Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis in the United States is found at a rate of 15 to 17 cases per 10,000 females and 3 to 4 cases per 10,000 males annually, with an annual total of 250,000 cases annually reported in the US. […] One large study of over 750,000 patients in Sweden found that uncomplicated UTI/cystitis developed into pyelonephritis 0.47% of the time with antibiotic treatment. This risk rose to 1.43% if an antibiotic prescription was not filled within 5 days of cystitis diagnosis. […] Young, sexually active women are most often affected by acute pyelonephritis due to their higher incidence of UTIs, but men have a higher mortality rate. […] Groups with extremes of age, such as older adults and infants, are also at higher risk. Acute pyelonephritis has no racial predisposition. […] Pregnant women are also considered a high-risk group due to physiologic changes predisposing them to an increased risk of UTI. Acute pyelonephritis leads to maternal complications and, in some studies, also preterm delivery and low birth weight. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 7% of pregnant women.

• #2 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  Epidemiologic data on the incidence of pyelonephritis are limited. A population-based study of acute pyelonephritis in the United States found overall annual rates of 15-17 cases per 10,000 females and 3-4 cases per 10,000 males. […] At least 250,000 cases of pyelonephritis are diagnosed annually in the United States. The cost of treating acute pyelonephritis has been estimated to be $2.14 billion per year. […] Acute pyelonephritis develops in 20-30% of pregnant women with untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) (2-9.5%), most often during the late second and early third trimesters. The incidence of pyelonephritis in infants and children is difficult to ascertain because of the infrequency of typical symptoms. Up to 25% of children with UTI and no signs or symptoms of pyelonephritis do have bacteria demonstrable in the upper urinary tract.

• #3 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  Epidemiologic data on the incidence of pyelonephritis are limited. A population-based study of acute pyelonephritis in the United States found overall annual rates of 15-17 cases per 10,000 females and 3-4 cases per 10,000 males. […] At least 250,000 cases of pyelonephritis are diagnosed annually in the United States. The cost of treating acute pyelonephritis has been estimated to be $2.14 billion per year. […] Acute pyelonephritis develops in 20-30% of pregnant women with untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) (2-9.5%), most often during the late second and early third trimesters. The incidence of pyelonephritis in infants and children is difficult to ascertain because of the infrequency of typical symptoms. Up to 25% of children with UTI and no signs or symptoms of pyelonephritis do have bacteria demonstrable in the upper urinary tract.

• #4 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem and are caused by a range of pathogens, but most commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. High recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens threaten to greatly increase the economic burden of these infections. […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections, affecting 150 million people each year worldwide. In 2007, in the United States alone, there were an estimated 10.5 million office visits for UTI symptoms (constituting 0.9% of all ambulatory visits) and 23 million emergency department visits. Currently, the societal costs of these infections, including health care costs and time missed from work, are approximately US$3.5 billion per year in the United States alone.

• #5 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). The estimated annual percentage change was used to depict temporal trends, whereas Pearson correlation analysis explore its correlation with the human development index (HDI), the SDI, and age-standardised rates (ASRs). An autoregressive integrated moving average model forecasted the UTI burden trends. From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #6 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis in the United States is found at a rate of 15 to 17 cases per 10,000 females and 3 to 4 cases per 10,000 males annually, with an annual total of 250,000 cases annually reported in the US. […] One large study of over 750,000 patients in Sweden found that uncomplicated UTI/cystitis developed into pyelonephritis 0.47% of the time with antibiotic treatment. This risk rose to 1.43% if an antibiotic prescription was not filled within 5 days of cystitis diagnosis. […] Young, sexually active women are most often affected by acute pyelonephritis due to their higher incidence of UTIs, but men have a higher mortality rate. […] Groups with extremes of age, such as older adults and infants, are also at higher risk. Acute pyelonephritis has no racial predisposition. […] Pregnant women are also considered a high-risk group due to physiologic changes predisposing them to an increased risk of UTI. Acute pyelonephritis leads to maternal complications and, in some studies, also preterm delivery and low birth weight. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 7% of pregnant women.

• #7 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  No racial predilection of pyelonephritis has been demonstrated. Pyelonephritis is significantly more common in females than in males, although this difference narrows considerably with increasing age, especially in patients aged 65 years and older. In females, pyelonephritis shows a trimodal distribution, with an elevated incidence in girls aged 0-4 years, a peak in women 15-35 years of age, and a gradual increase after age 50 years to another peak at 80 years of age. […] In males, the age distribution of pyelonephritis is bimodal. Males also demonstrate a peak incidence of pyelonephritis at 0-4 years of age. Rates gradually increase after 35 years of age and peak at 85 years of age. […] Acute pyelonephritis shows a seasonal variation. In Washington state, cases occurred most frequently during the months of July and August among females and during August and September in the male population.

• #8 Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0801/p173.html

  Acute pyelonephritis, a serious and relatively common bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis, accounts for approximately 250,000 office visits and 200,000 hospital admissions annually in the United States. […] The highest incidence is among otherwise healthy women 15 to 29 years of age. […] Escherichia coli accounts for approximately 90% of uncomplicated pyelonephritis cases; factors that define complicated pyelonephritis are listed in Table 1. […] As of 2014, E. coli resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones in the United States exceeded 35% and 10%, respectively. […] Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing uropathogenic organisms demonstrate resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and are increasingly prevalent in the United States and globally. […] Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant organisms are listed in Table 2.

• #9 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  No racial predilection of pyelonephritis has been demonstrated. Pyelonephritis is significantly more common in females than in males, although this difference narrows considerably with increasing age, especially in patients aged 65 years and older. In females, pyelonephritis shows a trimodal distribution, with an elevated incidence in girls aged 0-4 years, a peak in women 15-35 years of age, and a gradual increase after age 50 years to another peak at 80 years of age. […] In males, the age distribution of pyelonephritis is bimodal. Males also demonstrate a peak incidence of pyelonephritis at 0-4 years of age. Rates gradually increase after 35 years of age and peak at 85 years of age. […] Acute pyelonephritis shows a seasonal variation. In Washington state, cases occurred most frequently during the months of July and August among females and during August and September in the male population.

• #10 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of women getting an infection yearly and more than 40-60% having an infection at some point in their lives. Recurrences are common, with nearly half of people getting a second infection within a year. Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis occurs between 20 and 30 times less frequently. They are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections accounting for approximately 40%. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child-bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7-10%. 2-10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries.

• #11 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis in the United States is found at a rate of 15 to 17 cases per 10,000 females and 3 to 4 cases per 10,000 males annually, with an annual total of 250,000 cases annually reported in the US. […] One large study of over 750,000 patients in Sweden found that uncomplicated UTI/cystitis developed into pyelonephritis 0.47% of the time with antibiotic treatment. This risk rose to 1.43% if an antibiotic prescription was not filled within 5 days of cystitis diagnosis. […] Young, sexually active women are most often affected by acute pyelonephritis due to their higher incidence of UTIs, but men have a higher mortality rate. […] Groups with extremes of age, such as older adults and infants, are also at higher risk. Acute pyelonephritis has no racial predisposition. […] Pregnant women are also considered a high-risk group due to physiologic changes predisposing them to an increased risk of UTI. Acute pyelonephritis leads to maternal complications and, in some studies, also preterm delivery and low birth weight. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 7% of pregnant women.

• #12 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of women getting an infection yearly and more than 40-60% having an infection at some point in their lives. Recurrences are common, with nearly half of people getting a second infection within a year. Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis occurs between 20 and 30 times less frequently. They are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections accounting for approximately 40%. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child-bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7-10%. 2-10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries.

• #13 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis in the United States is found at a rate of 15 to 17 cases per 10,000 females and 3 to 4 cases per 10,000 males annually, with an annual total of 250,000 cases annually reported in the US. […] One large study of over 750,000 patients in Sweden found that uncomplicated UTI/cystitis developed into pyelonephritis 0.47% of the time with antibiotic treatment. This risk rose to 1.43% if an antibiotic prescription was not filled within 5 days of cystitis diagnosis. […] Young, sexually active women are most often affected by acute pyelonephritis due to their higher incidence of UTIs, but men have a higher mortality rate. […] Groups with extremes of age, such as older adults and infants, are also at higher risk. Acute pyelonephritis has no racial predisposition. […] Pregnant women are also considered a high-risk group due to physiologic changes predisposing them to an increased risk of UTI. Acute pyelonephritis leads to maternal complications and, in some studies, also preterm delivery and low birth weight. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 7% of pregnant women.

• #14 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections may affect 10% of people during childhood. Among children, urinary tract infections are most common in uncircumcised males less than three months of age, followed by females less than one year. Estimates of frequency among children, however, vary widely. In a group of children with a fever, ranging in age between birth and two years, 22% were diagnosed with a UTI.

• #15 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections may affect 10% of people during childhood. Among children, urinary tract infections are most common in uncircumcised males less than three months of age, followed by females less than one year. Estimates of frequency among children, however, vary widely. In a group of children with a fever, ranging in age between birth and two years, 22% were diagnosed with a UTI.

• #16 Urinary Tract Infection: Definitions and Epidemiology

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/urinary-tract-infection.html

  Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections […] Women are much more likely to suffer from urinary tract infection than men, see the following table. The lifetime risk for UTI is near to 50% for women. After the first UTI, women have a relevant risk for recurrent infections (0.33 UTIs/year). […] Incidence 50100/1000 women, depending on age and study. […] Incidence 68 UTI per 10.000 young men/year (age 2150). […] Urinary tract infections cause 2040% of nosocomial infections.

• #17 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  Epidemiologic data on the incidence of pyelonephritis are limited. A population-based study of acute pyelonephritis in the United States found overall annual rates of 15-17 cases per 10,000 females and 3-4 cases per 10,000 males. […] At least 250,000 cases of pyelonephritis are diagnosed annually in the United States. The cost of treating acute pyelonephritis has been estimated to be $2.14 billion per year. […] Acute pyelonephritis develops in 20-30% of pregnant women with untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) (2-9.5%), most often during the late second and early third trimesters. The incidence of pyelonephritis in infants and children is difficult to ascertain because of the infrequency of typical symptoms. Up to 25% of children with UTI and no signs or symptoms of pyelonephritis do have bacteria demonstrable in the upper urinary tract.

• #18 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For the agents involved in uncomplicated UTIs, UPEC is followed in prevalence by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the order of prevalence for causative agents, following UPEC as most common, is Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #19 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis in the United States is found at a rate of 15 to 17 cases per 10,000 females and 3 to 4 cases per 10,000 males annually, with an annual total of 250,000 cases annually reported in the US. […] One large study of over 750,000 patients in Sweden found that uncomplicated UTI/cystitis developed into pyelonephritis 0.47% of the time with antibiotic treatment. This risk rose to 1.43% if an antibiotic prescription was not filled within 5 days of cystitis diagnosis. […] Young, sexually active women are most often affected by acute pyelonephritis due to their higher incidence of UTIs, but men have a higher mortality rate. […] Groups with extremes of age, such as older adults and infants, are also at higher risk. Acute pyelonephritis has no racial predisposition. […] Pregnant women are also considered a high-risk group due to physiologic changes predisposing them to an increased risk of UTI. Acute pyelonephritis leads to maternal complications and, in some studies, also preterm delivery and low birth weight. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 7% of pregnant women.

• #20 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis in the United States is found at a rate of 15 to 17 cases per 10,000 females and 3 to 4 cases per 10,000 males annually, with an annual total of 250,000 cases annually reported in the US. […] One large study of over 750,000 patients in Sweden found that uncomplicated UTI/cystitis developed into pyelonephritis 0.47% of the time with antibiotic treatment. This risk rose to 1.43% if an antibiotic prescription was not filled within 5 days of cystitis diagnosis. […] Young, sexually active women are most often affected by acute pyelonephritis due to their higher incidence of UTIs, but men have a higher mortality rate. […] Groups with extremes of age, such as older adults and infants, are also at higher risk. Acute pyelonephritis has no racial predisposition. […] Pregnant women are also considered a high-risk group due to physiologic changes predisposing them to an increased risk of UTI. Acute pyelonephritis leads to maternal complications and, in some studies, also preterm delivery and low birth weight. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 7% of pregnant women.

• #21 Current Recommendations on the Management of Urinary Tract Infections – Walter Bushnell Healthcare Foundation

  https://wbhf.walterbushnell.com/publications/nephro-flash/item/75-current-recommendations-on-the-management-of-urinary-tract-infections

  Urinary tract infections are one of the most frequently encountered infections, both in the community as well as in hospitalized patients. […] The researchers have reported that around 40-50% women experience at least one urinary tract infection during their lifetime. […] In addition, the risk of these infections is also higher among other specific subpopulations such as pregnant women, patients with spinal cord injuries and/or catheters, patients with diabetes or multiple sclerosis and immunocompromised patients in general. […] These infections account for significant burden worldwide and are associated with substantial morbidity that may be life-threatening. […] According to an Indian study, the prevalence of urinary tract infection has been estimated to be 53.82%. […] The findings of this study also revealed that the prevalence was considerably higher in females than in males (73.57% vs 35.14%).

• #22 Current Recommendations on the Management of Urinary Tract Infections – Walter Bushnell Healthcare Foundation

  https://wbhf.walterbushnell.com/publications/nephro-flash/item/75-current-recommendations-on-the-management-of-urinary-tract-infections

  Urinary tract infections are one of the most frequently encountered infections, both in the community as well as in hospitalized patients. […] The researchers have reported that around 40-50% women experience at least one urinary tract infection during their lifetime. […] In addition, the risk of these infections is also higher among other specific subpopulations such as pregnant women, patients with spinal cord injuries and/or catheters, patients with diabetes or multiple sclerosis and immunocompromised patients in general. […] These infections account for significant burden worldwide and are associated with substantial morbidity that may be life-threatening. […] According to an Indian study, the prevalence of urinary tract infection has been estimated to be 53.82%. […] The findings of this study also revealed that the prevalence was considerably higher in females than in males (73.57% vs 35.14%).

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2008/09000/epidemiology_of_acute_infections_among_patients.40.aspx

  The objectives of this review were (1) to review recent literature on the rates, risk factors, and outcomes of infections in patients who had chronic kidney disease (CKD) and did or did not require renal replacement therapy; (2) to review literature on the efficacy and use of selected vaccines for patients with CKD; and (3) to outline a research framework for examining key issues regarding infections in patients with CKD. […] Infection-related hospitalizations contribute substantially to excess morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD, and infection is the second leading cause of death in this population. […] Patients who have CKD and do not require renal replacement therapy seem to be at higher risk for infection compared with patients without CKD; however, data about patients who have CKD and do not require dialysis therapy are very limited.

• #24 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  No racial predilection of pyelonephritis has been demonstrated. Pyelonephritis is significantly more common in females than in males, although this difference narrows considerably with increasing age, especially in patients aged 65 years and older. In females, pyelonephritis shows a trimodal distribution, with an elevated incidence in girls aged 0-4 years, a peak in women 15-35 years of age, and a gradual increase after age 50 years to another peak at 80 years of age. […] In males, the age distribution of pyelonephritis is bimodal. Males also demonstrate a peak incidence of pyelonephritis at 0-4 years of age. Rates gradually increase after 35 years of age and peak at 85 years of age. […] Acute pyelonephritis shows a seasonal variation. In Washington state, cases occurred most frequently during the months of July and August among females and during August and September in the male population.

• #25 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021. The middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] In 2021, Tropical Latin America had the highest global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, and mortality for UTIs, and the disease burden in this region has not shown significant changes from 1990 to 2021. […] This study revealed that from 1990 to 2021, the global burden of UTIs showed an overall upward trend, with a particularly pronounced disease burden among women, older men, and lowmiddle SDI regions. However, significant differences were observed across sexes, age groups, countries, regions, and SDI areas, indicating the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in specific populations and regions.

• #26 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021. The middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] In 2021, Tropical Latin America had the highest global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, and mortality for UTIs, and the disease burden in this region has not shown significant changes from 1990 to 2021. […] This study revealed that from 1990 to 2021, the global burden of UTIs showed an overall upward trend, with a particularly pronounced disease burden among women, older men, and lowmiddle SDI regions. However, significant differences were observed across sexes, age groups, countries, regions, and SDI areas, indicating the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in specific populations and regions.

• #27 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021. The middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] In 2021, Tropical Latin America had the highest global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, and mortality for UTIs, and the disease burden in this region has not shown significant changes from 1990 to 2021. […] This study revealed that from 1990 to 2021, the global burden of UTIs showed an overall upward trend, with a particularly pronounced disease burden among women, older men, and lowmiddle SDI regions. However, significant differences were observed across sexes, age groups, countries, regions, and SDI areas, indicating the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in specific populations and regions.

• #28 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021. The middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] In 2021, Tropical Latin America had the highest global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, and mortality for UTIs, and the disease burden in this region has not shown significant changes from 1990 to 2021. […] This study revealed that from 1990 to 2021, the global burden of UTIs showed an overall upward trend, with a particularly pronounced disease burden among women, older men, and lowmiddle SDI regions. However, significant differences were observed across sexes, age groups, countries, regions, and SDI areas, indicating the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in specific populations and regions.

• #29 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For the agents involved in uncomplicated UTIs, UPEC is followed in prevalence by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the order of prevalence for causative agents, following UPEC as most common, is Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #30 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For the agents involved in uncomplicated UTIs, UPEC is followed in prevalence by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the order of prevalence for causative agents, following UPEC as most common, is Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #31 Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0801/p173.html

  Acute pyelonephritis, a serious and relatively common bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis, accounts for approximately 250,000 office visits and 200,000 hospital admissions annually in the United States. […] The highest incidence is among otherwise healthy women 15 to 29 years of age. […] Escherichia coli accounts for approximately 90% of uncomplicated pyelonephritis cases; factors that define complicated pyelonephritis are listed in Table 1. […] As of 2014, E. coli resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones in the United States exceeded 35% and 10%, respectively. […] Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing uropathogenic organisms demonstrate resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and are increasingly prevalent in the United States and globally. […] Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant organisms are listed in Table 2.

• #32 Epidemiology, definition and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-020-0362-4

  UTIs are amongst the most frequent bacterial infections. […] Several classification systems exist for the description and classification of UTIs, with the common rationale that cUTIs have a higher risk of recurrence or chronification, progression or severe outcome than uncomplicated UTIs. […] cUTIs and pyelonephritis are associated with high antimicrobial resistance rates among causative pathogens. […] However, antimicrobial resistance rates can differ substantially, depending on the population being studied and whether the data being analysed are from surveillance studies, registry data or interventional studies, in which specific inclusion and exclusion criteria are used for patient selection. […] Thus, treatment outcomes differ substantially among studies, ranging from 50% to almost 100% clearance of infection, depending on the patient population analysed, the UTI entities included and the primary outcome of the study.

• #33 Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0801/p173.html

  Acute pyelonephritis, a serious and relatively common bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis, accounts for approximately 250,000 office visits and 200,000 hospital admissions annually in the United States. […] The highest incidence is among otherwise healthy women 15 to 29 years of age. […] Escherichia coli accounts for approximately 90% of uncomplicated pyelonephritis cases; factors that define complicated pyelonephritis are listed in Table 1. […] As of 2014, E. coli resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones in the United States exceeded 35% and 10%, respectively. […] Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing uropathogenic organisms demonstrate resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and are increasingly prevalent in the United States and globally. […] Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant organisms are listed in Table 2.

• #34 Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0801/p173.html

  Acute pyelonephritis, a serious and relatively common bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis, accounts for approximately 250,000 office visits and 200,000 hospital admissions annually in the United States. […] The highest incidence is among otherwise healthy women 15 to 29 years of age. […] Escherichia coli accounts for approximately 90% of uncomplicated pyelonephritis cases; factors that define complicated pyelonephritis are listed in Table 1. […] As of 2014, E. coli resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones in the United States exceeded 35% and 10%, respectively. […] Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing uropathogenic organisms demonstrate resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and are increasingly prevalent in the United States and globally. […] Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant organisms are listed in Table 2.

• #35 Epidemiology, susceptibility, and risk factors for acquisition of MDR/ | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-susceptibility-and-risk-factors-for-acquisition-of-mdrxdr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Although kidney recipients are particularly susceptible to MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs, which can lead to increased cost and longer duration of hospitalization, published data in this field among this population are limited. […] Confirming these risk factors associated with MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs and preventing the first episode of UTI is of great importance. […] The risk factors for acquisition of MDR/XDR Gram-negative bacteria per se among kidney recipients with UTIs, up until now, have not been studied. […] The potential risk factors associated with XDR Gram-negative UTIs are outlined in Table 6. When compared with MDR UTIs, factors associated with XDR ones in univariate analysis were polycystic kidney disease, nosocomial infection, early-onset infection, non-fermenting bacterial infection, the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics for 5 days or more within 1 month before the onset of UTI, the use of meropenem for 4 days or more within 1 month before the onset of UTI, and serum creatinine level 1.5 mg/dL. In multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors for XDR Gram-negative UTIs were polycystic kidney disease (OR = 39.871, 95% CI = 1.979803.384, P = 0.016), followed by non-fermenting bacterial infection (OR = 20.161, 95% CI = 3.409119.240, P = 0.001), and creatinine level 1.5 mg/dL (OR = 8.688, 95% CI = 1.35455.747, P = 0.023). […] To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report the incidence, strains, susceptibility, and risk factors for acquisition of MDR/XDR Gram-negative bacteria isolated from kidney recipients with UTIs, since the interim standard definition of MDR/XDR was proposed.

• #36 Epidemiology, susceptibility, and risk factors for acquisition of MDR/ | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-susceptibility-and-risk-factors-for-acquisition-of-mdrxdr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Multiple drug resistant/extensively drug resistant (MDR/XDR) Gram-negative urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a growing threat to kidney transplant recipients. This retrospective study aimed to assess the incidence and microbiological profile of MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs, to identify drug susceptibility of MDR/XDR bacteria, and to determine the potential risk factors for MDR/XDR UTIs in kidney recipients. […] Eighty-one kidney recipients yielded 88 episodes of MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs with five patients (6.2%) succumbing to all-cause in-hospital mortality. […] Nosocomial infection (odds ratio [OR] = 11.429, 95% CI = 1.31199.625, P = 0.027) was the only independent predictor of MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs. Non-fermenting bacterial infection (OR = 20.161, 95% CI = 3.409119.240, P = 0.001), polycystic kidney disease (OR = 39.871, 95% CI = 1.979803.384, P = 0.016), and serum creatinine level 1.5 mg/dL (OR = 8.688, 95% CI = 1.35455.747, P = 0.023) were significantly different between XDR and MDR Gram-negative UTIs.

• #37 Epidemiology, susceptibility, and risk factors for acquisition of MDR/ | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-susceptibility-and-risk-factors-for-acquisition-of-mdrxdr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Multiple drug resistant/extensively drug resistant (MDR/XDR) Gram-negative urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a growing threat to kidney transplant recipients. This retrospective study aimed to assess the incidence and microbiological profile of MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs, to identify drug susceptibility of MDR/XDR bacteria, and to determine the potential risk factors for MDR/XDR UTIs in kidney recipients. […] Eighty-one kidney recipients yielded 88 episodes of MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs with five patients (6.2%) succumbing to all-cause in-hospital mortality. […] Nosocomial infection (odds ratio [OR] = 11.429, 95% CI = 1.31199.625, P = 0.027) was the only independent predictor of MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs. Non-fermenting bacterial infection (OR = 20.161, 95% CI = 3.409119.240, P = 0.001), polycystic kidney disease (OR = 39.871, 95% CI = 1.979803.384, P = 0.016), and serum creatinine level 1.5 mg/dL (OR = 8.688, 95% CI = 1.35455.747, P = 0.023) were significantly different between XDR and MDR Gram-negative UTIs.

• #38 Epidemiology, susceptibility, and risk factors for acquisition of MDR/ | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-susceptibility-and-risk-factors-for-acquisition-of-mdrxdr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Although kidney recipients are particularly susceptible to MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs, which can lead to increased cost and longer duration of hospitalization, published data in this field among this population are limited. […] Confirming these risk factors associated with MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs and preventing the first episode of UTI is of great importance. […] The risk factors for acquisition of MDR/XDR Gram-negative bacteria per se among kidney recipients with UTIs, up until now, have not been studied. […] The potential risk factors associated with XDR Gram-negative UTIs are outlined in Table 6. When compared with MDR UTIs, factors associated with XDR ones in univariate analysis were polycystic kidney disease, nosocomial infection, early-onset infection, non-fermenting bacterial infection, the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics for 5 days or more within 1 month before the onset of UTI, the use of meropenem for 4 days or more within 1 month before the onset of UTI, and serum creatinine level 1.5 mg/dL. In multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors for XDR Gram-negative UTIs were polycystic kidney disease (OR = 39.871, 95% CI = 1.979803.384, P = 0.016), followed by non-fermenting bacterial infection (OR = 20.161, 95% CI = 3.409119.240, P = 0.001), and creatinine level 1.5 mg/dL (OR = 8.688, 95% CI = 1.35455.747, P = 0.023). […] To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report the incidence, strains, susceptibility, and risk factors for acquisition of MDR/XDR Gram-negative bacteria isolated from kidney recipients with UTIs, since the interim standard definition of MDR/XDR was proposed.

• #39 Epidemiology, susceptibility, and risk factors for acquisition of MDR/ | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-susceptibility-and-risk-factors-for-acquisition-of-mdrxdr-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Although kidney recipients are particularly susceptible to MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs, which can lead to increased cost and longer duration of hospitalization, published data in this field among this population are limited. […] Confirming these risk factors associated with MDR/XDR Gram-negative UTIs and preventing the first episode of UTI is of great importance. […] The risk factors for acquisition of MDR/XDR Gram-negative bacteria per se among kidney recipients with UTIs, up until now, have not been studied. […] The potential risk factors associated with XDR Gram-negative UTIs are outlined in Table 6. When compared with MDR UTIs, factors associated with XDR ones in univariate analysis were polycystic kidney disease, nosocomial infection, early-onset infection, non-fermenting bacterial infection, the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics for 5 days or more within 1 month before the onset of UTI, the use of meropenem for 4 days or more within 1 month before the onset of UTI, and serum creatinine level 1.5 mg/dL. In multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors for XDR Gram-negative UTIs were polycystic kidney disease (OR = 39.871, 95% CI = 1.979803.384, P = 0.016), followed by non-fermenting bacterial infection (OR = 20.161, 95% CI = 3.409119.240, P = 0.001), and creatinine level 1.5 mg/dL (OR = 8.688, 95% CI = 1.35455.747, P = 0.023). […] To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report the incidence, strains, susceptibility, and risk factors for acquisition of MDR/XDR Gram-negative bacteria isolated from kidney recipients with UTIs, since the interim standard definition of MDR/XDR was proposed.

• #40 Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000–2009) | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-19

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases at the community level. […] The bacteria implicated in the UTI varied with the sex of the patient, being P. aeruginosa a more important cause of infection in men than in women. […] The incidence of the main bacteria changed over the study period (P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp and Providencia spp increased and Enterobacter spp decreased). […] The differences in sex and age must be taken into account at the moment of empirical prescription of antimicrobials. […] The antimicrobials misuse in clinical medicine has led to an increase of the microbial resistance and the consequent spread of bacterial resistant strains is a serious public health problem. […] In order to administer an appropriate empirical therapy it is crucial to know the main bacteria usually involved in the urinary tract infection as well as their respective antimicrobial resistance pattern.

• #41

  https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/fulltext/2016/02000/global_epidemiology_of_urinary_tract_infections.13.aspx

  Both in the community and hospital setting, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common. Initial appropriate empirical treatment requires a good knowledge of epidemiological data. In this review, the most recent global epidemiological data of UTIs have been summarized. […] Community-associated UTI (CAUTI) prevalence is 0.7% and the main risk factors are age, history of UTI, sexual activity and diabetes. The most common pathogen is Escherichia coli and resistance rates to common antibiotics depend very much on the geographical location. […] Healthcare-associated UTI (HAUTI) frequency among HCAIs is 12.9 (confidence interval: 10.216%), 19.6 and 24% in the United States, Europe and developing countries, respectively. […] It is challenging to provide with an exact frequency of UTIs. Both CAUTI and HAUTI frequency, pathogen spectrum and resistance rates vary according to geographical setting.

• #42 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For the agents involved in uncomplicated UTIs, UPEC is followed in prevalence by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the order of prevalence for causative agents, following UPEC as most common, is Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #43 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  In hospitalized patients, E. coli accounts for about 50% of cases. […] The gram-negative species Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Serratia account for about 40%, and the gram-positive bacterial cocci E. faecalis, S. saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus aureus account for the remainder. […] In women who experience 3 urinary tract infections (UTIs)/year, behavioral measures are recommended. […] If these techniques are unsuccessful, antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered. […] For women with 3 UTIs/year despite behavioral prophylactic measures, consider continuous or postcoital antibiotic prophylaxis.

• #44 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis in the United States is found at a rate of 15 to 17 cases per 10,000 females and 3 to 4 cases per 10,000 males annually, with an annual total of 250,000 cases annually reported in the US. […] One large study of over 750,000 patients in Sweden found that uncomplicated UTI/cystitis developed into pyelonephritis 0.47% of the time with antibiotic treatment. This risk rose to 1.43% if an antibiotic prescription was not filled within 5 days of cystitis diagnosis. […] Young, sexually active women are most often affected by acute pyelonephritis due to their higher incidence of UTIs, but men have a higher mortality rate. […] Groups with extremes of age, such as older adults and infants, are also at higher risk. Acute pyelonephritis has no racial predisposition. […] Pregnant women are also considered a high-risk group due to physiologic changes predisposing them to an increased risk of UTI. Acute pyelonephritis leads to maternal complications and, in some studies, also preterm delivery and low birth weight. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 7% of pregnant women.

• #45 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  Acute pyelonephritis in the United States is found at a rate of 15 to 17 cases per 10,000 females and 3 to 4 cases per 10,000 males annually, with an annual total of 250,000 cases annually reported in the US. […] One large study of over 750,000 patients in Sweden found that uncomplicated UTI/cystitis developed into pyelonephritis 0.47% of the time with antibiotic treatment. This risk rose to 1.43% if an antibiotic prescription was not filled within 5 days of cystitis diagnosis. […] Young, sexually active women are most often affected by acute pyelonephritis due to their higher incidence of UTIs, but men have a higher mortality rate. […] Groups with extremes of age, such as older adults and infants, are also at higher risk. Acute pyelonephritis has no racial predisposition. […] Pregnant women are also considered a high-risk group due to physiologic changes predisposing them to an increased risk of UTI. Acute pyelonephritis leads to maternal complications and, in some studies, also preterm delivery and low birth weight. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 7% of pregnant women.

• #46 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  Epidemiologic data on the incidence of pyelonephritis are limited. A population-based study of acute pyelonephritis in the United States found overall annual rates of 15-17 cases per 10,000 females and 3-4 cases per 10,000 males. […] At least 250,000 cases of pyelonephritis are diagnosed annually in the United States. The cost of treating acute pyelonephritis has been estimated to be $2.14 billion per year. […] Acute pyelonephritis develops in 20-30% of pregnant women with untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) (2-9.5%), most often during the late second and early third trimesters. The incidence of pyelonephritis in infants and children is difficult to ascertain because of the infrequency of typical symptoms. Up to 25% of children with UTI and no signs or symptoms of pyelonephritis do have bacteria demonstrable in the upper urinary tract.

• #47 Acute Pyelonephritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519537/

  While clinical guidelines in North America and Europe have recommended screening for and treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant patients to avoid pyelonephritis, these guidelines are based on studies now considered low-quality from the 1960s and 1980s. More recent data found no significant difference in cases of pyelonephritis with treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria, and overall events of pyelonephritis were low (0 vs 1 event in the treated and untreated groups, respectively). Therefore, more recent data supports not treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women, especially given that antibiotics can have potential adverse effects. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed in this area.

• #48 Prospective study of urinary tract infection surveillance after kidney transplantation | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/prospective-study-of-urinary-tract-infection-surveillance-after-/9442130

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains one of the main complications after kidney transplantation and it has serious consequences. […] UTI developed in 19/52 (37%) patients at 3-75 days (mean 19.5 days after transplantation). […] UTI was more frequent in patients who received deceased grafts compared with live grafts (7/10, 70% vs. 12/42, 28%; p 0.007). […] Female patients were more susceptible than male (11/22, 50% vs. 8/22, 36.35%; p 0.042). […] Surveillance of UTI for the first 3 months is a good option for improving quality of life of kidney transplantation patients and the exit of graft function especially for female patients and those receiving deceased grafts. […] Surveillance of UTIs for the first 3 months is a reasonable option for improving graft function free of kidney infections and assuring the quality of life for the kidney transplant population and the loss of graft function, especially for female patients and those receiving suspicious deceased grafts.

• #49 Prospective study of urinary tract infection surveillance after kidney transplantation | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/prospective-study-of-urinary-tract-infection-surveillance-after-/9442130

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains one of the main complications after kidney transplantation and it has serious consequences. […] UTI developed in 19/52 (37%) patients at 3-75 days (mean 19.5 days after transplantation). […] UTI was more frequent in patients who received deceased grafts compared with live grafts (7/10, 70% vs. 12/42, 28%; p 0.007). […] Female patients were more susceptible than male (11/22, 50% vs. 8/22, 36.35%; p 0.042). […] Surveillance of UTI for the first 3 months is a good option for improving quality of life of kidney transplantation patients and the exit of graft function especially for female patients and those receiving deceased grafts. […] Surveillance of UTIs for the first 3 months is a reasonable option for improving graft function free of kidney infections and assuring the quality of life for the kidney transplant population and the loss of graft function, especially for female patients and those receiving suspicious deceased grafts.

• #50 Prospective study of urinary tract infection surveillance after kidney transplantation | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/prospective-study-of-urinary-tract-infection-surveillance-after-/9442130

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains one of the main complications after kidney transplantation and it has serious consequences. […] UTI developed in 19/52 (37%) patients at 3-75 days (mean 19.5 days after transplantation). […] UTI was more frequent in patients who received deceased grafts compared with live grafts (7/10, 70% vs. 12/42, 28%; p 0.007). […] Female patients were more susceptible than male (11/22, 50% vs. 8/22, 36.35%; p 0.042). […] Surveillance of UTI for the first 3 months is a good option for improving quality of life of kidney transplantation patients and the exit of graft function especially for female patients and those receiving deceased grafts. […] Surveillance of UTIs for the first 3 months is a reasonable option for improving graft function free of kidney infections and assuring the quality of life for the kidney transplant population and the loss of graft function, especially for female patients and those receiving suspicious deceased grafts.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2008/09000/epidemiology_of_acute_infections_among_patients.40.aspx

  The objectives of this review were (1) to review recent literature on the rates, risk factors, and outcomes of infections in patients who had chronic kidney disease (CKD) and did or did not require renal replacement therapy; (2) to review literature on the efficacy and use of selected vaccines for patients with CKD; and (3) to outline a research framework for examining key issues regarding infections in patients with CKD. […] Infection-related hospitalizations contribute substantially to excess morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD, and infection is the second leading cause of death in this population. […] Patients who have CKD and do not require renal replacement therapy seem to be at higher risk for infection compared with patients without CKD; however, data about patients who have CKD and do not require dialysis therapy are very limited.

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2008/09000/epidemiology_of_acute_infections_among_patients.40.aspx

  The objectives of this review were (1) to review recent literature on the rates, risk factors, and outcomes of infections in patients who had chronic kidney disease (CKD) and did or did not require renal replacement therapy; (2) to review literature on the efficacy and use of selected vaccines for patients with CKD; and (3) to outline a research framework for examining key issues regarding infections in patients with CKD. […] Infection-related hospitalizations contribute substantially to excess morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD, and infection is the second leading cause of death in this population. […] Patients who have CKD and do not require renal replacement therapy seem to be at higher risk for infection compared with patients without CKD; however, data about patients who have CKD and do not require dialysis therapy are very limited.

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/cjasn/fulltext/2008/09000/epidemiology_of_acute_infections_among_patients.40.aspx

  In conclusion, infection is a primary issue when caring for patients who receive maintenance dialysis. […] Very limited data exist about the rates, risk factors, and outcomes of infection in patients who have CKD and do not require dialysis. […] Future research is needed to delineate accurately the epidemiology of infections in these populations and to develop effective preventive strategies across the spectrum of CKD severity.

• #54

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20190702/expanded-uti-surveillance-needed-in-discharged-patients

  Study findings showed that health care-associated, community-onset UTIs or HA-CO UTIs may be common within 30 days of hospital discharge, suggesting a need for expanded surveillance, researchers wrote in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology. […] Health care-associated UTI surveillance currently targets hospital-onset catheter-associated UTIs, according to Jessina C. McGregor, PhD, FSHEA, associate professor at Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, and colleagues. But McGregor and colleagues said the full burden of health care-associated UTIs is not represented through this surveillance. […] Every health care-associated infection represents an undesirable patient outcome. If people are still at risk for those types of infections after they leave the hospital, then health care-associated infection research should focus more broadly than the current definitions of surveillance definitions, McGregor said in a news release.

• #55

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20190702/expanded-uti-surveillance-needed-in-discharged-patients

  McGregor and colleagues reported an incidence of 29.8 HA-CO UTIs per 1,000 patients in the 30 days after discharge 72.2% of all hospital-associated UTIs. […] According to the study, independent risk factors for HA-CO UTIs included paraplegia or quadriplegia (adjusted OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.2-18), indwelling catheter during index hospitalization (aOR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1-2.3), prior piperacillin-tazobactam prescription (aOR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.5), prior penicillin class prescription (aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1-2.8) and private insurance (aOR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). […] Current National Healthcare Safety Network health care-associated UTI criteria specifically state that surveillance for health care-associated UTI after the patient is discharged from the facility is not required. Hence, current surveillance efforts by infection prevention teams are inadequate in capturing infections with onset after discharge, as reflected by this retrospective single-center study by Elman and colleagues.

• #56 Epidemiology, definition and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-020-0362-4

  Pyelonephritis and cUTIs have emerged as infection models for the study of novel antibiotics, including extensive investigation of novel substances active against Gram-negative bacteria. […] Standardization of definition and classification criteria for cUTIs are warranted. […] Evolution of trial designs might include criteria such as the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in various compartments, involving more patients with multidrug-resistant bacteria or superiority designs.

• #57 Epidemiology, definition and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-020-0362-4

  UTIs are amongst the most frequent bacterial infections. […] Several classification systems exist for the description and classification of UTIs, with the common rationale that cUTIs have a higher risk of recurrence or chronification, progression or severe outcome than uncomplicated UTIs. […] cUTIs and pyelonephritis are associated with high antimicrobial resistance rates among causative pathogens. […] However, antimicrobial resistance rates can differ substantially, depending on the population being studied and whether the data being analysed are from surveillance studies, registry data or interventional studies, in which specific inclusion and exclusion criteria are used for patient selection. […] Thus, treatment outcomes differ substantially among studies, ranging from 50% to almost 100% clearance of infection, depending on the patient population analysed, the UTI entities included and the primary outcome of the study.

• #58

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20190702/expanded-uti-surveillance-needed-in-discharged-patients

  McGregor and colleagues reported an incidence of 29.8 HA-CO UTIs per 1,000 patients in the 30 days after discharge 72.2% of all hospital-associated UTIs. […] According to the study, independent risk factors for HA-CO UTIs included paraplegia or quadriplegia (adjusted OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.2-18), indwelling catheter during index hospitalization (aOR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1-2.3), prior piperacillin-tazobactam prescription (aOR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.5), prior penicillin class prescription (aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1-2.8) and private insurance (aOR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). […] Current National Healthcare Safety Network health care-associated UTI criteria specifically state that surveillance for health care-associated UTI after the patient is discharged from the facility is not required. Hence, current surveillance efforts by infection prevention teams are inadequate in capturing infections with onset after discharge, as reflected by this retrospective single-center study by Elman and colleagues.

• #59 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  Epidemiologic data on the incidence of pyelonephritis are limited. A population-based study of acute pyelonephritis in the United States found overall annual rates of 15-17 cases per 10,000 females and 3-4 cases per 10,000 males. […] At least 250,000 cases of pyelonephritis are diagnosed annually in the United States. The cost of treating acute pyelonephritis has been estimated to be $2.14 billion per year. […] Acute pyelonephritis develops in 20-30% of pregnant women with untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) (2-9.5%), most often during the late second and early third trimesters. The incidence of pyelonephritis in infants and children is difficult to ascertain because of the infrequency of typical symptoms. Up to 25% of children with UTI and no signs or symptoms of pyelonephritis do have bacteria demonstrable in the upper urinary tract.

• #60

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20190702/expanded-uti-surveillance-needed-in-discharged-patients

  McGregor and colleagues reported an incidence of 29.8 HA-CO UTIs per 1,000 patients in the 30 days after discharge 72.2% of all hospital-associated UTIs. […] According to the study, independent risk factors for HA-CO UTIs included paraplegia or quadriplegia (adjusted OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.2-18), indwelling catheter during index hospitalization (aOR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1-2.3), prior piperacillin-tazobactam prescription (aOR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.5), prior penicillin class prescription (aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1-2.8) and private insurance (aOR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). […] Current National Healthcare Safety Network health care-associated UTI criteria specifically state that surveillance for health care-associated UTI after the patient is discharged from the facility is not required. Hence, current surveillance efforts by infection prevention teams are inadequate in capturing infections with onset after discharge, as reflected by this retrospective single-center study by Elman and colleagues.

• #61 Acute Pyelonephritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245559-overview

  Epidemiologic data on the incidence of pyelonephritis are limited. A population-based study of acute pyelonephritis in the United States found overall annual rates of 15-17 cases per 10,000 females and 3-4 cases per 10,000 males. […] At least 250,000 cases of pyelonephritis are diagnosed annually in the United States. The cost of treating acute pyelonephritis has been estimated to be $2.14 billion per year. […] Acute pyelonephritis develops in 20-30% of pregnant women with untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) (2-9.5%), most often during the late second and early third trimesters. The incidence of pyelonephritis in infants and children is difficult to ascertain because of the infrequency of typical symptoms. Up to 25% of children with UTI and no signs or symptoms of pyelonephritis do have bacteria demonstrable in the upper urinary tract.

• #62 Review of Urinary Tract Infection

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/review-of-urinary-tract-infection

  The economic impact of bacterial UTIs is a major factor affecting health care expenses today. Both outpatient and inpatient treatment contribute to overall costs. The urinary tract is the most common site of hospital infection, accounting for more than 40% of nosocomial infections (estimated to be 600,000 patients per year) reported by acute care hospitals. The vast majority of hospital-acquired infections are due to indwelling catheters. On average, a hospital-acquired UTI increases length of stay by one day, resulting in nearly one million extra hospital days. The economic impact is between $424 million and $451 million annually. UTI accounts for approximately eight million health care provider visits in the United States. More than 100,000 hospitalizations per year are due to infections of the urinary tract. Uncomplicated cystitis is by far the most common outpatient infection, while pyelonephritis accounts for the majority of inpatient visits. Diagnosis of UTIs accounts for an estimated $6 billion in health care expenditures.

• #63 Review of Urinary Tract Infection

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/review-of-urinary-tract-infection

  The economic impact of bacterial UTIs is a major factor affecting health care expenses today. Both outpatient and inpatient treatment contribute to overall costs. The urinary tract is the most common site of hospital infection, accounting for more than 40% of nosocomial infections (estimated to be 600,000 patients per year) reported by acute care hospitals. The vast majority of hospital-acquired infections are due to indwelling catheters. On average, a hospital-acquired UTI increases length of stay by one day, resulting in nearly one million extra hospital days. The economic impact is between $424 million and $451 million annually. UTI accounts for approximately eight million health care provider visits in the United States. More than 100,000 hospitalizations per year are due to infections of the urinary tract. Uncomplicated cystitis is by far the most common outpatient infection, while pyelonephritis accounts for the majority of inpatient visits. Diagnosis of UTIs accounts for an estimated $6 billion in health care expenditures.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-023-00105-4

  Prevention of recurrent UTIs includes continuous and postcoital antimicrobial prophylaxis and the use of topical estrogen in postmenopausal women. […] The prescription patterns of continuous antimicrobial prophylaxis in children and adults are not well described in Saudi patients. […] We seek to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescription, type, duration, prescribers and in what group of patients, in adults Saudi patients with recurrent urinary tract infection and to assess how effective the treatment were compared to those who were not given continuous prophylaxis. […] The most common uropathogens isolated in urinary culture were E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. E. coli infections was the most prevalent organism in both patients who have single episode and recurrent UTI episodes.

• #65

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-023-00105-4

  Prevention of recurrent UTIs includes continuous and postcoital antimicrobial prophylaxis and the use of topical estrogen in postmenopausal women. […] The prescription patterns of continuous antimicrobial prophylaxis in children and adults are not well described in Saudi patients. […] We seek to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescription, type, duration, prescribers and in what group of patients, in adults Saudi patients with recurrent urinary tract infection and to assess how effective the treatment were compared to those who were not given continuous prophylaxis. […] The most common uropathogens isolated in urinary culture were E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. E. coli infections was the most prevalent organism in both patients who have single episode and recurrent UTI episodes.

• #66 Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study from Southwestern Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/8/1411

  The emergence of MDR UTIs is a significant public health concern, demanding appropriate measures to prevent their spread and manage affected patients. […] Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of UTIs and the patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Jazan Province, located in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. […] Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern in the management of UTIs worldwide. […] Effective antibiotic stewardship programs and infection control measures are crucial to combat the spread of MDROs in community and healthcare settings. […] Hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant UTIs accounted for 8.08% overall, consistent with other studies that found being hospitalized is a significant risk factor for developing antimicrobial resistance. […] These findings underscore the significance of monitoring the prevalence of CRE types in the region, particularly in light of the continuous influx of visitors, especially during religious seasons.

• #67 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Disparities in the Prevalence of Urinary Diseases Among Prisoners in Taiwan: Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e60136

  The overall prevalence of urinary system diseases among prisoners was 3.61% (n=2998; n=574, 6.64% in men and n=2424, 3.26% in women). […] The significant sex differences in chronic renal failure (ICD-9-CM: 585), kidney infections (ICD-9-CM: 590), calculus of the kidney and ureter (ICD-9-CM: 592), cystitis (ICD-9-CM: 595), and other disorders of the urethra and urinary tract (ICD-9-CM: 599) are shown in (Table 2). […] Women had higher prevalences of kidney infection and cystitis compared to men. […] The prevalence of urinary diseases is mainly attributable to infection. Incarcerated individuals are at a higher risk of developing UTIs due to various factors such as limited access to health care, poor hygiene practices, and overcrowded living conditions. […] Measures to reduce the medical burden of UTIs among prisoners should include prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Providing a healthy environment, ensuring adequate water intake, and dietary interventions such as the provision of cranberries can help reduce the incidence of UTIs.

• #68 Prospective study of urinary tract infection surveillance after kidney transplantation | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/prospective-study-of-urinary-tract-infection-surveillance-after-/9442130

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains one of the main complications after kidney transplantation and it has serious consequences. […] UTI developed in 19/52 (37%) patients at 3-75 days (mean 19.5 days after transplantation). […] UTI was more frequent in patients who received deceased grafts compared with live grafts (7/10, 70% vs. 12/42, 28%; p 0.007). […] Female patients were more susceptible than male (11/22, 50% vs. 8/22, 36.35%; p 0.042). […] Surveillance of UTI for the first 3 months is a good option for improving quality of life of kidney transplantation patients and the exit of graft function especially for female patients and those receiving deceased grafts. […] Surveillance of UTIs for the first 3 months is a reasonable option for improving graft function free of kidney infections and assuring the quality of life for the kidney transplant population and the loss of graft function, especially for female patients and those receiving suspicious deceased grafts.

• #69 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021. The middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] In 2021, Tropical Latin America had the highest global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, and mortality for UTIs, and the disease burden in this region has not shown significant changes from 1990 to 2021. […] This study revealed that from 1990 to 2021, the global burden of UTIs showed an overall upward trend, with a particularly pronounced disease burden among women, older men, and lowmiddle SDI regions. However, significant differences were observed across sexes, age groups, countries, regions, and SDI areas, indicating the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in specific populations and regions.

• #70 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). The estimated annual percentage change was used to depict temporal trends, whereas Pearson correlation analysis explore its correlation with the human development index (HDI), the SDI, and age-standardised rates (ASRs). An autoregressive integrated moving average model forecasted the UTI burden trends. From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #71 Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000–2009) | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-19

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases at the community level. […] The bacteria implicated in the UTI varied with the sex of the patient, being P. aeruginosa a more important cause of infection in men than in women. […] The incidence of the main bacteria changed over the study period (P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp and Providencia spp increased and Enterobacter spp decreased). […] The differences in sex and age must be taken into account at the moment of empirical prescription of antimicrobials. […] The antimicrobials misuse in clinical medicine has led to an increase of the microbial resistance and the consequent spread of bacterial resistant strains is a serious public health problem. […] In order to administer an appropriate empirical therapy it is crucial to know the main bacteria usually involved in the urinary tract infection as well as their respective antimicrobial resistance pattern.

• #72 Differentiating and Treating Urinary Tract Infections

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/differentiating-and-treating-urinary-tract-infections

  Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to public health. Patients with antibiotic-resistant UTIs are symptomatic for longer and cost more to treat in primary care. […] Furthermore, untreated bladder infections have the potential to develop into kidney infections, which can subsequently spread to the bloodstream, leading to sepsis. […] Pharmacists need to be prepared in educating patients on the different types of UTIs, how to manage them, and the importance of adhering to their treatment and preventative regimens.

• #73 Differentiating and Treating Urinary Tract Infections

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/differentiating-and-treating-urinary-tract-infections

  Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to public health. Patients with antibiotic-resistant UTIs are symptomatic for longer and cost more to treat in primary care. […] Furthermore, untreated bladder infections have the potential to develop into kidney infections, which can subsequently spread to the bloodstream, leading to sepsis. […] Pharmacists need to be prepared in educating patients on the different types of UTIs, how to manage them, and the importance of adhering to their treatment and preventative regimens.

• #74 Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0801/p173.html

  Acute pyelonephritis, a serious and relatively common bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis, accounts for approximately 250,000 office visits and 200,000 hospital admissions annually in the United States. […] The highest incidence is among otherwise healthy women 15 to 29 years of age. […] Escherichia coli accounts for approximately 90% of uncomplicated pyelonephritis cases; factors that define complicated pyelonephritis are listed in Table 1. […] As of 2014, E. coli resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones in the United States exceeded 35% and 10%, respectively. […] Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing uropathogenic organisms demonstrate resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and are increasingly prevalent in the United States and globally. […] Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant organisms are listed in Table 2.

• #75 Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study from Southwestern Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/8/1411

  The emergence of MDR UTIs is a significant public health concern, demanding appropriate measures to prevent their spread and manage affected patients. […] Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of UTIs and the patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Jazan Province, located in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. […] Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern in the management of UTIs worldwide. […] Effective antibiotic stewardship programs and infection control measures are crucial to combat the spread of MDROs in community and healthcare settings. […] Hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant UTIs accounted for 8.08% overall, consistent with other studies that found being hospitalized is a significant risk factor for developing antimicrobial resistance. […] These findings underscore the significance of monitoring the prevalence of CRE types in the region, particularly in light of the continuous influx of visitors, especially during religious seasons.

• #76 Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0801/p173.html

  Acute pyelonephritis, a serious and relatively common bacterial infection of the kidney and renal pelvis, accounts for approximately 250,000 office visits and 200,000 hospital admissions annually in the United States. […] The highest incidence is among otherwise healthy women 15 to 29 years of age. […] Escherichia coli accounts for approximately 90% of uncomplicated pyelonephritis cases; factors that define complicated pyelonephritis are listed in Table 1. […] As of 2014, E. coli resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones in the United States exceeded 35% and 10%, respectively. […] Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing uropathogenic organisms demonstrate resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and are increasingly prevalent in the United States and globally. […] Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant organisms are listed in Table 2.

• #77 1675. Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections in the United States, 2009 – 2018 – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/abstract/1675-Epidemiology-of-Urinary-Tract-Infections/9984363165802771

  Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections in the United States, 2009 – 2018 […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections. There is a lack of large epidemiologic studies evaluating the etiologies of UTIs in the United States. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of different UTI-causing organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among patients being treated in a hospital setting. […] There were 640,285 individuals who met the inclusion criteria. Females make up 82% of the study population and 45% were age 65 or older. The most common uropathogen was Escherichia Coli (64.9%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.3%), and Proteus mirabilis (5.7%). 22.2% of patients were infected with a multi-drug-resistant pathogen. […] E. Coli showed significant multidrug resistance in this population of UTI patients that were hospitalized or treated within the ED, and antibiotic switching is common.

• #78 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  In hospitalized patients, E. coli accounts for about 50% of cases. […] The gram-negative species Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Serratia account for about 40%, and the gram-positive bacterial cocci E. faecalis, S. saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus aureus account for the remainder. […] In women who experience 3 urinary tract infections (UTIs)/year, behavioral measures are recommended. […] If these techniques are unsuccessful, antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered. […] For women with 3 UTIs/year despite behavioral prophylactic measures, consider continuous or postcoital antibiotic prophylaxis.

• #79 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021. The middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] In 2021, Tropical Latin America had the highest global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, and mortality for UTIs, and the disease burden in this region has not shown significant changes from 1990 to 2021. […] This study revealed that from 1990 to 2021, the global burden of UTIs showed an overall upward trend, with a particularly pronounced disease burden among women, older men, and lowmiddle SDI regions. However, significant differences were observed across sexes, age groups, countries, regions, and SDI areas, indicating the need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in specific populations and regions.

• #80 Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000–2009) | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-19

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases at the community level. […] The bacteria implicated in the UTI varied with the sex of the patient, being P. aeruginosa a more important cause of infection in men than in women. […] The incidence of the main bacteria changed over the study period (P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp and Providencia spp increased and Enterobacter spp decreased). […] The differences in sex and age must be taken into account at the moment of empirical prescription of antimicrobials. […] The antimicrobials misuse in clinical medicine has led to an increase of the microbial resistance and the consequent spread of bacterial resistant strains is a serious public health problem. […] In order to administer an appropriate empirical therapy it is crucial to know the main bacteria usually involved in the urinary tract infection as well as their respective antimicrobial resistance pattern.

• #81

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20190702/expanded-uti-surveillance-needed-in-discharged-patients

  Study findings showed that health care-associated, community-onset UTIs or HA-CO UTIs may be common within 30 days of hospital discharge, suggesting a need for expanded surveillance, researchers wrote in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology. […] Health care-associated UTI surveillance currently targets hospital-onset catheter-associated UTIs, according to Jessina C. McGregor, PhD, FSHEA, associate professor at Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, and colleagues. But McGregor and colleagues said the full burden of health care-associated UTIs is not represented through this surveillance. […] Every health care-associated infection represents an undesirable patient outcome. If people are still at risk for those types of infections after they leave the hospital, then health care-associated infection research should focus more broadly than the current definitions of surveillance definitions, McGregor said in a news release.

• #82 Epidemiology, definition and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-020-0362-4

  Pyelonephritis and cUTIs have emerged as infection models for the study of novel antibiotics, including extensive investigation of novel substances active against Gram-negative bacteria. […] Standardization of definition and classification criteria for cUTIs are warranted. […] Evolution of trial designs might include criteria such as the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in various compartments, involving more patients with multidrug-resistant bacteria or superiority designs.

• #83 Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000–2009) | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-19

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases at the community level. […] The bacteria implicated in the UTI varied with the sex of the patient, being P. aeruginosa a more important cause of infection in men than in women. […] The incidence of the main bacteria changed over the study period (P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp and Providencia spp increased and Enterobacter spp decreased). […] The differences in sex and age must be taken into account at the moment of empirical prescription of antimicrobials. […] The antimicrobials misuse in clinical medicine has led to an increase of the microbial resistance and the consequent spread of bacterial resistant strains is a serious public health problem. […] In order to administer an appropriate empirical therapy it is crucial to know the main bacteria usually involved in the urinary tract infection as well as their respective antimicrobial resistance pattern.

• #84 Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000–2009) | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-13-19

  The resistance of the isolates most implicated in UTI in male patients was statistically different (MannWhitney U test, p 0.05) from that of female patients. […] In general, an increase of the bacterial resistance was observed with the age (Kruskal-Wallis test, p 0.05). […] The results of antimicrobial resistance indicate that the choice of empirical antimicrobial therapy should have into account the sex of the patient. […] The results obtained in this study suggest the first line drugs indicated to treat non-complicated UTI (pivmecillinam and nitrofurantoin) as well as the alternative antibiotic AMX-CLA are appropriate drugs but the fluoroquinolones should not be suitable to treat male infections and the SXT antibiotic should not be even be considered to treat female UTI.

• #85 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). The estimated annual percentage change was used to depict temporal trends, whereas Pearson correlation analysis explore its correlation with the human development index (HDI), the SDI, and age-standardised rates (ASRs). An autoregressive integrated moving average model forecasted the UTI burden trends. From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

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