Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Malnutrition: Definition, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22987-malnutrition

  Malnutrition is an imbalance between the nutrients your body needs to function and the nutrients it gets. It can mean undernutrition or overnutrition. You can be malnourished from an overall lack of calories, or you might have a protein, vitamin or mineral deficiency. You might also have more excess calories than your body knows what to do with. […] Malnutrition happens when the nutrients it gets dont meet these needs. You can be malnourished from an overall lack of nutrients, or you may have an abundance of some kinds of nutrients but lack other kinds. Even the lack of a single vitamin or mineral can have serious health consequences for your body. On the other hand, having an excess of nutrients can also cause problems. […] Malnutrition can mean undernutrition or overnutrition. It can also mean an imbalance of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) or micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

  Malnutrition, in all its forms, includes undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight), inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight, obesity, and resulting diet-related noncommunicable diseases. […] Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a persons intake of energy and/or nutrients. […] Undernutrition makes children in particular much more vulnerable to disease and death. […] Low height-for-age is known as stunting. It is the result of chronic or recurrent undernutrition, usually associated with poor socioeconomic conditions, poor maternal health and nutrition, frequent illness, and/or inappropriate infant and young child feeding and care in early life. […] Inadequacies in intake of vitamins and minerals often referred to as micronutrients, can also be grouped together.

• #1 Malnutrition: Definition, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22987-malnutrition

  Undernutrition is a deficiency of nutrients. You may be undernourished if you dont have an adequate diet, or if your body has trouble absorbing enough nutrients from your food. Undernutrition can cause visible wasting of fat and muscle, but it can also be invisible. You can be overweight and undernourished. […] Macronutrient undernutrition is a deficiency of macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Macronutrients are the main building blocks of your diet, the nutrients that your body relies on to produce energy to maintain itself. […] Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals. Your body needs these in smaller amounts, but it does need them, for all types of functions. Many people are mildly deficient in certain vitamins and minerals from a lack of variety in their diet. […] The World Health Organization has recently added overnutrition to its definition of malnutrition to recognize the detrimental health effects that can be caused by excessive consumption of nutrients. This includes the effects of overweight and obesity, which are strongly associated with a list of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). It also includes the toxicity that can result from overdosing specific micronutrients.

• #1 What are the diseases caused by Malnutrition?

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/what-are-the-diseases-caused-by-malnutrition

  Malnutrition is a state in which prolonged lack of one or more nutrients retards physical development or causes specific clinical disorders, such as, iron deficiency anemia, goiter, to list a few. Malnutrition can also be defined as an impairment of health resulting from a deficiency, excess or imbalance of nutrition. It also includes under nutrition and over nutrition. […] Deficiency of protein and energy during infancy is one of the most serious problems throughout the world. It leads to clinical syndromes such as Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, and Anemia. […] Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disease, caused due to poor intake of protein or quality protein over a prolonged period of time. […] Marasmus is due to severe of protein and calorie in the diet. It is not due to calorie deficiency alone because marasmic children subsequently develop kwashiorkor. […] Nutritional anemia is a serious health problem. It is due to deficiency of iron in the diet.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

  Iodine, vitamin A, and iron are the most important in global public health terms; their deficiency represents a major threat to the health and development of populations worldwide, particularly children and pregnant women in low-income countries. […] Overweight and obesity result from an imbalance between energy consumed (too much) and energy expended (too little). […] Unhealthy diets and poor nutrition are among the top risk factors for these diseases globally. […] Nearly half of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition. These mostly occur in low- and middle-income countries. […] Poverty amplifies the risk of, and risks from, malnutrition. People who are poor are more likely to be affected by different forms of malnutrition.

• #1 Malnutrition: Definition, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22987-malnutrition

  Overnutrition is caused by consuming more nutrients than you need. You might do this if you have few nutritious food options, a sedentary lifestyle, or a condition that slows down your metabolism. […] Undernutrition is usually caused by not eating enough nutrients. It can also be caused by certain medical conditions that prevent your body from absorbing nutrients.

• #1

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/malnutrition-causes-consequences-and-solutions-29386.html

  Malnutrition results from an imbalance between the body’s nutritional requirements and intake. […] The causes of malnutrition are complex and multifaceted, influenced by socioeconomic, environmental, and individual factors: Poverty: Limited access to nutritious food due to financial constraints is a primary driver of malnutrition, particularly in low-income households and communities. […] Food insecurity: Inadequate availability and access to food, exacerbated by factors such as conflict, climate change, and economic instability, contribute to malnutrition. […] Poor dietary practices: Diets lacking in diversity and essential nutrients, coupled with excessive consumption of processed foods high in sugars, fats, and salt, contribute to both undernutrition and overnutrition. […] Health conditions: Chronic illnesses, infections, and gastrointestinal disorders can impair nutrient absorption and utilization, exacerbating malnutrition. […] Lack of knowledge: Limited awareness of proper nutrition and feeding practices, especially among vulnerable populations, can perpetuate malnutrition. […] Malnutrition remains a complex and pervasive issue with far-reaching consequences for global health and development.

• #1 Malnutrition: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4951875/

  Malnutrition is a common, under-recognised and undertreated condition in hospital patients. […] Disease-related malnutrition arises due to reduced dietary intake, malabsorption, increased nutrient losses or altered metabolic demands. […] Malnutrition in developed countries is unfortunately still more common in situations of poverty, social isolation and substance misuse. However, most adult malnutrition is associated with disease and may arise due to: reduced dietary intake, reduced absorption of macro- and/or micronutrients, increased losses or altered requirements, increased energy expenditure (in specific disease processes). […] Probably the single most important aetiological factor in disease-related malnutrition is reduced dietary intake. […] For patients with intestinal failure and those undergoing abdominal surgical procedures, malabsorption represents an independent risk factor for weight loss and malnutrition.

• #1 What causes malnutrition and how we help prevent it in Zambia

  https://svet.charita.cz/en/news/what-causes-malnutrition-and-how-we-help-prevent-it-in-zambia/

  The country’s malnutrition rate is one of the highest in the world, with nearly half the population unable to meet their minimum calorie requirements. […] The most common causes of malnutrition include: Poor nutrition – insufficient protein and mineral intake, monotonous and unbalanced diet; Poor maternal health – in addition, children of mothers who do not get enough vitamins and nutrients are more likely to suffer from malnutrition; Poverty – poverty is one of the main causes of malnutrition in developing countries; War and conflict – 230 million children worldwide live in war zones with the highest intensity of conflict. These children are at increased risk of death before the age of 5 and stunted growth due to malnutrition, among many other risks. In particular, in areas such as South Sudan, Syria and Yemen. Refugee children are also very often at risk of malnutrition; Climate change and associated crop failure – Zambia enjoys relative peace and political stability. Yet it is plagued by malnutrition, largely caused by climate change. […] Malnutrition has other causes and is usually a combination of several factors.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malnutrition/causes/

  Malnutrition (undernutrition) is caused by a lack of nutrients, either as a result of a poor diet or problems absorbing nutrients from food. […] Some health conditions that can lead to malnutrition include: long-term conditions that cause loss of appetite, feeling sick (nausea) and/or changes in bowel habit (such as diarrhoea and vomiting these include cancer, liver disease and some lung conditions (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) […] mental health conditions, such as depression or schizophrenia, which may affect your mood and desire to eat […] conditions that disrupt your ability to digest food or absorb nutrients, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis […] dementia, which can cause a person to neglect their wellbeing and forget to eat […] an eating disorder, such as anorexia.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malnutrition/causes/

  You can also become malnourished if your body needs an increased amount of energy for example, if you’re healing after surgery or a serious injury such as a burn, or if you have involuntary movements such as a tremor or shaking hands. […] Some types of medicine may also increase your risk of developing malnutrition. […] Some medicines have unpleasant side effects, such as making you feel sick, losing your appetite, or having diarrhoea, which could mean you eat less or do not absorb as many nutrients from food. […] The following factors can also contribute to malnutrition: teeth that are in poor condition, or dentures (false teeth) that do not fit properly, which can make eating difficult or painful […] a physical disability or other impairment that makes it difficult to move around, cook or shop for food

• #1 Malnutrition: causes and consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4951875/

  In some circumstances, such as enterocutaneous fistulae or burns, patients may have excessive and/or specific nutrient losses; their nutritional requirements are usually very different from normal metabolism. […] It was thought for many years that increased energy expenditure was predominantly responsible for disease-related malnutrition. There is now clear evidence that in many disease states total energy expenditure is actually less than in normal health.

• #1 Malnutrition: Symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179316

  Factors that can affect a persons eating habits and potentially lead to malnutrition include: being unable to leave the house or go to a store to buy food, finding it physically difficult to prepare meals, living alone, which can affect a persons motivation to cook and eat, having limited cooking skills, not having enough money to spend on food. […] If the body does not absorb nutrients efficiently, even a healthful diet may not prevent malnutrition. […] Consuming a lot of alcohol can lead to gastritis or long-term damage to the pancreas. […] Malnutrition is the result of an improper diet. It can result from too few nutrients (undernutrition) or too many nutrients (overnutrition). […] But malnutrition is not the result of poor diet choices in every case. Sometimes, malnutrition occurs because a person: does not have easy access to food, cannot leave their home to buy food, cannot cook meals, has a digestive disorder that prevents their body from properly absorbing nutrients.

• #1 The Causes of Undernutrition in Adults: Beyond Inadequate Intake

  https://www.nutritionnews.abbott/malnutrition/global-issue/the-causes-of-undernutrition-in-adults–beyond-inadequate-intake/

  Undernutrition can mean more than inadequate intake of food. […] The causes of nutrition imbalances can vary and are often a complex makeup of individual, community and policy factors. […] Undernutrition is often associated with consuming too few calories, but it may also occur when a person consumes adequate calories but insufficient micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). […] Poor nutrition can result from a variety of factors at the individual level: […] Inadequate dietary intake. The body requires a minimum amount of calories, macronutrients and vitamins and minerals to function properly. […] Poor nutrient absorption. A breakdown anywhere in the digestive process from a lack of stomach acid to genetic abnormalities to an injury of the gut lining may lead to malabsorption of macro- and micronutrients.

• #1 The Causes of Undernutrition in Adults: Beyond Inadequate Intake

  https://www.nutritionnews.abbott/malnutrition/global-issue/the-causes-of-undernutrition-in-adults–beyond-inadequate-intake/

  Increased nutrient needs. When a person’s body is in a state of inflammation, such as after surgery or illness, they may have increased nutrient needs to support wound healing. […] Loss of nutrients due to illness or chronic disease. Illnesses or chronic diseases that cause frequent vomiting or diarrhea, or that affect metabolism, often lead to nutrient losses or misuse in the body.

• #1 Malnutrition Causes, Complications, Prevention & Treatment

  https://medrechospital.com/atozdetail/malnutrition

  Getting too little or too much of a given nutrient is referred to as malnutrition. […] Malnutrition may result from inadequate nutrition or excessive consumption. […] Malnutrition is frequently brought on by: […] Studies relate food insecurity, or a lack of access to enough and inexpensive food, to malnutrition in both developing and industrialized countries. […] Malnutrition can be brought on by digestive disorders and problems with nutritional absorption, including Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, and intestinal bacterial overgrowth. […] Alcoholism: Regular heavy drinking can result in insufficient ingestion of calories, protein, and micronutrients. […] Disorders of the mind: Depression and other mental health issues might raise the risk of malnutrition. […] Inability to get and prepare food: Research has linked malnutrition to risk factors such as being fragile, having limited movement, and having weak muscles.

• #1 Undernutrition – Disorders of Nutrition – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders-of-nutrition/undernutrition/undernutrition

  Undernutrition is caused by social, cultural, and political factors, including the following: Poverty, War, Civil unrest, Overpopulation, Unsafe housing conditions, Infectious diseases, Pandemics, Urbanization. […] Poverty is the leading cause of undernutrition in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. […] Certain conditions increase the risk of undernutrition. […] Some disorders, such as malabsorption disorders, interfere with the absorption of vitamins and minerals. […] Taking certain drugs may contribute to undernutrition. […] Some conditions greatly increase the number of calories needed. […] In older adults, many factors, including age-related changes in the body, work together to cause undernutrition. […] Undernutrition in older adults is serious because it increases the risk of fractures, problems after surgery, pressure sores, and infections.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malnutrition/causes/

  living alone and being socially isolated […] having limited knowledge about nutrition or cooking […] alcohol or drug dependency […] low income or poverty. […] In the UK, malnutrition in children is often caused by long-term health conditions that: lead to a lack of appetite […] disrupt digestion […] increase the body’s demand for energy. […] Some children may become malnourished because of an eating disorder or a behavioural or psychological condition that means they avoid or refuse food. […] Malnutrition caused by a poor diet is rare in the UK, but it can happen if a child is neglected, living in poverty or being abused.

• #1 Acute Malnutrition in Children: Pathophysiology, Clinical Effects and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7469063/

  Acute malnutrition is a nutritional deficiency resulting from either inadequate energy or protein intake. Children with primary acute malnutrition are common in developing countries as a result of inadequate food supply caused by social, economic, and environmental factors. […] Secondary acute malnutrition is usually due to an underlying disease causing abnormal nutrient loss, increased energy expenditure, or decreased food intake. […] Primary acute malnutrition in children is the result of inadequate food supply caused by socioeconomic, political, and environmental factors, and it is most commonly seen in low- and middle-income countries. […] Responsible factors include household food insecurity, poverty, poor nutrition of pregnant women, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, poor breastfeeding and inadequate complementary feeding, frequent infectious illnesses, poor quality of water, hygiene, etc. Therefore, primary acute malnutrition is mostly social rather than biomedical in origin, but it is also multifactorial.

• #1 Acute Malnutrition in Children: Pathophysiology, Clinical Effects and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7469063/

  Secondary acute malnutrition is usually due to abnormal nutrient loss, increased energy expenditure, or decreased food intake, frequently in the context of underlying, mostly chronic, diseases like cystic fibrosis, chronic renal failure, chronic liver diseases, childhood malignancies, congenital heart disease, and neuromuscular diseases. […] The management of secondary malnutrition is mainly based on treating the underlying cause (malabsorption, infections, etc.).

• #1 Causes of Malnutrition in the Elderly | MNA

  https://www.mna-elderly.com/causes-of-malnutrition

  Aging is accompanied by physiologic changes that can negatively impact nutritional status. […] Energy needs decrease with age; yet the need for most nutrients remains relatively unchanged resulting in an increased risk of malnutrition. […] Along with physiologic changes, the elderly may also experience profound psychosocial and environmental changes, such as isolation, loneliness, depression and inadequate finances. These affect dietary intake ultimately impacting nutritional status. […] The cumulative effect of the interaction between nutrition and changes seen in aging is progressive undernutrition, which often goes undiagnosed.

• #1 Senior Malnutrition: Causes and Why It’s a Risk | Avamere at Mountain Ridge

  https://www.avamere.com/senior-malnutrition-causes-and-why-its-a-risk/

  There are several elements that play a role in senior health, and nutrition is at or near the top of any such list. […] Senior malnutrition is unfortunately a somewhat common issue for older adults, but we will not allow this to become a concern for any of our residents. […] Malnutrition in seniors has the potential to lead to several negative health outcomes, including each of the following: […] While senior malnutrition may be simple in some cases, sometimes due to a simple lack of enough calorie intake, its often more complex. There are several factors that may play a role in causing it, including: […] Illness: Various inflammation or illnesses can change senior appetites and also impact the way the aging body processes nutrients. […] Aging changes: As we age, many of us develop a changing or declining appetite or varying dietary habits.

• #1 Senior Malnutrition: Causes and Why It’s a Risk | Avamere at Mountain Ridge

  https://www.avamere.com/senior-malnutrition-causes-and-why-its-a-risk/

  Memory: Dementia or Alzheimers disease may cause some seniors to simply forget to eat or buy groceries. […] Medications: Some of the medications seniors take will have an impact on the appetite. […] Income or food access: Seniors with limited income or limited mobility may not be able to access the right kinds of food they need. […] Diet: Some seniors are on a diet meant to manage a medical issue, but this diet could cause problems of its own. […] Depression: Whether due to loneliness, grief, health issues or a variety of other potential causes, some seniors deal with depression, anxiety or a loss of interest in cooking and eating. […] Alcoholism: An issue at all ages, alcoholism may interfere with digestion and absorption of nutrients, plus tends to lead to poor decision-making and eating habits.

• #1 Malnutrition: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/doctor/malnutrition

  Malnutrition is a nutrient deficiency state of protein, energy or micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). This causes measurable harm to body composition, function or clinical outcome. […] Malnutrition is both a cause and a consequence of ill health. […] Globally, malnutrition is the most important risk factor for illness and death. It affects children and pregnant women disproportionately. It is the direct cause of about 300,000 deaths per annum and indirectly responsible for about half of all deaths in young children (malnutrition increases the risk of death from diarrhoea, lower respiratory tract infection, malaria and measles). […] Deficiencies in iron, iodine, vitamin A and zinc remain major public health problems in developing countries. […] Malnutrition in children is influenced by factors such as young age, chronic illnesses, neglect by caregivers, and poverty.

• #1 Undernutrition in Adults and Children: causes, consequences and what we can do

  https://www.southsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2008-05/undernutrition-in-adults-and-children-causes-consequences-and-what-we-can-do.html

  Undernutrition occurs when people do not eat (or absorb) enough nutrients to cover their needs for energy and growth, or to maintain a healthy immune system. Micronutrient deficiencies are a sub-category of undernutrition and occur when the body lacks one or more micronutrients (e.g. iron, iodine, zinc, vitamin A or folate). These deficiencies usually affect growth and immunity but some cause specific clinical conditions such as anaemia (iron deficiency), hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency) or xerophthalmia (vitamin A deficiency). […] Undernutrition is an important underlying cause of illness and death in Africa especially among women and young children probably contributing to more than half the deaths among underfive year olds. […] We can divide the causes of undernutrition into immediate, underlying and basic.

• #1 Malnutrition: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985140-overview

  Chronic illnesses that commonly are associated with nutritional deficiencies include the following: Cystic fibrosis, Chronic renal failure, Childhood malignancies, Congenital heart disease, Neuromuscular diseases, Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. […] Children with multiple food allergies present a special nutritional challenge because of severe dietary restrictions. […] The effects of changing environmental conditions in increasing malnutrition is multifactorial. Poor environmental conditions may increase insect and protozoal infections and also contribute to environmental deficiencies in micronutrients.

• #1 Cancer and malnutrition | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cancer-and-malnutrition

  For some people with cancer, it can be difficult to eat enough and eat the right kinds of foods. […] The type of cancer you have and the body part affected cancer in the head, neck or gastrointestinal system can affect your ability to swallow or to digest your food. […] The type of cancer treatment surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy can increase your bodys energy and protein needs. […] Side effects from cancer treatment for example, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea can make it difficult to eat, and the food you do eat might not be absorbed as well as usual. […] While there are many factors that can lead to weight loss during cancer treatment, weight loss should not be considered an expected outcome of cancer or cancer treatments, and there are things you can do to help with optimal nutrition and weight maintenance. […] It is important for the health of people with cancer to eat well before, during and after cancer treatment.

• #1 Undernutrition in Adults and Children: causes, consequences and what we can do

  https://www.southsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2008-05/undernutrition-in-adults-and-children-causes-consequences-and-what-we-can-do.html

  Immediate causes are: Poor diets. Meals may be low in quantity, nutrient density or variety, or eaten infrequently. Infants may get insufficient breastmilk. Disease, particularly HIV/AIDS, diarrhoea, respiratory tract or ear infections, measles, hookworms and other gut parasites. […] Underlying causes are: Family food insecurity, Inadequate care of vulnerable household members (e.g. unfair sharing of food within families), Unhygienic living conditions (e.g. poor water supplies and poor sanitation), Inadequate health services. […] Basic causes are: Poverty, Lack of information, political and economic insecurity, War, Lack of resources at all levels, unequal status of women, and/or natural disasters. […] Infections increase the risk of undernutrition because sick people eat less, absorb fewer nutrients, lose nutrients (e.g. in diarrhoea) and/or have increased nutrient needs (e.g. fever).

• #1 Undernutrition in Adults and Children: causes, consequences and what we can do

  https://www.southsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2008-05/undernutrition-in-adults-and-children-causes-consequences-and-what-we-can-do.html

  Undernutrition makes infections worse because: The body lacks anti-oxidants (to mop up harmful free radicals) and the nutrients needed to maintain immunity. The linings of the gut and respiratory systems are weak so pathogens can easily invade. […] Undernutrition in the womb results in retarded growth and low birth weight (2500g). A foetus is at risk if the mother was undernourished or anaemic before conception or if, during pregnancy, her diet is inadequate or she suffers from malaria, HIV or other infections. […] Specific maternal micronutrient deficiencies in early pregnancy can lead to severe disabilities such as brain damage of varying degrees (lack of iodine) and neural tube defect (lack of folate). […] Undernutrition and anaemia are common between the ages of six 24 months because: By six months breastmilk alone cannot cover a baby’s nutrient needs, especially for iron. Family foods (i.e. complementary/weaning foods) may be started too late or be unsuitable for young infants.

• #1 Malnutrition: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/malnutrition-8628715

  Malabsorption and digestive disorders: Conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) or pancreatic insufficiency can cause poor nutrient absorption. […] Alcohol use disorder: Excessive alcohol intake can lead to insufficient amounts of calories, protein, and other nutrients the body needs to properly function, resulting in malnutrition. […] Depression and other mental health conditions, including the eating disorders anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can increase the risk of malnutrition. […] Poor socioeconomic factors, such as little or no education, unemployment, low income, and food or housing insecurity, can all affect the nutritional status of both children and adults. […] Living with food insecurity and not eating enough is linked to the risk of malnutrition.

• #1 Malnutrition: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/malnutrition-8628715

  When the body does not get enough protein, energy, and nutrients, it can result in weight loss, lack of growth in children, and nutritional deficiencies and imbalances. […] Malnutrition is a global problem, with every country in the world being affected by one or more forms of malnutrition. […] Risk factors for malnutrition include poor socioeconomic status, limited access to nutritious foods, having increased nutritional needs, older adults living alone or who have mobility issues, and having a medical condition that affects nutrient absorption. […] Malnutrition can lead to serious health consequences if not treated, and in some cases can be life-threatening.

• #1 Malnutrition | Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/malnutrition-20-05-2009/

  An inadequate diet can lead to malnutrition. Malnutrition is a condition which is caused by an imbalance between what a person eats and the nutrients that they need to maintain good health. […] Malnutrition is caused by a lack of essential nutrients, resulting in the inability of the body to function as efficiently as normal. A lack of nutrients in the body can be caused by a number of circumstances and conditions. […] In the UK, malnutrition is often be caused by: an inadequate diet, stomach conditions and digestive disorders, and alcoholism. […] Not eating enough food to maintain proper body function, or eating an imbalanced diet that does not provide you with the nutrients needed to maintain a good, all round level of health, will cause you to become malnourished. […] If the food that you eat is not digested properly, your body will be unable to absorb the nutrients that it needs to function effectively. […] People who misuse alcohol can sometimes become malnourished because alcohol contains enough calories to stop you feeling hungry, but it does not contain the necessary nutrients that are required to stay healthy.

• #1 Causes of Malnutrition | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81782

  Malnutrition is defined as deficiency or excess of nutrition consumption. […] The causes of malnutrition can be categorized as immediate, underlying, and basic. The immediate-level causes of malnutrition comprise inadequate dietary intake and disease conditions. […] The underlying-level causes include insufficient household food security, inadequate social and care environment and insufficient health service, and unhealthy environment. […] The basic-level causes of malnutrition consist climate variability and extremes, sociocultural, economic, and political context. […] Undernutrition is specifically caused by deficiency of energy, vitamin, and minerals. Overnutrition is specifically is caused by overconsumption of energy and micronutrients. […] The causes of malnutrition can be grouped into immediate-level cause, underlying-level causes, and basic-level causes.

• #1 Causes of Malnutrition | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81782

  The immediate-level causes of malnutrition include inadequate dietary intake and diseases. […] Household (HH) food insecurity, poor social and care environment and poor access to health care, and unhealthy environment are included in underlying causes of malnutrition. […] The basic causes of malnutrition are poverty, lack of information, political and economic insecurity, war, lack of resources at all levels, unequal status of women, and/or natural disasters. […] Malnutrition in children is caused when the demand of nutrient and calories is deficient. […] Overnutrition is caused by consuming too much energy than a person needs every day. […] The specific causes of malnutrition are different for different types of malnutrition. […] Malnutrition can be caused by various factors. The causes of malnutrition can be classified as immediate, underlying, and basic causes. […] Energy, vitamin, and mineral deficiency causes undernutrition. Overnutrition is caused by overconsumption of energy and micronutrients.

• #1

  https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3825719

  Saunders, J. and Smith, T. (2010) Malnutrition: Causes and Consequences. […] In Burkina Faso, undernutrition is a public health problem associated with more than 40% of infant and child mortality. […] The results revealed that factors related to the physical environment, such as geographical inaccessibility, pastoral occupation, displacement at auriferous sites, and insecurity, are important causes of nutritional recovery abandonment. […] They also prove that factors related to the social environment, such as lack of family and social support, feelings of shame, stigmatization, occupation of the mother, and social events, lead to this abandonment. […] In addition, therapeutic factors such as interruptions of supplies of Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), feeling of improvement or worsening of the state of health, recourse to traditional medicine, and ignorance of undernutrition are also associated with this issue. […] This study highlighted barriers to the abandonment of nutritional recovery among parents of severely malnourished children aged 6 to 59 months in the health district of Titao, Burkina Faso.

• #1 Malnutrition: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985140-overview

  Malnutrition is directly responsible for 300,000 deaths per year in children younger than 5 years in developing countries and contributes indirectly to more than half of all deaths in children worldwide. […] According to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN), malnutrition can be classified as either being illness related (secondary to another disease or injury) non-illness related, (attributable to environmental/behavioral causes) or a combination of the two. […] Inadequate food intake is the most common cause of malnutrition worldwide. In developing countries, inadequate food intake is secondary to insufficient or inappropriate food supplies or early cessation of breastfeeding. […] In developed countries, inadequate food intake is a less common cause of malnutrition. Instead, diseases and, in particular, chronic illnesses play an important role in the etiology of malnutrition.

• #1 Malnutrition in Children 101: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.nutritionnews.abbott/malnutrition/global-issue/Malnutrition-in-Children-Causes-Symptoms-and-Treatment/

  Malnutrition is a prominent global health issue. It affects 1 in 3 people around the world, and the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, widespread conflict, climate change and increases in the cost of living have worsened the issue. […] Numerous factors can lead to malnutrition in children. For many children, food insecurity, or the inability to access nutritious food, is at the top of the list. For others, a family’s lack of knowledge about nutrition or a child’s own food preferences can also contribute to over- and undernutrition. […] Malnutrition can affect a growing child’s brain development and their ability to learn and perform in school. Severely undernourished children can experience additional challenges, such as bone deformity, neurological problems, vision loss and weakened immune systems. […] Pediatric malnutrition is a significant public health concern that affects children from all walks of life.

• #1 Malnutrition in the Elderly – Malnutrition Consequences, Causes & Nursing Home Neglect – Berman & Riedel, LLPenvelope-ocloseplay-circle-ochevron-upchevron-downphonetwitterfacebookbarsenvelopelinkedinyoutube-playyelp

  https://bermanlawyers.com/malnutrition-in-the-elderly/

  Most people mistakenly believe that Americans become malnourished because they do not have the financial resources to buy food, but malnourishment is usually caused by dozens of interconnected factors like disease, prescription medications, poor nutrient absorption, difficulty chewing or swallowing, and depression. […] Elderly malnutrition is a hidden epidemic that affects almost 1 out of every 2 older adults. […] Malnutrition in older adults is a complicated issue. There is rarely a single cause; most malnourished seniors are dealing with interconnected issues that contribute to malnourishment. […] The more medications an older adult takes, the greater the risk of nutritional problems. […] Virtually any diseases or conditions can contribute to malnutrition in the elderly. […] Depression can lead to reduced appetite and has been shown to be a predictor for poor nutrition and weight loss that leads to malnutrition.

• #1 Malnutrition: Causes, Prevention and Treatment – Flavour Creations

  https://www.flavourcreations.com.au/malnutrition-causes-prevention-and-treatment/

  Medical conditions, acute or chronic illnesses and medical treatment can affect appetite and food intake, preventing patients from either eating enough or absorbing nutrients properly. […] Older Australians are the most at-risk demographic from malnutrition, as ageing can cause problems like reduced functional capacity, poor dental health, polypharmacy (taking lots of medication), swallowing problems and reduced senses of smell and taste. […] Dysphagia, which refers to difficulty swallowing, can have a big impact on a person’s diet. […] Malabsorption means a person’s body has trouble absorbing nutrients from food. This means that a person might eat a normal amount of food but only absorb a certain percentage of the nutrients, leading to malnutrition. […] Individuals suffering from mental decline or dementia are also at particular risk of malnutrition.

• #1 Malnutrition in the Elderly – Malnutrition Consequences, Causes & Nursing Home Neglect – Berman & Riedel, LLPenvelope-ocloseplay-circle-ochevron-upchevron-downphonetwitterfacebookbarsenvelopelinkedinyoutube-playyelp

  https://bermanlawyers.com/malnutrition-in-the-elderly/

  Sadly, older adults living in a long-term care setting are at high risk of becoming malnourished. According to estimates, 12-50% of seniors in hospitals are malnourished compared to 23-60% of seniors in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities. Some estimates place the rate of malnutrition in nursing homes at 40 to 85%.

• #1 Overview of Undernutrition – Nutritional Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/undernutrition/overview-of-undernutrition

  Inadequately fed infants and children are at risk of protein-energy undernutrition (PEU previously called protein-energy malnutrition) and deficiencies of iron, folate (folic acid), vitamins A and C, copper, and zinc. […] Requirements for nutrients increase during pregnancy (to support the metabolic demands of pregnancy and fetal growth) and breastfeeding. […] Older adults are at high risk of undernutrition because their nutritional needs increase but energy requirements decrease. […] Aging leads to sarcopenia (progressive loss of lean body mass), starting after age 40 and eventually amounting to a muscle loss of about 10 kg (22 lb) in men and 5 kg (11 lb) in women. […] Causes of sarcopenia include decreased physical activity, decreased food intake, increased levels of cytokines (particularly interleukin-6), decreased levels of growth hormone and mechano growth factor (insulin-like growth factor-3), and in men, decreasing androgen levels.

• #1 Kwashiorkor: Definition, Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23099-kwashiorkor

  Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition characterized by severe protein deficiency. […] Protein deficiency is the main feature of kwashiorkor, and many researchers believe it’s the cause but not all are convinced. […] The primary factors associated with kwashiorkor are: […] Diet of mostly carbohydrates. In populations that are considered high-risk, particularly poorer regions of Africa, Central America and Southeast Asia, often the only available food is a type of carbohydrate: rice, corn or starchy vegetables. […] Weaning with inadequate food replacement. […] Other factors that may contribute include: […] Lack of essential vitamins and minerals. […] Lack of dietary antioxidants. […] Aflatoxins toxins from a mold that commonly grows on crops in hot and humid climates. […] Parasites and infectious diseases, particularly measles, malaria and HIV. […] Significant life stress, including famine, deprivation, war and natural disasters.

• #1 Kwashiorkor Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/kwashiorkor

  Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition that occurs when there is not enough protein in the diet. […] Kwashiorkor is most common in areas where there is: Famine, Limited food supply, Low levels of education (when people do not understand how to eat a proper diet). […] These events often lead to a lack of food, causing malnutrition. […] Many malnourished children will develop intolerance to milk sugar (lactose intolerance). […] To prevent kwashiorkor, make sure your diet has enough carbohydrates, fat (at least 10% of total calories), and protein (12% of total calories).

• #1 What are the consequences of malnutrition? | BAPEN

  https://www.bapen.org.uk/malnutrition/introduction-to-malnutrition/what-are-the-consequences-of-malnutrition/

  Malnutrition affects every system in the body and results in increased vulnerability to illness, increased complications and in extreme cases even death. […] Malnutrition causes apathy, depression, introversion, self-neglect and deterioration in social interactions. […] Malnutrition reduces fertility and if present during pregnancy can predispose to problems with diabetes, heart disease and stroke in the baby in later life. […] Iron deficiency can cause anaemia. […] Zinc deficiency causes skin rashes and decreased ability to fight infection. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause anaemia and problems with nerves. […] Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. […] Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy. […] Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness.

• #1 General information and signalling – Kenniscentrum Ondervoeding

  https://www.kenniscentrumondervoeding.nl/en/malnutrition-general-information/

  Psychological factors may include: anxiety, sadness, depression, and impaired cognition. […] Social factors may include: loneliness, no social network to run errands, and poverty. […] The prevalence of malnutrition is high in all sectors of the Dutch health care system. […] Risk groups for malnutrition are vulnerable elderly people, children and adults who are chronically ill, have an oncological condition, have undergone major surgery or have severe trauma. […] Malnutrition has negative consequences for the health of adults and children. […] Inadequate nutritional intake in combination with illness and/or inactivity leads to reduced muscle mass, which is an important characteristic of malnutrition. […] This causes a decrease in overall condition and reduced heart and lung capacity.

• #1 General information and signalling – Kenniscentrum Ondervoeding

  https://www.kenniscentrumondervoeding.nl/en/malnutrition-general-information/

  Malnourished people more often have a poorer immune status, poorer wound healing, a greater chance of developing pressure ulcers, a lower quality of life and an increased mortality. […] For example, these factors contribute to a longer hospital stay, a poorer response to medical treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy) and an increased use of drugs, which leads to an increase in healthcare costs. […] In order to be able to start the right treatment, it is important to specify the underlying cause after the diagnosis of malnutrition. […] The following types of malnutrition are distinguished: chronic disease with inflammation, chronic disease with little or no inflammation, acute disease or trauma with severe inflammation, starvation including hunger/food shortage related to socio-economic or environmental factors.

• #2 Overview of Undernutrition – Nutritional Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/undernutrition/overview-of-undernutrition

  Inadequately fed infants and children are at risk of protein-energy undernutrition (PEU previously called protein-energy malnutrition) and deficiencies of iron, folate (folic acid), vitamins A and C, copper, and zinc. […] Requirements for nutrients increase during pregnancy (to support the metabolic demands of pregnancy and fetal growth) and breastfeeding. […] Older adults are at high risk of undernutrition because their nutritional needs increase but energy requirements decrease. […] Aging leads to sarcopenia (progressive loss of lean body mass), starting after age 40 and eventually amounting to a muscle loss of about 10 kg (22 lb) in men and 5 kg (11 lb) in women. […] Causes of sarcopenia include decreased physical activity, decreased food intake, increased levels of cytokines (particularly interleukin-6), decreased levels of growth hormone and mechano growth factor (insulin-like growth factor-3), and in men, decreasing androgen levels.

• #2 OLCreate: HEAT_NU_ET_1.0 Nutrition: 6. Common Nutritional Problems in Ethiopia: 6.4.1  Immediate causes of malnutrition | OLCreate

  https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=319&section=1.6.1

  The immediate causes associated with malnutrition include poor diet and disease. […] If a child doesnt get an adequate diet they will become malnourished. The poor diet might be due to not enough food, or a lack of variety of foods in meals; low concentrations of energy and nutrients in meals; infrequent meals; insufficient breastmilk; and early weaning. […] Diseases, especially infectious diseases, cause undernutrition because a sick child may not eat or absorb enough nutrients, or may lose nutrients from the body due to vomiting or diarrhoea, or have increased nutrient needs which are not met. […] The diseases most likely to cause undernutrition are: measles; diarrhoea; AIDS; respiratory infections; malaria; and intestinal worms. […] infection will lead to undernutrition and the undernutrition also leads to infection.

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  https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition

  Micronutrient deficiencies are a lack of vitamins and minerals that are essential for body functions such as producing enzymes, hormones and other substances needed for growth and development. […] Poverty amplifies the risk of, and risks from, malnutrition. […] People who are poor are more likely to be affected by different forms of malnutrition. […] Malnutrition increases health care costs, reduces productivity and slows economic growth, which can perpetuate a cycle of poverty and ill-health.

• #2 Undernutrition in Adults and Children: causes, consequences and what we can do

  https://www.southsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2008-05/undernutrition-in-adults-and-children-causes-consequences-and-what-we-can-do.html

  Undernutrition occurs when people do not eat (or absorb) enough nutrients to cover their needs for energy and growth, or to maintain a healthy immune system. Micronutrient deficiencies are a sub-category of undernutrition and occur when the body lacks one or more micronutrients (e.g. iron, iodine, zinc, vitamin A or folate). These deficiencies usually affect growth and immunity but some cause specific clinical conditions such as anaemia (iron deficiency), hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency) or xerophthalmia (vitamin A deficiency). […] Undernutrition is an important underlying cause of illness and death in Africa especially among women and young children probably contributing to more than half the deaths among underfive year olds. […] We can divide the causes of undernutrition into immediate, underlying and basic.

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