Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Measles: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-overview

  The cause of measles is the measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Humans are the natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known to exist. This highly contagious virus is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions. […] Risk factors for measles virus infection include the following: Children with immunodeficiency due to HIV or AIDS, leukemia, alkylating agents, or corticosteroid therapy, regardless of immunization status. […] Risk factors for severe measles and its complications include the following: Malnutrition, underlying immunodeficiency, pregnancy, vitamin A deficiency.

• #2 Clinical Overview of Measles | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Measles is caused by a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype. It is classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Humans are the only natural hosts of measles virus. […] Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases. Up to 9 out of 10 susceptible people with close contact to a measles patient will develop measles. […] Measles cases occur as a result of importations by people who were infected while in other countries; and from subsequent transmission that may occur from those importations. Measles is more likely to spread and cause outbreaks in communities where groups of people are unvaccinated.

• #3 Measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles

  Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus. […] The virus is one of the most contagious human pathogens and is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions. […] Measles is caused by the measles virus, a single-stranded, non-segmented, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. […] Risk factors for measles virus infection include immunodeficiency caused by HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression following receipt of an organ or a stem cell transplant, alkylating agents, or corticosteroid therapy, regardless of immunization status; travel to areas where measles commonly occurs or contact with travelers from such an area; and the loss of passive, inherited antibodies before the age of routine immunization. […] The measles virus can deplete previously acquired immune memory by killing cells that make antibodies, and thus weakens the immune system, which can cause deaths from other diseases.

• #4 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] The causative organism of measles is the measles virus, an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] The measles virus can induce immunosuppression that can last for weeks to years. […] The single best way to treat measles is to prevent it. […] The measles vaccine provides 97% protection after 2 doses; it has been administered to several million recipients globally over decades, and has proven safe and effective by dramatically reducing the number of measles cases. […] Given the absence of an animal reservoir and the availability of a safe and highly effective vaccine, it is theoretically possible to eliminate measles as a cause of disease.

• #5 Factsheet about measles

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts

  Measles is an acute, highly contagious viral disease capable of causing epidemics. […] The measles virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus and the family Paramyxoviridae. […] The entire measles virus genome has been sequenced which has allowed for identification of distinct wild-virus lineages with different geographical distribution. […] Vaccine induced immunity protects against all virus strains. Measles is considered a monotypic virus despite the genetic variations. […] Humans are the only natural host of the virus and measles meets the following criteria for a disease that can be eradicated: No animal or environmental reservoir. […] The measles vaccine is highly effective and safe. […] Global eradication of measles would occur when the last chain of transmission of measles virus is interrupted in every country.

• #6 Factsheet about measles

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts

  Measles is an acute, highly contagious viral disease capable of causing epidemics. […] The measles virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus and the family Paramyxoviridae. […] The entire measles virus genome has been sequenced which has allowed for identification of distinct wild-virus lineages with different geographical distribution. […] Vaccine induced immunity protects against all virus strains. Measles is considered a monotypic virus despite the genetic variations. […] Humans are the only natural host of the virus and measles meets the following criteria for a disease that can be eradicated: No animal or environmental reservoir. […] The measles vaccine is highly effective and safe. […] Global eradication of measles would occur when the last chain of transmission of measles virus is interrupted in every country.

• #7 Clinical Overview of Measles | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Measles is caused by a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype. It is classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Humans are the only natural hosts of measles virus. […] Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases. Up to 9 out of 10 susceptible people with close contact to a measles patient will develop measles. […] Measles cases occur as a result of importations by people who were infected while in other countries; and from subsequent transmission that may occur from those importations. Measles is more likely to spread and cause outbreaks in communities where groups of people are unvaccinated.

• #8 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] The causative organism of measles is the measles virus, an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] The measles virus can induce immunosuppression that can last for weeks to years. […] The single best way to treat measles is to prevent it. […] The measles vaccine provides 97% protection after 2 doses; it has been administered to several million recipients globally over decades, and has proven safe and effective by dramatically reducing the number of measles cases. […] Given the absence of an animal reservoir and the availability of a safe and highly effective vaccine, it is theoretically possible to eliminate measles as a cause of disease.

• #9 Measles | Health Knowledge

  https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/disease-causation-diagnostic/2b-epidemiology-diseases-phs/infectious-diseases/measles

  Measles virus; an acute and highly infectious viral illness of the paramyxovirus family. […] Almost all non-immune children exposed to the measles virus will become infected. […] Humans – no known animal reservoir.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Measles-Causes.aspx

  Measles is caused by infection with the rubeola virus. This is a highly infectious virus spread by airborne droplets from an infected person. […] The measles virus is a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus. […] The measles virus remains a delicate virus and is rapidly inactivated by heat, light, acidic pH and by chemicals and enzymes such as ether and trypsin. […] The infection can also be spread if the droplets have settled on a surface and a healthy individual touches the surface and then places the contaminated hand over or near his or her nose and mouth. […] Measles can affect all age groups of individuals. Anyone who has not had measles before and has not been vaccinated can be infected. Cases of re-infection are rare since the body builds immunity to the virus.

• #11 What Is Measles? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/measles/guide/

  Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and is typically transmitted through direct contact and air. […] When the measles virus enters the body, it initially infects immune cells known as macrophages and dendritic cells. The infected cells replicate and move to the lymph nodes, where they transfer the virus to lymphocytes (types of white blood cells) known as B and T cells. […] Those infected cells move throughout the body and release virus particles into the blood. The spleen, lymph nodes, liver, thymus, skin, and lungs can all become infected with the virus. […] Measles is highly contagious so much so that 90 percent of people who are close to an infected person and not immune to the virus will catch it. […] Only humans (not animals) transmit the measles virus. You are at risk of getting measles if you are not vaccinated, were vaccinated but didn’t develop immunity to the virus, or travel in undeveloped countries with low rates of measles vaccinations.

• #12 Measles: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37135

  Measles is caused by the rubeola virus. […] Infection with the rubeola virus causes measles. […] The virus enters the body through the mouth, nose, or eyes. […] In the skin, the measles virus causes inflammation in the capillaries. This gives rise to the hallmark measles rash. […] The virus crosses the blood-brain barrier and enters the brain in around 1 in 1,000 people. This can cause swelling in the brain that may be life-threatening. […] Anyone who has never had measles or the vaccination can become ill if they breathe in infected droplets or are in close physical contact with someone who has measles.

• #13 Measles: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-overview

  The cause of measles is the measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Humans are the natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known to exist. This highly contagious virus is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions. […] Risk factors for measles virus infection include the following: Children with immunodeficiency due to HIV or AIDS, leukemia, alkylating agents, or corticosteroid therapy, regardless of immunization status. […] Risk factors for severe measles and its complications include the following: Malnutrition, underlying immunodeficiency, pregnancy, vitamin A deficiency.

• #14 Measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles

  Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus. […] The virus is one of the most contagious human pathogens and is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions. […] Measles is caused by the measles virus, a single-stranded, non-segmented, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. […] Risk factors for measles virus infection include immunodeficiency caused by HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression following receipt of an organ or a stem cell transplant, alkylating agents, or corticosteroid therapy, regardless of immunization status; travel to areas where measles commonly occurs or contact with travelers from such an area; and the loss of passive, inherited antibodies before the age of routine immunization. […] The measles virus can deplete previously acquired immune memory by killing cells that make antibodies, and thus weakens the immune system, which can cause deaths from other diseases.

• #15 What Is Measles? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/measles/guide/

  Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and is typically transmitted through direct contact and air. […] When the measles virus enters the body, it initially infects immune cells known as macrophages and dendritic cells. The infected cells replicate and move to the lymph nodes, where they transfer the virus to lymphocytes (types of white blood cells) known as B and T cells. […] Those infected cells move throughout the body and release virus particles into the blood. The spleen, lymph nodes, liver, thymus, skin, and lungs can all become infected with the virus. […] Measles is highly contagious so much so that 90 percent of people who are close to an infected person and not immune to the virus will catch it. […] Only humans (not animals) transmit the measles virus. You are at risk of getting measles if you are not vaccinated, were vaccinated but didn’t develop immunity to the virus, or travel in undeveloped countries with low rates of measles vaccinations.

• #16 Measles: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-overview

  The cause of measles is the measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Humans are the natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known to exist. This highly contagious virus is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions. […] Risk factors for measles virus infection include the following: Children with immunodeficiency due to HIV or AIDS, leukemia, alkylating agents, or corticosteroid therapy, regardless of immunization status. […] Risk factors for severe measles and its complications include the following: Malnutrition, underlying immunodeficiency, pregnancy, vitamin A deficiency.

• #17 Measles > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/measles

  Measles is a contagious virus commonly seen in children that causes fever, cough, runny nose, and pneumonia. […] Measles is also dangerous because of the complications that can arise in affected people, especially in children who are malnourished or have weakened immune systems. […] Measles, mumps, and rubella are all viral, contagious diseases that can be prevented by a single vaccination (known as the MMR vaccine). […] This infection, caused by the rubeola virus (which is not the same as rubella, described below), causes a fever, rash, cough, runny nose, and red eyes. […] Measles is so contagious, in fact, that if one person in a room has measles, 90 percent of the (unvaccinated or unprotected, by not having had the measles previously) people nearby will become infected. […] Severe complications are more likely to occur in children who are poorly nourished, have a weakened immune system from leukemia and HIV, or are affected by other serious diseases.

• #18 Measles – symptoms, causes and vaccination | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/measles

  Measles is caused by a virus. […] Measles is a highly contagious viral illness. Infected people spread measles through coughing and sneezing. The virus can survive in the air and on surfaces for a couple of hours. […] Measles is very contagious. You are usually contagious from around the day before you feel unwell until 4 days after your rash appears. […] Measles complications are more common in people who are immunocompromised (where the immune system is not working as well as it should) or poorly nourished. Complications may include pneumonia (lung infection) and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

• #19 Measles – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/measles

  Serious cases are especially frequent in malnourished young children, especially those whose immune systems are weakened. In populations with high levels of malnutrition and inadequate health care, measles can kill in up to 10% of cases. […] Most measles-related deaths are caused by complications associated with the disease. Serious complications are more common in children under the age of 5, or adults over the age of 30. The most serious complications include blindness, encephalitis (an infection that causes brain swelling), severe diarrhoea and related dehydration, ear infections, or severe respiratory infections such as pneumonia. Severe measles is more likely among poorly nourished young children, especially those with insufficient vitamin A, or whose immune systems have been weakened by HIV/AIDS or other diseases.

• #20 Clinical Overview of Measles | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Measles is caused by a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype. It is classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Humans are the only natural hosts of measles virus. […] Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases. Up to 9 out of 10 susceptible people with close contact to a measles patient will develop measles. […] Measles cases occur as a result of importations by people who were infected while in other countries; and from subsequent transmission that may occur from those importations. Measles is more likely to spread and cause outbreaks in communities where groups of people are unvaccinated.

• #21 Measles: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001569.htm

  Measles is a very contagious (easily spread) illness caused by a virus. […] Measles is spread by contact with droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat of an infected person. Sneezing and coughing can put contaminated droplets into the air. […] If one person has the measles, 90% of the people who come in contact with that person will get the measles, unless they have been vaccinated. […] People who had measles or who have been vaccinated against measles are protected from the disease. […] As of 2000, measles had been eliminated in the United States. However, unvaccinated people who travel to other countries where measles is common have brought the disease back to the United States. This has led to recent outbreaks of measles in groups of people who are unvaccinated. […] Getting vaccinated is a very effective way to prevent measles. People who are not immunized, or who have not received the full immunization, are at high risk of catching the disease if they are exposed.

• #22 Measles: Rash, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8584-measles

  Measles is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus. It causes a widespread rash and flu-like symptoms. But measles isn’t just a rash. It can make you severely ill and lead to life-threatening complications like brain inflammation and pneumonia. […] Measles virus (genus Morbillivirus) causes measles. It’s an airborne disease, which means it spreads through the air when an infected person breathes, coughs, sneezes or talks. The airborne droplets can remain in a room for two hours even after the person with measles is gone. Droplets can also land on surfaces you touch. […] Yes, measles is highly contagious, which means it spreads easily from person to person. Experts estimate that if one person in a room of unvaccinated people has measles, 9 out of 10 people in the room will catch it.

• #23 Measles – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/measles

  Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus that can spread through the air by breathing, coughing, or sneezing. […] The disease is also called rubeola is easily spread from person to person. […] Measles is a very contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat of an infected person. […] The main way that measles spreads is by coughing or sneezing. […] Up to 9 out of every 10 people close to a person with measles who are not immune will also become infected. […] Measles can be prevented with MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine. […] Two doses of MMR vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles; one dose is about 93% effective. […] Some people who get two doses of MMR vaccine may still get measles if they are exposed to the virus, however the disease is usually milder and they are less likely to spread the disease to others. […] Measles cases in the US originate from international travel or domestic travel to an area with an outbreak.

• #24 Measles – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/measles/symptoms-causes/syc-20374857

  Measles is caused by a virus that spreads only among humans. […] When someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, droplets spray into the air. People who breathe in the droplets can catch the virus. […] You can catch measles if you touch an infected surface and then touch your mouth, nose or eyes. These droplets can infect other people for up to two hours.

• #25 Measles: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001569.htm

  Measles is a very contagious (easily spread) illness caused by a virus. […] Measles is spread by contact with droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat of an infected person. Sneezing and coughing can put contaminated droplets into the air. […] If one person has the measles, 90% of the people who come in contact with that person will get the measles, unless they have been vaccinated. […] People who had measles or who have been vaccinated against measles are protected from the disease. […] As of 2000, measles had been eliminated in the United States. However, unvaccinated people who travel to other countries where measles is common have brought the disease back to the United States. This has led to recent outbreaks of measles in groups of people who are unvaccinated. […] Getting vaccinated is a very effective way to prevent measles. People who are not immunized, or who have not received the full immunization, are at high risk of catching the disease if they are exposed.

• #26 Measles: Rash, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8584-measles

  Measles is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus. It causes a widespread rash and flu-like symptoms. But measles isn’t just a rash. It can make you severely ill and lead to life-threatening complications like brain inflammation and pneumonia. […] Measles virus (genus Morbillivirus) causes measles. It’s an airborne disease, which means it spreads through the air when an infected person breathes, coughs, sneezes or talks. The airborne droplets can remain in a room for two hours even after the person with measles is gone. Droplets can also land on surfaces you touch. […] Yes, measles is highly contagious, which means it spreads easily from person to person. Experts estimate that if one person in a room of unvaccinated people has measles, 9 out of 10 people in the room will catch it.

• #27 Measles Virus (Rubeola): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/vaccines/what-is-measles

  Measles is an infection you get from a virus. The measles virus lives in the mucus of the nose and throat. Its spread through the air and by coming into direct contact with someone who has it. The virus can stay active on surfaces and in the air for up to 2 hours. […] Measles is an extremely contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates in the nose and throat of those infected. […] Measles is a highly contagious disease that is easily recognized by its red, itchy rash that can over the entire body. […] Despite the rash, measles is actually a respiratory disease which effects your breathing. […] The infection can be deadly. Up to 90% of those who are not immune will also become infected when near someone with measles who is contagious, so it is important to get the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine.

• #28 Measles: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention – CK Birla Hospital

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/blogs/measles-causes-symptoms-and-prevention/

  Measles is caused by a contagious virus (morbillivirus) spread through the air by breathing, coughing, sneezing, or talking. Airborne particles can infect others and linger up to two hours in a room, settling on surfaces for further transmission. […] Measles can be transmitted through: Sharing food or beverages with an infected individual. Kissing someone who is infected. Hugging, holding hands, or shaking hands with an infected person. Contacting your mouth, nose, or eyes after coming into contact with a virus-contaminated surface. Transmission from pregnant individuals to their babies can occur during pregnancy, delivery, or through nursing.

• #29 Measles Clinical Diagnosis Fact Sheet | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/communication-resources/clinical-diagnosis-fact-sheet.html

  Measles is a highly contagious respiratory virus that causes febrile rash illness. […] Measles has been eliminated (no sustained circulation) in the United States for decades. However, there can still be measles cases, as it is easily imported by unvaccinated travelers and can spread in under-immunized communities. […] Measles is infectious 4 days before and 4 days after rash onset. […] Measles is one of the most contagious diseases and can be dangerous in babies and young children. The best protection against measles is the MMR vaccine.

• #30 Measles – symptoms, causes and vaccination | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/measles

  Measles is caused by a virus. […] Measles is a highly contagious viral illness. Infected people spread measles through coughing and sneezing. The virus can survive in the air and on surfaces for a couple of hours. […] Measles is very contagious. You are usually contagious from around the day before you feel unwell until 4 days after your rash appears. […] Measles complications are more common in people who are immunocompromised (where the immune system is not working as well as it should) or poorly nourished. Complications may include pneumonia (lung infection) and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

• #31 MEASLES: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention.

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/measles-causes-symptoms-treatment-prevention-chikodi-onyemkpa

  Measles is a childhood infection caused by a virus. Once quite common, measles can now almost always be prevented with a vaccine. […] Measles is a highly contagious and serious disease caused by a virus. It is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions. The virus infects the respiratory tract, then spreads throughout the body. Measles is a human disease and is not known to occur in animals. The virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours. It can be transmitted by an infected person from 4 days prior to the onset of the rash to 4 days after the rash erupts. […] Measles outbreaks can result in epidemics that cause many deaths, especially among young, malnourished children. […] Before the introduction of the measles vaccine in 1963 and widespread vaccination, more than 140 000 people died from measles in 2018 mostly children under the age of 5 years, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine.

• #32 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] The causative organism of measles is the measles virus, an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] The measles virus can induce immunosuppression that can last for weeks to years. […] The single best way to treat measles is to prevent it. […] The measles vaccine provides 97% protection after 2 doses; it has been administered to several million recipients globally over decades, and has proven safe and effective by dramatically reducing the number of measles cases. […] Given the absence of an animal reservoir and the availability of a safe and highly effective vaccine, it is theoretically possible to eliminate measles as a cause of disease.

• #33 Why is measles spreading in Canada, Mexico and the US?

  https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/3/why-is-measles-spreading-in-canada-mexico-and-the-us

  Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that starts with symptoms including high fever, cough, runny nose, red or watery eyes, and sensitivity to light. […] Before the measles vaccine was introduced in 1963, about 3 to 4 million cases of measles were reported annually in the US, with hundreds of deaths and thousands of hospitalisations. […] According to the WHO and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the main reason measles is spreading is that fewer people are taking up vaccines. […] Misinformation and growing hesitancy have seen vaccination rates dropping below the level needed for herd immunity. […] Mennonite groups in Ontario and Chihuahua have also historically been hesitant about taking up vaccines, and health authorities say a significant share of recent measles cases in these areas are concentrated within this population.

• #34

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  Measles is a highly contagious, serious airborne disease caused by a virus that can lead to severe complications and death. […] Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. […] Measles infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body. […] An estimated 107 500 people died from measles in 2023 mostly children under the age of five years, despite the availability of a safe and cost-effective vaccine. […] Measles is one of the worlds most contagious diseases, spread by contact with infected nasal or throat secretions (coughing or sneezing) or breathing the air that was breathed by someone with measles. […] Most deaths from measles are from complications related to the disease. […] Complications are most common in children under 5 years and adults over age 30.

• #35 Clinical Overview of Measles | Measles (Rubeola) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Measles is caused by a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype. It is classified as a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Humans are the only natural hosts of measles virus. […] Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases. Up to 9 out of 10 susceptible people with close contact to a measles patient will develop measles. […] Measles cases occur as a result of importations by people who were infected while in other countries; and from subsequent transmission that may occur from those importations. Measles is more likely to spread and cause outbreaks in communities where groups of people are unvaccinated.

• #36 Measles – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/common-viral-infections-in-infants-and-children/measles

  Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus and is a human disease with no known animal reservoir or asymptomatic carrier state. […] Measles is spread mainly by secretions from the nose, throat, and mouth during the prodromal or early eruptive stage. […] In the United States, almost all measles cases are imported by travelers or immigrants, with subsequent community transmission occurring primarily among unvaccinated people. […] The CDC estimates that worldwide approximately 134,000 people die each year of measles, typically from complications of pneumonia or encephalitis.

• #37 Measles: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001569.htm

  Measles is a very contagious (easily spread) illness caused by a virus. […] Measles is spread by contact with droplets from the nose, mouth, or throat of an infected person. Sneezing and coughing can put contaminated droplets into the air. […] If one person has the measles, 90% of the people who come in contact with that person will get the measles, unless they have been vaccinated. […] People who had measles or who have been vaccinated against measles are protected from the disease. […] As of 2000, measles had been eliminated in the United States. However, unvaccinated people who travel to other countries where measles is common have brought the disease back to the United States. This has led to recent outbreaks of measles in groups of people who are unvaccinated. […] Getting vaccinated is a very effective way to prevent measles. People who are not immunized, or who have not received the full immunization, are at high risk of catching the disease if they are exposed.

• #38

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON565

  The overall risk of measles in the Americas Region is considered high due to several factors: […] Ongoing virus circulation from imported cases has led to outbreaks with extended transmission chains, secondary cases, and virus spread to new areas and countries in 2025. […] Suboptimal vaccination coverage persists across the region. […] An increasing number of susceptible individuals due to continued low coverage, driven by factors like the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy, and limited access to healthcare, especially among vulnerable groups such as migrants, displaced persons, and Indigenous populations. […] The overall risk at the global level is assessed as moderate due to the ongoing transmission in all the other WHO Regions, where immunization programs in several countries are not at an optimal level due to various factors, such as resource limitations, vaccine hesitancy, political instability, and health system weaknesses. […] This risk, coupled with gaps in laboratory systems and surveillance, outbreak detection and rapid response capacity, impedes progress towards global measles elimination goals and further exacerbates the threat of spread.

• #39 Measles outbreak: Symptoms, causes, how to protect yourself | Vox

  https://www.vox.com/health/404709/measles-outbreak-cdc-vaccine-booster-recommendations

  One of Americas worst measles outbreaks in recent years continues to spread, with 292 reported cases in western Texas and eastern New Mexico as of March 17. […] The actual number of cases is likely higher than the official count, based on reports from doctors who are treating patients as well as statistical analysis (two deaths would suggest thousands of cases, based on the measles mortality rate of roughly 1 in 1,000 infections). […] Measles vaccination rates in most US states have fallen below the 95 percent threshold scientists consider necessary to control the disease, and those rates have continued to drop. […] The Texas emergency appears to have begun in an insular religious community with high vaccination exemption rates; 14 percent of all children in Gaines County have exemptions.

• #40 Measles (Rubeola) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/measles-rubeola-a-to-z

  However, in recent years, there have been more outbreaks, primarily related to more parents refusing MMR vaccination of their children. […] You can prevent measles with the measles vaccine, given as part of the MMR combination vaccine. […] In people with weakened immune systems or those who are severely ill from measles, the antiviral medication ribavirin (Virazole) occasionally has been used, but no controlled trials have proven its benefits. […] Death from measles complications such as pneumonia or encephalitis occurs in 1 to 2 of every 1,000 cases, more commonly in infants, older adults or people with weakened immune defenses.

• #41 Measles – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles

  Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus. […] The virus is one of the most contagious human pathogens and is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions. […] Measles is caused by the measles virus, a single-stranded, non-segmented, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. […] Risk factors for measles virus infection include immunodeficiency caused by HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression following receipt of an organ or a stem cell transplant, alkylating agents, or corticosteroid therapy, regardless of immunization status; travel to areas where measles commonly occurs or contact with travelers from such an area; and the loss of passive, inherited antibodies before the age of routine immunization. […] The measles virus can deplete previously acquired immune memory by killing cells that make antibodies, and thus weakens the immune system, which can cause deaths from other diseases.

• #42 Measles has long-term health consequences for kids. Vaccines can prevent all of them. | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/measles-has-long-term-health-consequences-for-kids-vaccines-can-prevent-all-of-them

  Measles can erase the immune system’s „memory” and cause a rare but fatal health condition. The MMR vaccine prevents these repercussions, evidence shows. […] Long after a person recovers from their acute infection, their immune system is compromised and in rare cases, the measles virus can hide out in the nervous system, roaring back to cause a fatal disease years later. […] Measles binds to a receptor that happens to be present on several important immune cells: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and long-lived plasma cells. These are cells that „remember” past infections for decades, thus enabling the immune system to rapidly mount a defense if it encounters a pathogen again. […] After a measles infection, people lose between 11% and 73% of the antibodies they had to previous infections.

• #43 Measles | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/measles

  Measles is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. […] Measles infection also damages and suppresses the whole immune system, so people who have had measles are more likely to catch other infectious diseases. […] Before widespread vaccination was introduced, the disease caused an estimated 2.6 million global deaths each year. […] In rare cases, measles can lead to a condition called SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis). SSPE is a persistent viral infection, a devastating complication of measles which leads to a progressive destruction of the central nervous system. […] As well as causing serious disease, the measles virus attacks the white blood cells that protect us against other diseases. […] Before a measles vaccine was available, it is estimated that measles was the direct or indirect cause of over half of all childhood deaths from infectious disease.

• #44 Measles has long-term health consequences for kids. Vaccines can prevent all of them. | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/measles-has-long-term-health-consequences-for-kids-vaccines-can-prevent-all-of-them

  Furthermore, a 2015 study led by Elledge’s collaborator, epidemiologist Dr. Michael Mina, found that kids who got measles had a higher death rate from other infectious diseases in subsequent years. […] The measles virus can wreak havoc on the immune system. […] The „natural” remedies that have been pushed by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and others, such as vitamin A, are not measles treatments. […] Vaccine is protective against all of these complications.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  Any non-immune person (not vaccinated or vaccinated but did not develop immunity) can become infected. […] The overwhelming majority of measles deaths occur in countries with low per capita incomes or weak health infrastructures that struggle to reach all children with immunization. […] Measles outbreaks can result in severe complications and deaths, especially among young, malnourished children. […] There is no specific treatment for measles. […] Community-wide vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. […] The measles vaccine is also used in emergencies to stop outbreaks from spreading. […] In 2023, 74% of children received both doses of the measles vaccine, and about 83% of the world’s children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday. […] WHO concluded that measles elimination is under threat, as the disease resurged in numerous countries that achieved, or were close to achieving, elimination.

• #46 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] The causative organism of measles is the measles virus, an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] The measles virus can induce immunosuppression that can last for weeks to years. […] The single best way to treat measles is to prevent it. […] The measles vaccine provides 97% protection after 2 doses; it has been administered to several million recipients globally over decades, and has proven safe and effective by dramatically reducing the number of measles cases. […] Given the absence of an animal reservoir and the availability of a safe and highly effective vaccine, it is theoretically possible to eliminate measles as a cause of disease.

• #47 Measles > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/measles

  Young children who are not yet vaccinated against measles are at the highest risk of developing measles and complications of the virus. […] Administering the MMR vaccine to children around their first birthday is key to prevention, which is why large immunization campaigns in countries with high cases of measles are so vital. […] The measles vaccine has been deemed safe and effective by the World Health Organization and the CDC, and has been in use for more than 50 years. […] Two doses of the MMR vaccine are 97 percent effective against measles.

• #48 Measles (Rubeola) Vaccine, Symptoms, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/measles_rubeola/article.htm

  Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be fatal. […] The measles virus (rubeola virus, a paramyxovirus, genus Morbillivirus) causes measles. […] Measles spreads through droplet transmission from the nose, throat, and mouth of someone infected with the virus. […] The pathogen responsible for measles is the rubeola virus. […] Most deaths from measles are due to pneumonia in children and encephalitis in adults. […] The only way to prevent measles is by receiving measles immunization: This is commonly given as a two-shot series that contains measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) or a shot containing measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) vaccine (MMRV). […] The measles vaccine is also available as a single vaccine. […] The measles-containing vaccines (MMR and MMRV) are not 100% effective, and this is why it is critical that everyone receives an immunization.

• #49 Measles (Rubeola) | Baylor Scott & White Health

  https://www.bswhealth.com/conditions/measles-rubeola

  One to three in every 1,000 children who become infected with measles will die from respiratory and neurologic complications. […] The risk of death from measles in adults is rare, but higher in adults who are not fully vaccinated. […] Being unvaccinated is the biggest risk for contracting measles, as the MMR vaccine provides strong protection for your entire life. […] The measles vaccine is proven to be safe and highly effective at preventing the virus. […] Once you receive the vaccine, your body builds strong immunity, which means you’re very unlikely to ever get sick with measles. […] The measles vaccines are 97% effective in preventing measles with just two doses and provide lifelong protection.

• #50 Measles outbreak: Symptoms, causes, how to protect yourself | Vox

  https://www.vox.com/health/404709/measles-outbreak-cdc-vaccine-booster-recommendations

  Vaccination remains the best defense against measles: Two doses of the MMR vaccine given to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella is 97 percent effective at preventing a measles infection (and therefore spread). […] It is perhaps the most effective vaccine we have for any disease, and any risks from the vaccine are astonishingly low compared to the dangers of measles itself.

• #51

• #52 Measles – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/measles

  Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus that can spread through the air by breathing, coughing, or sneezing. […] The disease is also called rubeola is easily spread from person to person. […] Measles is a very contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat of an infected person. […] The main way that measles spreads is by coughing or sneezing. […] Up to 9 out of every 10 people close to a person with measles who are not immune will also become infected. […] Measles can be prevented with MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine. […] Two doses of MMR vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles; one dose is about 93% effective. […] Some people who get two doses of MMR vaccine may still get measles if they are exposed to the virus, however the disease is usually milder and they are less likely to spread the disease to others. […] Measles cases in the US originate from international travel or domestic travel to an area with an outbreak.

• #53

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/measles-breakthrough-infections-causes-vaccine-symptoms-rcna201799

  A small number of people who are fully vaccinated may get sick during a large outbreak, doctors say. […] Nearly all of the cases are among people who haven’t been vaccinated, but 3% of the identified cases are so-called breakthrough infections. People got sick despite being either partially or fully vaccinated with the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) shot. […] A small number of people who are fully vaccinated may get sick during a large outbreak. […] Research suggests that when breakthrough infections occur, the MMR vaccine still tends to provide some partial protection. […] Because measles is highly infectious, this waning is expected to cause some breakthrough infections, said Alexis Robert, a researcher at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine who authored a paper on long-term vaccine protection in 2024.

• #54 Factsheet about measles

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts

  Measles is extremely communicable and it is estimated that 90% of non-immune people exposed to an infective individual will contract the disease. […] The virus is transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets produced when sick people cough and sneeze. […] Immunisation is the only effective preventive measure against acquiring measles. […] The live attenuated measles vaccine induces an immune response that is similar to naturally acquired immunity and can be boosted by challenge from wild or vaccine virus. […] Measles vaccine is at least 95% effective and seroconversion rates are close 100%. […] Maternal antibodies are the most common cause of primary vaccine failure. […] Experience and modelling shows that two doses of measles vaccine is required to interrupt indigenous transmission and achieve herd immunity. […] There is no specific antiviral therapy for measles and most cases will recover with supportive treatment including hydration and antipyretics.

• #55 Measles outbreak: Symptoms, causes, how to protect yourself | Vox

  https://www.vox.com/health/404709/measles-outbreak-cdc-vaccine-booster-recommendations

  One of Americas worst measles outbreaks in recent years continues to spread, with 292 reported cases in western Texas and eastern New Mexico as of March 17. […] The actual number of cases is likely higher than the official count, based on reports from doctors who are treating patients as well as statistical analysis (two deaths would suggest thousands of cases, based on the measles mortality rate of roughly 1 in 1,000 infections). […] Measles vaccination rates in most US states have fallen below the 95 percent threshold scientists consider necessary to control the disease, and those rates have continued to drop. […] The Texas emergency appears to have begun in an insular religious community with high vaccination exemption rates; 14 percent of all children in Gaines County have exemptions.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  Any non-immune person (not vaccinated or vaccinated but did not develop immunity) can become infected. […] The overwhelming majority of measles deaths occur in countries with low per capita incomes or weak health infrastructures that struggle to reach all children with immunization. […] Measles outbreaks can result in severe complications and deaths, especially among young, malnourished children. […] There is no specific treatment for measles. […] Community-wide vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. […] The measles vaccine is also used in emergencies to stop outbreaks from spreading. […] In 2023, 74% of children received both doses of the measles vaccine, and about 83% of the world’s children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday. […] WHO concluded that measles elimination is under threat, as the disease resurged in numerous countries that achieved, or were close to achieving, elimination.

• #57 Measles (Rubeola) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/measles.html

  Measles is caused by a virus, so there’s no specific medical treatment for it. […] Measles spreads when people breathe in or have direct contact with virus-infected fluid. […] Measles is very contagious. In fact, 9 out of 10 people who aren’t vaccinated for measles will get it if they are near an infected person. […] Widespread immunization has made measles uncommon in the U.S. But outbreaks do still happen. An outbreak is when a disease happens in greater numbers than expected in a particular area. Measles outbreaks have been increasing worldwide, mostly spreading from people who are not vaccinated. […] A dose of the measles vaccine also can help protect unvaccinated people from getting sick after exposure to measles if they get it within 3 days.

• #58 Measles (Rubeola) | Baylor Scott & White Health

  https://www.bswhealth.com/conditions/measles-rubeola

  Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection that causes cough, fever, runny nose and a distinctive red rash. […] The measles virus spreads easily through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. […] Preventable through the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, measles was declared eliminated from the United States in 2000. […] However, recent measles outbreaks have occurred due to declining childhood immunization rates. […] Measles is one of the most contagious infectious diseases in the world. […] About 90% of unvaccinated people who come in contact with an infected person will develop it too. […] The virus can remain active in the air or on surfaces for up to two hours. […] Measles can be deadly, especially for young children, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  Measles is a highly contagious, serious airborne disease caused by a virus that can lead to severe complications and death. […] Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. […] Measles infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body. […] An estimated 107 500 people died from measles in 2023 mostly children under the age of five years, despite the availability of a safe and cost-effective vaccine. […] Measles is one of the worlds most contagious diseases, spread by contact with infected nasal or throat secretions (coughing or sneezing) or breathing the air that was breathed by someone with measles. […] Most deaths from measles are from complications related to the disease. […] Complications are most common in children under 5 years and adults over age 30.

• #60 Measles – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448068/

  Measles, or rubeola, is a highly contagious viral illness characterized by fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a distinctive rash. […] The causative organism of measles is the measles virus, an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. […] The epidemiology of measles is variable globally and relates to immunization levels achieved in a particular region. […] The measles virus has no animal reservoir and occurs only in humans. […] The measles virus can induce immunosuppression that can last for weeks to years. […] The single best way to treat measles is to prevent it. […] The measles vaccine provides 97% protection after 2 doses; it has been administered to several million recipients globally over decades, and has proven safe and effective by dramatically reducing the number of measles cases. […] Given the absence of an animal reservoir and the availability of a safe and highly effective vaccine, it is theoretically possible to eliminate measles as a cause of disease.

• #61

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles

  Any non-immune person (not vaccinated or vaccinated but did not develop immunity) can become infected. […] The overwhelming majority of measles deaths occur in countries with low per capita incomes or weak health infrastructures that struggle to reach all children with immunization. […] Measles outbreaks can result in severe complications and deaths, especially among young, malnourished children. […] There is no specific treatment for measles. […] Community-wide vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. […] The measles vaccine is also used in emergencies to stop outbreaks from spreading. […] In 2023, 74% of children received both doses of the measles vaccine, and about 83% of the world’s children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday. […] WHO concluded that measles elimination is under threat, as the disease resurged in numerous countries that achieved, or were close to achieving, elimination.

• #62 Measles has long-term health consequences for kids. Vaccines can prevent all of them. | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/measles-has-long-term-health-consequences-for-kids-vaccines-can-prevent-all-of-them

  Furthermore, a 2015 study led by Elledge’s collaborator, epidemiologist Dr. Michael Mina, found that kids who got measles had a higher death rate from other infectious diseases in subsequent years. […] The measles virus can wreak havoc on the immune system. […] The „natural” remedies that have been pushed by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and others, such as vitamin A, are not measles treatments. […] Vaccine is protective against all of these complications.

• #63 Measles outbreak: Symptoms, causes, how to protect yourself | Vox

  https://www.vox.com/health/404709/measles-outbreak-cdc-vaccine-booster-recommendations

  Vaccination remains the best defense against measles: Two doses of the MMR vaccine given to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella is 97 percent effective at preventing a measles infection (and therefore spread). […] It is perhaps the most effective vaccine we have for any disease, and any risks from the vaccine are astonishingly low compared to the dangers of measles itself.

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