Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Kidney infection – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353393

  Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for kidney infections. The drugs used and the length of time of the treatment depend on your health and the bacteria found in your urine tests. […] Symptoms of a kidney infection often begin to clear up within a few days of treatment. But you might need to continue antibiotics for a week or longer. Finish taking the full course of antibiotics even if you start feeling better. […] Your provider might want you to have a repeat urine culture test to make sure that the infection has cleared. If the infection is still present, you’ll need to take another course of antibiotics. […] If your kidney infection is severe, you may need to go to the hospital. Treatment might include antibiotics and fluids through a vein in your arm. How long you’ll stay in the hospital depends on how severe your infection is. […] An underlying medical problem such as a misshapen urinary tract can cause you to have repeated kidney infections. In that case, you might be referred to a kidney specialist (nephrologist) or urinary surgeon (urologist). You might need surgery to repair a structural problem.

• #2 Kidney infection – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353387

  A kidney infection is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI). A kidney infection needs prompt medical treatment. If not treated properly, an infection can cause lasting damage to the kidneys. […] Kidney infection treatment often includes antibiotics, which might be given in the hospital.

• #3 Kidney Infection: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/kidney-urinary-tract/kidney-infection-pyelonephritis

  A kidney infection (pyelonephritis) is an unpleasant illness which is sometimes serious. Treatment usually involves medicines called antibiotics and also painkillers. If the kidney was previously healthy then you are likely to make a full recovery. […] How to treat a kidney infection […] Antibiotics will usually clear the infection. Commonly used antibiotics for kidney infections include cefalexin, co-amoxiclav or trimethoprim. […] Painkillers such as paracetamol can ease pain and reduce a high temperature (fever). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers such as ibuprofen are not usually recommended for a person with a kidney infection. This is because they may possibly cause problems with the working of the kidney during a kidney infection. […] Plenty of fluid should be taken to prevent lack of fluid in the body (dehydration).

• #4 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  It is critically important for a physician to be designated and responsible for reviewing the culture results when available and communicating these findings with the patient, particularly regarding any changes in their therapy. […] In general, fluoroquinolones are the preferred oral antibiotic agent if the organism is sensitive and may be used empirically where the prevailing community resistance is 10% or less. […] Ceftriaxone is generally a good choice for initial empiric parenteral therapy of pyelonephritis. […] A single dose of gentamicin can be considered in addition to whatever other treatment is selected, as gentamicin achieves high renal tissue levels, has minimal effect on kidney function, and improves outcomes. […] Appropriate empiric antibiotics for outpatients with acute pyelonephritis include: If quinolone resistance in community-acquired infections is 10% or less: Fluoroquinolone for 7 days (14 days in male patients).

• #5 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0901/p519.html

  Acute pyelonephritis is a common bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and kidney most often seen in young adult women. […] A positive urinalysis confirms the diagnosis in patients with a compatible history and physical examination. Urine culture should be obtained in all patients to guide antibiotic therapy if the patient does not respond to initial empiric antibiotic regimens. […] Outpatient treatment is appropriate for most patients. Inpatient therapy is recommended for patients who have severe illness or in whom a complication is suspected. […] Practice guidelines recommend oral fluoroquinolones as initial outpatient therapy if the rate of fluoroquinolone resistance in the community is 10 percent or less. If the resistance rate exceeds 10 percent, an initial intravenous dose of ceftriaxone or gentamicin should be given, followed by an oral fluoroquinolone regimen.

• #6 Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15456-kidney-infection-pyelonephritis

  Kidney infections are treated with antibiotics. […] Healthcare providers treat kidney infections with antibiotics. You’ll have to take antibiotics for at least 14 days. If you’re very sick or if you aren’t getting better with antibiotics, you might need to be treated in the hospital or take antibiotics for longer. […] Your provider may prescribe one or a combination of antibiotics to treat a kidney infection. […] You should start feeling better within two to three days of starting antibiotics. It may take longer for some people. You need to complete your prescription of antibiotics even if you start to feel better.

• #7 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  For cases of uncomplicated pyelonephritis, the American College of Physicians recommends sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for 14 days or fluoroquinolone for 5 to 7 days, based on local bacterial resistance patterns and antibiotic sensitivity results from urine cultures. […] Overall, resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and fluoroquinolones in the US has been reported to be at least 33% and 10%, respectively. […] Where local bacterial sensitivity patterns indicate a prevalence of 10% or more community resistance to any particular antibiotic, the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases recommend administering an initial long-acting parenteral antibiotic (such as an aminoglycoside, ertapenem, or ceftriaxone) in the emergency department before discharge.

• #8 Kidney Infections: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/kidney-infections-symptoms-and-treatments

  Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics for you to take for at least 2 weeks. Take all of the medicine, even if you start to feel better. […] You might take one or a combination of antibiotics, such as: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin or augmentin, Ceftriaxone or cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin. […] If your kidney infections keep coming back, there might be a problem with the shape of your urinary tract. Your doctor may send you to a specialist, such as a urologist. Problems with the shape of the urinary tract may need surgery to fix. […] Most people feel better within 2 weeks. But sometimes, a kidney infection can take a few weeks to clear up. If you’re over 65 or you have other health problems like a weak immune system, it might take longer for you to recover. Call your doctor if you don’t feel better after you finish all of your antibiotic.

• #9 Kidney infection: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182306

  Antibiotics for the treatment of a kidney infection may include: nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin, pivmecillinam hydrochloride, amoxicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, amoxicillin-clavulanate. […] When a person has a kidney infection, it is essential to consume plenty of fluids to help prevent fever and dehydration. Fluid intake recommendations may vary depending on the type of infection. […] A person whose symptoms are not improving or who has more severe symptoms may require treatment in the hospital. Some people may need intravenous antibiotic treatment through a vein in their arm. […] A person who has a kidney stone or enlarged prostate that is blocking their urinary tract may require treatment through surgery. […] Treatment typically includes a short course of antibiotics. Some people may require additional treatment.

• #10 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9135-urinary-tract-infections

  Antibiotics can treat most UTIs. […] The best thing to do for a urinary tract infection is to see a healthcare provider. You need antibiotics to treat a UTI. Your provider will select an antibiotic that works best against the bacteria responsible for your infection. […] Healthcare providers commonly prescribe the following antibiotics to treat UTIs: Nitrofurantoin, Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs), such as sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, Amoxicillin, Cephalosporins, such as cephalexin, Doxycycline, Fosfomycin, Quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin. […] If you get UTIs often, a healthcare provider may give you low-dose antibiotics for a short time to prevent the infection from coming back. […] Minor urinary tract infections can sometimes get better on their own. However, most UTIs need antibiotics to go away. You absolutely need antibiotics if you have a UTI as well as: A fever, Chills, Nausea and vomiting. […] Most people feel better within a few days after starting antibiotics to treat a UTI.

• #11 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  In uncomplicated cases, UTIs are treated with a short course of antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. […] In complicated cases, a longer course or intravenous antibiotics may be needed. […] If symptoms do not improve in two or three days, further diagnostic testing may be needed. […] Phenazopyridine may help with symptoms. […] In those with frequent infections, a short course of antibiotics may be taken as soon as symptoms begin or long-term antibiotics may be used as a preventive measure. […] The mainstay of treatment is antibiotics. […] Fosfomycin can be used as an effective treatment for both UTIs and complicated UTIs including acute pyelonephritis. […] The standard regimen for complicated UTIs is an oral 3g dose administered once every 48 or 72 hours for a total of 3 doses or a 6 grams every 8 hours for 7 days to 14 days when fosfomycin is given in IV form.

• #12

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/kidney-infection/treatment/

  A kidney infection can be treated at home with a course of antibiotics, and paracetamol if needed. […] If you’re being treated at home, your GP will usually prescribe a course of antibiotics. You will need to take these for 7 to 14 days. […] For most people, antibiotics called ciprofloxacin or co-amoxiclav are recommended. Other antibiotics, such as trimethoprim, may also be used. […] A 14-day course of an antibiotic called cefalexin is recommended if you are pregnant. […] Usually, you’ll start to feel better soon after treatment starts. You should feel completely better after about 2 weeks. […] Talk to your GP if your symptoms show no sign of improvement 24 hours after treatment starts. […] Paracetamol should help relieve symptoms of pain and a high temperature. […] Your GP may refer you to hospital if you have an underlying problem that makes you vulnerable to kidney infections.

• #13 Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0801/p173.html

  A systematic review of eight randomized controlled trials (N = 2,515) demonstrated equivalent clinical success rates in treating uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis with a five- to seven-day course of fluoroquinolones compared with a 14-day course. Acute pyelonephritis responds to appropriate therapy within 48 to 72 hours in more than 95% of cases. Patients not responding as expected (e.g., persistent fever, unimproved symptoms) should be further evaluated for alternative diagnoses, urinary tract obstruction, and/or antibiotic resistance with imaging, laboratory studies, blood cultures, and repeat urine culture. […] Urgent decompression is recommended in patients with acute pyelonephritis and urinary tract obstruction identified on imaging. Patients with structural urologic abnormalities or obstruction may benefit from longer antibiotic courses (10 to 14 days).

• #14 Kidney Infection – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/kidney-infection

  Otherwise, the person is usually treated initially in the hospital. If hospitalization is needed and the person needs antibiotics, the antibiotics are given intravenously for 1 or 2 days, then they can usually be given by mouth. […] Antibiotic treatment of pyelonephritis is given for 5 to 14 days so that infection will not recur. However, antibiotic therapy may continue for up to 6 weeks for men in whom the infection is due to prostatitis, which is more difficult to eradicate. […] Surgery is necessary only occasionally if tests show that something is chronically blocking the urinary tract, such as a structural abnormality or a particularly large stone. Removal of the infected kidney may be necessary for people with chronic pyelonephritis who are about to undergo kidney transplantation.

• #15 How Long Does It Take To Recover From A Kidney Infection? – Urocare London

  https://www.urocarelondon.com/blog/kidney-infection-recovery-timeline/

  Kidney infections, also known medically as pyelonephritis, occur when bacteria infect one or both kidneys. […] Recognising symptoms and receiving prompt medical care is essential for recovery. […] The recovery time from a kidney infection can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the treatment received. On average, it may take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to feel completely well. […] When you first start treatment for a kidney infection, often with antibiotics, you may begin to feel better within a few days. For most cases, oral antibiotics are prescribed and typically need to be taken for around 7 to 14 days. […] However, its crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics even if youre feeling better to ensure the infection is fully cleared. […] A complete recovery from a kidney infection usually takes about two weeks but can extend to a month in some cases. […] Following your healthcare providers advice, attending follow-up appointments, and possibly undergoing further tests will help ensure a smooth recovery.

• #16 Home remedies for kidney infection: Safety and effectiveness

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325887

  A person should always finish taking their course of antibiotics, even if they are feeling better. This can prevent the infection from coming back. […] If a person has recurrent kidney infections, they may require further examination by a doctor to identify a potential cause. […] If a person has a potential kidney infection, they should not try to treat it with home remedies alone. Instead, they should see their doctor for an antibiotics prescription and use home remedies to increase their comfort.

• #17

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/kidney-infection/treatment/

  Most children with a kidney infection will be treated in hospital. […] You may need hospital treatment if: you’re severely dehydrated, you’re unable to swallow or keep down any fluids or medications, you have more symptoms that suggest you may have blood poisoning, you’re pregnant and you also have a high temperature, you’re particularly frail and your general health is poor, your symptoms fail to improve within 24 hours of starting treatment with antibiotics, you have a weakened immune system, you have something inside your urinary tract, such as a kidney stone or a urinary catheter, you have diabetes, you’re over the age of 65, you have an underlying condition that affects the way your kidneys work. […] If you’re admitted to hospital with a kidney infection, you’ll be attached to a drip. This is to give you fluids to keep you hydrated. Antibiotics can also be given through the drip. […] Most people respond well to treatment. You should be well enough to leave hospital in 3 to 7 days. […] Treatment will usually change to tablets or capsules after you stop receiving antibiotics through a drip.

• #18 Kidney infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/kidney-infection/

  Most kidney infections need prompt treatment with antibiotics to stop the infection from damaging the kidneys or spreading to the bloodstream. You may also need painkillers. […] Most people with a kidney infection can be treated at home with a course of antibiotics, and possibly painkillers as well. […] If you’re being treated at home, you’ll usually be prescribed a course of antibiotic tablets or capsules that lasts between 7 and 14 days. […] A 14-day course of an antibiotic called cefalexin is recommended for pregnant women. […] Taking a painkiller such as paracetamol should help relieve symptoms of pain and a high temperature. […] Your GP may refer you to hospital if you have an underlying problem with your urinary tract, which makes you vulnerable to kidney infections. […] Hospital treatment may also be needed if: you’re severely dehydrated, you’re unable to swallow or keep down any fluids or medications, you have additional symptoms that suggest you may have blood poisoning, such as a rapid heartbeat and losing consciousness, you’re pregnant and you also have a high temperature, you’re particularly frail and your general health is poor, your symptoms fail to improve within 24 hours of starting treatment with antibiotics, you have a weakened immune system, you have a foreign body inside your urinary tract, such as a kidney stone or a urinary catheter, you have diabetes, you’re over the age of 65, you have an underlying condition that affects the way your kidneys work, such as polycystic kidney disease or chronic kidney disease.

• #19 Kidney infection | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/kidney-infection/

  If you’re admitted to hospital with a kidney infection, you’ll probably be attached to a drip so you can be given fluids to help keep you hydrated. Antibiotics can also be given through the drip. […] Most people respond well to treatment. As long as there are no complications, they’re usually well enough to leave hospital within three to seven days. Treatment will usually switch to tablets or capsules after you stop receiving antibiotics through a drip.

• #20 10 Home Remedies for Kidney Infection: Can I Go Without Antibiotics?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-infection-home-remedies

  In some cases, kidney infections may require going to the hospital. You’ll be given fluids and antibiotics intravenously through an IV, both of which can help treat the infection. […] Home remedies can be used as a complementary treatment to help ease other symptoms, but make sure you ask a doctor before using them to ensure they won’t interfere with your treatment.

• #21 Kidney infection – Treatment | Health Information from My Forest Pharmacy

  https://myforestpharmacy.co.uk/nhs_conditions_kidney-infection_treatment

  If you’re admitted to hospital with a kidney infection, you’ll probably be attached to a drip so you can be given fluids to help keep you hydrated. […] Most people respond well to treatment. As long as there are no complications, you should typically be well enough to leave hospital in 3 to 7 days.

• #21 Kidney infection – Treatment | Health Information from My Forest Pharmacy

  https://myforestpharmacy.co.uk/nhs_conditions_kidney-infection_treatment

  Taking a painkiller such as paracetamol should help relieve symptoms of pain and a high temperature. […] However, anti-inflammatory painkillers (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are not normally recommended for a kidney infection they may increase the risk of further kidney problems so should not be taken unless advised by a doctor. […] A doctor may only prescribe these in certain circumstances. […] It’s also important for most people with a kidney infection to drink plenty of fluids (water is best) because this will help to flush out the bacteria from your kidneys. […] The GP may refer you to hospital if you have an underlying problem that makes you vulnerable to kidney infections. […] Most children with a kidney infection will be treated in hospital. […] Hospital treatment may also be needed if: you’re severely dehydrated, you’re unable to swallow or keep down any fluids or medicines, you have additional symptoms that suggest you may have blood poisoning, such as a rapid heartbeat and losing consciousness, you’re pregnant and you also have a high temperature, you’re particularly frail and your general health is poor, your symptoms fail to improve within 24 hours of starting treatment with antibiotics, you have a weakened immune system, you have something inside your urinary tract, such as a kidney stone or a urinary catheter, you have diabetes, you’re over the age of 65, you have an underlying condition that affects the way your kidneys work, such as polycystic kidney disease or chronic kidney disease.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Urinary-Tract-Infection-Treatment.aspx

  For this reason, a urine sample is often taken to test the sensitivity of the bacteria to certain treatments to help choose a targeted treatment and prevent future bacterial resistance. […] If an infection develops when a catheter is being used, it should be removed or changed immediately. […] As there is a wide range of possible causative bacteria, empirical antibiotic therapy should be initiated immediately. […] Treatment with a narrower spectrum antibiotic with specificity for the bacteria may be used. […] In addition to medical management, there are some simple diet and lifestyle changes that can help in the treatment of UTIs. […] Maintaining high fluid intake is essential in keeping the urinary tract working and pushing the urine through the body. […] Drinking cranberry juice has also been suggested as a possible treatment for UTIs, particularly for the management of symptoms. However, the scientific evidence to support this claim is lacking and, based on the available data, cranberry juice should not be recommended for the treatment of UTIs.

• #23 Kidney Infection: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.kidney-infection-care-instructions.tw12428

  A kidney infection (pyelonephritis) is a type of urinary tract infection, or UTI. Most UTIs are bladder infections. Kidney infections tend to make people much sicker than bladder infections do. A kidney infection is also more serious because it can cause lasting damage if it is not treated quickly. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics. […] Drink plenty of water. This may help wash out bacteria that are causing the infection. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids you drink.

• #24 Patient education: Urinary tract infections in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urinary-tract-infections-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Kidney infection treatment — The optimal treatment for a kidney infection depends upon the severity of the infection as well as your general health and risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. […] Home treatment — If your fever and pain are mild and you are able to eat and drink, you will probably be given a 5- to 10-day course of antibiotics to take by mouth at home. The first dose of antibiotics may be given as an injection in the office, clinic, or emergency department. Let your healthcare provider know if you do not begin to feel better within one to two days after starting treatment. Your provider may need to call you to change the antibiotic if the urine test shows that you have an antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing your infection. […] Hospital treatment — If you have a high fever, severe pain, or cannot keep down food or fluids, you will need to be hospitalized and given intravenous (IV) antibiotics and fluids. As you begin to improve, you will be allowed to go home and continue taking oral antibiotics there. The total duration of antibiotics is usually 5 to 10 days. […] Most pregnant persons with a kidney infection are hospitalized and treated with IV antibiotics and fluids. […] Most people recover from a kidney infection within a few days. Some people need to take time off from work or school, although this is not always necessary.

• #25 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  For patients who have responded well, consider switching to appropriate oral antibiotic treatment, as this has been shown to provide equivalent results to continued parenteral therapy. […] If not, consider changing antibiotics, maintaining parenteral therapy, and obtaining appropriate imaging if not already done. […] Septic patients should be admitted for parenteral therapy and have appropriate imaging. Antibiotic therapy should generally be continued for 10 to 14 days. […] Preferred antibiotics for treating pyelonephritis in pregnant patients, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Clinical Consensus Statement, include ampicillin-sulbactam or ampicillin plus optional gentamicin, cefepime, ceftriaxone, or aztreonam (in penicillin-allergic patients). […] Treatment should begin immediately without waiting for culture results and continue for 14 days. Antibiotics should be adjusted based on the patient’s culture results and clinical improvement. […] Complicated cases, those with an increased risk of infection, and all patients who were hospitalized or received parenteral antibiotics should have follow-up urine cultures 1 to 2 weeks after completion of therapy, and imaging should be considered if not previously performed.

• #26 Treatment for Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-infection-pyelonephritis/treatment

  If you have a kidney infection caused by bacteria, your health care professional will prescribe a general antibiotic. Your health care professional may adjust your antibiotic based on your lab results. You may take antibiotics by mouth, receive them through an intravenous (IV) line, or both. […] If you are very sick from your kidney infection, you may go to a hospital. A health care professional may give you IV fluids. […] Sometimes, a urinary tract blockage, such as a kidney stone or an enlarged prostate can cause a kidney infection. You may need surgery or another procedure to treat the blockage. […] You should see your health care professional right away if your symptoms return after you’ve completed treatment. Your health care professional may order another urine culture or do imaging tests. If your tests show you have an infection, your health care professional may prescribe different antibiotics or antibiotics for a longer time.

• #27 Acute Pyelonephritis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antibiotic Selection, Outpatient Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-treatment

  With complicated acute pyelonephritis, treat patients parenterally until defervescence and improvement in the clinical condition warrants changing to oral antibiotics. Complete the course of therapy with an oral agent selected on the basis of culture results. […] If the patient is allergic to penicillin, vancomycin should be substituted. Vancomycin or linezolid are options if enterococci are a consideration. […] For renal cortical abscesses (renal carbuncles), surgical drainage was once the only treatment. However, modern antibiotics alone often are curative. A semisynthetic penicillin, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, or vancomycin is recommended. Generally, parenteral antibiotics should be administered for 10-14 days, followed by oral therapy for 2-4 weeks. […] If patients do not respond within 48 hours, percutaneous (or open) drainage should be performed. Other surgical options are enucleation of the carbuncle or nephrectomy.

• #28 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis complicated by ureteral obstruction, typically ureterolithiasis, constitutes obstructive pyelonephritis or pyonephrosis, which is a surgical emergency and requires immediate surgical drainage by a double J stent or percutaneous nephrostomy together with targeted antibiotic therapy. […] Appropriate empiric antibiotics for inpatients with acute pyelonephritis include: An antipseudomonal carbapenem (imipenem or meropenem) plus vancomycin (for the most critically ill), Ceftriaxone (usually preferred for most cases), Fluoroquinolone (depending on local resistance), Piperacillin-tazobactam (preferred for suspected Enterococcus or Pseudomonas), Cefepime (not for ESBL), Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Aztreonam, Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin). […] Intravenous antibiotics are typically given for at least 48 hours, at which point, culture results are available, and patients should have noted a positive clinical response.

• #29 Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/urinary-tract-infections-utis/

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) may be treated with antibiotics, but they’re not always needed. […] These symptoms could mean you have a kidney infection, which can be serious if it’s not treated as it could cause sepsis. […] If a GP thinks you may have a urinary tract infection (UTI), they may do a urine test, although this is not always needed. […] A GP may also: offer self-care advice and recommend taking a painkiller; give you a prescription for a short course of antibiotics; give you a prescription for antibiotics, but suggest you wait for 48 hours before taking them in case your symptoms go away on their own. […] If your UTI comes back after treatment, or you have 2 UTIs in 6 months, a GP may: prescribe a different antibiotic or prescribe a low-dose antibiotic to take for up to 6 months; prescribe a vaginal cream containing oestrogen, if you have gone through the menopause; refer you to a specialist for further tests and treatments. […] Chronic UTIs might be treated with antibiotics that you take for a long time. […] If you have been treated for a UTI but you still have symptoms, speak to your GP about chronic UTIs and ask to be referred to a specialist.

• #30 9 home remedies for UTIs: How to get rid of bladder infections | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/womens-health/gynecology/9-home-remedies-for-utis-how-to-get-rid-of-bladder-infections

  A urine sample can diagnose a UTI and antibiotics can treat them. […] Kidney infection can lead to sepsis quickly and should not be ignored. […] Women with recurrent UTIs can use antibiotics. […] Three proven antibiotic methods to prevent or treat recurrent UTIs include: One pill after sex, Antibiotic refills for when symptoms come, A small dose every day. […] Vaginal estrogen helps reverse those changes and certainly reduces the frequency of recurrent UTIs. […] If you’ve tried a home remedy that didn’t work, or you want to skip straight to a proven treatment of antibiotics, see your OB-GYN. We deal with these types of concerns all the time and can help you feel better in no time. […] UTIs are treatable.

• #31 Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection) – AAUrology

  https://aaurology.com/men/pyelonephritis/

  If symptoms do not improve after 48 hours the patient will need to be reassessed and treatment possibly changed. Follow up is very important and repeat urine cultures or PCR tests may be needed after treatment is finished to assure that the infection is completely resolved. Occasionally, low dose daily antibiotics are used to prevent recurrence.

• #32 Kidney infection (pyelonephritis) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/kidney-infection

  A kidney infection (also known as pyelonephritis) is one type of urinary tract infection (UTI). […] Kidney infections are usually treated with antibiotics, which you might start to take intravenously (via a drip directly in your vein) in hospital. […] If you have a kidney infection, prompt treatment can lower the risk of damage to your kidneys. […] You should see your doctor if you have symptoms of a kidney infection, as you will usually need treatment with antibiotics. […] If you have a kidney infection, you might need to start treatment in hospital with intravenous (IV) antibiotics directly into a vein. When your symptoms have improved enough, you may be able to take your antibiotics orally (by mouth) at home. […] If a blockage in your urinary tract has caused the kidney infection, you might need a medical procedure or surgery urgently to correct the blockage. […] To prevent these complications, it is important to treat kidney infections promptly. […] You can reduce your risk of getting a kidney infection by drinking plenty of water and by seeing your doctor if you think you have a urinary tract infection.

• #33 Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)| Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/kidney-infection

  The most common kidney infection treatment is antibiotics. Antibiotics help clear up the symptoms of kidney infection. Pyelonephritis treatment time varies depending on the severity of your condition and your response to antibiotic therapy. Typically, antibiotic treatment takes up to two weeks. […] People with severe kidney infections may need supplemental antibiotics and hospitalization. For individuals with recurring kidney infections, surgery is sometimes needed to correct abnormalities in the urinary tract. […] You can take several steps at home to help treat and recover from kidney infections. […] At-home treatments: Apply a heating pad to your back, side, or belly. Rest frequently during your recovery period. Drink more fluids to help rid your body of toxins and germs. Sit completely on the toilet when using the bathroom. This helps you empty your bladder. Avoid medications that may damage your kidneys. Avoid using deodorant sprays on your genital area. Urinate immediately after sex. Use the bathroom as soon as you feel the need. Use lubricated condoms for sex. Avoid spermicide-laced condoms or diaphragms.

• #34 Kidney infection: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182306

  If a person suspects they have a kidney infection, their doctor or another healthcare professional will likely recommend a urine test. The usual course of treatment for a kidney infection is antibiotics, though some people require other forms of treatment. […] If a person’s symptoms suggest an infection, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics before the test results return. A person may also take pain relief. […] It is essential to finish the whole course of antibiotics. When test results return, the healthcare professional may change the antibiotic to one that will treat the infection more effectively. […] The antibiotics a doctor prescribes depend on the individual and their medical history. Some people may be sensitive to certain antibiotics. The first treatment usually involves a general antibiotic, with stronger medication available if the first one fails.

• #35 Acute Pyelonephritis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antibiotic Selection, Outpatient Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-treatment

  Antibiotic selection is typically empirical, because the results of blood or urine cultures are rarely available by the time a decision must be made. Initial selection should be guided by local antibiotic resistance patterns. Culture results from specimens collected before the initiation of therapy should be checked in 48 hours to determine antibiotic efficacy. […] The pathogen in community-acquired infections is usually Escherichia coli or other Enterobacteriaceae. Acceptable regimens may include fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, penicillins, extended-spectrum penicillins, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides. […] For uncomplicated pyelonephritis, the American College of Physicians (ACP) recommends administering a short course of fluoroquinolones (5 to 7 days) or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX; 14 days), based on antibiotic susceptibility.

• #36 Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Women | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0901/p519.html

  Treatment options for women with acute pyelonephritis not requiring hospitalization include 500 mg of oral ciprofloxacin (Cipro) twice per day for seven days; 1,000 mg of extended-release ciprofloxacin once per day for seven days; or 750 mg of levofloxacin (Levaquin) once per day for five days. […] Initial treatment of women with acute pyelonephritis who require hospitalization should include an intravenous antimicrobial regimen, such as a fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside (with or without ampicillin), an extended-spectrum cephalosporin or penicillin (with or without an aminoglycoside), or a carbapenem. […] For women with acute pyelonephritis who require hospitalization, initial intravenous antimicrobial therapy is recommended. Options include a fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside (with or without ampicillin), an extended-spectrum cephalosporin or penicillin (with or without an aminoglycoside), or a carbapenem.

• #37 Acute Pyelonephritis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antibiotic Selection, Outpatient Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-treatment

  A major challenge with calculi-related UTI is that the organisms can survive within the calculus. In the presence of acute infection, calculi must be removed immediately using cystoscopy or open surgical procedure. […] The preferred method of treatment is surgical. Options include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), endoscopic methods, percutaneous methods, and open surgery. […] Successful treatment of bacteriuria prevents pyelonephritis. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides should be avoided in pregnancy. Accepted regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria include the following: Amoxicillin 250 mg orally 3 times a day for 3 or 7 days; or 3 g in a single dose, Cephalexin 2 or 3 g in a single dose, Nitrofurantoin 200 mg in a single dose; or 100 mg 4 times a day for 3 or 7 days.

• #38 Kidney infection – Symptoms, treatment and prevention | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-problems/kidney-infection

  What is the treatment for a kidney infection? Doctors treat most kidney infections with antibiotics (medicines that kill bacteria). Doctors will often first prescribe an antibiotic that fights the most common types of kidney infection because it is very important to treat a kidney infection right away. Then, they may change the type of antibiotic after they get the results of your blood or urine tests. […] If you have a very serious infection, you may need to stay in the hospital to get antibiotics through an IV (through a vein). You may also get medicine for pain. […] If your kidney infection was caused by a problem with the shape of your urinary tract, you may need to have surgery to correct the problem and prevent future kidney infections. […] It is very important to get medical treatment for a kidney infection as soon as possible—do not wait for it to go away on its own. Kidney infections that are not treated soon enough can cause permanent kidney damage or can spread to other parts of your body and cause an even more serious infection, such as an infection in your blood (sepsis), which can be fatal. […] Once you start treatment, you should start to feel better in a few days.

• #39 Kidney infection | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/k/kidney-infection

  A kidney infection needs to be treated urgently with antibiotics. If it’s not treated quickly, the infection can get worse and cause sepsis. This can cause permanent damage to your kidneys and can even lead to death. […] The infection usually starts to clear up within a few days of taking the antibiotic, but you must take the entire course of antibiotics to make sure the infection is completely cleared. […] For a severe kidney infection, your doctor may admit you to the hospital. Treatment in hospital may include antibiotics that you receive through a vein in your arm (intravenously). You may also be prescribed medicine such as paracetamol for pain and fever.

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