Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Immunization/measles.aspx

  The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is effective. Two doses provide 97% protection against measles. […] Measles is very contagious. Measles spreads when someone infected speaks, coughs, sneezes or breathes. It can linger in the air up to two hours after the infected person has left. […] Unvaccinated people are at high risk. Roughly 90% of those unvaccinated and exposed to measles will contract the disease. […] The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine provides the best protection against disease and serious illness. […] MMR vaccines are our best defense against the disease and its complications. […] CDC recommends two doses of MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine for: Children: one dose at 12 months of age and another at 46 years. […] Before international travel: Babies 611 months of age should receive one dose of MMR vaccine.

• #2 Measles – Overview | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/measles

  Measles spreads easily from person to person, including through the air and on contaminated surfaces. […] According to the CDC, the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is safe and highly effective. […] The best way to prevent workers from getting measles on the job is to encourage workers at risk of exposure to get the MMR vaccine. […] The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent measles. For the vast majority of recipients, the vaccine is safe and effective. […] Provides general guidance for workers and employers of workers who may be exposed to measles. This page also offers specific guidance for protecting workers who may be at increased exposure risk.

• #3 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Immunization/measles.aspx

  The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is effective. Two doses provide 97% protection against measles. […] Measles is very contagious. Measles spreads when someone infected speaks, coughs, sneezes or breathes. It can linger in the air up to two hours after the infected person has left. […] Unvaccinated people are at high risk. Roughly 90% of those unvaccinated and exposed to measles will contract the disease. […] The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine provides the best protection against disease and serious illness. […] MMR vaccines are our best defense against the disease and its complications. […] CDC recommends two doses of MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine for: Children: one dose at 12 months of age and another at 46 years. […] Before international travel: Babies 611 months of age should receive one dose of MMR vaccine.

• #4 Infectious Disease Experts Available to Discuss Measles Prevention – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease-experts-available-to-discuss-measles-prevention/

  Measles can be prevented by the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is recommended in the US for children, adults born in 1957 or later, international travelers, and anyone who is unsure about their vaccination status. […] No one should have to suffer from measles, said NFID Medical Director William Schaffner, MD. We have had a safe and effective measles vaccine for more than 40 years. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported more than 700 measles cases in 22 states this yearabout 70 percent of them in unvaccinated individuals.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  Measles vaccination averted more than 60 million deaths between 2000 and 2023. […] Even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, in 2023, there were an estimated 107 500 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under vaccinated children under the age of 5 years. […] Being vaccinated is the best way to prevent getting sick with measles or spreading it to other people. The vaccine is safe and helps your body fight off the virus. […] Community-wide vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. All children should be vaccinated against measles. The vaccine is safe, effective and inexpensive. […] Children should receive two doses of the vaccine to ensure they are immune. […] Routine measles vaccination, combined with mass immunization campaigns in countries with high case rates are crucial for reducing global measles deaths.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  The measles vaccine has been in use for about 60 years and costs less than US$ 1 per child. […] In 2023, 74% of children received both doses of the measles vaccine, and about 83% of the world’s children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday. […] Two doses of the vaccine are recommended to ensure immunity and prevent outbreaks, as not all children develop immunity from the first dose.

• #7 About Measles | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/index.html

  Two doses of MMR vaccine provide the best protection against measles. […] The best protection against measles is measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. MMR vaccine provides long-lasting protection against all strains of measles. […] Protect yourself with the vaccine. The best way to protect against measles is with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. MMR is safe and effective. Two doses of MMR vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles; one dose is about 93% effective. […] Prevent measles and talk to your healthcare provider about the MMR vaccine, especially if planning to travel.

• #8 Measles: Rash, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8584-measles

  Getting the measles vaccine is the best way to prevent getting and spreading measles. […] The measles vaccine is extremely effective at preventing measles. To be fully protected, you need two doses of either: Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine or Measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (MMRV) vaccine. […] It’s unlikely that you’ll get measles if you’ve received both doses of the vaccine. Receiving only one dose is less effective at preventing illness.

• #9 Measles Prevention | FIU Division of Student Affairs

  https://dasa.fiu.edu/campus-spaces/student-health-clinics/disease-prevention/measles-prevention/

  Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent getting or exposing others to measles. The measles vaccine, known as the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine, is safe and effective. Two doses of MMR vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles; one dose is about 93% effective. […] People should get the MMR vaccine if they haven’t been vaccinated or don’t know if they got the vaccine before. […] Children should be vaccinated at 12-15 months of age and again at 4-6 years of age. […] The CDC recommends that all individuals who are medically able to get the MMR vaccine get vaccinated.

• #10

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/how-to-protect-your-children-during-a-measles-outbreak.aspx

  Recent measles outbreaks have many families concerned. Most people who have gotten sick were not vaccinated against measles. This is a stark reminder of the importance of making sure your children are fully vaccinated. […] Thanks to the measles vaccine, we can now protect children from the measles. […] Additional or early vaccination may be recommended in areas where measles continues to spread. […] Choosing to not vaccinate your children not only leaves them susceptible to measles, but also exposes other children to measles. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Academy of Family Physicians all recommend children receive the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine at age 12-15 months, and again at 4-6 years.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  The measles vaccine has been in use for about 60 years and costs less than US$ 1 per child. […] In 2023, 74% of children received both doses of the measles vaccine, and about 83% of the world’s children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday. […] Two doses of the vaccine are recommended to ensure immunity and prevent outbreaks, as not all children develop immunity from the first dose.

• #12 The Medical Letter Home Page | The Medical Letter, Inc.

  https://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-5107a

  According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), as of April 24 there have been 844 confirmed cases of measles in the US in 2025; 11% of cases have resulted in hospitalization and 3 patients have died. The majority of cases (96%) have been in unvaccinated persons or in those whose vaccination history was unknown. […] No antiviral drugs have been approved by the FDA for treatment or prevention of measles. The live-attenuated MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine [or the MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella) vaccine in children 12 months-12 years old], offers the best protection against measles; one dose is 93% and two doses are 97% effective in preventing infection. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) currently recommends 2 lifetime doses of an MMR vaccine for most individuals; the first dose should be given at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years (3 months after first dose is an alternative). Infants 6-11 months old who will be traveling internationally should receive one early dose of MMR vaccine before travel followed by the routine 2-dose series after their first birthday.

• #13 The Medical Letter Home Page | The Medical Letter, Inc.

  https://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-5107a

  Due to current outbreaks in the US, some experts are recommending that infants 6-11 months old who live in or are traveling to an area in the US where an outbreak is occurring also receive an early dose. […] Adults who lack evidence of immunity (documentation of vaccination, laboratory evidence of immunity, previously vaccinated with the killed [or an unknown] measles vaccine used from 1963 to 1967) should receive one dose of MMR vaccine. Two doses of the vaccine, separated by at least 28 days, are recommended for adults without evidence of immunity who are at high risk of exposure to or transmission of measles or mumps, including students in postsecondary educational institutions, international travelers, and household contacts of immunocompromised persons. […] Because MMR is a live vaccine, it is contraindicated for use in pregnant women and in adults with severe immunodeficiency. The vaccine should not be given to persons with a history of anaphylaxis to neomycin (M-M-R II and Priorix) or hypersensitivity to gelatin (M-M-R II).

• #14 How to Protect Yourself and Others From Measles Outbreaks | News & Stories | DHMC and Clinics

  https://www.dartmouth-hitchcock.org/stories/article/how-protect-yourself-and-others-measles-outbreaks

  It all points to why vaccinations are so important, says Andujar Vazquez. […] The CDC says presumptive evidence of immunity for measles can be determined by your health provider based on documentation of your vaccination history, lab tests, or whether you have had measles, which means you likely are immune. […] Newborn children do not have presumptive immunity. It is recommended that they get a two-dose vaccine course with the first dose at 12 to 15 months and the second at four to six years of age. […] College-aged students with no presumptive evidence of immunity should get two doses of MMR vaccine, separated by at least 28 days. […] Adults with no presumptive evidence of immunity should get at least one dose of MMR vaccine. […] Healthcare workers or international travelers with no presumptive evidence of immunity should get two doses of MMR vaccine.

• #15 The Medical Letter Home Page | The Medical Letter, Inc.

  https://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-5107a

  Due to current outbreaks in the US, some experts are recommending that infants 6-11 months old who live in or are traveling to an area in the US where an outbreak is occurring also receive an early dose. […] Adults who lack evidence of immunity (documentation of vaccination, laboratory evidence of immunity, previously vaccinated with the killed [or an unknown] measles vaccine used from 1963 to 1967) should receive one dose of MMR vaccine. Two doses of the vaccine, separated by at least 28 days, are recommended for adults without evidence of immunity who are at high risk of exposure to or transmission of measles or mumps, including students in postsecondary educational institutions, international travelers, and household contacts of immunocompromised persons. […] Because MMR is a live vaccine, it is contraindicated for use in pregnant women and in adults with severe immunodeficiency. The vaccine should not be given to persons with a history of anaphylaxis to neomycin (M-M-R II and Priorix) or hypersensitivity to gelatin (M-M-R II).

• #16 Measles Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Supportive Care, Antiviral Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-treatment

  Postexposure prophylaxis should be considered in unvaccinated contacts; timely tracing of contacts should be a priority. […] Prevention or modification of measles in exposed susceptible individuals involves the administration of measles virus vaccine or human immunoglobulin (Ig). […] The vaccine is preventive if administered within 3 days of exposure. […] Human Ig prevents or modifies disease in susceptible contacts if administered within 6 days of exposure. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that groups who are at higher risk for complications from severe measles should receive intravenous administration of Ig at a dose of 400 mg/kg. […] The ACIP advises that the use of the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella virus vaccine is contraindicated in persons with HIV infection of any severity.

• #17 Measles Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Information and Instructions

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/healthcare-professionals/provider-news/measles-post-exposure-prophylaxis-information/

  Measles post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for pediatric patients is a strategy used to prevent or reduce the severity of measles in some children who have been exposed to the virus. The need for post-exposure prophylaxis for measles is dependent on the timing of exposure as well as a patients age, health status, and prior immunization status. There are two main options for PEP in children, outlined below. Patients eligible for the MMR vaccine should have that administered by their PCP. For patients who need Immune Globulin, please see details below on instructions for directing those patients to Seattle Childrens. […] Measles is a highly contagious disease, but it is preventable with vaccines. A patient with measles can expose a large number of people within healthcare settings, so identifying potential cases early is crucial.

• #18 Updated NACI recommendations for measles post-exposure prophylaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6449113/

  NACI continues to recommend that susceptible immunocompetent individuals six months of age and older who are exposed to measles and who have no contraindications, be given measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine within 72 hours of the exposure. […] NACI recommends that for susceptible infants younger than six months of age, if injection volume is not a major concern, IMIg should be provided at a concentration of 0.5 mL/kg, to a maximum dose of 15 mL administered over multiple injection sites. […] NACI does not recommend that susceptible immunocompetent individuals older than 12 months of age receive Ig PEP for measles exposure due to low risk of disease complications and the practical challenges of administration for case and contact management. […] NACI has updated the recommendations for measles PEP to reflect current evidence and best practices in order to prevent severe disease.

• #19 Measles | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540335/all/Measles

  Primary prophylaxis: since the vaccine is a live, attenuated virus, it should not be given to individuals with severe immunosuppression. […] Children use the two-dose schedule in the U.S.: routine vaccine w/ MMR at 12-15 mos (once maternal antibody lost) with a booster at ages 4-6 years. […] Measles vaccine is NOT linked with the development of autism, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. […] Adults born 1957 should receive at least one dose of measles vaccine (MMR) unless they already have measles and are immune. […] Second dose MMR is recommended for students in secondary education, healthcare workers, international travelers, measles outbreak exposure, prior immunization with killed measles vaccine or vaccination with unknown measles vaccine between 1963-1967. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis: recommendations suggest all, even infants from birth, should receive if non-immune with significant exposure to measles (significant exposure = if age 1yr, pregnant, immunocompromised or susceptible). […] Immunization: preferred if contact with known case in a susceptible individual without MMR contraindication within 72h of exposure. […] Efficacy ~ 90% effective in preventing the onset of measles.

• #20 Updated NACI recommendations for measles post-exposure prophylaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6449113/

  NACI continues to recommend that susceptible immunocompetent individuals six months of age and older who are exposed to measles and who have no contraindications, be given measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine within 72 hours of the exposure. […] NACI recommends that for susceptible infants younger than six months of age, if injection volume is not a major concern, IMIg should be provided at a concentration of 0.5 mL/kg, to a maximum dose of 15 mL administered over multiple injection sites. […] NACI does not recommend that susceptible immunocompetent individuals older than 12 months of age receive Ig PEP for measles exposure due to low risk of disease complications and the practical challenges of administration for case and contact management. […] NACI has updated the recommendations for measles PEP to reflect current evidence and best practices in order to prevent severe disease.

• #21 Measles | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540335/all/Measles

  Primary prophylaxis: since the vaccine is a live, attenuated virus, it should not be given to individuals with severe immunosuppression. […] Children use the two-dose schedule in the U.S.: routine vaccine w/ MMR at 12-15 mos (once maternal antibody lost) with a booster at ages 4-6 years. […] Measles vaccine is NOT linked with the development of autism, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. […] Adults born 1957 should receive at least one dose of measles vaccine (MMR) unless they already have measles and are immune. […] Second dose MMR is recommended for students in secondary education, healthcare workers, international travelers, measles outbreak exposure, prior immunization with killed measles vaccine or vaccination with unknown measles vaccine between 1963-1967. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis: recommendations suggest all, even infants from birth, should receive if non-immune with significant exposure to measles (significant exposure = if age 1yr, pregnant, immunocompromised or susceptible). […] Immunization: preferred if contact with known case in a susceptible individual without MMR contraindication within 72h of exposure. […] Efficacy ~ 90% effective in preventing the onset of measles.

• #22 Measles Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Supportive Care, Antiviral Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-treatment

  Postexposure prophylaxis should be considered in unvaccinated contacts; timely tracing of contacts should be a priority. […] Prevention or modification of measles in exposed susceptible individuals involves the administration of measles virus vaccine or human immunoglobulin (Ig). […] The vaccine is preventive if administered within 3 days of exposure. […] Human Ig prevents or modifies disease in susceptible contacts if administered within 6 days of exposure. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that groups who are at higher risk for complications from severe measles should receive intravenous administration of Ig at a dose of 400 mg/kg. […] The ACIP advises that the use of the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella virus vaccine is contraindicated in persons with HIV infection of any severity.

• #23 Measles disease info and PEP treatment | GamaSTAN®

  https://www.gamastan.com/en/hcp/measles

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that if suspected of exposure, the following patient groups at risk for severe disease and complications from measles receive an immune globulin intramuscular (IGIM) such as GamaSTAN: Infants 12 months of age, Pregnant women without evidence of measles immunity, Severely immunocompromised persons. […] GamaSTAN is indicated to prevent or modify measles in a susceptible person exposed fewer than 6 days previously. A susceptible person is one who has not been vaccinated and has not had measles previously. […] GamaSTAN may be especially indicated for susceptible household contacts of measles patients, particularly contacts under 1 year of age, for whom the risk of complications is highest. […] If administered within 6 days of exposure, an IGIM such as GamaSTAN can prevent or modify measles in persons who are nonimmune.

• #24 Updated NACI recommendations for measles post-exposure prophylaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6449113/

  NACI continues to recommend that susceptible immunocompetent individuals six months of age and older who are exposed to measles and who have no contraindications, be given measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine within 72 hours of the exposure. […] NACI recommends that for susceptible infants younger than six months of age, if injection volume is not a major concern, IMIg should be provided at a concentration of 0.5 mL/kg, to a maximum dose of 15 mL administered over multiple injection sites. […] NACI does not recommend that susceptible immunocompetent individuals older than 12 months of age receive Ig PEP for measles exposure due to low risk of disease complications and the practical challenges of administration for case and contact management. […] NACI has updated the recommendations for measles PEP to reflect current evidence and best practices in order to prevent severe disease.

• #25 Updated NACI recommendations for measles post-exposure prophylaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6449113/

  NACI continues to recommend that PEP should be considered for select susceptible or vulnerable groups within six days of measles exposure. […] Although IVIg products are not indicated for use as measles PEP in Canada, NACI now recommends them as an alternative to IMIg because there are no comparable appropriate prophylaxis strategies in some situations.

• #26 Updated NACI recommendations for measles post-exposure prophylaxis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6449113/

  NACI continues to recommend that susceptible immunocompetent individuals six months of age and older who are exposed to measles and who have no contraindications, be given measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine within 72 hours of the exposure. […] NACI recommends that for susceptible infants younger than six months of age, if injection volume is not a major concern, IMIg should be provided at a concentration of 0.5 mL/kg, to a maximum dose of 15 mL administered over multiple injection sites. […] NACI does not recommend that susceptible immunocompetent individuals older than 12 months of age receive Ig PEP for measles exposure due to low risk of disease complications and the practical challenges of administration for case and contact management. […] NACI has updated the recommendations for measles PEP to reflect current evidence and best practices in order to prevent severe disease.

• #27 Measles disease info and PEP treatment | GamaSTAN®

  https://www.gamastan.com/en/hcp/measles

  Historically, IGIM has been administered for short-term measles prophylaxis and was the product used to demonstrate efficacy for measles postexposure prophylaxis. […] GamaSTAN (immune globulin [human]) is indicated for prophylaxis following exposure to hepatitis A infection, prevention or modification of measles in susceptible persons exposed fewer than 6 days previously.

• #28 Managing Measles Exposures in Health Care Workers – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/measles/hcp/control.html

  Health care workers (HCWs) include everyone working in a health care facility that has the potential for exposure to infectious materials. Workers providing direct, face-to-face patient care should be prioritized. Evidence of measles immunity for HCWs includes (1): […] For HCWs born before 1957 who lack evidence of measles immunity, health care facilities should consider vaccinating with 2 doses of MMR separated by at least 28 days. […] HCWs without evidence of immunity should receive either: […] Measles (or MMR) vaccine is effective at preventing measles when administered to a susceptible person within 72 hours following exposure. Immune Globulin (IG) may prevent or modify measles disease in susceptible persons when given within 6 days following exposure. […] Susceptible HCWs should be excluded from work beginning 5 days through the 21st day following exposure. Exclusion is recommended regardless of whether the employee receives post-exposure vaccine or IG.

• #29 Managing Measles Exposures in Health Care Workers – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/measles/hcp/control.html

  Health care workers (HCWs) include everyone working in a health care facility that has the potential for exposure to infectious materials. Workers providing direct, face-to-face patient care should be prioritized. Evidence of measles immunity for HCWs includes (1): […] For HCWs born before 1957 who lack evidence of measles immunity, health care facilities should consider vaccinating with 2 doses of MMR separated by at least 28 days. […] HCWs without evidence of immunity should receive either: […] Measles (or MMR) vaccine is effective at preventing measles when administered to a susceptible person within 72 hours following exposure. Immune Globulin (IG) may prevent or modify measles disease in susceptible persons when given within 6 days following exposure. […] Susceptible HCWs should be excluded from work beginning 5 days through the 21st day following exposure. Exclusion is recommended regardless of whether the employee receives post-exposure vaccine or IG.

• #30 Measles | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540335/all/Measles

  Primary prophylaxis: since the vaccine is a live, attenuated virus, it should not be given to individuals with severe immunosuppression. […] Children use the two-dose schedule in the U.S.: routine vaccine w/ MMR at 12-15 mos (once maternal antibody lost) with a booster at ages 4-6 years. […] Measles vaccine is NOT linked with the development of autism, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. […] Adults born 1957 should receive at least one dose of measles vaccine (MMR) unless they already have measles and are immune. […] Second dose MMR is recommended for students in secondary education, healthcare workers, international travelers, measles outbreak exposure, prior immunization with killed measles vaccine or vaccination with unknown measles vaccine between 1963-1967. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis: recommendations suggest all, even infants from birth, should receive if non-immune with significant exposure to measles (significant exposure = if age 1yr, pregnant, immunocompromised or susceptible). […] Immunization: preferred if contact with known case in a susceptible individual without MMR contraindication within 72h of exposure. […] Efficacy ~ 90% effective in preventing the onset of measles.

• #31

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20240703/strategies-for-measles-prevention-in-health-care-facilities

  Despite endemic transmission of measles being deemed eliminated in the United States since 2000, travel-related outbreaks still occur. […] Measles is preventable through vaccination. […] The goal vaccination rate to induce herd immunity is 95% or greater. […] Health care facilities must be vigilant and implement measures to help reduce this risk. […] To help reduce the risk for outbreaks in health care facilities, WHO recommends all HCWs with direct patient contact be protected against measles either through vaccination or having proof of immunity from a prior measles infection. […] Current recommendations for HCW are to document immunity by one of the following: documentation of vaccination with two doses of a live measles-containing vaccine; laboratory evidence of immunity; laboratory confirmation of disease; or born before 1957.

• #32 Managing Measles Exposures in Health Care Workers – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/measles/hcp/control.html

  Health care workers (HCWs) include everyone working in a health care facility that has the potential for exposure to infectious materials. Workers providing direct, face-to-face patient care should be prioritized. Evidence of measles immunity for HCWs includes (1): […] For HCWs born before 1957 who lack evidence of measles immunity, health care facilities should consider vaccinating with 2 doses of MMR separated by at least 28 days. […] HCWs without evidence of immunity should receive either: […] Measles (or MMR) vaccine is effective at preventing measles when administered to a susceptible person within 72 hours following exposure. Immune Globulin (IG) may prevent or modify measles disease in susceptible persons when given within 6 days following exposure. […] Susceptible HCWs should be excluded from work beginning 5 days through the 21st day following exposure. Exclusion is recommended regardless of whether the employee receives post-exposure vaccine or IG.

• #33 Measles – Control Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/measles/control-prevention

  To prevent or reduce workers’ measles infection risk, employers whose workers are at risk of exposure to the measles virus should develop an infection control plan that addresses sources of measles exposure and provides infection prevention measures to reduce their risk. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccination to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). Adults who do not have evidence of immunity should get at least one dose of the MMR vaccine. […] The best way to prevent workers from getting measles on the job is to encourage workers at risk of exposure to get the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine if they have not already received it or if they have never had measles. […] In addition to encouraging vaccination, employers who are likely to have measles-infected individuals in the workplace, such as in healthcare facilities, should ensure that their infection control plans include procedures for early identification and prompt isolation of suspected and confirmed cases.

• #34 Measles – Control Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/measles/control-prevention

  Employers must provide disposable gloves and encourage employees to use them for any activities that involve contact with body fluids. […] Workplace surfaces that may be contaminated with body fluids should be cleaned regularly with disinfectant. […] Any worker who thinks he or she may have been exposed to measles should take the following precautions: Notify his/her employer immediately. […] Employers of healthcare workers should implement measures for early identification and isolation of measles patients and encourage workers to get the MMR vaccine if they are not immune to measles already. […] Employers of childcare and school workers should implement measures for early identification and isolation of individuals with measles. […] Employers of laboratory workers should implement measures for early identification and isolation of individuals with measles, as well as procedures for identifying potentially infectious samples/specimens/materials before workers handle them.

• #35 Measles – APIC

  https://apic.org/measles/

  Vaccination is the most effective protection against measles. […] Infection preventionists in all settings (acute care, outpatient/ambulatory, long-term care) are urged to develop a measles plan that includes timely front-door screening and identification of individuals at risk for measles infection, quick masking of patients, implementation of effective transmission-based precautions, staff immunity awareness, and effective environmental disinfection. […] Consider reminding employees who plan to travel internationally to review their vaccination status, including the MMR vaccine, prior to departure. Being up to date will protect the individuals health, their loved ones, their patients, and co-workers. […] To help infection preventionists quickly activate measles prevention efforts, APICs Emerging Infectious Diseases Task Force has created a Measles Playbook that IPs can download and customize for use in their facilities.

• #36

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20240703/strategies-for-measles-prevention-in-health-care-facilities

  When an HCW is exposed to measles, prompt evaluation of vaccination status is needed. […] Patients presenting for medical care who have signs or symptoms associated with measles should promptly be triaged and immediately isolated to help prevent spread. […] Patients suspected of having measles should immediately be placed in airborne precautions in a single patient room. […] To help protect nonimmune employees from exposure, HCWs who lack sufficient immunity against measles should be prevented from caring for patients with measles unless there is not an HCW available who has presumptive evidence of immunity. […] When a measles case is identified in your health care facility, you should promptly notify the hospital infection prevention department. […] Continued education of not only our patients, but our fellow HCWs is essential to overcome the barriers that have impacted vaccination rates.

• #37

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  Measles vaccination averted more than 60 million deaths between 2000 and 2023. […] Even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, in 2023, there were an estimated 107 500 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under vaccinated children under the age of 5 years. […] Being vaccinated is the best way to prevent getting sick with measles or spreading it to other people. The vaccine is safe and helps your body fight off the virus. […] Community-wide vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. All children should be vaccinated against measles. The vaccine is safe, effective and inexpensive. […] Children should receive two doses of the vaccine to ensure they are immune. […] Routine measles vaccination, combined with mass immunization campaigns in countries with high case rates are crucial for reducing global measles deaths.

• #38 Measles | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540335/all/Measles

  Primary prophylaxis: since the vaccine is a live, attenuated virus, it should not be given to individuals with severe immunosuppression. […] Children use the two-dose schedule in the U.S.: routine vaccine w/ MMR at 12-15 mos (once maternal antibody lost) with a booster at ages 4-6 years. […] Measles vaccine is NOT linked with the development of autism, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. […] Adults born 1957 should receive at least one dose of measles vaccine (MMR) unless they already have measles and are immune. […] Second dose MMR is recommended for students in secondary education, healthcare workers, international travelers, measles outbreak exposure, prior immunization with killed measles vaccine or vaccination with unknown measles vaccine between 1963-1967. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis: recommendations suggest all, even infants from birth, should receive if non-immune with significant exposure to measles (significant exposure = if age 1yr, pregnant, immunocompromised or susceptible). […] Immunization: preferred if contact with known case in a susceptible individual without MMR contraindication within 72h of exposure. […] Efficacy ~ 90% effective in preventing the onset of measles.

• #39 How to Protect Yourself and Others From Measles Outbreaks | News & Stories | DHMC and Clinics

  https://www.dartmouth-hitchcock.org/stories/article/how-protect-yourself-and-others-measles-outbreaks

  As measles cases increase, the best way to protect yourself and others is vaccination. […] But measles is almost entirely preventable through vaccination, which is both safe and highly effective. […] Two doses of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is 97 percent effective in protecting you from the virus. One dose is 93 percent effective. […] If you are vaccinated, not only do you dramatically reduce your individual risk, but even if you do get the virus, it will likely be milder and you are less likely to spread it. […] Another benefit is that when vaccination rates are high, communities develop resistance to the spread of the virus. […] When more than 95 percent of people in a community are vaccinated, most people are protected through community immunity or what is called herd immunity, says Andujar Vazquez.

• #40

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20240703/strategies-for-measles-prevention-in-health-care-facilities

  Despite endemic transmission of measles being deemed eliminated in the United States since 2000, travel-related outbreaks still occur. […] Measles is preventable through vaccination. […] The goal vaccination rate to induce herd immunity is 95% or greater. […] Health care facilities must be vigilant and implement measures to help reduce this risk. […] To help reduce the risk for outbreaks in health care facilities, WHO recommends all HCWs with direct patient contact be protected against measles either through vaccination or having proof of immunity from a prior measles infection. […] Current recommendations for HCW are to document immunity by one of the following: documentation of vaccination with two doses of a live measles-containing vaccine; laboratory evidence of immunity; laboratory confirmation of disease; or born before 1957.

• #41

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/how-to-protect-your-children-during-a-measles-outbreak.aspx

  High immunization rates in a community protects those who are too young to be vaccinated, including infants under 12 months of age. […] Yes. Occasional side effects of the measles vaccine include fever, tenderness at the injection site and rash. Rare side effects include a temporary decrease in blood platelets. The measles vaccine does not cause autism. Getting the measles vaccine is much safer than getting the measles infection. […] The measles vaccine is very effective in protecting against measles. However, no vaccine is 100% protective so very rarely, people who are vaccinated may develop measles. About 95 of every 100 people will be protected after getting one dose of the MMR vaccine. Two doses of MMR protect 97-99 of every 100 people. […] If you are not sure if you or your children have been fully vaccinated against measles, talk with your doctor to see if anyone in your family needs to be vaccinated.

• #42 The Medical Letter Home Page | The Medical Letter, Inc.

  https://secure.medicalletter.org/TML-article-5107a

  According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), as of April 24 there have been 844 confirmed cases of measles in the US in 2025; 11% of cases have resulted in hospitalization and 3 patients have died. The majority of cases (96%) have been in unvaccinated persons or in those whose vaccination history was unknown. […] No antiviral drugs have been approved by the FDA for treatment or prevention of measles. The live-attenuated MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine [or the MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella) vaccine in children 12 months-12 years old], offers the best protection against measles; one dose is 93% and two doses are 97% effective in preventing infection. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) currently recommends 2 lifetime doses of an MMR vaccine for most individuals; the first dose should be given at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years (3 months after first dose is an alternative). Infants 6-11 months old who will be traveling internationally should receive one early dose of MMR vaccine before travel followed by the routine 2-dose series after their first birthday.

• #43 Measles – Control Prevention | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/measles/control-prevention

  Employers of environmental services workers should implement measures for early identification and isolation of individuals with measles, as well as procedures for identifying potentially contaminated environments and environmental services before such workers clean them. […] Workers who are pregnant or may become pregnant should avoid potential measles exposures. […] Before any international travel, CDC recommends that adults who do not have evidence of immunity against measles receive two doses of MMR vaccine separated by at least 28 days.

• #44 Measles | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/measles/

  Before any international travel: Infants 6 months through 11 months of age should receive one dose of MMR vaccine. […] Children 12 months of age and older should receive two doses of MMR vaccine separated by at least 28 days. […] Teenagers and adults who do not have evidence of immunity against measles (See Immunity above) should get two doses of MMR vaccine separated by at least 28 days.

• #45

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/how-to-protect-your-children-during-a-measles-outbreak.aspx

  Recent measles outbreaks have many families concerned. Most people who have gotten sick were not vaccinated against measles. This is a stark reminder of the importance of making sure your children are fully vaccinated. […] Thanks to the measles vaccine, we can now protect children from the measles. […] Additional or early vaccination may be recommended in areas where measles continues to spread. […] Choosing to not vaccinate your children not only leaves them susceptible to measles, but also exposes other children to measles. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Academy of Family Physicians all recommend children receive the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine at age 12-15 months, and again at 4-6 years.

• #46 April 10, 2025 – Measles Prevention Information for the AAPS Community – Ann Arbor Public Schools

  https://www.a2schools.org/superintendent/superintendent-messages-2024-25/april-10-2025-measles-prevention-information-for-the-aaps-community

  The U.S. is experiencing measles outbreaks and cases across many states. […] One case of measles is an urgent public health matter. Measles (rubeola) is an extremely contagious disease caused by the measles virus, which can cause complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and death. […] Based on the state Public Health Code, if there is a measles case in a school, students who are not fully immunized with MMR vaccine will be excluded from school and all school-related activities for a minimum of 21 days. […] We strongly urge families with children who are not fully immunized (2 doses of MMR for children ages 4 and over) to get the first dose as soon as possible. […] The measles vaccine is highly effective and very safe. A single dose of measles vaccine is about 93% effective at preventing measles, while two doses are about 97% effective. It is also effective if used within 72 hours of measles exposure to prevent illness. […] The Washtenaw County Health Department is offering walk-in measles vaccine clinics open to all, with or without insurance. You can also get MMR vaccine from your healthcare provider or local pharmacy.

• #47

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/measles.aspx

  Contact management: Recommend immunisation or NHIG to defined contacts. Exclude unimmunised contacts from school/ preschool/ childcare. […] Recommend either immunisation or normal human immunoglobulin (NHIg) to defined contacts where indicated. […] Exclude susceptible contacts from school, early childhood education and care services, healthcare settings, and other settings with high risk contacts. […] Ask contacts to be alert for signs and symptoms of measles and advise those who develop symptoms to telephone ahead before seeking medical review so as to avoid infecting others. […] Control of measles relies on early diagnosis and notification of cases, prompt isolation of infectious cases, and timely and effective identification of contacts, with provision of advice and post-exposure prophylaxis and/or quarantine, as appropriate.

• #48

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  The measles vaccine has been in use for about 60 years and costs less than US$ 1 per child. […] In 2023, 74% of children received both doses of the measles vaccine, and about 83% of the world’s children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday. […] Two doses of the vaccine are recommended to ensure immunity and prevent outbreaks, as not all children develop immunity from the first dose.

• #49 Measles – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/measles.page

  Most people who receive the MMR vaccine do not have any side effects. Some people experience mild side effects, such as fever, mild rash or swelling. Severe problems are very rare. The current measles vaccine has been used safely for decades, keeping children healthy and saving many thousands of lives in the U.S. […] Because of widespread vaccination, cases of measles have decreased more than 99%. Before the measles vaccine was available, an estimated 3 million to 4 million people got measles and 500 people died each year in the U.S. […] All children enrolled in pre-kindergarten, nursery school, day care programs, and Head Start are required to receive one dose of the MMR vaccine. […] Children enrolled in grades K through 12 and college students are required to have two doses of the MMR vaccine. […] Health care workers should have received two doses of a measles-containing vaccine. […] Most pediatricians offer MMR vaccine. For help finding a vaccination site: Call 311.

• #50

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/how-to-protect-your-children-during-a-measles-outbreak.aspx

  High immunization rates in a community protects those who are too young to be vaccinated, including infants under 12 months of age. […] Yes. Occasional side effects of the measles vaccine include fever, tenderness at the injection site and rash. Rare side effects include a temporary decrease in blood platelets. The measles vaccine does not cause autism. Getting the measles vaccine is much safer than getting the measles infection. […] The measles vaccine is very effective in protecting against measles. However, no vaccine is 100% protective so very rarely, people who are vaccinated may develop measles. About 95 of every 100 people will be protected after getting one dose of the MMR vaccine. Two doses of MMR protect 97-99 of every 100 people. […] If you are not sure if you or your children have been fully vaccinated against measles, talk with your doctor to see if anyone in your family needs to be vaccinated.

• #51 Measles – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/measles.page

  Most people who receive the MMR vaccine do not have any side effects. Some people experience mild side effects, such as fever, mild rash or swelling. Severe problems are very rare. The current measles vaccine has been used safely for decades, keeping children healthy and saving many thousands of lives in the U.S. […] Because of widespread vaccination, cases of measles have decreased more than 99%. Before the measles vaccine was available, an estimated 3 million to 4 million people got measles and 500 people died each year in the U.S. […] All children enrolled in pre-kindergarten, nursery school, day care programs, and Head Start are required to receive one dose of the MMR vaccine. […] Children enrolled in grades K through 12 and college students are required to have two doses of the MMR vaccine. […] Health care workers should have received two doses of a measles-containing vaccine. […] Most pediatricians offer MMR vaccine. For help finding a vaccination site: Call 311.

• #52

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/how-to-protect-your-children-during-a-measles-outbreak.aspx

  High immunization rates in a community protects those who are too young to be vaccinated, including infants under 12 months of age. […] Yes. Occasional side effects of the measles vaccine include fever, tenderness at the injection site and rash. Rare side effects include a temporary decrease in blood platelets. The measles vaccine does not cause autism. Getting the measles vaccine is much safer than getting the measles infection. […] The measles vaccine is very effective in protecting against measles. However, no vaccine is 100% protective so very rarely, people who are vaccinated may develop measles. About 95 of every 100 people will be protected after getting one dose of the MMR vaccine. Two doses of MMR protect 97-99 of every 100 people. […] If you are not sure if you or your children have been fully vaccinated against measles, talk with your doctor to see if anyone in your family needs to be vaccinated.

• #53 Measles – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/measles.page

  Most people who receive the MMR vaccine do not have any side effects. Some people experience mild side effects, such as fever, mild rash or swelling. Severe problems are very rare. The current measles vaccine has been used safely for decades, keeping children healthy and saving many thousands of lives in the U.S. […] Because of widespread vaccination, cases of measles have decreased more than 99%. Before the measles vaccine was available, an estimated 3 million to 4 million people got measles and 500 people died each year in the U.S. […] All children enrolled in pre-kindergarten, nursery school, day care programs, and Head Start are required to receive one dose of the MMR vaccine. […] Children enrolled in grades K through 12 and college students are required to have two doses of the MMR vaccine. […] Health care workers should have received two doses of a measles-containing vaccine. […] Most pediatricians offer MMR vaccine. For help finding a vaccination site: Call 311.

• #54

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  Measles vaccination averted more than 60 million deaths between 2000 and 2023. […] Even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, in 2023, there were an estimated 107 500 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under vaccinated children under the age of 5 years. […] Being vaccinated is the best way to prevent getting sick with measles or spreading it to other people. The vaccine is safe and helps your body fight off the virus. […] Community-wide vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. All children should be vaccinated against measles. The vaccine is safe, effective and inexpensive. […] Children should receive two doses of the vaccine to ensure they are immune. […] Routine measles vaccination, combined with mass immunization campaigns in countries with high case rates are crucial for reducing global measles deaths.

• #55 Measles | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540335/all/Measles

  Primary prophylaxis: since the vaccine is a live, attenuated virus, it should not be given to individuals with severe immunosuppression. […] Children use the two-dose schedule in the U.S.: routine vaccine w/ MMR at 12-15 mos (once maternal antibody lost) with a booster at ages 4-6 years. […] Measles vaccine is NOT linked with the development of autism, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. […] Adults born 1957 should receive at least one dose of measles vaccine (MMR) unless they already have measles and are immune. […] Second dose MMR is recommended for students in secondary education, healthcare workers, international travelers, measles outbreak exposure, prior immunization with killed measles vaccine or vaccination with unknown measles vaccine between 1963-1967. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis: recommendations suggest all, even infants from birth, should receive if non-immune with significant exposure to measles (significant exposure = if age 1yr, pregnant, immunocompromised or susceptible). […] Immunization: preferred if contact with known case in a susceptible individual without MMR contraindication within 72h of exposure. […] Efficacy ~ 90% effective in preventing the onset of measles.

• #56 Measles Prevention | FIU Division of Student Affairs

  https://dasa.fiu.edu/campus-spaces/student-health-clinics/disease-prevention/measles-prevention/

  Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent getting or exposing others to measles. The measles vaccine, known as the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine, is safe and effective. Two doses of MMR vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles; one dose is about 93% effective. […] People should get the MMR vaccine if they haven’t been vaccinated or don’t know if they got the vaccine before. […] Children should be vaccinated at 12-15 months of age and again at 4-6 years of age. […] The CDC recommends that all individuals who are medically able to get the MMR vaccine get vaccinated.

• #57 Measles Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Supportive Care, Antiviral Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-treatment

  Postexposure prophylaxis should be considered in unvaccinated contacts; timely tracing of contacts should be a priority. […] Prevention or modification of measles in exposed susceptible individuals involves the administration of measles virus vaccine or human immunoglobulin (Ig). […] The vaccine is preventive if administered within 3 days of exposure. […] Human Ig prevents or modifies disease in susceptible contacts if administered within 6 days of exposure. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that groups who are at higher risk for complications from severe measles should receive intravenous administration of Ig at a dose of 400 mg/kg. […] The ACIP advises that the use of the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella virus vaccine is contraindicated in persons with HIV infection of any severity.

• #58

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/controlguideline/Pages/measles.aspx

  Contact management: Recommend immunisation or NHIG to defined contacts. Exclude unimmunised contacts from school/ preschool/ childcare. […] Recommend either immunisation or normal human immunoglobulin (NHIg) to defined contacts where indicated. […] Exclude susceptible contacts from school, early childhood education and care services, healthcare settings, and other settings with high risk contacts. […] Ask contacts to be alert for signs and symptoms of measles and advise those who develop symptoms to telephone ahead before seeking medical review so as to avoid infecting others. […] Control of measles relies on early diagnosis and notification of cases, prompt isolation of infectious cases, and timely and effective identification of contacts, with provision of advice and post-exposure prophylaxis and/or quarantine, as appropriate.

• #59 Measles: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/measles/prevention-risks.html

  Preventing measles with vaccination […] One dose of a measles-containing vaccine given after 12 months of age is up to 95% effective at preventing measles. Having 2 doses is about 99% effective. […] Adults born in or after 1970 are recommended to receive at least 1 dose of a measles-containing vaccine. […] People who are pregnant or immunocompromised (have a weakened immune system) are generally not recommended to receive a measles-containing vaccine. However, they should consult with a health care provider if they’re not previously vaccinated and are at risk of exposure to measles. […] If you think you’ve been exposed to someone with measles, talk to a health care provider. They’ll provide advice on how to reduce your risk of infection, especially if: you’re not vaccinated against measles

• #60 Measles: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/measles/prevention-risks.html

  They may recommend the measles vaccine or a medication that contains protective antibodies. These should be given as soon as possible after exposure. […] You’re more likely to become infected if you’re: unvaccinated and haven’t previously had a measles infection and travelling to regions or countries where measles is circulating.

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