of broken-down old red blood cells. You might have an excess of bilirubin if you have a blood disorder that destroys too many red blood cells, or if your liver is impaired in some way and struggling to process its normal load of bilirubin into bile.

• #56 Cary Gastroenterology Associates | Cholecystitis (Gallbladder…

  https://www.carygastro.com/blog/cholecystitis-gallbladder-inflammation

  When these gallstones lodge in the bile ducts and block the release of bile, a backup of bile can result. […] This condition is known either as acute cholecystitis or acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) depending on the specific cause. […] Nearly all cases of acute calculous cholecystitis are associated with a gallstone obstructing the cystic duct. […] AAC is not caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct. Instead, an underlying condition or clinical trauma is responsible. […] The specific causes of acalculous cholecystitis are not well known. […] The exact cause of AAC is not known, but it is suspected that reduced blood flow to the gallbladder or biliary stasis (bile immobility) caused by not eating may contribute. […] Other medical conditions such as vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels), diabetes mellitus, opioid addiction, sickle cell anemia, dehydration, and cystic artery obstruction can all damage the gallbladder.

• #57 Cholecystitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cholecystitis-a-to-z

  Cholecystitis usually develops when a person has gallstones, which are rock-like deposits that form inside the gallbladder. […] Chemicals in the trapped bile or a bacterial infection can then lead to inflammation of the gallbladder. […] Acute cholecystitis is the sudden inflammation of the gallbladder that causes marked abdominal pain, often with nausea, vomiting, and fever. […] Gallstones alone can cause episodes of crampy abdominal pain without any infection. This is called biliary colic. […] Because gallstones cause cholecystitis, you may be able to avoid cholecystitis by controlling the risk factors that can lead to the formation of gallstones. These include watching your weight and avoiding a high-fat diet. […] Acute cholecystitis usually requires hospitalization. You need antibiotics given intravenously (into a vein) to treat infection, and medications to control symptoms of nausea and abdominal pain. […] Twenty-five percent of people who have acute cholecystitis develop another episode within 1 year; 60% have another episode within 6 years. […] Removing the gallbladder prevents cholecystitis from coming back.

• #58 Understanding Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Patient Guide | Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Explained – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/understanding-cholecystitis-a-comprehensive-patient-guide-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-options-explained/

  Cholecystitis, an inflammation of the gallbladder, is a medical condition that has been recognized for centuries, with a recorded history dating back to ancient Greek and Roman times. […] Definition: Cholecystitis is the inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones blocking the tube leading out of the gallbladder. […] Cholecystitis typically develops when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct, the small tube that drains bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine, leading to inflammation and infection. […] Several lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing cholecystitis. These include obesity, a diet high in fat and cholesterol, and low in fiber, sedentary behavior, and rapid weight loss. Obesity, in particular, is linked to the development of gallstones, a major cause of cholecystitis.

• #59 Understanding Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Patient Guide | Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Explained – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/uncategorized/understanding-cholecystitis-a-comprehensive-patient-guide-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-options-explained/

  Cholecystitis, an inflammation of the gallbladder, is a medical condition that has been recognized for centuries, with a recorded history dating back to ancient Greek and Roman times. […] Definition: Cholecystitis is the inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones blocking the tube leading out of the gallbladder. […] Cholecystitis typically develops when a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct, the small tube that drains bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine, leading to inflammation and infection. […] Several lifestyle factors can increase the risk of developing cholecystitis. These include obesity, a diet high in fat and cholesterol, and low in fiber, sedentary behavior, and rapid weight loss. Obesity, in particular, is linked to the development of gallstones, a major cause of cholecystitis.

• #60 Cholecystitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/cholecystitis

  Cholecystitis is the most common problem resulting from gallbladder stones. It occurs when a stone blocks the cystic duct, which carries bile from the gallbladder. […] Acute cholecystitis begins suddenly, resulting in severe, steady pain in the upper abdomen. At least 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. The inflammation almost always begins without infection, although infection may follow later. Inflammation may cause the gallbladder to fill with fluid and its walls to thicken. […] Rarely, a form of acute cholecystitis without gallstones (acalculous cholecystitis) occurs. However, the gallbladder may contain sludge (microscopic particles of materials similar to those in gallstones). Acalculous cholecystitis is more serious than other types of cholecystitis. It tends to occur after major surgery, critical illnesses such as serious injuries, severe burns, or a bloodstream infection (sepsis), intravenous feedings for a long time, fasting for a long time, a deficiency in the immune system, or certain disorders involving blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis), such as systemic lupus erythematosus or polyarteritis nodosa. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis can occur in young children, perhaps developing from a viral or other infection.

• #61 What Is Cholecystitis?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/gallbladder/guide/cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis involves pain that begins suddenly and usually lasts for more than six hours. Its caused by gallstones in 95 percent of cases. […] Some of the most common causes of cholecystitis include: Gallstones becoming lodged in the ducts of the gallbladder, preventing bile from emptying […] A rare form of acute cholecystitis that isnt due to gallstones called acalculous cholecystitis tends to occur after the following events and conditions: Major surgery, Serious illness, infection, or injury, Long-term intravenous (IV) feeding, Extended fasting, Immune system deficiency.

• #62 Pericholecystic Fluid and Abscess Due to Cholecystitis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pericholecystic-abscess-5083694

  A pericholecystic abscess is an abscess that forms in response to an inflammation of the gallbladder called acute cholecystitis. […] Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder that usually happens when the gallbladder’s main duct, called the cystic duct, becomes blocked by a gallstone or a mixture of bile, cholesterol, and salt crystals. […] The primary underlying cause of pericholecystic abscess is a rupture or perforation of the gallbladder that usually occurs secondarily to an acute inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis). […] Underlying causes of pericholecystic abscess may include: Acute cholecystitis caused by gallstones (cholelithiasis) […] According to a 2015 study published in the Singapore Medical Journal, 95% of the acute cholecystitis cases resulted from an obstruction of gallstones in the neck of the gallbladder or in the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder.

• #63 ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS | Harrison’s Manual of Medicine

  https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623371/all/ACUTE_CHOLECYSTITIS

  Acute inflammation of the gallbladder is usually caused by cystic duct obstruction by an impacted stone. Inflammatory response is evoked by (1) mechanical inflammation from increased intraluminal pressure; (2) chemical inflammation from release of lysolecithin; (3) bacterial inflammation, which plays a role in 5085% of pts with acute cholecystitis.

• #64 ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS | Harrison’s Manual of Medicine

  https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623371/all/ACUTE_CHOLECYSTITIS

  Acute inflammation of the gallbladder is usually caused by cystic duct obstruction by an impacted stone. Inflammatory response is evoked by (1) mechanical inflammation from increased intraluminal pressure; (2) chemical inflammation from release of lysolecithin; (3) bacterial inflammation, which plays a role in 5085% of pts with acute cholecystitis.

• #65 Acute Cholecystitis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/acute-cholecystitis

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that develops over hours, usually because a gallstone obstructs the cystic duct. […] Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of cholelithiasis. In fact, 95% of patients with acute cholecystitis have cholelithiasis. When a stone becomes impacted in the cystic duct and persistently obstructs it, acute inflammation results. Bile stasis triggers release of inflammatory enzymes (eg, phospholipase A, which converts lecithin to lysolecithin, which then may mediate inflammation). […] The mechanism probably involves inflammatory mediators released because of ischemia, infection, or bile stasis. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis is suggested if a patient has no gallstones but has ultrasonographic Murphy sign or a thickened gallbladder wall and pericholecystic fluid. […] Most (95%) patients with acute cholecystitis have cholelithiasis.

• #66 Acalculous cholecystitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acalculous-cholecystitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  Acute acalculous cholecystitis is an acute necroinflammatory disease of the gallbladder with a multifactorial pathogenesis, occurring in the absence of gallstones. It accounts for approximately 10 percent of all cases of acute cholecystitis and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. […] The pathogenesis of acalculous cholecystitis is multifactorial and likely results from ischemia and cholestasis. The cystic artery, which supplies blood to the gallbladder, is a terminal artery and susceptible to ischemia. Ischemia and necrosis of the gallbladder wall can occur with hypoperfusion in cases of hypotension, vasoactive drug use, or major surgery and trauma. Cholestasis may be seen in prolonged fasting states, usage of total parental nutrition, and ileus or bowel obstruction. Cholestasis results in increased pressure within the gallbladder and distension, further decreasing perfusion to the gallbladder wall. Pathologically, ischemia and cholestasis result in local inflammatory response in the gallbladder wall, epithelial injury, and eventually necrosis of the gallbladder tissue.

• #67 Acalculous Cholecystitis – Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/gastro-health/acalculous-cholecystitis

  Stasis (slowing down of flow) of bile is the chief cause of the development of acalculous cholecystitis. People who are critically ill, along with fever, dehydration, and not taking foods orally, experience increased bile viscosity and diminished gallbladder contraction. This can also cause bile stasis apart from the risk factors mentioned above. Since there is no gallstones obstruction in the case of acalculous cholecystitis, the mechanical obstruction can be the result of cysts due to Echinococcus (parasitic tapeworm) eggs, roundworm infection, hemophilia, or narrowing bile duct. […] Due to bile stasis, bacteria can get colonized and trigger inflammation. Also, there is a rise in intraluminal pressure (pressure within the gallbladder) which can cause gallbladder wall ischemia (a decrease in blood flow and oxygen supply) and inflammation. Without emergency management, persistent ischemia can progress and cause gangrene (death of the tissue due to lack of blood flow or infection), necrosis, perforation, sepsis, and shock. Such life-threatening conditions occur in the acute form of the disease. In the chronic form, the symptoms are not so severe and do not develop abruptly as in the case of acute acalculous cholecystitis.

• #68 Updates on Antibiotic Regimens in Acute Cholecystitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1040

  The diagnosis of AAC can be challenging, especially in critically ill patients and often the precise etiology remains unknown. […] The definitive treatment of AC is represented by cholecystectomy or, in the case of high-risk patients, by percutaneous cholecystostomy performed by interventional radiologists or gallbladder drainage through endoscopic procedures. […] The biliary tract is physiologically sterile since bile contains products that cause bacterial cell wall breakdown. […] It has been demonstrated that the presence of bacteria in bile cultures varies from 41 to 63%, especially in the initial stages of the disease. […] In community-acquired AC there is almost always a mixed infection. […] A bile bacterial colonization rate is reported among 35–60% of patients with AC. […] Early empirical antimicrobial therapy along with source control of infection is the cornerstone for a successful treatment which, if inadequate, represents an independent predictor factor of mortality.

• #69 Acute cholecystitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4140413/

  Of people admitted to hospital for biliary tract disease, 20% have acute cholecystitis. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] It is thought that blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone or local inflammation can lead to acute cholecystitis, but we don’t know whether bacterial infection is also necessary. […] Acute calculous cholecystitis seems to be caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone, or local mucosal erosion and inflammation caused by a stone, but cystic duct ligation alone does not produce acute cholecystitis in animal studies. […] The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis is not clear; positive cultures of bile or gallbladder wall are found in 50% to 75% of cases. […] The cause of acute acalculous cholecystitis is uncertain and may be multifactorial, including increased susceptibility to bacterial colonisation of static gallbladder bile.

• #70 Updates on Antibiotic Regimens in Acute Cholecystitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1040

  The diagnosis of AAC can be challenging, especially in critically ill patients and often the precise etiology remains unknown. […] The definitive treatment of AC is represented by cholecystectomy or, in the case of high-risk patients, by percutaneous cholecystostomy performed by interventional radiologists or gallbladder drainage through endoscopic procedures. […] The biliary tract is physiologically sterile since bile contains products that cause bacterial cell wall breakdown. […] It has been demonstrated that the presence of bacteria in bile cultures varies from 41 to 63%, especially in the initial stages of the disease. […] In community-acquired AC there is almost always a mixed infection. […] A bile bacterial colonization rate is reported among 35–60% of patients with AC. […] Early empirical antimicrobial therapy along with source control of infection is the cornerstone for a successful treatment which, if inadequate, represents an independent predictor factor of mortality.

• #71 Updates on Antibiotic Regimens in Acute Cholecystitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1040

  The diagnosis of AAC can be challenging, especially in critically ill patients and often the precise etiology remains unknown. […] The definitive treatment of AC is represented by cholecystectomy or, in the case of high-risk patients, by percutaneous cholecystostomy performed by interventional radiologists or gallbladder drainage through endoscopic procedures. […] The biliary tract is physiologically sterile since bile contains products that cause bacterial cell wall breakdown. […] It has been demonstrated that the presence of bacteria in bile cultures varies from 41 to 63%, especially in the initial stages of the disease. […] In community-acquired AC there is almost always a mixed infection. […] A bile bacterial colonization rate is reported among 35–60% of patients with AC. […] Early empirical antimicrobial therapy along with source control of infection is the cornerstone for a successful treatment which, if inadequate, represents an independent predictor factor of mortality.

• #72 Updates on Antibiotic Regimens in Acute Cholecystitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1040

  Acute cholecystitis is one of the most common surgical diseases, which may progress from mild to severe cases. […] The most frequently isolated microorganisms are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Clostridium spp. […] Approximately 5% to 10% of cases of cholecystitis may not be related to the presence of gallstones. […] Other risk factors for the development of AAC are total parenteral nutrition, intensive care unit hospitalization, major surgeries, heart attack, stroke, sepsis, severe burns, and extensive trauma. […] The standard of care in patients with both AC and AAC is early laparoscopic cholecystectomy. […] The aim of this review is to focus on the latest scientific evidence on antibiotic therapy in AC, considering the rising problem of antimicrobial resistance.

• #73

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/120163/acute-cholecystitis

  acute inflammation of the gallbladder, often in the setting of gallstones or biliary sludge […] acalculous cholecystitis […] etiology […] gallbladder stasis […] hypoperfusion […] infection […] calculous cholecystitis […] etiology […] gallstone impaction resulting in inflammation […] EEEK bugs […] E. coli […] Enterobacter […] Enterococcus […] Klebsiella […] blockage of cystic duct by gallstones can lead to distention of gallbladder, inflammation, and infection.

• #74 Acute cholecystitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/78

  Acute cholecystitis is acute inflammation of the gallbladder, and is one of the major complications of cholelithiasis (the presence of gallstones). In most cases (90%), acute cholecystitis is caused by obstruction of the cystic duct due to a stone in the gallbladder neck or cystic duct, which leads to inflammation within the gallbladder wall. […] In 5% of cases, bile inspissation (due to dehydration) or bile stasis (due to trauma or severe systemic illness) can block the cystic duct, causing acalculous cholecystitis. […] Bacterial infection can develop as a secondary feature; it is not an initiating event. Infection may be community- or healthcare-acquired. This topic covers community-acquired infection only. […] Risk factors include gallstones, physical inactivity, low fiber intake, severe illness, trauma, severe burns, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), diabetes, use of ceftriaxone, use of cyclosporine, hepatic arterial embolization, and infections.

• #75 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs due to occlusion of the cystic duct or impaired emptying of the gallbladder. Often this impaired emptying is due to stones or biliary sludge. […] The etiology of acute cholecystitis is, by definition, cystic duct blockage, which causes inflammation. […] When cystic duct blockage is caused by a stone, it is called acute calculous cholecystitis. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] Regardless of the cause of the blockage, the gallbladder wall edema will eventually cause wall ischemia and become gangrenous. […] The complications of acute cholecystitis include: Biloma, Intraabdominal abscess, Bile duct injury, Hepatic injury, Small bowel injury, Infection, Retained stones in the bile duct, Bleeding.

• #76

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallstones/complications/

  If a bile duct becomes permanently blocked, it can lead to a build-up of bile inside the gallbladder. This can cause the gallbladder to become infected and inflamed. […] The medical term for inflammation of the gallbladder is acute cholecystitis. […] An estimated 1 in 10 people with acute cholecystitis also experience jaundice. […] Acute cholecystitis is usually first treated with antibiotics to settle the infection and then keyhole surgery to remove the gallbladder. […] Sometimes a severe infection can lead to a gallbladder abscess (empyema of the gallbladder). […] Occasionally, a severely inflamed gallbladder can tear, leading to inflammation of the inside lining of the abdomen (peritonitis). […] If this happens, you may need antibiotics given directly into a vein (intravenous antibiotics), and surgery may be required to remove a section of the lining if part of it becomes severely damaged.

• #77

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y

  In the majority of patients, gallstones are the cause of acute cholecystitis. […] If the obstruction is complete and of long duration the patient develops acute cholecystitis. […] The mortality in patients with acute cholecystitis is 0-10%, whereas the mortality in patients with postoperative cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis is as high as 23-40%.

• #78 Acute Cholecystitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that occurs due to occlusion of the cystic duct or impaired emptying of the gallbladder. Often this impaired emptying is due to stones or biliary sludge. […] The etiology of acute cholecystitis is, by definition, cystic duct blockage, which causes inflammation. […] When cystic duct blockage is caused by a stone, it is called acute calculous cholecystitis. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] Regardless of the cause of the blockage, the gallbladder wall edema will eventually cause wall ischemia and become gangrenous. […] The complications of acute cholecystitis include: Biloma, Intraabdominal abscess, Bile duct injury, Hepatic injury, Small bowel injury, Infection, Retained stones in the bile duct, Bleeding.

• #79 Cholecystitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis

  More than 90% of the time acute cholecystitis is caused from blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone. […] Gallstones blocking the flow of bile account for 90% of cases of cholecystitis (acute calculous cholecystitis). […] Cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed. […] Gallstones are the most common cause of gallbladder inflammation but it can also occur due to blockage from a tumor or scarring of the bile duct. […] The greatest risk factor for cholecystitis is gallstones. […] Risk factors for gallstones include female sex, increasing age, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, obesity, diabetes mellitus, ethnicity (Native North American), rapid weight loss. […] In acalculous cholecystitis, no stone is in the biliary ducts. […] It is associated with many causes including vasculitis, chemotherapy, major trauma or burns.

• #80 Acute cholecystitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4140413/

  Of people admitted to hospital for biliary tract disease, 20% have acute cholecystitis. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] It is thought that blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone or local inflammation can lead to acute cholecystitis, but we don’t know whether bacterial infection is also necessary. […] Acute calculous cholecystitis seems to be caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone, or local mucosal erosion and inflammation caused by a stone, but cystic duct ligation alone does not produce acute cholecystitis in animal studies. […] The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis is not clear; positive cultures of bile or gallbladder wall are found in 50% to 75% of cases. […] The cause of acute acalculous cholecystitis is uncertain and may be multifactorial, including increased susceptibility to bacterial colonisation of static gallbladder bile.

• #81 Acute cholecystitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/

  Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. […] The causes of acute cholecystitis can be grouped into 2 main categories: calculous cholecystitis and acalculous cholecystitis. […] Calculous cholecystitis develops when the main opening to the gallbladder, the cystic duct, gets blocked by a gallstone or a substance known as biliary sludge. […] Acalculous cholecystitis is gallbladder inflammation without gallstones. It’s less common, but usually more serious, than calculous cholecystitis. […] The exact cause of acalculous cholecystitis is not known, but it’s usually a complication of a serious illness, infection or injury that damages the gallbladder. […] A combination of risk factors may lead to acalculous cholecystitis, including accidental damage to the gallbladder during major surgery, serious injuries or burns, sepsis, severe malnutrition or dehydration.

• #82

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y

  Acute cholangitis and cholecystitis mostly originate from stones in the bile ducts and gallbladder. […] Acute cholecystitis also has other causes, such as ischemia; chemicals that enter biliary secretions; motility disorders associated with drugs; infections with microorganisms, protozoa, and parasites; collagen disease; and allergic reactions. […] Acute acalculous cholecystitis is associated with a recent operation, trauma, burns, multisystem organ failure, and parenteral nutrition. […] Factors associated with the onset of cholelithiasis include obesity, age, and drugs such as oral contraceptives. […] Cholecystolithiasis accounts for 90%95% of all causes of acute cholecystitis, while acalculous cholecystitis accounts for the remaining 5%10%. […] According to the review by Friedman, of the natural history of cholelithiasis, serious symptoms or complications (acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, clinical jaundice, and pancreatitis) were observed in 1%2% of asymptomatic patients and in 1%3% of patients with mild symptoms per year.

• #83 Cholecystitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholecystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20364867

  Most often, gallstones that block the tube leading out of the gallbladder cause cholecystitis. This results in a bile buildup that can cause inflammation. Other causes of cholecystitis include bile duct changes, tumors, serious illness and certain infections. […] Cholecystitis is when your gallbladder is inflamed. Gallbladder inflammation can be caused by: […] Most often, cholecystitis is the result of hard particles of bile that can form in the gallbladder, called gallstones. Gallstones can block the tube that carries bile when it leaves the gallbladder, called the cystic duct. Bile builds up in the gallbladder, causing swelling and irritation. […] A tumor may keep bile from draining out of the gallbladder as it should. This causes bile buildup that can lead to cholecystitis. […] Stones or thickened bile and tiny particles called sludge can block the bile duct and lead to cholecystitis. Kinking or scarring of the bile ducts also can cause blockage. […] AIDS and other infections caused by viruses can cause gallbladder swelling and irritation. […] Very serious illness can damage blood vessels and lessen blood flow to the gallbladder. This can lead to cholecystitis.

• #84 Acute cholecystitis ➤ causes, symptoms and treatment

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/acute-cholecystitis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Acute cholecystitis is the inflammation and subsequent infection of the gallbladder due to blockage of the bile ducts by cholelithiasis. […] The main causes of acute cholecystitis are divided into obstructive, if bile stones or gallstones are involved, and inflammatory causes. Within both causes, obstructive causes are usually the most frequent. […] Acute obstructive cholecystitis involves episodes of inflammation and subsequent infection of the gallbladder due to blockage caused by gallstones (stones in the gallbladder). […] In most cases, acute cholecystitis develops as a result of gallstones blocking the duct leading from the gallbladder. […] As the name of this other cause of acute cholecystitis indicates, acute cholecystitis develops when the gallbladder becomes inflamed. Among the causes of gallbladder inflammation we can differentiate: The development of a tumour: the development of a tumour inside the gallbladder results in the gallbladder being unable to drain bile properly, causing the accumulation of fluid and leading to cholecystitis.

• #85 Disease – Acute cholecystitis

  https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000264&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes.

• #86 Acute cholecystitis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000264.htm

  Acute cholecystitis occurs when bile becomes trapped in the gallbladder. This often happens because a gallstone blocks the cystic duct, the tube through which bile travels into and out of the gallbladder. When a stone blocks this duct, bile builds up, causing irritation and pressure in the gallbladder. This can lead to swelling and infection. […] Other causes include: Serious illnesses, such as HIV or diabetes; Tumors of the gallbladder (rare). […] Some people are more at risk for gallstones. Risk factors include: Being female; Pregnancy; Hormone therapy; Older age; Being Native American or Hispanic; Obesity; Losing or gaining weight rapidly; Diabetes. […] Sometimes, the bile duct becomes blocked temporarily. When this occurs repeatedly, it can lead to long-term (chronic) cholecystitis. This is swelling and irritation that continues over time. Eventually, the gallbladder becomes thick and hard. It does not store and release bile as well as it did.

• #87 Acute cholecystitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4140413/

  Of people admitted to hospital for biliary tract disease, 20% have acute cholecystitis. […] About 95% of people with acute cholecystitis have gallstones. […] It is thought that blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone or local inflammation can lead to acute cholecystitis, but we don’t know whether bacterial infection is also necessary. […] Acute calculous cholecystitis seems to be caused by obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone, or local mucosal erosion and inflammation caused by a stone, but cystic duct ligation alone does not produce acute cholecystitis in animal studies. […] The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis is not clear; positive cultures of bile or gallbladder wall are found in 50% to 75% of cases. […] The cause of acute acalculous cholecystitis is uncertain and may be multifactorial, including increased susceptibility to bacterial colonisation of static gallbladder bile.

• #88 Updates on Antibiotic Regimens in Acute Cholecystitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1040

  The diagnosis of AAC can be challenging, especially in critically ill patients and often the precise etiology remains unknown. […] The definitive treatment of AC is represented by cholecystectomy or, in the case of high-risk patients, by percutaneous cholecystostomy performed by interventional radiologists or gallbladder drainage through endoscopic procedures. […] The biliary tract is physiologically sterile since bile contains products that cause bacterial cell wall breakdown. […] It has been demonstrated that the presence of bacteria in bile cultures varies from 41 to 63%, especially in the initial stages of the disease. […] In community-acquired AC there is almost always a mixed infection. […] A bile bacterial colonization rate is reported among 35–60% of patients with AC. […] Early empirical antimicrobial therapy along with source control of infection is the cornerstone for a successful treatment which, if inadequate, represents an independent predictor factor of mortality.

• #89 Updates on Antibiotic Regimens in Acute Cholecystitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/7/1040

  The severity grading of AC according to Tokyo guidelines can be used to select antibiotics and determine the best approach for septic source control. […] In critically ill patients, the choice of antimicrobial regimen may be complex, especially for healthcare-associated infections caused by resistant bacteria.

Zobacz więcej