Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] Despite vaccination in the present era, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in 2023, there were an estimated 107,500 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children younger than 5. […] Measles is resurging in the US due to vaccine hesitancy and lower vaccination rates. […] As of May 1, 2025, the CDC has reported 935 confirmed measles cases, mostly in unvaccinated or vaccination status unknown children. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] To prevent widespread transmission, 95% of the population should be immune, but in 2023, only 83% of children globally were immune.

• #2 Measles: Epidemiology and transmission – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-epidemiology-and-transmission

  Measles is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, malaise, rash, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Measles has been targeted for eradication given the favorable biologic characteristic that humans are the only reservoir; however, due to social and political factors and high transmissibility, elimination has been achieved in very few areas of the world. Additionally, disruptions in vaccine coverage due to the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine hesitancy have led to increased numbers of global measles outbreaks. […] The epidemiology and transmission of measles will be reviewed here. […] Measles occurs worldwide and remains a leading cause of mortality especially among children ≤5 years of age. Precise worldwide incidence estimates are difficult to obtain because of heterogeneous surveillance systems and probable under-reporting. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine, over two million deaths occurred annually. Availability of measles vaccination beginning in the 1960s immediately impacted disease incidence, reduced associated mortality rates, and altered the global distribution. Measles occurs predominantly in areas with low vaccination rates, particularly resource-limited settings. However, even in resource-rich settings, outbreaks of measles have occurred in settings where vaccination uptake has declined, allowing for transmission of imported measles virus from unvaccinated and infected travelers.

• #3 Measles – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/vaccine/measles.shtml

  Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus that can spread through the air by breathing, coughing, or sneezing. The disease is also called rubeola is easily spread from person to person. […] Measles is a very contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat of an infected person. The main way that measles spreads is by coughing or sneezing. Measles virus can also live on surfaces and in the air where an infected person coughed or sneezed for up to two hours. Up to 9 out of every 10 people close to a person with measles who are not immune will also become infected. […] Measles can be prevented with MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine. Two doses of MMR vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles; one dose is about 93% effective. […] Measles cases in the US originate from international travel or domestic travel to an area with an outbreak. The best way to protect yourself from getting measles is by getting vaccinated.

• #4 Measles (rubeola) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/measles-rubeola/

  Measles is a serious illness caused by the measles virus. It is spread very easily from person to person and can cause outbreaks of illness. […] In the United States, most cases are in unvaccinated infants, children, and teens. […] Measles is one of the most contagious diseases. The measles virus is spread through the air or by direct contact with nose or throat discharges from someone who is infected. […] A healthcare provider may consider measles in a patient with a rash and other measles symptoms, especially if they recently had international travel or were exposed to someone with a rash illness. Laboratory testing is needed to confirm that a person has measles. […] Close contacts of someone with measles should be monitored for illness, tested if they develop measles symptoms, and vaccinated if they are not immune to measles.

• #5 Measles – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/vaccine/measles.shtml

  Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus that can spread through the air by breathing, coughing, or sneezing. The disease is also called rubeola is easily spread from person to person. […] Measles is a very contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat of an infected person. The main way that measles spreads is by coughing or sneezing. Measles virus can also live on surfaces and in the air where an infected person coughed or sneezed for up to two hours. Up to 9 out of every 10 people close to a person with measles who are not immune will also become infected. […] Measles can be prevented with MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine. Two doses of MMR vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles; one dose is about 93% effective. […] Measles cases in the US originate from international travel or domestic travel to an area with an outbreak. The best way to protect yourself from getting measles is by getting vaccinated.

• #6 Measles – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/measles

  Epidemiological Alert – Measles in the Americas Region – 28 February 2025 Dr. Jarbas Barbosa, President of Brazil, Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, and Minister of Health, Nsia Trindade hold Brazils certification declaring it free of measles. PAHO re-verifies Brazil as a measles-free country […] Measles is a highly contagious viral disease, which affects mostly children. It is transmitted via droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat of infected persons. […] At the global level, measles continues to be one of the leading causes of death among young children, despite the fact that there is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent it. […] Measles is transmitted by airborne droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat of an infected person. The virus can stay active and contagious in the air or on surfaces for two hours.

• #7 Measles: Epidemiology and transmission – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-epidemiology-and-transmission

  Measles is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, malaise, rash, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Measles has been targeted for eradication given the favorable biologic characteristic that humans are the only reservoir; however, due to social and political factors and high transmissibility, elimination has been achieved in very few areas of the world. Additionally, disruptions in vaccine coverage due to the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine hesitancy have led to increased numbers of global measles outbreaks. […] The epidemiology and transmission of measles will be reviewed here. […] Measles occurs worldwide and remains a leading cause of mortality especially among children ≤5 years of age. Precise worldwide incidence estimates are difficult to obtain because of heterogeneous surveillance systems and probable under-reporting. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine, over two million deaths occurred annually. Availability of measles vaccination beginning in the 1960s immediately impacted disease incidence, reduced associated mortality rates, and altered the global distribution. Measles occurs predominantly in areas with low vaccination rates, particularly resource-limited settings. However, even in resource-rich settings, outbreaks of measles have occurred in settings where vaccination uptake has declined, allowing for transmission of imported measles virus from unvaccinated and infected travelers.

• #8 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] Despite vaccination in the present era, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in 2023, there were an estimated 107,500 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children younger than 5. […] Measles is resurging in the US due to vaccine hesitancy and lower vaccination rates. […] As of May 1, 2025, the CDC has reported 935 confirmed measles cases, mostly in unvaccinated or vaccination status unknown children. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] To prevent widespread transmission, 95% of the population should be immune, but in 2023, only 83% of children globally were immune.

• #9 Measles: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/measles/health-professionals-measles.html

  Humans are the only reservoir for measles. […] Measles is a nationally notifiable disease in Canada and measles surveillance is conducted by public health professionals in provinces and territories. Cases meeting the national case definition are reported by health care providers to their local public health authority. Information is subsequently forwarded to provincial or territorial public health officials and then to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). […] National enhanced surveillance of measles is conducted through the Canadian Measles and Rubella Surveillance System (CMRSS). CMRSS is coordinated by PHAC. This system involves weekly collection of enhanced measles data from all provinces and territories, including reporting if there are no cases. This allows for timely surveillance of measles elimination in Canada.

• #10 Measles (rubeola) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/measles-rubeola/

  The best way to protect against measles is with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. MMR is safe and effective. […] A person can spread the measles virus from just before the onset of the fever (usually four days before rash onset) to about four days after the appearance of the rash. […] Middle ear infections, pneumonia, croup, and diarrhea commonly occur in young children. Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) can occur in a small percentage of cases.

• #11 Measles (Rubeola)

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/Measles.html

  Measles is a virus that infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body. It is very contagious (spreads easily). If one person has it, up to 9 out of 10 people nearby will become infected if they are not protected. Measles can cause serious health complications, especially in children younger than 5 years old. […] Measles is very contagious. […] It is spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] The virus can live for up to 2 hours in an airspace after the infected person leaves the area. […] Infected people can spread the virus to others from 4 days before through 4 days after the rash appears. […] Measles symptoms appear 7 to 14 days after contact with the virus. […] Common complications include ear infections and diarrhea. Some people may suffer from severe complications, such as pneumonia (infection of the lungs) and encephalitis (swelling of the brain).

• #12 Measles (Rubeola)

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/community_epidemiology/dc/Measles.html

  Groups at risk of measles complications include: Children younger than 5 years of age, Adults older than 20 years of age, Pregnant people, People with weakened immune systems. […] Measles cases in the United States originate from unvaccinated international travelers. […] People at risk of getting measles are those who have not been fully vaccinated or have not had measles in the past. […] Call the Epidemiology Unit at (619) 692-8499, or send an email, for more information.

• #13 Measles: Epidemiology and transmission – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-epidemiology-and-transmission

  Measles is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, malaise, rash, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Measles has been targeted for eradication given the favorable biologic characteristic that humans are the only reservoir; however, due to social and political factors and high transmissibility, elimination has been achieved in very few areas of the world. Additionally, disruptions in vaccine coverage due to the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine hesitancy have led to increased numbers of global measles outbreaks. […] The epidemiology and transmission of measles will be reviewed here. […] Measles occurs worldwide and remains a leading cause of mortality especially among children ≤5 years of age. Precise worldwide incidence estimates are difficult to obtain because of heterogeneous surveillance systems and probable under-reporting. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine, over two million deaths occurred annually. Availability of measles vaccination beginning in the 1960s immediately impacted disease incidence, reduced associated mortality rates, and altered the global distribution. Measles occurs predominantly in areas with low vaccination rates, particularly resource-limited settings. However, even in resource-rich settings, outbreaks of measles have occurred in settings where vaccination uptake has declined, allowing for transmission of imported measles virus from unvaccinated and infected travelers.

• #14 Epidemiology of measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles

  Measles is extremely contagious, but surviving the infection results in lifelong immunity, so its continued circulation in a community depends on the generation of susceptible hosts by birth of children. In communities which generate insufficient new hosts the disease will die out. This concept was first recognized by Bartlett in 1957, who referred to the minimum number supporting measles as the critical community size (CCS). Analysis of outbreaks in island communities suggested that the CCS for measles is c. 250,000. […] Due to the development of vaccination against measles, the world has seen a 99% decrease in measles related cases compared cases before the vaccine was developed. […] In 2018, the WHO estimated that there were around 353,236 cases of measles worldwide. This has since decreased as in 2020 there were 159,000 approximate cases. Death from measles was reported in approximately 0.2% of the cases in the United States from 1985 through 1992. In populations with high levels of malnutrition and a lack of adequate healthcare, mortality can be as high as 10%. Increased immunization has led to an estimated 78% drop in measles deaths among UN member states.

• #15 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] Despite vaccination in the present era, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in 2023, there were an estimated 107,500 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children younger than 5. […] Measles is resurging in the US due to vaccine hesitancy and lower vaccination rates. […] As of May 1, 2025, the CDC has reported 935 confirmed measles cases, mostly in unvaccinated or vaccination status unknown children. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] To prevent widespread transmission, 95% of the population should be immune, but in 2023, only 83% of children globally were immune.

• #16 Global Measles Outbreaks – Measles – MSK Library Guides at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://libguides.mskcc.org/measles/global

  Worldwide, there were an estimated 10.3 million cases of measles in 2023, a 20% increase from 2022, according to new estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Inadequate immunization coverage globally is driving the surge in cases. […] As a result of global gaps in vaccination coverage, 57 countries experienced large or disruptive measles outbreaks in 2023, affecting all regions except the Americas, and representing a nearly 60% increase from 36 countries in the previous year. […] The WHO African, Eastern Mediterranean, European, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions experienced a substantial upsurge in cases. […] Nearly half of all large or disruptive outbreaks occurred in the African region. […] As measles cases surge and outbreaks increase, the worlds elimination goal, as laid out in Immunization Agenda 2030, is under threat.

• #17 Measles: Epidemiology and transmission – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-epidemiology-and-transmission

  Measles is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, malaise, rash, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Measles has been targeted for eradication given the favorable biologic characteristic that humans are the only reservoir; however, due to social and political factors and high transmissibility, elimination has been achieved in very few areas of the world. Additionally, disruptions in vaccine coverage due to the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine hesitancy have led to increased numbers of global measles outbreaks. […] The epidemiology and transmission of measles will be reviewed here. […] Measles occurs worldwide and remains a leading cause of mortality especially among children ≤5 years of age. Precise worldwide incidence estimates are difficult to obtain because of heterogeneous surveillance systems and probable under-reporting. Before the introduction of the measles vaccine, over two million deaths occurred annually. Availability of measles vaccination beginning in the 1960s immediately impacted disease incidence, reduced associated mortality rates, and altered the global distribution. Measles occurs predominantly in areas with low vaccination rates, particularly resource-limited settings. However, even in resource-rich settings, outbreaks of measles have occurred in settings where vaccination uptake has declined, allowing for transmission of imported measles virus from unvaccinated and infected travelers.

• #18 Measles: Epidemiology and transmission – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measles-epidemiology-and-transmission

  Individuals at risk for measles include children too young to be vaccinated, those who have not been vaccinated for medical or other reasons, those who have not received a second dose of measles vaccine, and those for whom the vaccine failed to elicit a protective immune response (a very small fraction of those immunized with two doses of vaccine). Travel to areas where measles is endemic or contact with ill persons arriving from these countries increases the risk of exposure to measles.

• #19 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] Despite vaccination in the present era, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in 2023, there were an estimated 107,500 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children younger than 5. […] Measles is resurging in the US due to vaccine hesitancy and lower vaccination rates. […] As of May 1, 2025, the CDC has reported 935 confirmed measles cases, mostly in unvaccinated or vaccination status unknown children. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] To prevent widespread transmission, 95% of the population should be immune, but in 2023, only 83% of children globally were immune.

• #20 Global Measles Outbreaks – Measles – MSK Library Guides at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://libguides.mskcc.org/measles/global

  Worldwide, there were an estimated 10.3 million cases of measles in 2023, a 20% increase from 2022, according to new estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Inadequate immunization coverage globally is driving the surge in cases. […] As a result of global gaps in vaccination coverage, 57 countries experienced large or disruptive measles outbreaks in 2023, affecting all regions except the Americas, and representing a nearly 60% increase from 36 countries in the previous year. […] The WHO African, Eastern Mediterranean, European, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions experienced a substantial upsurge in cases. […] Nearly half of all large or disruptive outbreaks occurred in the African region. […] As measles cases surge and outbreaks increase, the worlds elimination goal, as laid out in Immunization Agenda 2030, is under threat.

• #21 Global Measles Outbreaks – Measles – MSK Library Guides at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://libguides.mskcc.org/measles/global

  Worldwide, there were an estimated 10.3 million cases of measles in 2023, a 20% increase from 2022, according to new estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Inadequate immunization coverage globally is driving the surge in cases. […] As a result of global gaps in vaccination coverage, 57 countries experienced large or disruptive measles outbreaks in 2023, affecting all regions except the Americas, and representing a nearly 60% increase from 36 countries in the previous year. […] The WHO African, Eastern Mediterranean, European, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions experienced a substantial upsurge in cases. […] Nearly half of all large or disruptive outbreaks occurred in the African region. […] As measles cases surge and outbreaks increase, the worlds elimination goal, as laid out in Immunization Agenda 2030, is under threat.

• #22

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/measles/epidemiology-presentation-and-diagnosis

  Measles exhibits notable seasonal patterns that vary with climate, human behavior and social dynamics. […] Measles epidemiology varies widely between and even within countries. Before vaccination was introduced, the disease posed a significant burden worldwide, affecting nearly everyone by the age of 15; yearly global incidence was estimated at 135 million cases and over 6 million deaths (case-fatality ratios are influenced by vaccination status, age at the time of infection, nutritional health of patients, prevalence of HIV and the effectiveness of the healthcare system). […] The World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Global Vaccine Action Plan in 2012 with the goal of eliminating measles by 2020. However, none of the WHO regions has achieved this goal; alarmingly, the global incidence of measles increased by 556% from 2016 to 2019.

• #23

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/measles/epidemiology-presentation-and-diagnosis

  Measles exhibits notable seasonal patterns that vary with climate, human behavior and social dynamics. […] Measles epidemiology varies widely between and even within countries. Before vaccination was introduced, the disease posed a significant burden worldwide, affecting nearly everyone by the age of 15; yearly global incidence was estimated at 135 million cases and over 6 million deaths (case-fatality ratios are influenced by vaccination status, age at the time of infection, nutritional health of patients, prevalence of HIV and the effectiveness of the healthcare system). […] The World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Global Vaccine Action Plan in 2012 with the goal of eliminating measles by 2020. However, none of the WHO regions has achieved this goal; alarmingly, the global incidence of measles increased by 556% from 2016 to 2019.

• #24

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/measles/epidemiology-presentation-and-diagnosis

  The incidence of measles fell significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In 2022, large or disruptive measles outbreaks occurred in 37 countries across four WHO regions, marking a 68% increase compared to the previous year. […] Importantly, while the United States achieved measles elimination status in 2000, localized cases and outbreaks continue to occur. […] These data underscore the importance of vaccination for maintaining the elimination status of measles, at least until the disease is eradicated globally a task both biologically and technically achievable, if currently unrealistic given the suboptimal immunization rates in many regions. […] Keeping vaccination coverage high is of paramount importance, as the example of measles in the United Kingdom (UK) shows. […] Unfortunately, measles transmission became continuous again in 2018 and consequently the country lost its elimination status.

• #25

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/measles/epidemiology-presentation-and-diagnosis

  The incidence of measles fell significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In 2022, large or disruptive measles outbreaks occurred in 37 countries across four WHO regions, marking a 68% increase compared to the previous year. […] Importantly, while the United States achieved measles elimination status in 2000, localized cases and outbreaks continue to occur. […] These data underscore the importance of vaccination for maintaining the elimination status of measles, at least until the disease is eradicated globally a task both biologically and technically achievable, if currently unrealistic given the suboptimal immunization rates in many regions. […] Keeping vaccination coverage high is of paramount importance, as the example of measles in the United Kingdom (UK) shows. […] Unfortunately, measles transmission became continuous again in 2018 and consequently the country lost its elimination status.

• #26 Global Measles Surveillance: Trends, Challenges, and Implications for Public Health Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7449/16/2/28

  Our analysis of measles cases across World Health Organization (WHO) regions from 2011 to 2023 reveals fluctuating trends and significant variations. A notable surge in cases was observed in Africa in 2019, with nearly 290,000 cases, prompting questions regarding the sustainability of existing control strategies. […] The analysis of measles immunization data across various World Health Organization (WHO) regions uncovers diverse trends and coverage levels. […] The following is a brief update on the global measles situation based on information shared by member states with WHO. Note that this is an evolving situation and data are constantly updated. […] The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted global surveillance and vaccination efforts, leading to a decline in vaccination rates worldwide and leaving millions of children vulnerable to diseases like measles.

• #27 Epidemiology of measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles

  Measles eradication has been challenging for many countries to maintain herd immunity. […] The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have listed this is a top ten challenge to global health in reducing the incidence of measles. […] In April 2020, the WHO indicated that many countries had started suspending their measles vaccination programs due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] The development of the measles vaccine has been vital in reducing outbreaks. Without a measles vaccine, measles epidemics could happen every 2 to 5 years and last up to 3 to 4 months at a time. […] Commonly outbreaks in one country spread to others and this can be traced by close examination of the virus DNA. […] As of 2020 measles is widespread and there have been over the last decade many outbreaks in areas that were formerly declared measles free.

• #28 Measles Outbreak Response | Center for Outbreak Response Innovation

  https://cori.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/measles-outbreak-response

  Measles, a highly contagious viral disease, has been experiencing a concerning resurgence globally and in the United States in recent years. […] Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, outbreaks continue to occur, primarily due to gaps in vaccination coverage and the virus’s high transmissibility. […] In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a significant increase in measles cases worldwide, with 869,770 cases reported in that year alone, the highest number since 1996. […] This trend has worsened following the COVID-19 pandemic due to disruptions in vaccination efforts and surveillance activities combined with increased vaccine hesitancy, misinformation about vaccine safety, inadequate access to healthcare services, conflict, and humanitarian crises. […] The current Texas outbreak is linked to a naturally circulating, disease-causing strain (wild-type, genotype D8), which has been circulating since 1990 in regions including Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/immunization-analysis-and-insights/surveillance/monitoring/provisional-monthly-measles-and-rubella-data

  Timely measles and rubella surveillance is critical to disease control. Identifying and confirming suspected measles and rubella cases through surveillance allows:1) early detection of outbreaks,2) analysis of on-going transmission in order to mount more effective vaccination measures, and3) estimation of the underlying true incidence based on the patterns in reported data. […] Most Member States submit monthly reports on suspected and confirmed measles and rubella cases identified through their national disease surveillance systems to WHO. In general, the number of reported cases reflects a small proportion of the true number of cases occurring in the community. Many cases do not seek health care or, if diagnosed, are not reported. In addition, there is a one to two month lag time in reporting. For these reasons, the data provided on this page under-represents the true number of cases, particularly those occurring in the last one to two months.

• #30

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/immunization-analysis-and-insights/surveillance/monitoring/provisional-monthly-measles-and-rubella-data

  Timely measles and rubella surveillance is critical to disease control. Identifying and confirming suspected measles and rubella cases through surveillance allows:1) early detection of outbreaks,2) analysis of on-going transmission in order to mount more effective vaccination measures, and3) estimation of the underlying true incidence based on the patterns in reported data. […] Most Member States submit monthly reports on suspected and confirmed measles and rubella cases identified through their national disease surveillance systems to WHO. In general, the number of reported cases reflects a small proportion of the true number of cases occurring in the community. Many cases do not seek health care or, if diagnosed, are not reported. In addition, there is a one to two month lag time in reporting. For these reasons, the data provided on this page under-represents the true number of cases, particularly those occurring in the last one to two months.

• #31 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  Measles cases are confirmed either by laboratory test or by meeting the clinical case definition (i.e., illness characterized by generalized maculopapular rash lasting 3 days, a temperature of 101 F [38.3 C], and cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis) and being epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case. […] For most countries in the Region, measles surveillance has been intensified after implementing the catch-up campaigns, emphasizing case reporting and laboratory confirmation of suspected cases. Every suspected measles case should be immediately reported investigated collecting integrates information epidemiological and specimen for laboratory confirmation and measles virus characterization. […] All countries in the Region have moved to case-based measles surveillance with laboratory confirmation with 19 countries implementing nationwide surveillance and two (Somalia and S. Sudan) implementing sentinel surveillance. The reported number of confirmed measles cases decreased dramatically from about 88,000 in 1998 to 15,800 in 2009 and measles mortality was reduced by 93% between 2000 and 2008.

• #32 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  Measles cases are confirmed either by laboratory test or by meeting the clinical case definition (i.e., illness characterized by generalized maculopapular rash lasting 3 days, a temperature of 101 F [38.3 C], and cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis) and being epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case. […] For most countries in the Region, measles surveillance has been intensified after implementing the catch-up campaigns, emphasizing case reporting and laboratory confirmation of suspected cases. Every suspected measles case should be immediately reported investigated collecting integrates information epidemiological and specimen for laboratory confirmation and measles virus characterization. […] All countries in the Region have moved to case-based measles surveillance with laboratory confirmation with 19 countries implementing nationwide surveillance and two (Somalia and S. Sudan) implementing sentinel surveillance. The reported number of confirmed measles cases decreased dramatically from about 88,000 in 1998 to 15,800 in 2009 and measles mortality was reduced by 93% between 2000 and 2008.

• #33 Measles Cases and Outbreaks | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html

  As of May 1, 2025, a total of 935 confirmed measles cases were reported by 30 jurisdictions: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York City, New York State, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. […] There have been 12 outbreaks (defined as 3 or more related cases) reported in 2025, and 93% of confirmed cases (869 of 935) are outbreak-associated. For comparison, 16 outbreaks were reported during 2024 and 69% of cases (198 of 285) were outbreak-associated. […] Measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. This was thanks to a very high percentage of people receiving the safe and effective measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. In recent years, however: U.S. MMR coverage among kindergarteners is now below the 95% coverage targetmuch lower in some communitiesand is decreasing. […] CDC is creating models to show how measles outbreaks could occur and spread in the United States. These models can be used to help health departments better identify communities at highest risk and manage healthcare resources.

• #34 An evaluation of the measles surveillance system, and descriptive epidemiology of measles in Kenya (2020 – 2021)

  https://www.afenet-journal.net/content/series/7/4/4/full/

  The Ministry of Health (MOH) adopted a case-based measles surveillance system in 2002 following a measles vaccination campaign and continues to be implemented over the years. […] The health facility levels are classified as Level 6 (National Referral), Level 5 (County Referral), Level 4 (Sub-county Hospital), Level 3 (Health Centre) and Level 2 (Dispensary). […] An outbreak of measles is declared upon the reporting of five (5) suspected cases or the laboratory confirmation of three IgM-positive cases within a facility or sub-county in one month. […] For effective surveillance to achieve the elimination of measles, the targets set by WHO include a national rate of less than one (1) measles case per million population with 80% of the sub-counties expected to investigate at least one or more suspected cases every year, and 95% immunization coverage.

• #35 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  Measles cases are confirmed either by laboratory test or by meeting the clinical case definition (i.e., illness characterized by generalized maculopapular rash lasting 3 days, a temperature of 101 F [38.3 C], and cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis) and being epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case. […] For most countries in the Region, measles surveillance has been intensified after implementing the catch-up campaigns, emphasizing case reporting and laboratory confirmation of suspected cases. Every suspected measles case should be immediately reported investigated collecting integrates information epidemiological and specimen for laboratory confirmation and measles virus characterization. […] All countries in the Region have moved to case-based measles surveillance with laboratory confirmation with 19 countries implementing nationwide surveillance and two (Somalia and S. Sudan) implementing sentinel surveillance. The reported number of confirmed measles cases decreased dramatically from about 88,000 in 1998 to 15,800 in 2009 and measles mortality was reduced by 93% between 2000 and 2008.

• #36 Measles | Statistics and Surveillance | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/measles/stats-surv.html

  The highly contagious measles virus is often brought into the United States by travelers or people from other countries. Each imported measles case could start an outbreak, especially if undervaccinated groups are exposed. Surveillance and prompt investigation of cases and contacts help to stop the spread of disease. […] Measles cases are reported by states to CDC through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Both probable and confirmed cases should be reported nationally. […] Measles is nationally-notifiable and cases should be reported to the appropriate health department. Measles cases are reported by states to CDC through NNDSS. […] The Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases provides current guidelines for those directly involved in surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases, especially personnel at state and local health departments.

• #37 Measles surveillance in the United States: an overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15106108/

  The elimination of endemic measles from the United States has been a national goal since the introduction of measles vaccine, and measles surveillance has been crucial to guide the elimination efforts. The United States surveillance system is geared towards detection of measles virus transmission, rapid discovery of measles outbreaks to facilitate outbreak control, and identification of risk factors for measles. […] The surveillance system is a passive reporting system that, when activated by a reported case of suspected measles, triggers a search for additional cases around the reported case. Cases are typically reported by health care providers or from schools and day care centers. The sensitivity of the system is increased through reporting and investigation of all suspected measles cases by means of an inclusive case definition (generalized maculopapular rash and fever), and the specificity is increased through laboratory testing for measles of all suspected cases.

• #38 Measles surveillance in the United States: an overview – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15106108/

  The elimination of endemic measles from the United States has been a national goal since the introduction of measles vaccine, and measles surveillance has been crucial to guide the elimination efforts. The United States surveillance system is geared towards detection of measles virus transmission, rapid discovery of measles outbreaks to facilitate outbreak control, and identification of risk factors for measles. […] The surveillance system is a passive reporting system that, when activated by a reported case of suspected measles, triggers a search for additional cases around the reported case. Cases are typically reported by health care providers or from schools and day care centers. The sensitivity of the system is increased through reporting and investigation of all suspected measles cases by means of an inclusive case definition (generalized maculopapular rash and fever), and the specificity is increased through laboratory testing for measles of all suspected cases.

• #39 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  Towards measles elimination a set of surveillance indicators are recommended by the World Health Organization: Reporting rate of at least 2 discarded measles cases per 100, 000 population per year at national level. Laboratory Confirmation: adequate specimen to be collected at least 80% of suspected measles cases and tested in a proficient laboratory. Viral Detection. Adequate for virus detection to be collected from at least 80% of laboratory-confirmed outbreaks and tested in an accredited laboratory. […] At a minimum 80% of all reported suspected measles cases should have had an adequate investigation initiated within 48 hours of notification. […] The diagnosis of clinically suspected measles is confirmed by detection of anti measles IgM antibody in the patients blood using IgM ELISA assays. The roles of the laboratory in the elimination phase are to confirm the clinical diagnosis of all suspected cases, to isolate and analyses wild virus strains and monitors their circulation. National laboratories participating in the WHO Global Measles Laboratory Network are evaluated on their performance in two ways: Annual Proficiency Test (PT) and site visit for accreditation.

• #40 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  Towards measles elimination a set of surveillance indicators are recommended by the World Health Organization: Reporting rate of at least 2 discarded measles cases per 100, 000 population per year at national level. Laboratory Confirmation: adequate specimen to be collected at least 80% of suspected measles cases and tested in a proficient laboratory. Viral Detection. Adequate for virus detection to be collected from at least 80% of laboratory-confirmed outbreaks and tested in an accredited laboratory. […] At a minimum 80% of all reported suspected measles cases should have had an adequate investigation initiated within 48 hours of notification. […] The diagnosis of clinically suspected measles is confirmed by detection of anti measles IgM antibody in the patients blood using IgM ELISA assays. The roles of the laboratory in the elimination phase are to confirm the clinical diagnosis of all suspected cases, to isolate and analyses wild virus strains and monitors their circulation. National laboratories participating in the WHO Global Measles Laboratory Network are evaluated on their performance in two ways: Annual Proficiency Test (PT) and site visit for accreditation.

• #41 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  Towards measles elimination a set of surveillance indicators are recommended by the World Health Organization: Reporting rate of at least 2 discarded measles cases per 100, 000 population per year at national level. Laboratory Confirmation: adequate specimen to be collected at least 80% of suspected measles cases and tested in a proficient laboratory. Viral Detection. Adequate for virus detection to be collected from at least 80% of laboratory-confirmed outbreaks and tested in an accredited laboratory. […] At a minimum 80% of all reported suspected measles cases should have had an adequate investigation initiated within 48 hours of notification. […] The diagnosis of clinically suspected measles is confirmed by detection of anti measles IgM antibody in the patients blood using IgM ELISA assays. The roles of the laboratory in the elimination phase are to confirm the clinical diagnosis of all suspected cases, to isolate and analyses wild virus strains and monitors their circulation. National laboratories participating in the WHO Global Measles Laboratory Network are evaluated on their performance in two ways: Annual Proficiency Test (PT) and site visit for accreditation.

• #42 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  Towards measles elimination a set of surveillance indicators are recommended by the World Health Organization: Reporting rate of at least 2 discarded measles cases per 100, 000 population per year at national level. Laboratory Confirmation: adequate specimen to be collected at least 80% of suspected measles cases and tested in a proficient laboratory. Viral Detection. Adequate for virus detection to be collected from at least 80% of laboratory-confirmed outbreaks and tested in an accredited laboratory. […] At a minimum 80% of all reported suspected measles cases should have had an adequate investigation initiated within 48 hours of notification. […] The diagnosis of clinically suspected measles is confirmed by detection of anti measles IgM antibody in the patients blood using IgM ELISA assays. The roles of the laboratory in the elimination phase are to confirm the clinical diagnosis of all suspected cases, to isolate and analyses wild virus strains and monitors their circulation. National laboratories participating in the WHO Global Measles Laboratory Network are evaluated on their performance in two ways: Annual Proficiency Test (PT) and site visit for accreditation.

• #43 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  All countries in the Region have established a measles national laboratory and have full serology capacity. Beside serological diagnostic capacity 19 of the 23 countries have well established virus detection by RT-PCR or virus isolation in cell culture which was build on existing Polio LabNet. Two Regional Reference Laboratories (RRLs) in Oman and Tunisia have access measles and rubella virus isolation and PCR technology. Rubella laboratory diagnosis is integrated with measles laboratory diagnosis. […] In 2011, 11 of the 19 countries reporting measles cases had measles virus genotype identified: B3, D4, D8, and H1. Rubella genotype information is available from some countries in the region, genotypes 1E, 1G and 2B.

• #44 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  All countries in the Region have established a measles national laboratory and have full serology capacity. Beside serological diagnostic capacity 19 of the 23 countries have well established virus detection by RT-PCR or virus isolation in cell culture which was build on existing Polio LabNet. Two Regional Reference Laboratories (RRLs) in Oman and Tunisia have access measles and rubella virus isolation and PCR technology. Rubella laboratory diagnosis is integrated with measles laboratory diagnosis. […] In 2011, 11 of the 19 countries reporting measles cases had measles virus genotype identified: B3, D4, D8, and H1. Rubella genotype information is available from some countries in the region, genotypes 1E, 1G and 2B.

• #45 WHO EMRO | Disease surveillance | Measles | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/measles/disease-surveillance.html

  All countries in the Region have established a measles national laboratory and have full serology capacity. Beside serological diagnostic capacity 19 of the 23 countries have well established virus detection by RT-PCR or virus isolation in cell culture which was build on existing Polio LabNet. Two Regional Reference Laboratories (RRLs) in Oman and Tunisia have access measles and rubella virus isolation and PCR technology. Rubella laboratory diagnosis is integrated with measles laboratory diagnosis. […] In 2011, 11 of the 19 countries reporting measles cases had measles virus genotype identified: B3, D4, D8, and H1. Rubella genotype information is available from some countries in the region, genotypes 1E, 1G and 2B.

• #46 Measles: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/measles/health-professionals-measles.html

  Genotype surveillance is conducted by PHAC’s National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) and is included in CMRSS. The NML is a World Health Organization and Pan-American Health Organization accredited measles and rubella regional reference laboratory. Genotyping is an important tool in measles surveillance for 2 key reasons. […] Weekly summaries of surveillance information collected through CMRSS on measles cases and activity in Canada are provided in the Measles and Rubella Weekly Monitoring Report. […] Measles elimination is a direct result of successful routine vaccination programs.

• #47 Measles – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/measles

  All suspected measles cases should be investigated within 48 hours of onset of the disease, and a serum sample should be collected from the patient upon first contact with the health service. […] To monitor progress toward measles eradication, all countries should provide weekly data to the regional measles eradication monitoring system (MEMS); […] Each country should submit its monitoring system to objective and periodic evaluations using the standardized evaluation protocol developed by PAHO. […] Virological surveillance and molecular epidemiology can provide important information to an eradication program. […] The measles eradication and rubella control/elimination programs should use the following standardized case definitions, revised from PAHO’s Measles Eradication Field Guide, 1999; the WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards from the 2nd.; Ed., June 1999; and the latest Measles Elimination Field Guide, Second Edition, 2005.

• #48 Measles Outbreak Response | Center for Outbreak Response Innovation

  https://cori.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/measles-outbreak-response

  Measles, a highly contagious viral disease, has been experiencing a concerning resurgence globally and in the United States in recent years. […] Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, outbreaks continue to occur, primarily due to gaps in vaccination coverage and the virus’s high transmissibility. […] In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a significant increase in measles cases worldwide, with 869,770 cases reported in that year alone, the highest number since 1996. […] This trend has worsened following the COVID-19 pandemic due to disruptions in vaccination efforts and surveillance activities combined with increased vaccine hesitancy, misinformation about vaccine safety, inadequate access to healthcare services, conflict, and humanitarian crises. […] The current Texas outbreak is linked to a naturally circulating, disease-causing strain (wild-type, genotype D8), which has been circulating since 1990 in regions including Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia.

• #49 Measles Cases and Outbreaks | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html

  As of May 1, 2025, a total of 935 confirmed measles cases were reported by 30 jurisdictions: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York City, New York State, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. […] There have been 12 outbreaks (defined as 3 or more related cases) reported in 2025, and 93% of confirmed cases (869 of 935) are outbreak-associated. For comparison, 16 outbreaks were reported during 2024 and 69% of cases (198 of 285) were outbreak-associated. […] Measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. This was thanks to a very high percentage of people receiving the safe and effective measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. In recent years, however: U.S. MMR coverage among kindergarteners is now below the 95% coverage targetmuch lower in some communitiesand is decreasing. […] CDC is creating models to show how measles outbreaks could occur and spread in the United States. These models can be used to help health departments better identify communities at highest risk and manage healthcare resources.

• #50 More than 140,000 die from measles as cases surge worldwide

  https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/more-140000-die-measles-cases-surge-worldwide

  There is an urgent need for countries and the global health community to continue investing in high quality national immunization programmes and disease surveillance, which helps ensure measles outbreaks are rapidly detected and stopped before lives are lost. […] Measles elimination is defined as the absence of endemic measles virus transmission in a region or other defined geographical area for more than 12 months. […] This year’s modelling shows that there were 9,769,400 estimated measles cases and 142,300 related deaths globally in 2018.

• #51 Epidemiology of measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles

  Even in countries where vaccination has been introduced, vaccination rates may remain low due to parents choosing not to have their children vaccinated. […] Measles is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality. […] Five out of six WHO regions have set goals to eliminate measles, and at the 63rd World Health Assembly in May 2010, delegates agreed a global target of a 95% reduction in measles mortality by 2015 from the level seen in 2000, as well as to move towards eventual eradication. […] Cases reported in the first three months of 2019 were 300% higher than in the first three months of 2018, with outbreaks in every region of the world, even in countries with high overall vaccination coverage where it spread among clusters of unvaccinated people. […] Through the recent improvement of decreasing measles incidence and mortality rates across the world, recently there has been setbacks.

• #52 Measles – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/measles

  In 1994, the countries collectively set the goal of eliminating endemic transmission of measles by 2000, through the implementation of PAHO-recommended surveillance and immunization strategies. […] To maintain measles elimination, PAHO/WHO and the International Expert Committee for Measles and Rubella Elimination recommend that all countries in the Americas to: […] Strengthen surveillance systems for febrile eruptive disease, i.e., people with fever and skin rash or rash, allowing early identification of cases coming from countries where the disease exists. […] Measles surveillance is critical to measuring progress toward the goal of measles eradication in the Americas and to identifying problems. Activities necessary to develop priority, to improve the quality of measles surveillance throughout the Region include the following:

• #53 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  There were 16 outbreaks in the US in 2024; 40% of those were hospitalized. […] The recent resurgence of measles is a vexing public health issue since prevention strategies in the form of safe and effective vaccines have existed for decades. […] The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) reported that the Americas were verified as measles-free in 2024. Still, this designation is at risk due to the recent outbreaks in the US. […] To eliminate measles, vaccination rates of the population must be in the 93% to 95% range.

• #54 Measles Cases and Outbreaks | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html

  As of May 1, 2025, a total of 935 confirmed measles cases were reported by 30 jurisdictions: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York City, New York State, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. […] There have been 12 outbreaks (defined as 3 or more related cases) reported in 2025, and 93% of confirmed cases (869 of 935) are outbreak-associated. For comparison, 16 outbreaks were reported during 2024 and 69% of cases (198 of 285) were outbreak-associated. […] Measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. This was thanks to a very high percentage of people receiving the safe and effective measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. In recent years, however: U.S. MMR coverage among kindergarteners is now below the 95% coverage targetmuch lower in some communitiesand is decreasing. […] CDC is creating models to show how measles outbreaks could occur and spread in the United States. These models can be used to help health departments better identify communities at highest risk and manage healthcare resources.

• #55 Epidemiology of measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles

  Measles eradication has been challenging for many countries to maintain herd immunity. […] The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have listed this is a top ten challenge to global health in reducing the incidence of measles. […] In April 2020, the WHO indicated that many countries had started suspending their measles vaccination programs due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] The development of the measles vaccine has been vital in reducing outbreaks. Without a measles vaccine, measles epidemics could happen every 2 to 5 years and last up to 3 to 4 months at a time. […] Commonly outbreaks in one country spread to others and this can be traced by close examination of the virus DNA. […] As of 2020 measles is widespread and there have been over the last decade many outbreaks in areas that were formerly declared measles free.

• #56 Epidemiology of measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles

  It has proven difficult to vaccinate a sufficient number of children in Europe to eradicate the disease, because of opposition on philosophical or religious grounds, or fears of side-effects, or because some minority groups are hard to reach, or simply because parents forget to have their children vaccinated. […] In January 2020, the World Health Organization announced that the death toll from the measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had reached 6,000, triple that of Ebola. […] In 2019, 1,200 had died of measles in an outbreak in Madagascar. […] In 2019, Venezuela had 5,525 cases of measles reported, which was 68% of the total cases in the Americas at the time.

• #57

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/measles/epidemiology-presentation-and-diagnosis

  The incidence of measles fell significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] In 2022, large or disruptive measles outbreaks occurred in 37 countries across four WHO regions, marking a 68% increase compared to the previous year. […] Importantly, while the United States achieved measles elimination status in 2000, localized cases and outbreaks continue to occur. […] These data underscore the importance of vaccination for maintaining the elimination status of measles, at least until the disease is eradicated globally a task both biologically and technically achievable, if currently unrealistic given the suboptimal immunization rates in many regions. […] Keeping vaccination coverage high is of paramount importance, as the example of measles in the United Kingdom (UK) shows. […] Unfortunately, measles transmission became continuous again in 2018 and consequently the country lost its elimination status.

• #58 Measles Cases and Outbreaks | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html

  As of May 1, 2025, a total of 935 confirmed measles cases were reported by 30 jurisdictions: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York City, New York State, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. […] There have been 12 outbreaks (defined as 3 or more related cases) reported in 2025, and 93% of confirmed cases (869 of 935) are outbreak-associated. For comparison, 16 outbreaks were reported during 2024 and 69% of cases (198 of 285) were outbreak-associated. […] Measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. This was thanks to a very high percentage of people receiving the safe and effective measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. In recent years, however: U.S. MMR coverage among kindergarteners is now below the 95% coverage targetmuch lower in some communitiesand is decreasing. […] CDC is creating models to show how measles outbreaks could occur and spread in the United States. These models can be used to help health departments better identify communities at highest risk and manage healthcare resources.

• #59 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] Despite vaccination in the present era, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in 2023, there were an estimated 107,500 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children younger than 5. […] Measles is resurging in the US due to vaccine hesitancy and lower vaccination rates. […] As of May 1, 2025, the CDC has reported 935 confirmed measles cases, mostly in unvaccinated or vaccination status unknown children. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] To prevent widespread transmission, 95% of the population should be immune, but in 2023, only 83% of children globally were immune.

• #60 Measles Cases and Outbreaks | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/data-research/index.html

  As of May 1, 2025, a total of 935 confirmed measles cases were reported by 30 jurisdictions: Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York City, New York State, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. […] There have been 12 outbreaks (defined as 3 or more related cases) reported in 2025, and 93% of confirmed cases (869 of 935) are outbreak-associated. For comparison, 16 outbreaks were reported during 2024 and 69% of cases (198 of 285) were outbreak-associated. […] Measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. This was thanks to a very high percentage of people receiving the safe and effective measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. In recent years, however: U.S. MMR coverage among kindergarteners is now below the 95% coverage targetmuch lower in some communitiesand is decreasing. […] CDC is creating models to show how measles outbreaks could occur and spread in the United States. These models can be used to help health departments better identify communities at highest risk and manage healthcare resources.

• #61 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  There were 16 outbreaks in the US in 2024; 40% of those were hospitalized. […] The recent resurgence of measles is a vexing public health issue since prevention strategies in the form of safe and effective vaccines have existed for decades. […] The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) reported that the Americas were verified as measles-free in 2024. Still, this designation is at risk due to the recent outbreaks in the US. […] To eliminate measles, vaccination rates of the population must be in the 93% to 95% range.

• #62 Measles Outbreak – May 6, 2025 | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts/measles-outbreak-2025

  The Texas Department of State Health Services is reporting an outbreak of measles primarily in West Texas. […] At this time, 702 cases have been confirmed since late January. This is an increase of 19 since the May 2 update. […] One percent, or fewer than 10 of the confirmed cases, are estimated to be actively infectious since their rash onset date was less than a week ago. […] Individuals are infectious four days prior to and four days after rash onset. […] Ninety-one of the patients have been hospitalized. This number is the total number of people hospitalized over the course of the outbreak. It is not the current number of people in the hospital. […] There have been two fatalities in school-aged children who lived in the outbreak area. The children were not vaccinated and had no known underlying conditions.

• #63 Measles Outbreak – May 6, 2025 | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts/measles-outbreak-2025

  Due to the highly contagious nature of this disease, additional cases are likely to occur in the outbreak area and the surrounding communities. […] Based on the most recent data, DSHS has identified designated outbreak counties with ongoing measles transmission: Cochran, Dallam, Dawson, Gaines, Garza, Lynn, Lamar, Lubbock, Terry and Yoakum. […] DSHS is working with local health departments to investigate the outbreak.

• #64 Surveillance and disease data for measles

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/surveillance-and-disease-data

  ECDC publishes monthly surveillance data on measles and rubella submitted by the 30 EU/EEA countries. ECDC also monitors European and worldwide measles outbreaks through epidemic intelligence and reports on them on a monthly basis in the Communicable Disease Threat Reports (CDTR). […] ECDCs annual epidemiological reports provide a wealth of epidemiological data to support decision-making at the national level. They are mainly intended for public health professionals and policymakers involved in disease prevention and control programmes. […] The Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases is a tool that interacts with the latest available data about a number of infectious diseases.

• #65 Global Measles Outbreaks – Measles – MSK Library Guides at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://libguides.mskcc.org/measles/global

  In week 11 (March 9 to 15, 2025), 153 new measles cases (132 confirmed, 21 probable) were reported by 5 jurisdictions (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchwan). […] In 2025, a total of 496 measles cases (410 confirmed, 86 probable) have been reported by 6 jurisdictions (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), as of March 15, 2025. […] There is a multi-jurisdictional measles outbreak ongoing in Canada. […] A total of 519 cases (403 confirmed, 116 probable) have been reported in this outbreak in 2024 and 2025, as of March 15, 2025. […] In January 2025, 28 countries reported measles data, with 1,033 cases reported by 17 countries. […] There has been high measles activity overall in the EU/EEA over the last 12 months; however, the situation varies by country.

• #66 Global Measles Outbreaks – Measles – MSK Library Guides at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://libguides.mskcc.org/measles/global

  In week 11 (March 9 to 15, 2025), 153 new measles cases (132 confirmed, 21 probable) were reported by 5 jurisdictions (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchwan). […] In 2025, a total of 496 measles cases (410 confirmed, 86 probable) have been reported by 6 jurisdictions (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), as of March 15, 2025. […] There is a multi-jurisdictional measles outbreak ongoing in Canada. […] A total of 519 cases (403 confirmed, 116 probable) have been reported in this outbreak in 2024 and 2025, as of March 15, 2025. […] In January 2025, 28 countries reported measles data, with 1,033 cases reported by 17 countries. […] There has been high measles activity overall in the EU/EEA over the last 12 months; however, the situation varies by country.

• #67 Global Measles Outbreaks – Measles – MSK Library Guides at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://libguides.mskcc.org/measles/global

  In week 11 (March 9 to 15, 2025), 153 new measles cases (132 confirmed, 21 probable) were reported by 5 jurisdictions (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchwan). […] In 2025, a total of 496 measles cases (410 confirmed, 86 probable) have been reported by 6 jurisdictions (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), as of March 15, 2025. […] There is a multi-jurisdictional measles outbreak ongoing in Canada. […] A total of 519 cases (403 confirmed, 116 probable) have been reported in this outbreak in 2024 and 2025, as of March 15, 2025. […] In January 2025, 28 countries reported measles data, with 1,033 cases reported by 17 countries. […] There has been high measles activity overall in the EU/EEA over the last 12 months; however, the situation varies by country.

• #68 Measles outbreaks in the Americas: PAHO calls for strengthened vaccination and surveillance – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/3-3-2025-measles-outbreaks-americas-paho-calls-strengthened-vaccination-and-surveillance

  The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has issued an epidemiological alert due to an increase in measles cases in several countries in the Americas. As of epidemiological week 8 of 2025 (21 February 2025), 268 measles cases, including one death, have been confirmed in Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. This represents a significant increase compared to the same period in 2024, when 60 cases were reported during the first eight weeks of the year. […] PAHO urgently calls on the countries and territories of the Americas to intensify their vaccination and epidemiological surveillance efforts, as well as to strengthen their rapid response capacity to contain and control outbreaks. Recommendations include intensifying vaccination campaigns, especially in high-risk areas, and improving surveillance to detect suspected cases of the disease in a timely manner. […] The Organization continues to monitor the situation and work closely with countries in the region to support their vaccination, surveillance and rapid outbreak response efforts to prevent the spread and reintroduction of measles and protect the health of the entire population.

• #69 Measles Cases Surge to 935 in US Amid Ongoing Outbreaks and Global Spike

  https://www.contagionlive.com/view/measles-cases-surge-to-935-in-us-amid-ongoing-outbreaks-and-global-spike

  In addition to the situation in the United States, the Americas Region has reported 2,325 confirmed measles cases and four deaths as of epidemiological week 16 in 2025. […] Vaccination data indicates that 30 percent of confirmed cases were unvaccinated, while vaccination status was unknown or missing in 65 percent.

• #70 Measles | Statistics and Surveillance | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/measles/stats-surv.html

  Prompt recognition, reporting, and investigation of measles is important because the spread of the disease can be limited with early case identification and public health response including vaccination and quarantine of susceptible contacts without presumptive evidence of immunity. Laboratory confirmation is essential for all measles outbreaks. […] State and local health departments have the lead in investigating measles cases and outbreaks when they occur.

• #71 Measles | Statistics and Surveillance | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/measles/stats-surv.html

  Prompt recognition, reporting, and investigation of measles is important because the spread of the disease can be limited with early case identification and public health response including vaccination and quarantine of susceptible contacts without presumptive evidence of immunity. Laboratory confirmation is essential for all measles outbreaks. […] State and local health departments have the lead in investigating measles cases and outbreaks when they occur.

• #72 Measles | Alberta.ca

  https://www.alberta.ca/measles

  Measles outbreaks are occurring in Alberta and globally, with numerous countries and travel destinations reporting outbreaks including Canada, the United States and Europe. These outbreaks are highly preventable. […] Measles cases are increasing globally, with numerous countries and travel destinations reporting outbreaks including Canada, the United States and Europe. […] Measles is a disease that must be reported to public health in Alberta. There are legislative requirements for reporting, case investigation and contact management. […] When someone gets measles, public health staff will contact them (or their parent/guardian) to ask and answer questions to prevent spread of infection to others. Public health will try to find out where the person caught measles and who else may be at risk of infection. This includes identifying people who may have been exposed, especially those who are not protected against the disease. If these people are found quickly, steps can be taken to reduce their risk of getting measles. Public health may need to speak with the person who has measles more than once to gather all the necessary information to help stop the disease from spreading. […] As of May 3, 2025, a total of 254 confirmed measles cases were reported to Alberta Health.

• #73 An evaluation of the measles surveillance system, and descriptive epidemiology of measles in Kenya (2020 – 2021)

  https://www.afenet-journal.net/content/series/7/4/4/full/

  The Ministry of Health (MOH) adopted a case-based measles surveillance system in 2002 following a measles vaccination campaign and continues to be implemented over the years. […] The health facility levels are classified as Level 6 (National Referral), Level 5 (County Referral), Level 4 (Sub-county Hospital), Level 3 (Health Centre) and Level 2 (Dispensary). […] An outbreak of measles is declared upon the reporting of five (5) suspected cases or the laboratory confirmation of three IgM-positive cases within a facility or sub-county in one month. […] For effective surveillance to achieve the elimination of measles, the targets set by WHO include a national rate of less than one (1) measles case per million population with 80% of the sub-counties expected to investigate at least one or more suspected cases every year, and 95% immunization coverage.

• #74 An evaluation of the measles surveillance system, and descriptive epidemiology of measles in Kenya (2020 – 2021)

  https://www.afenet-journal.net/content/series/7/4/4/full/

  The total laboratory-confirmed cases in Kenya were 188 during 2020 – 2021 from 1915 samples tested, with a positivity rate of 9.8%. […] The annual incidence rate of measles in both 2020 and 2021 was above the WHO goal of less than 1 per million population. […] The detection of confirmed measles cases in 30 out of the 47 counties during the evaluation period leads us to believe that measles is endemic in some parts of Kenya. […] With a measles outbreak declared in May 2020 and an SIA conducted in June 2021, there was a delay of more than a year in the initiation of a definitive measles response. […] The annualized NMFRI rate in 2020 was 1.70/100,000, below the indicator target of 2/100,000 population. The proportion of sub-counties reporting at least one suspected case of measles was low at 51.0%, below the recommended target of 80%.

• #75 An evaluation of the measles surveillance system, and descriptive epidemiology of measles in Kenya (2020 – 2021)

  https://www.afenet-journal.net/content/series/7/4/4/full/

  The total laboratory-confirmed cases in Kenya were 188 during 2020 – 2021 from 1915 samples tested, with a positivity rate of 9.8%. […] The annual incidence rate of measles in both 2020 and 2021 was above the WHO goal of less than 1 per million population. […] The detection of confirmed measles cases in 30 out of the 47 counties during the evaluation period leads us to believe that measles is endemic in some parts of Kenya. […] With a measles outbreak declared in May 2020 and an SIA conducted in June 2021, there was a delay of more than a year in the initiation of a definitive measles response. […] The annualized NMFRI rate in 2020 was 1.70/100,000, below the indicator target of 2/100,000 population. The proportion of sub-counties reporting at least one suspected case of measles was low at 51.0%, below the recommended target of 80%.

• #76 Measles in Vaccinated People: Epidemiology and Challenges in Surveillance and Diagnosis in the Post-Elimination Phase. Spain, 2014–2020

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/1982

  The MMR vaccination program was introduced in Spain in 1981. Consistently high vaccination coverage has led to Spain being declared free of endemic measles transmission since 2014. A few imported and import-related cases were reported during the post-elimination phase (2014 to 2020), with very low incidence: three cases per million of inhabitants a year, 70% in adults. […] In the post-elimination phase an increasing proportion of measles appeared in two-dose vaccinated individuals (up to 14%), posing a challenge to surveillance and laboratory investigations. […] To sustain measles elimination, in addition to maintaining high coverage with two doses of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, sensitive surveillance and an effective outbreak response are needed. […] Surveillance in the advanced elimination phase (i.e., highly immunised population) requires high sensitivity and specificity to identify and control any MV circulation; the positive and negative predictive values of the IgM assay results diminish.

• #77 Measles in Vaccinated People: Epidemiology and Challenges in Surveillance and Diagnosis in the Post-Elimination Phase. Spain, 2014–2020

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/1982

  This study describes the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory profile of measles in the post-elimination phase in Spain and explores the challenges posed by an increasing proportion of measles in vaccinated individuals on the measles surveillance system. […] Achieving elimination of measles relies on a sustainable, accessible and successful vaccination programme maintained over time. […] In the post-elimination phase (2014–2020), measles in Spain presents the profile of the disease in advance elimination settings: a very low incidence (three cases per million inhabitants), the origin of infection is imported or import-related, and most cases occur in adults, while the disease remains extremely infrequent among children and infants. […] The goal of measles elimination is not threatened by measles in vaccinated individuals, but they will play an important role in managing outbreaks in the near future.

• #78 Measles in Vaccinated People: Epidemiology and Challenges in Surveillance and Diagnosis in the Post-Elimination Phase. Spain, 2014–2020

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/1982

  The MMR vaccination program was introduced in Spain in 1981. Consistently high vaccination coverage has led to Spain being declared free of endemic measles transmission since 2014. A few imported and import-related cases were reported during the post-elimination phase (2014 to 2020), with very low incidence: three cases per million of inhabitants a year, 70% in adults. […] In the post-elimination phase an increasing proportion of measles appeared in two-dose vaccinated individuals (up to 14%), posing a challenge to surveillance and laboratory investigations. […] To sustain measles elimination, in addition to maintaining high coverage with two doses of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, sensitive surveillance and an effective outbreak response are needed. […] Surveillance in the advanced elimination phase (i.e., highly immunised population) requires high sensitivity and specificity to identify and control any MV circulation; the positive and negative predictive values of the IgM assay results diminish.

• #79 Measles in Vaccinated People: Epidemiology and Challenges in Surveillance and Diagnosis in the Post-Elimination Phase. Spain, 2014–2020

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/1982

  This study describes the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory profile of measles in the post-elimination phase in Spain and explores the challenges posed by an increasing proportion of measles in vaccinated individuals on the measles surveillance system. […] Achieving elimination of measles relies on a sustainable, accessible and successful vaccination programme maintained over time. […] In the post-elimination phase (2014–2020), measles in Spain presents the profile of the disease in advance elimination settings: a very low incidence (three cases per million inhabitants), the origin of infection is imported or import-related, and most cases occur in adults, while the disease remains extremely infrequent among children and infants. […] The goal of measles elimination is not threatened by measles in vaccinated individuals, but they will play an important role in managing outbreaks in the near future.

• #80 Eurosurveillance | Epidemiology of measles during the COVID-19 pandemic, a description of the surveillance data, 29 EU/EEA countries and the United Kingdom, January to May 2020

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.31.2001390?crawler=true

  The number of measles cases declined in European Union/European Economic Area countries and the United Kingdom in 2020. Reported cases to The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control decreased from 710 to 54 between January and May. […] Under-diagnoses and under-reporting during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic should be ruled out before concluding reduced measles circulation is because of social distancing and any community control measures taken to control COVID-19.

• #81 Measles Outbreak Response | Center for Outbreak Response Innovation

  https://cori.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/measles-outbreak-response

  During measles outbreaks, state and local health departments may adjust or implement temporary accelerated vaccination schedules, in addition to routine recommendations, for populations at-risk who are residing in or visiting the affected areas. […] The following populations, aged 12 months of age or older, are recommended to receive at least two doses of MMR vaccine, at least 28 days apart, if they lack measles immunity: Students at post-high school educational institutions, International travelers, Household and close contacts of immunocompromised persons, People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection (without severe immunosuppression). […] The following outbreak response templates were developed by CORI in collaboration with health department partners and aim to standardize measles outbreak responses and reduce the staff time required to mount an initial response. […] Public health agencies are facing the re-emergence of measles in the US, with multiple large clusters already reported in 2024.

• #82 Measles Outbreak Response | Center for Outbreak Response Innovation

  https://cori.centerforhealthsecurity.org/resources/measles-outbreak-response

  During measles outbreaks, state and local health departments may adjust or implement temporary accelerated vaccination schedules, in addition to routine recommendations, for populations at-risk who are residing in or visiting the affected areas. […] The following populations, aged 12 months of age or older, are recommended to receive at least two doses of MMR vaccine, at least 28 days apart, if they lack measles immunity: Students at post-high school educational institutions, International travelers, Household and close contacts of immunocompromised persons, People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection (without severe immunosuppression). […] The following outbreak response templates were developed by CORI in collaboration with health department partners and aim to standardize measles outbreak responses and reduce the staff time required to mount an initial response. […] Public health agencies are facing the re-emergence of measles in the US, with multiple large clusters already reported in 2024.

• #83 Measles outbreaks in the Americas: PAHO calls for strengthened vaccination and surveillance – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/news/3-3-2025-measles-outbreaks-americas-paho-calls-strengthened-vaccination-and-surveillance

  The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has issued an epidemiological alert due to an increase in measles cases in several countries in the Americas. As of epidemiological week 8 of 2025 (21 February 2025), 268 measles cases, including one death, have been confirmed in Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. This represents a significant increase compared to the same period in 2024, when 60 cases were reported during the first eight weeks of the year. […] PAHO urgently calls on the countries and territories of the Americas to intensify their vaccination and epidemiological surveillance efforts, as well as to strengthen their rapid response capacity to contain and control outbreaks. Recommendations include intensifying vaccination campaigns, especially in high-risk areas, and improving surveillance to detect suspected cases of the disease in a timely manner. […] The Organization continues to monitor the situation and work closely with countries in the region to support their vaccination, surveillance and rapid outbreak response efforts to prevent the spread and reintroduction of measles and protect the health of the entire population.

• #84 Descriptive epidemiology of measles surveillance data, Osun state, Nigeria, 2016–2018 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-8012-6

  Our projections of 2019 and 2020 cases of measles shows that more cases of measles will be reported in Osun State other things being equal, with the second quarter of the two projected years having the highest expected numbers. […] This study confirms the endemicity of measles in Osun State. […] It showed that Ede South LGA has the highest rate of reported measles cases in Osun State. […] Low measles vaccination coverage is a likely reason for the increase measles case reporting rate in Ede south LGA.

• #85 Global Measles Surveillance: Trends, Challenges, and Implications for Public Health Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7449/16/2/28

  Measles, a highly contagious disease primarily affecting children, carries serious health risks, including complications and mortality. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure against measles transmission. […] The analysis of measles cases from 2011 to 2023 reveals fluctuating trends, with notable increases in Africa in 2019 and 2023, indicating potential gaps in control strategies. […] Using an automated signal detection tool developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) team, we identified significant variations between World Health Organization (WHO) regions, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring to detect epidemiological changes early. These results underscore the need for robust surveillance systems and accelerated vaccination efforts to safeguard public health.

• #86 Global Measles Surveillance: Trends, Challenges, and Implications for Public Health Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7449/16/2/28

  Measles, a highly contagious disease primarily affecting children, carries serious health risks, including complications and mortality. Vaccination remains the most effective preventive measure against measles transmission. […] The analysis of measles cases from 2011 to 2023 reveals fluctuating trends, with notable increases in Africa in 2019 and 2023, indicating potential gaps in control strategies. […] Using an automated signal detection tool developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) team, we identified significant variations between World Health Organization (WHO) regions, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring to detect epidemiological changes early. These results underscore the need for robust surveillance systems and accelerated vaccination efforts to safeguard public health.

• #87 Global Measles Surveillance: Trends, Challenges, and Implications for Public Health Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7449/16/2/28

  This study emphasizes the importance of constant monitoring and careful analysis of epidemiological data to identify significant changes in infectious disease spread patterns early. Early detection of changes in epidemiological trends is crucial for timely preventive and control measures to limit disease spread and mitigate public health impacts.

• #88 Global Measles Surveillance: Trends, Challenges, and Implications for Public Health Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7449/16/2/28

  This study emphasizes the importance of constant monitoring and careful analysis of epidemiological data to identify significant changes in infectious disease spread patterns early. Early detection of changes in epidemiological trends is crucial for timely preventive and control measures to limit disease spread and mitigate public health impacts.

• #89 Epidemiology of measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles

  Even in countries where vaccination has been introduced, vaccination rates may remain low due to parents choosing not to have their children vaccinated. […] Measles is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality. […] Five out of six WHO regions have set goals to eliminate measles, and at the 63rd World Health Assembly in May 2010, delegates agreed a global target of a 95% reduction in measles mortality by 2015 from the level seen in 2000, as well as to move towards eventual eradication. […] Cases reported in the first three months of 2019 were 300% higher than in the first three months of 2018, with outbreaks in every region of the world, even in countries with high overall vaccination coverage where it spread among clusters of unvaccinated people. […] Through the recent improvement of decreasing measles incidence and mortality rates across the world, recently there has been setbacks.

• #90 Measles in Vaccinated People: Epidemiology and Challenges in Surveillance and Diagnosis in the Post-Elimination Phase. Spain, 2014–2020

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/1982

  This study describes the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory profile of measles in the post-elimination phase in Spain and explores the challenges posed by an increasing proportion of measles in vaccinated individuals on the measles surveillance system. […] Achieving elimination of measles relies on a sustainable, accessible and successful vaccination programme maintained over time. […] In the post-elimination phase (2014–2020), measles in Spain presents the profile of the disease in advance elimination settings: a very low incidence (three cases per million inhabitants), the origin of infection is imported or import-related, and most cases occur in adults, while the disease remains extremely infrequent among children and infants. […] The goal of measles elimination is not threatened by measles in vaccinated individuals, but they will play an important role in managing outbreaks in the near future.

Zobacz więcej