Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

  Malnutrition, in all its forms, includes undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight), inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight, obesity, and resulting diet-related noncommunicable diseases. […] Nearly half of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition. These mostly occur in low- and middle-income countries. The developmental, economic, social and medical impacts of the global burden of malnutrition are serious and lasting, for individuals and their families, for communities and for countries. […] Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a persons intake of energy and/or nutrients. […] There are 4 broad sub-forms of undernutrition: wasting, stunting, underweight, and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals. Undernutrition makes children in particular much more vulnerable to disease and death.

• #1 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis – Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219785/

  The food price and economic crises have highlighted the need for collecting data in order to understand the effects of these phenomena on populations and make decisions to improve the situation. […] A number of presenters spoke of the need to aggregate data, compile it quickly using new technologies, and deliver it to the food security and nutrition community for decision making at the program and policy level. […] Nutrition surveillance means to watch over and make decisions that will lead to improvements in the nutrition of populations (FAO/WHO/UNICEF, 1976). Nutrition information when appropriately linked to interventions, policies, and programs can help mitigate malnutrition, particularly in developing countries. […] The current economic and food crises serve as stimuli for the world to be concerned about nutrition and perhaps can foster movement in the direction of positive change for nutrition surveillance.

• #1 JRC Publications Repository

  https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC136263

  The surveillance of acute malnutrition in children is key for understanding crisis situations, guiding and prioritizing actions, and allocating resources. […] Results show that WFH and MUAC measurements reveal different aspects of acute malnutrition and are complementary indicators that are not interchangeable. […] To accurately interpret AM estimates, it is crucial to specify the indicator used and disaggregate results by sex, age (under and over 2 years) and stunting status. […] Using the WHO population based prevalence thresholds to interpret the severity of acute malnutrition when using prevalence derived from MUAC indicators is likely to result in incorrect severity classifications. […] We recommend to use the method proposed by the IPC Acute Malnutrition tool to interpret GAM when measured by MUAC.

• #1 Using Mobile Phones for Nutrition Surveillance: A Review of Evidence – Institute of Development Studies

  https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/using-mobile-phones-for-nutrition-surveillance-a-review-of-evidence/

  Nutrition surveillance – or the systematic and periodic collection of information on nutrition – is vital to the capacity of governments and other agencies to track their progress towards reducing undernutrition, to promoting the accountability of their actions and to improving their ability to respond promptly to rapid changes in nutrition status brought about by food price volatility and other shocks. […] However, nutrition surveillance is expensive and logistically laborious and therefore often non-existent in resource-low countries. Surveillance systems are also constrained by time-consuming and error-prone paper-based data collection followed by manual data entry. Consequently, monitoring of nutrition outcomes in real time and timely response to nutritional crises is often impossible.

• #1 Methods of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4797352/

  A lack of consistently collected data on important indicators is holding back actions to address poor nutrition so improving the processes of nutrition surveillance could help to redress this lack. […] More and effective surveillance of the nutrition situation in countries to the level of districts is needed to support national policy development and local programme planning, and to provide timely warning of shocks. […] This paper reviews methods of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries. […] The ultimate use of the information is what determines the optimum strategy and methods for surveillance. […] The evaluation of programmes has long been identified as one of the specific objectives of nutrition surveillance. […] For surveillance purposes, the advantages of using data from health systems are generally that the costs of undertaking primary data collection are avoided; they are available more quickly than survey data; and they have a greater breadth of coverage.

• #1 D. Food and Nutrition | Field Operations Guide

  https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-Guide/502053/all/D__Food_and_Nutrition

  The recommended sample size for a systematic random sampling is 500 children. This sample size will ensure 95 percent probability that the sample is representative. […] The sample size needed to obtain 95-percent probability is 900 children. […] Initially, such surveys should be conducted every 2 months. When conditions have stabilized, a survey once every 3 to 6 months is sufficient. […] Malnutrition can be recognized by certain clinical signs (e.g., marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic-kwashiorkor) and body measurements. […] Acute malnutrition is measured by the WFH method, while chronic malnutrition or stunting is measured by height for age. […] The weight-for-height (weight-for-length) measurement method, which is expressed either as a percentage of a reference median or as a Z-Score, is preferred for nutritional surveillance and for measuring individual progress in emergencies.

• #1 Qualitative Review of National Nutrition Surveillance Systems in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/17/3689

  The World Food Conference in 1974 emphasized the significance of establishing global nutrition surveillance to monitor and address nutritional challenges effectively. […] The current study aimed to review the existing nutrition surveillance systems in the region and to identify their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the challenges they face in functioning optimally. […] The nutrition surveillance system acts as a mechanism designed to translate food and nutrition data into actionable measures by formulating, modifying, and implementing a country’s food and nutrition policy. […] The data collected through surveillance on the nutritional status of populations serves as a fundamental foundation for the development and planning of policies, as well as the management of programs aimed at enhancing nutrition.

• #1 Qualitative Review of National Nutrition Surveillance Systems in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/17/3689

  The findings of the study reveal that all countries that participated in the survey primarily rely on secondary data from health facilities to gather nutrition indicators regularly. […] Regular and systematic data collection is vital for evidence-based decision-making and the development of effective interventions to improve the nutritional well-being of populations in the EMRO region. […] The nutrition surveillance system that captures seasonal or monthly trends of malnutrition can enhance the early responses. […] The sustainability of the nutrition surveillance system is a critical issue that faces many countries in the world that initiated nutrition surveillance after the World Food Conference in 1974. […] The quality of anthropometric data is also important in assessing how health and nutrition interventions are implemented and in guiding subsequent planning. […] Overall, the study contributes valuable insights into the best practices and challenges faced by nutrition surveillance systems in the EMRO region.

• #1 A perspective on the development and sustainability of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-016-0054-x

  Despite the development and application of varied methods of nutrition data collection over the last four decades, existing sources of data are insufficient to track progress towards these internationally agreed goals and to help allocate the funds needed for nutrition initiatives. […] The combination of climate change, rapid population growth, conflict, and food price volatility already appears to have pushed several poor regions into states of permanent crisis, and there is an urgent need both to assess situations and to build resilience to shocks and stresses due to natural and man-made disasters. […] Over the last decade, our understanding of the harmful short- and long-term consequences of undernutrition for individuals, communities and nations has increased, and the extensive costs and losses it causes including morbidity, mortality and impaired cognitive development are more widely recognised.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

  In 2022, approximately 390 million adults aged 18 years and older worldwide were underweight, while 2.5 billion were overweight, including 890 million who were living with obesity. Among children and adolescents aged 5-19 years, 390 million were overweight, including 160 million who were living with obesity. Another 190 million were living with thinness (BMI-for-age more than two standard deviations below the reference median). […] Nearly half of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition. These mostly occur in low- and middle-income countries. […] Every country in the world is affected by one or more forms of malnutrition. Combating malnutrition in all its forms is one of the greatest global health challenges. […] Women, infants, children, and adolescents are at particular risk of malnutrition.

• #2 5 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis | Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis: Workshop Summary | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12698/chapter/7

  The food price and economic crises have highlighted the need for collecting data in order to understand the effects of these phenomena on populations and make decisions to improve the situation. […] A number of presenters spoke of the need to aggregate data, compile it quickly using new technologies, and deliver it to the food security and nutrition community for decision making at the program and policy level. […] Nutrition surveillance means to watch over and make decisions that will lead to improvements in the nutrition of populations. […] Nutrition information when appropriately linked to interventions, policies, and programs can help mitigate malnutrition, particularly in developing countries. […] The current economic and food crises serve as stimuli for the world to be concerned about nutrition and perhaps can foster movement in the direction of positive change for nutrition surveillance.

• #2 D. Food and Nutrition | Field Operations Guide

  https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-Guide/502053/all/D__Food_and_Nutrition

  The information in this section is designed to help Assessment Team members understand and evaluate nutritional data from surveys they may encounter in the field. […] Context-specific information is also needed in the survey to explain the rate of malnutrition. […] Followup surveillance of the population as a whole should be done by gathering information about the nutritional status of the children, using the WFH or weight-for-length (WFL) comparison method. […] Children are the first to show signs of malnourishment during a food shortage. Their nutritional status is an indicator of the amount and degree of malnutrition in the population as a whole. […] When using the WFH or WFL method in a surveillance program, a random sample of children from 6 months to 59 months of age (under 5 years of age) or less than 110 cm tall are weighed and measured regularly.

• #2 Using Mobile Phones for Nutrition Surveillance: A Review of Evidence – Institute of Development Studies

  https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/using-mobile-phones-for-nutrition-surveillance-a-review-of-evidence/

  Nutrition surveillance – or the systematic and periodic collection of information on nutrition – is vital to the capacity of governments and other agencies to track their progress towards reducing undernutrition, to promoting the accountability of their actions and to improving their ability to respond promptly to rapid changes in nutrition status brought about by food price volatility and other shocks. […] However, nutrition surveillance is expensive and logistically laborious and therefore often non-existent in resource-low countries. Surveillance systems are also constrained by time-consuming and error-prone paper-based data collection followed by manual data entry. Consequently, monitoring of nutrition outcomes in real time and timely response to nutritional crises is often impossible.

• #2 D. Food and Nutrition | Field Operations Guide

  https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-Guide/502053/all/D__Food_and_Nutrition

  The recommended sample size for a systematic random sampling is 500 children. This sample size will ensure 95 percent probability that the sample is representative. […] The sample size needed to obtain 95-percent probability is 900 children. […] Initially, such surveys should be conducted every 2 months. When conditions have stabilized, a survey once every 3 to 6 months is sufficient. […] Malnutrition can be recognized by certain clinical signs (e.g., marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic-kwashiorkor) and body measurements. […] Acute malnutrition is measured by the WFH method, while chronic malnutrition or stunting is measured by height for age. […] The weight-for-height (weight-for-length) measurement method, which is expressed either as a percentage of a reference median or as a Z-Score, is preferred for nutritional surveillance and for measuring individual progress in emergencies.

• #2 Methods of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4797352/

  In 1974 a joint FAO/UNICEF/WHO Expert Committee met to develop methods for nutrition surveillance. […] Nutrition surveillance in low-income countries involves the regular and systematic collection of data on nutritional outcomes and exposures, as specified in 1976 in the first guidance on the subject: Surveillance should provide ongoing information about the nutritional conditions of the population and the factors that influence them. […] The issues relating to the sustainability of nutrition surveillance activities are considered in another paper, whilst in this paper the methods used to collect data are reviewed. […] Given the recently increased understanding and recognition of the harmful consequences of undernutrition for individuals, communities and nations, a review of the methods used for nutrition surveillance is timely.

• #2 Nutrition surveillance | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nutrition-surveillance/33715272

  One of the main reasons surveillance systems fail is that national or local governments are unable to provide the level of resources needed to maintain a system. […] Linking information to action is of paramount importance. The collection of data that is not linked to action is pointless and unethical. Therefore, nutrition surveillance systems should be designed to maximize the likelihood of response, where needed.

• #2 A perspective on the development and sustainability of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-016-0054-x

  Despite the development and application of varied methods of nutrition data collection over the last four decades, existing sources of data are insufficient to track progress towards these internationally agreed goals and to help allocate the funds needed for nutrition initiatives. […] The combination of climate change, rapid population growth, conflict, and food price volatility already appears to have pushed several poor regions into states of permanent crisis, and there is an urgent need both to assess situations and to build resilience to shocks and stresses due to natural and man-made disasters. […] Over the last decade, our understanding of the harmful short- and long-term consequences of undernutrition for individuals, communities and nations has increased, and the extensive costs and losses it causes including morbidity, mortality and impaired cognitive development are more widely recognised.

• #3 Malnutrition in Children – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/

  Measures of child malnutrition are used to track development progress. Estimates of child malnutrition will help determine whether the world is on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals – particularly, target 2.2, to “end all forms of malnutrition by 2030”, which falls under goal 2 to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture”. […] In 2022, three regions had very high stunting prevalence, with approximately one third of children affected. […] In 2022, 22.3 per cent, or more than one in five children under age 5 worldwide had stunted growth. […] In 2022 globally, 45.0 million children under five were wasted of which 13.7 million were severely wasted. […] At 14.8 per cent, South Asia’s wasting prevalence represents a situation requiring a serious need for intervention with appropriate treatment programmes.

• #3 Methods of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4797352/

  In 1974 a joint FAO/UNICEF/WHO Expert Committee met to develop methods for nutrition surveillance. […] Nutrition surveillance in low-income countries involves the regular and systematic collection of data on nutritional outcomes and exposures, as specified in 1976 in the first guidance on the subject: Surveillance should provide ongoing information about the nutritional conditions of the population and the factors that influence them. […] The issues relating to the sustainability of nutrition surveillance activities are considered in another paper, whilst in this paper the methods used to collect data are reviewed. […] Given the recently increased understanding and recognition of the harmful consequences of undernutrition for individuals, communities and nations, a review of the methods used for nutrition surveillance is timely.

• #3 JRC Publications Repository

  https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126760

  Surveillance with anthropometric indicators is crucial to detect any deterioration in the nutritional status of a population as it provides information on trends to monitor progress and effectiveness of interventions and facilitates geographical and contextual situation analysis which informs prioritization of actions and allocation of resources. […] The aim of this report is to shed light on the relationships between WHZ and MUAC in identifying possible population level patterns of acute malnutrition, and explore how they relate to individual characteristics such as sex, age or stunting status, in order to guide their interpretation and use to inform nutrition interventions. […] The findings show that WHZ and MUAC measurements identify different manifestations of acute malnutrition and are thus complementary and additive, rather than alternative or exchangeable.

• #3 Nutrition surveillance | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nutrition-surveillance/33715272

  The biggest challenge for all nutrition surveillance systems is to ensure effective linkages between information and action. Recent experience has highlighted varying degrees of success with a variety of nutrition surveillance systems. However, issues such as reliability of data, timeliness of reporting, effective and efficient links to action and sustainability remain a challenge. […] Nutrition surveillance systems provide a trend analysis focusing on the magnitude of change. This may trigger a more in depth assessment that in turn may lead to response. […] In emergencies, acute malnutrition, especially wasting, among children 6 to 59 months is usually taken as a proxy indicator for the general health and wellbeing of the entire community. […] A number of standard indicators are used to assess the nutritional status of the population and the underlying causes of malnutrition. These include: Anthropometric (body measurements to assess nutritional status) measurements Clinical and biochemical indicators of micronutrient deficiency diseases Indicators to assess the underlying causes of malnutrition such as care practices, health status, water and sanitation, and food security indicators such as dietary diversity.

• #3 D. Food and Nutrition | Field Operations Guide

  https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-Guide/502053/all/D__Food_and_Nutrition

  The recommended sample size for a systematic random sampling is 500 children. This sample size will ensure 95 percent probability that the sample is representative. […] The sample size needed to obtain 95-percent probability is 900 children. […] Initially, such surveys should be conducted every 2 months. When conditions have stabilized, a survey once every 3 to 6 months is sufficient. […] Malnutrition can be recognized by certain clinical signs (e.g., marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic-kwashiorkor) and body measurements. […] Acute malnutrition is measured by the WFH method, while chronic malnutrition or stunting is measured by height for age. […] The weight-for-height (weight-for-length) measurement method, which is expressed either as a percentage of a reference median or as a Z-Score, is preferred for nutritional surveillance and for measuring individual progress in emergencies.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-016-0045-z

  In 1974 a joint FAO/UNICEF/WHO Expert Committee met to develop methods for nutrition surveillance. […] Nutrition surveillance in low-income countries involves the regular and systematic collection of data on nutritional outcomes and exposures, as specified in 1976 in the first guidance on the subject: Surveillance should provide ongoing information about the nutritional conditions of the population and the factors that influence them. […] More and effective surveillance of the nutrition situation in countries to the level of districts is needed to support national policy development and local programme planning, and to provide timely warning of shocks. […] This paper identifies issues that affect the collection of nutrition surveillance data, and proposes definitions of terms to differentiate between diverse sources of data of variable accuracy and validity.

• #3 A perspective on the development and sustainability of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-016-0054-x

  Many varied activities are encompassed by the term nutrition(al) surveillance. […] This paper discusses why nutrition surveillance in low-income countries is so hard to sustain, and identifies the key factors in systems which have been maintained. […] For nutrition surveillance activities to be sustainable, there needs to be: demand for the information; a reasonable cost as well as a cost-efficient process; speedy generation and dissemination of good quality information; secure allocation of resources from the government and/or donor; and a central, organizing institution for strong coordination of data collection, analysis, interpretation and communication. […] This review of the development of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries over the last 40 years finds that sustainability hinges on cost, capacity development, location of the institutional base, demand for the products, and participation.

• #3 A perspective on the development and sustainability of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-016-0054-x

  Attention is also now being focussed on identifying factors relating to the context in which nutrition programmes are delivered to make them cost-effective and sustainable, and how those factors can be favourably influenced. […] The body of literature published on nutrition surveillance in low-income countries is not extensive. […] This paper explores why nutrition surveillance in low-income countries is so hard to sustain, and identifies the key factors in systems which have been maintained. […] The paper summarises the development of nutrition surveillance over the last 40 years, and discusses its main applications; discusses factors associated with the sustainability of past systems; and finally examines other issues which may be critical for sustainable surveillance in the future.

• #4 Malnutrition in Children – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/

  Measures of child malnutrition are used to track development progress. Estimates of child malnutrition will help determine whether the world is on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals – particularly, target 2.2, to “end all forms of malnutrition by 2030”, which falls under goal 2 to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture”. […] In 2022, three regions had very high stunting prevalence, with approximately one third of children affected. […] In 2022, 22.3 per cent, or more than one in five children under age 5 worldwide had stunted growth. […] In 2022 globally, 45.0 million children under five were wasted of which 13.7 million were severely wasted. […] At 14.8 per cent, South Asia’s wasting prevalence represents a situation requiring a serious need for intervention with appropriate treatment programmes.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-016-0045-z

  In 1974 a joint FAO/UNICEF/WHO Expert Committee met to develop methods for nutrition surveillance. […] Nutrition surveillance in low-income countries involves the regular and systematic collection of data on nutritional outcomes and exposures, as specified in 1976 in the first guidance on the subject: Surveillance should provide ongoing information about the nutritional conditions of the population and the factors that influence them. […] More and effective surveillance of the nutrition situation in countries to the level of districts is needed to support national policy development and local programme planning, and to provide timely warning of shocks. […] This paper identifies issues that affect the collection of nutrition surveillance data, and proposes definitions of terms to differentiate between diverse sources of data of variable accuracy and validity.

• #4 A perspective on the development and sustainability of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-016-0054-x

  Information from nutrition surveillance also provides an increasingly important mechanism to hold governments to account and to allow progress towards international targets to be tracked. […] Nutrition differs somewhat from other health outcomes for which surveillance systems exist. […] Several studies provide estimates of the economic losses attributable to undernutrition. […] Economic models suggest that the returns on investments in nutrition have high benefit to cost ratios and that preventing malnutrition should be a top development priority. […] Over the past 40 years information derived from nutrition surveillance has been used in several ways, most notably to monitor the nutrition situation, identify factors associated with malnutrition, inform nutrition policy making and programming, track progress towards achieving goals, serve as an early warning of increased nutritional risk, assess the delivery and coverage of services, and contribute to programme evaluation.

• #4 Nutrition surveillance | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nutrition-surveillance/33715272

  The biggest challenge for all nutrition surveillance systems is to ensure effective linkages between information and action. Recent experience has highlighted varying degrees of success with a variety of nutrition surveillance systems. However, issues such as reliability of data, timeliness of reporting, effective and efficient links to action and sustainability remain a challenge. […] Nutrition surveillance systems provide a trend analysis focusing on the magnitude of change. This may trigger a more in depth assessment that in turn may lead to response. […] In emergencies, acute malnutrition, especially wasting, among children 6 to 59 months is usually taken as a proxy indicator for the general health and wellbeing of the entire community. […] A number of standard indicators are used to assess the nutritional status of the population and the underlying causes of malnutrition. These include: Anthropometric (body measurements to assess nutritional status) measurements Clinical and biochemical indicators of micronutrient deficiency diseases Indicators to assess the underlying causes of malnutrition such as care practices, health status, water and sanitation, and food security indicators such as dietary diversity.

• #4 Malnutrition in Children – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/

  The prevalence of children under 5 affected by stunting, wasting and overweight is estimated by comparing actual measurements to an international standard reference population. […] The lack of incidence data for wasting and severe wasting is a main reason why the JME does not present annual national trends for acute malnutrition.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

  On 1 April 2016, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly proclaimed 20162025 the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition. The Decade is an unprecedented opportunity for addressing all forms of malnutrition. […] WHO aims for a world free of all forms of malnutrition, where all people achieve health and wellbeing.

• #4 A perspective on the development and sustainability of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-016-0054-x

  Many varied activities are encompassed by the term nutrition(al) surveillance. […] This paper discusses why nutrition surveillance in low-income countries is so hard to sustain, and identifies the key factors in systems which have been maintained. […] For nutrition surveillance activities to be sustainable, there needs to be: demand for the information; a reasonable cost as well as a cost-efficient process; speedy generation and dissemination of good quality information; secure allocation of resources from the government and/or donor; and a central, organizing institution for strong coordination of data collection, analysis, interpretation and communication. […] This review of the development of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries over the last 40 years finds that sustainability hinges on cost, capacity development, location of the institutional base, demand for the products, and participation.

• #4 Methods of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4797352/

  The collection of original data for population nutrition surveillance will always involve errors, they are impossible to eliminate completely. […] The increased interest in nutrition globally has resulted in high level commitments to reduce and prevent undernutrition. Action to convert these commitments into practice is being hindered by a lack of data. More and effective surveillance of the nutrition situation in countries at every level is needed to support policy and planning, and to provide timely warning of shocks.

• #5 Malnutrition in Children – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/

  Measures of child malnutrition are used to track development progress. Estimates of child malnutrition will help determine whether the world is on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals – particularly, target 2.2, to “end all forms of malnutrition by 2030”, which falls under goal 2 to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture”. […] In 2022, three regions had very high stunting prevalence, with approximately one third of children affected. […] In 2022, 22.3 per cent, or more than one in five children under age 5 worldwide had stunted growth. […] In 2022 globally, 45.0 million children under five were wasted of which 13.7 million were severely wasted. […] At 14.8 per cent, South Asia’s wasting prevalence represents a situation requiring a serious need for intervention with appropriate treatment programmes.

• #5 5 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis | Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis: Workshop Summary | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12698/chapter/7

  The food price and economic crises have highlighted the need for collecting data in order to understand the effects of these phenomena on populations and make decisions to improve the situation. […] A number of presenters spoke of the need to aggregate data, compile it quickly using new technologies, and deliver it to the food security and nutrition community for decision making at the program and policy level. […] Nutrition surveillance means to watch over and make decisions that will lead to improvements in the nutrition of populations. […] Nutrition information when appropriately linked to interventions, policies, and programs can help mitigate malnutrition, particularly in developing countries. […] The current economic and food crises serve as stimuli for the world to be concerned about nutrition and perhaps can foster movement in the direction of positive change for nutrition surveillance.

• #5 A perspective on the development and sustainability of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-016-0054-x

  Information from nutrition surveillance also provides an increasingly important mechanism to hold governments to account and to allow progress towards international targets to be tracked. […] Nutrition differs somewhat from other health outcomes for which surveillance systems exist. […] Several studies provide estimates of the economic losses attributable to undernutrition. […] Economic models suggest that the returns on investments in nutrition have high benefit to cost ratios and that preventing malnutrition should be a top development priority. […] Over the past 40 years information derived from nutrition surveillance has been used in several ways, most notably to monitor the nutrition situation, identify factors associated with malnutrition, inform nutrition policy making and programming, track progress towards achieving goals, serve as an early warning of increased nutritional risk, assess the delivery and coverage of services, and contribute to programme evaluation.

• #5 Observational Bias during Nutrition Surveillance: Results of a Mixed Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Data Collection System in Northern Nigeria | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0062767

  The Sahel is subject to seasonal hungry periods with increasing rates of malnutrition. In Northern Nigeria, there is no surveillance system and surveys are rare. The objectives were to analyse possible observational bias in a sentinel surveillance system using repeated mixed longitudinal/cross-sectional data and estimate the extent of seasonal variation. […] There was a significant seasonal fluctuation of Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) with a peak in October. […] Northern Nigeria has a seasonal variation in the prevalence of acute malnutrition. Repeated surveys in the same cluster-village, even if different children are selected, lead to a progressive improvement of the nutritional status of that village. Sentinel site surveillance of nutritional status is prone to observational bias, with the sentinel site progressively deviating from that of the community it is presumed to represent.

• #5 Methods of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4797352/

  A lack of consistently collected data on important indicators is holding back actions to address poor nutrition so improving the processes of nutrition surveillance could help to redress this lack. […] More and effective surveillance of the nutrition situation in countries to the level of districts is needed to support national policy development and local programme planning, and to provide timely warning of shocks. […] This paper reviews methods of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries. […] The ultimate use of the information is what determines the optimum strategy and methods for surveillance. […] The evaluation of programmes has long been identified as one of the specific objectives of nutrition surveillance. […] For surveillance purposes, the advantages of using data from health systems are generally that the costs of undertaking primary data collection are avoided; they are available more quickly than survey data; and they have a greater breadth of coverage.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

  On 1 April 2016, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly proclaimed 20162025 the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition. The Decade is an unprecedented opportunity for addressing all forms of malnutrition. […] WHO aims for a world free of all forms of malnutrition, where all people achieve health and wellbeing.

• #5

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-016-0045-z

  The evaluation of programmes has long been identified as one of the specific objectives of nutrition surveillance. […] In order to monitor national trends better, it is feasible in all but the most unstable contexts to collect nationally representative nutrition data at a greater frequency than is currently provided by the DHS and MICS.

• #6 Malnutrition in Children – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/

  Measures of child malnutrition are used to track development progress. Estimates of child malnutrition will help determine whether the world is on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals – particularly, target 2.2, to “end all forms of malnutrition by 2030”, which falls under goal 2 to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture”. […] In 2022, three regions had very high stunting prevalence, with approximately one third of children affected. […] In 2022, 22.3 per cent, or more than one in five children under age 5 worldwide had stunted growth. […] In 2022 globally, 45.0 million children under five were wasted of which 13.7 million were severely wasted. […] At 14.8 per cent, South Asia’s wasting prevalence represents a situation requiring a serious need for intervention with appropriate treatment programmes.

• #6 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis – Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219785/

  Nutrition surveillance has traditionally been seen as having three major purposes: long-term planning, program monitoring, and timely warning. […] The international nutrition community should consider whether this hunger indicator is appropriate as the primary means for assessing global food deprivation and undernutrition. […] Nutrition surveillance should focus more on routine data collection (e.g., prices) and qualitative assessment (e.g., household hunger scale), as well as continuing to use representative surveys. […] The collective experience of reporting systems from clinics or nutrition programs in Africa is that they are not sustainable. […] These programs, particularly the conditional cash transfers (CCTs), are widespread and are increasing rapidly. […] Nutrition surveillance has traditionally been seen as having three major purposes: long-term planning, program monitoring, and timely warning.

• #6 A perspective on the development and sustainability of nutrition surveillance in low-income countries | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-016-0054-x

  Information from nutrition surveillance also provides an increasingly important mechanism to hold governments to account and to allow progress towards international targets to be tracked. […] Nutrition differs somewhat from other health outcomes for which surveillance systems exist. […] Several studies provide estimates of the economic losses attributable to undernutrition. […] Economic models suggest that the returns on investments in nutrition have high benefit to cost ratios and that preventing malnutrition should be a top development priority. […] Over the past 40 years information derived from nutrition surveillance has been used in several ways, most notably to monitor the nutrition situation, identify factors associated with malnutrition, inform nutrition policy making and programming, track progress towards achieving goals, serve as an early warning of increased nutritional risk, assess the delivery and coverage of services, and contribute to programme evaluation.

• #6 Pediatric nutrition surveillance : 2009 report

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11908

  „The Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS) is a public health surveillance system that monitors the nutritional status of low-income children in federally funded maternal and child health programs. Data on birthweight, anemia, breastfeeding, short stature, underweight, overweight, and obesity are collected for children who attend public health clinics for routine care, nutrition education, and supplemental food. The goal of the PedNSS is to collect, analyze, and disseminate surveillance data to guide public health policy and action. PedNSS information is used to set public health priorities and to plan, implement, and evaluate nutrition programs. Data are collected at the clinic level, aggregated at the state level, and then submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for analysis. A national nutrition surveillance report is produced, and an additional surveillance report is produced for each contributor. A contributor is defined as a state, U.S. territory, or Indian Tribal Organization (ITO). In 2009, a total of 55 contributors, including 46 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 6 ITOs, participated in the PedNSS. These contributors submitted data for nearly 9 million children from birth to age 4 years, which is nearly 4 million more children than in 2000. This gain is due to increases both in the number of contributors to the PedNSS and in the number of children reported by each contributor. Fluctuations in the number of contributors or the demographic characteristics of the contributors’ populations can affect trends. The number of PedNSS contributors differs slightly from year to year because some contributors did not provide data every year during the 10-year period from 2000-2009. Data for the 2009 PedNSS were collected from children enrolled in federally funded programs that serve low-income children. These programs include the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (85.8%) and other programs (14.1%), such as the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment program and the Maternal and Child Health Bureau Title V program. This report summarizes 2009 data and highlights data trends from 2000-2009.”

• #6

  https://www.who.int/teams/nutrition-and-food-safety/monitoring-nutritional-status-and-food-safety-and-events

  Monitoring Nutritional status and Food safety events (MNF) Unit defines indicators and nutrition surveillance systems, hosts and maintain nutrition databases, monitors nutrition trends and measures the impact of country food and nutrition policies. […] The Unit manages INFOSAN and collaborates with WHE for the management of major food safety events including PHEICs. […] Monitoring and Surveillance. […] Strengthening national nutrition information systems (EC-NIS project). […] Technical Expert Advisory Group on Nutrition Monitoring (TEAM). […] Monitoring micronutrient status in populations. […] Strengthening foodborne disease surveillance.

• #6

  https://www.stratfordjournal.org/journals/index.php/Journal-of-Medicine-Nursing-P/article/view/2249

  The Family MUAC Program, which trains mothers and caregivers to use a Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) tape to detect malnutrition in children, has improved nutrition surveillance and early detection of malnourished children. […] The study recommendations and conclusion aimed at exploring the feasibility and accuracy of incorporating MUAC measurements into family-based programs for detecting and addressing malnutrition, providing valuable insights into the implementation and efficacy of MUAC-based screening initiatives in community settings.

• #7 Epidemiology of malnutrition – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition

  There were 735.1 million malnourished people in the world in 2022, a decrease of 58.3 million since 2005, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone (8 billion people) and could feed more than that (12 billion people). […] Reducing malnutrition is key part of Sustainable Development Goal 2, „Zero hunger”, with a malnutrition target alongside reducing under nutrition and stunted child growth. […] According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia (also known as the Indian Subcontinent) has the highest child malnutrition rate of world’s regions. […] 30% children of India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa. […] According to World Vision there are 257 million people in Africa who are experiencing malnutrition. This is around 20% of the entire population of Africa. […] The regions in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition are the Sub-Saharan region and parts of southern Africa.

• #7 5 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis | Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis: Workshop Summary | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12698/chapter/7

  The international nutrition community should consider whether this hunger indicator is appropriate as the primary means for assessing global food deprivation and undernutrition. […] A new set of indicators or measurements could be adopted to keep track of the global situation regarding undernutrition, hunger, and malnutrition. […] Nutrition surveillance has traditionally been seen as having three major purposes: long-term planning, program monitoring, and timely warning. […] The international community needs to think about interventions that can take place quickly and immediately, at least for certain highly vulnerable groups. […] Nutrition surveillance should focus more on routine data collection and qualitative assessment, as well as continuing to use representative surveys. […] There is a need to start advocating for a bigger role for nutrition and health data in early warning systems. […] More nutrition surveillance systems must be developed.

• #7 Pediatric nutrition surveillance : 2009 report

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11908

  „The Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS) is a public health surveillance system that monitors the nutritional status of low-income children in federally funded maternal and child health programs. Data on birthweight, anemia, breastfeeding, short stature, underweight, overweight, and obesity are collected for children who attend public health clinics for routine care, nutrition education, and supplemental food. The goal of the PedNSS is to collect, analyze, and disseminate surveillance data to guide public health policy and action. PedNSS information is used to set public health priorities and to plan, implement, and evaluate nutrition programs. Data are collected at the clinic level, aggregated at the state level, and then submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for analysis. A national nutrition surveillance report is produced, and an additional surveillance report is produced for each contributor. A contributor is defined as a state, U.S. territory, or Indian Tribal Organization (ITO). In 2009, a total of 55 contributors, including 46 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 6 ITOs, participated in the PedNSS. These contributors submitted data for nearly 9 million children from birth to age 4 years, which is nearly 4 million more children than in 2000. This gain is due to increases both in the number of contributors to the PedNSS and in the number of children reported by each contributor. Fluctuations in the number of contributors or the demographic characteristics of the contributors’ populations can affect trends. The number of PedNSS contributors differs slightly from year to year because some contributors did not provide data every year during the 10-year period from 2000-2009. Data for the 2009 PedNSS were collected from children enrolled in federally funded programs that serve low-income children. These programs include the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (85.8%) and other programs (14.1%), such as the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment program and the Maternal and Child Health Bureau Title V program. This report summarizes 2009 data and highlights data trends from 2000-2009.”

• #7 IGAD Promotes Country-level Actions in Nutrition Surveillance – Kenya | ReliefWeb

  https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/igad-promotes-country-level-actions-nutrition-surveillance

  The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) through its Learning Network on Nutrition Surveillance (LeNNS) in collaboration with East, Central and Southern Africa Health Community (ECSA-HC), UNICEF, WHO and USAID concluded the 4th Technical Workshop on Nutrition Surveillance with the theme: Moving from Regional Enthusiasm to Influencing Specific Country-level Actions in Nutrition Surveillance. […] IGAD as a developmental organization recognizes the challenges with data generation and use which remains critical for the development of countries in East and the Horn of Africa. The region has over 270 million inhabitants, and we are hosting over 18.3 million children whose growth has been negatively affected by poor nutrition. These are children at high risk of not achieving their full productivity capacity later in life. It is also known that about 20% of maternal mortality is directly or indirectly associated with malnutrition among women of reproductive age. […] Move the LeNNS agenda forward in the member countries by promoting in country actions and cross learning; […] Document and publish LeNNS achievements for the past one year; and […] Continue with virtual Technical Working Groups discussions.

• #7 The burden of malnutrition – Global Nutrition Report

  https://globalnutritionreport.org/reports/global-nutrition-report-2018/burden-malnutrition/

  In 2014, the Global Nutrition Report coined the term the new normal to reflect the reality that most countries in the world experience a serious burden of one or more forms of malnutrition. Recognising the multiple forms of malnutrition and their impact is a new challenge. […] Building on previous assessments, this years report sheds light on the nature of these multiple forms of malnutrition by analysing which countries experience high levels of three types of malnutrition at the national level. […] The data shows that all 141 countries experience at least one form of malnutrition with only 17 countries experiencing just one form. […] Geospatial data is transforming development. For nutrition, it is providing new information on how the burdens of malnutrition and rates of change vary within countries.

• #8 Epidemiology of malnutrition – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition

  There were 735.1 million malnourished people in the world in 2022, a decrease of 58.3 million since 2005, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone (8 billion people) and could feed more than that (12 billion people). […] Reducing malnutrition is key part of Sustainable Development Goal 2, „Zero hunger”, with a malnutrition target alongside reducing under nutrition and stunted child growth. […] According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia (also known as the Indian Subcontinent) has the highest child malnutrition rate of world’s regions. […] 30% children of India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa. […] According to World Vision there are 257 million people in Africa who are experiencing malnutrition. This is around 20% of the entire population of Africa. […] The regions in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition are the Sub-Saharan region and parts of southern Africa.

• #8 Using Mobile Phones for Nutrition Surveillance: A Review of Evidence – Institute of Development Studies

  https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/using-mobile-phones-for-nutrition-surveillance-a-review-of-evidence/

  Nutrition surveillance – or the systematic and periodic collection of information on nutrition – is vital to the capacity of governments and other agencies to track their progress towards reducing undernutrition, to promoting the accountability of their actions and to improving their ability to respond promptly to rapid changes in nutrition status brought about by food price volatility and other shocks. […] However, nutrition surveillance is expensive and logistically laborious and therefore often non-existent in resource-low countries. Surveillance systems are also constrained by time-consuming and error-prone paper-based data collection followed by manual data entry. Consequently, monitoring of nutrition outcomes in real time and timely response to nutritional crises is often impossible.

• #8 Using Mobile Phones for Nutrition Surveillance: A Review of Evidence – Institute of Development Studies

  https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/using-mobile-phones-for-nutrition-surveillance-a-review-of-evidence/

  Mobile phone technologies could help to address many of these challenges and offers potential benefits such as: lower costs of data collection and transfer; faster data transmission, analysis and dissemination; improved data quality; more transparent and inclusive data collection processes with the possibility of immediate feedback to households and communities.

• #8 IGAD Promotes Country-level Actions in Nutrition Surveillance – Kenya | ReliefWeb

  https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/igad-promotes-country-level-actions-nutrition-surveillance

  The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) through its Learning Network on Nutrition Surveillance (LeNNS) in collaboration with East, Central and Southern Africa Health Community (ECSA-HC), UNICEF, WHO and USAID concluded the 4th Technical Workshop on Nutrition Surveillance with the theme: Moving from Regional Enthusiasm to Influencing Specific Country-level Actions in Nutrition Surveillance. […] IGAD as a developmental organization recognizes the challenges with data generation and use which remains critical for the development of countries in East and the Horn of Africa. The region has over 270 million inhabitants, and we are hosting over 18.3 million children whose growth has been negatively affected by poor nutrition. These are children at high risk of not achieving their full productivity capacity later in life. It is also known that about 20% of maternal mortality is directly or indirectly associated with malnutrition among women of reproductive age. […] Move the LeNNS agenda forward in the member countries by promoting in country actions and cross learning; […] Document and publish LeNNS achievements for the past one year; and […] Continue with virtual Technical Working Groups discussions.

• #8 The burden of malnutrition – Global Nutrition Report

  https://globalnutritionreport.org/reports/global-nutrition-report-2018/burden-malnutrition/

  Geospatial and disaggregated data is helping us understand who is malnourished and where and how to target action at subnational levels. […] This chapter presents an update on the status of malnutrition in all its forms across the globe looking at who is affected, where and by what type of malnutrition. Advances in data collection, analysis and use of data in 2017 and 2018 enable us to shed light on the nature of malnutrition as never before. […] Despite reductions in stunting, 150.8 million children (22.2%) under five years of age are stunted, 50.5 million children under five are wasted and 20 million newborn babies are estimated to be of low birth weight, while 38.3 million children under five years of age are overweight. […] Wasting and stunting are associated with increased mortality, especially when both are present in the same child.

• #9 Epidemiology of malnutrition – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition

  There were 735.1 million malnourished people in the world in 2022, a decrease of 58.3 million since 2005, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone (8 billion people) and could feed more than that (12 billion people). […] Reducing malnutrition is key part of Sustainable Development Goal 2, „Zero hunger”, with a malnutrition target alongside reducing under nutrition and stunted child growth. […] According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia (also known as the Indian Subcontinent) has the highest child malnutrition rate of world’s regions. […] 30% children of India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa. […] According to World Vision there are 257 million people in Africa who are experiencing malnutrition. This is around 20% of the entire population of Africa. […] The regions in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition are the Sub-Saharan region and parts of southern Africa.

• #9 Nutrition surveillance | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nutrition-surveillance/33715272

  1. Nutrition surveillance systems collect, analyze, interpret and report on nutritional status data to inform emergency response strategies. They vary based on context and resources. […] The objectives of surveillance systems are advocacy, identifying responses, triggering actions, targeting at-risk areas, and identifying malnourished individuals. Representative data that monitors standard indicators is most useful. […] Nutrition surveillance or information systems (the terms are used interchangeably here) collect, analyse, interpret and report on information about the nutritional status of populations and most importantly are used to inform appropriate response strategies. Nutritional status is a well- recognized outcome of human welfare. Over the past 20 years, methods for collecting information on nutritional status have been standardized with the result that rates of acute malnutrition have become one of the most common and reliable indicators used in emergencies.

• #9 Nutritional Surveillance in Malawi | UNICEF Office of Innovation 

  https://www.unicef.org/innovation/stories/nutritional-surveillance-malawi

  UNICEF Malawi deployed RapidSMS to address serious constraints within the national Integrated Nutrition and Food Security Surveillance (INFSS) System, which was facing slow data transmission, incomplete and poor quality data sets, high operational costs and low levels of stakeholder ownership. […] 11% of children in Malawi die before the age of 5, and at approx. 1/3 of these deaths are related to acute malnutrition. […] The Integrated Nutrition and Food Security Surveillance (INFSS) system was set up with technical assistance from Action Against Hunger (ACF) and the support of the Malawi government, UNICEF, the European Union, and other partners. […] Since chronic and widespread child malnutrition remains a serious problem in Malawi, the shortcomings of the system are a serious threat to the country’s ability to anticipate and plan for current and future food security crises.

• #9 A Survey of implementation status of child nutrition surveillance systems, registry systems and information systems: a scoping literature review protocol | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/5/1/e001164

  These systems regularly collect nutrition data and provide information for examining trends and decisions. […] This study provides a list of these systems, including the purpose of system design, the data collection methods, the nutrition indicators used and the minimum data set. […] To achieve a world free from child malnutrition, we need an integrated nutrition monitoring system to classify and evaluate the geographical areas at risk of malnutrition. […] Achieving an international agreement is essential in order to have an integrated system and facilitate data comparison in children. […] This study has some limitations. […] Considering all the limitations, we hope that policymakers, healthcare providers and researchers use the results of this study in developing interventions to reduce child malnutrition, which is everyones ultimate goal.

• #10 Epidemiology of malnutrition – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition

  There were 735.1 million malnourished people in the world in 2022, a decrease of 58.3 million since 2005, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone (8 billion people) and could feed more than that (12 billion people). […] Reducing malnutrition is key part of Sustainable Development Goal 2, „Zero hunger”, with a malnutrition target alongside reducing under nutrition and stunted child growth. […] According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia (also known as the Indian Subcontinent) has the highest child malnutrition rate of world’s regions. […] 30% children of India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa. […] According to World Vision there are 257 million people in Africa who are experiencing malnutrition. This is around 20% of the entire population of Africa. […] The regions in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition are the Sub-Saharan region and parts of southern Africa.

• #10 Nutrition surveillance | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nutrition-surveillance/33715272

  1. Nutrition surveillance systems collect, analyze, interpret and report on nutritional status data to inform emergency response strategies. They vary based on context and resources. […] The objectives of surveillance systems are advocacy, identifying responses, triggering actions, targeting at-risk areas, and identifying malnourished individuals. Representative data that monitors standard indicators is most useful. […] Nutrition surveillance or information systems (the terms are used interchangeably here) collect, analyse, interpret and report on information about the nutritional status of populations and most importantly are used to inform appropriate response strategies. Nutritional status is a well- recognized outcome of human welfare. Over the past 20 years, methods for collecting information on nutritional status have been standardized with the result that rates of acute malnutrition have become one of the most common and reliable indicators used in emergencies.

• #10 Nutrition surveillance | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nutrition-surveillance/33715272

  The biggest challenge for all nutrition surveillance systems is to ensure effective linkages between information and action. Recent experience has highlighted varying degrees of success with a variety of nutrition surveillance systems. However, issues such as reliability of data, timeliness of reporting, effective and efficient links to action and sustainability remain a challenge. […] Nutrition surveillance systems provide a trend analysis focusing on the magnitude of change. This may trigger a more in depth assessment that in turn may lead to response. […] In emergencies, acute malnutrition, especially wasting, among children 6 to 59 months is usually taken as a proxy indicator for the general health and wellbeing of the entire community. […] A number of standard indicators are used to assess the nutritional status of the population and the underlying causes of malnutrition. These include: Anthropometric (body measurements to assess nutritional status) measurements Clinical and biochemical indicators of micronutrient deficiency diseases Indicators to assess the underlying causes of malnutrition such as care practices, health status, water and sanitation, and food security indicators such as dietary diversity.

• #10 A Survey of implementation status of child nutrition surveillance systems, registry systems and information systems: a scoping literature review protocol | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/5/1/e001164

  These systems regularly collect nutrition data and provide information for examining trends and decisions. […] This study provides a list of these systems, including the purpose of system design, the data collection methods, the nutrition indicators used and the minimum data set. […] To achieve a world free from child malnutrition, we need an integrated nutrition monitoring system to classify and evaluate the geographical areas at risk of malnutrition. […] Achieving an international agreement is essential in order to have an integrated system and facilitate data comparison in children. […] This study has some limitations. […] Considering all the limitations, we hope that policymakers, healthcare providers and researchers use the results of this study in developing interventions to reduce child malnutrition, which is everyones ultimate goal.

• #11 Malnutrition: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985140-overview

  Malnutrition is directly responsible for 300,000 deaths per year in children younger than 5 years in developing countries and contributes indirectly to more than half of all deaths in children worldwide. […] Malnutrition is globally the most important risk factor for illness and death, contributing to more than half of deaths in children worldwide; child malnutrition was associated with 54% of deaths in children in developing countries in 2001. […] The World Health Organization estimates that by the year 2015, the prevalence of malnutrition will have decreased to 17.6% globally, with 113.4 million children younger than 5 years affected as measured by low weight for age. […] Currently, more than half of young children in South Asia have PEM, which is 6.5 times the prevalence in the western hemisphere.

• #11 Nutrition surveillance | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/nutrition-surveillance/33715272

  1. Nutrition surveillance systems collect, analyze, interpret and report on nutritional status data to inform emergency response strategies. They vary based on context and resources. […] The objectives of surveillance systems are advocacy, identifying responses, triggering actions, targeting at-risk areas, and identifying malnourished individuals. Representative data that monitors standard indicators is most useful. […] Nutrition surveillance or information systems (the terms are used interchangeably here) collect, analyse, interpret and report on information about the nutritional status of populations and most importantly are used to inform appropriate response strategies. Nutritional status is a well- recognized outcome of human welfare. Over the past 20 years, methods for collecting information on nutritional status have been standardized with the result that rates of acute malnutrition have become one of the most common and reliable indicators used in emergencies.

• #11 D. Food and Nutrition | Field Operations Guide

  https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-Guide/502053/all/D__Food_and_Nutrition

  The recommended sample size for a systematic random sampling is 500 children. This sample size will ensure 95 percent probability that the sample is representative. […] The sample size needed to obtain 95-percent probability is 900 children. […] Initially, such surveys should be conducted every 2 months. When conditions have stabilized, a survey once every 3 to 6 months is sufficient. […] Malnutrition can be recognized by certain clinical signs (e.g., marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic-kwashiorkor) and body measurements. […] Acute malnutrition is measured by the WFH method, while chronic malnutrition or stunting is measured by height for age. […] The weight-for-height (weight-for-length) measurement method, which is expressed either as a percentage of a reference median or as a Z-Score, is preferred for nutritional surveillance and for measuring individual progress in emergencies.

• #11 Screening for maternal and child malnutrition using sentinel-based national nutrition surveillance in Afghanistan | ENN

  https://www.ennonline.net/fex-article/screening-maternal-and-child-malnutrition-using-sentinel-based-national-nutrition

  The trends are showing generally high levels of acute malnutrition amongst children 2 years old. Similarly, general high levels of maternal malnutrition have been observed (30% with low Hb levels). […] The GAM trends are largely similar for health facility and community sites, but GAM and SAM trends show a decreasing trend at community compared to health facility sites (2016 compared to 2017). […] It takes time to develop a fully functional nutrition information system. […] The integration process has begun and includes steps for reviewing and updating the current nutrition indicators in the HMIS, modifying and adding more key indicators and maintaining a sentinel system which collects detailed indicators.

• #12 Malnutrition: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985140-overview

  Malnutrition is directly responsible for 300,000 deaths per year in children younger than 5 years in developing countries and contributes indirectly to more than half of all deaths in children worldwide. […] Malnutrition is globally the most important risk factor for illness and death, contributing to more than half of deaths in children worldwide; child malnutrition was associated with 54% of deaths in children in developing countries in 2001. […] The World Health Organization estimates that by the year 2015, the prevalence of malnutrition will have decreased to 17.6% globally, with 113.4 million children younger than 5 years affected as measured by low weight for age. […] Currently, more than half of young children in South Asia have PEM, which is 6.5 times the prevalence in the western hemisphere.

• #12 D. Food and Nutrition | Field Operations Guide

  https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-Guide/502053/all/D__Food_and_Nutrition

  The recommended sample size for a systematic random sampling is 500 children. This sample size will ensure 95 percent probability that the sample is representative. […] The sample size needed to obtain 95-percent probability is 900 children. […] Initially, such surveys should be conducted every 2 months. When conditions have stabilized, a survey once every 3 to 6 months is sufficient. […] Malnutrition can be recognized by certain clinical signs (e.g., marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic-kwashiorkor) and body measurements. […] Acute malnutrition is measured by the WFH method, while chronic malnutrition or stunting is measured by height for age. […] The weight-for-height (weight-for-length) measurement method, which is expressed either as a percentage of a reference median or as a Z-Score, is preferred for nutritional surveillance and for measuring individual progress in emergencies.

• #12 5 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis | Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis: Workshop Summary | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12698/chapter/7

  The international nutrition community should consider whether this hunger indicator is appropriate as the primary means for assessing global food deprivation and undernutrition. […] A new set of indicators or measurements could be adopted to keep track of the global situation regarding undernutrition, hunger, and malnutrition. […] Nutrition surveillance has traditionally been seen as having three major purposes: long-term planning, program monitoring, and timely warning. […] The international community needs to think about interventions that can take place quickly and immediately, at least for certain highly vulnerable groups. […] Nutrition surveillance should focus more on routine data collection and qualitative assessment, as well as continuing to use representative surveys. […] There is a need to start advocating for a bigger role for nutrition and health data in early warning systems. […] More nutrition surveillance systems must be developed.

• #13 Malnutrition: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985140-overview

  Despite marked improvements globally in the prevalence of malnutrition, rates of undernutrition and stunting have continued to rise in Africa, where rates of undernutrition and stunting have risen from 24% to 26.8% and 47.3% to 48%, respectively, since 1990, with the worst increases occurring in the eastern region of Africa. […] Malnutrition is directly responsible for 300,000 deaths per year in children younger than 5 years in developing countries and contributes indirectly to more than half the deaths in childhood worldwide.

• #13 JRC Publications Repository

  https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC136263

  The surveillance of acute malnutrition in children is key for understanding crisis situations, guiding and prioritizing actions, and allocating resources. […] Results show that WFH and MUAC measurements reveal different aspects of acute malnutrition and are complementary indicators that are not interchangeable. […] To accurately interpret AM estimates, it is crucial to specify the indicator used and disaggregate results by sex, age (under and over 2 years) and stunting status. […] Using the WHO population based prevalence thresholds to interpret the severity of acute malnutrition when using prevalence derived from MUAC indicators is likely to result in incorrect severity classifications. […] We recommend to use the method proposed by the IPC Acute Malnutrition tool to interpret GAM when measured by MUAC.

• #13 5 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis | Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis: Workshop Summary | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12698/chapter/7

  The international nutrition community should consider whether this hunger indicator is appropriate as the primary means for assessing global food deprivation and undernutrition. […] A new set of indicators or measurements could be adopted to keep track of the global situation regarding undernutrition, hunger, and malnutrition. […] Nutrition surveillance has traditionally been seen as having three major purposes: long-term planning, program monitoring, and timely warning. […] The international community needs to think about interventions that can take place quickly and immediately, at least for certain highly vulnerable groups. […] Nutrition surveillance should focus more on routine data collection and qualitative assessment, as well as continuing to use representative surveys. […] There is a need to start advocating for a bigger role for nutrition and health data in early warning systems. […] More nutrition surveillance systems must be developed.

• #14 Epidemiology of malnutrition – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition

  There were 735.1 million malnourished people in the world in 2022, a decrease of 58.3 million since 2005, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone (8 billion people) and could feed more than that (12 billion people). […] Reducing malnutrition is key part of Sustainable Development Goal 2, „Zero hunger”, with a malnutrition target alongside reducing under nutrition and stunted child growth. […] According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia (also known as the Indian Subcontinent) has the highest child malnutrition rate of world’s regions. […] 30% children of India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa. […] According to World Vision there are 257 million people in Africa who are experiencing malnutrition. This is around 20% of the entire population of Africa. […] The regions in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition are the Sub-Saharan region and parts of southern Africa.

• #14 JRC Publications Repository

  https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126760

  Surveillance with anthropometric indicators is crucial to detect any deterioration in the nutritional status of a population as it provides information on trends to monitor progress and effectiveness of interventions and facilitates geographical and contextual situation analysis which informs prioritization of actions and allocation of resources. […] The aim of this report is to shed light on the relationships between WHZ and MUAC in identifying possible population level patterns of acute malnutrition, and explore how they relate to individual characteristics such as sex, age or stunting status, in order to guide their interpretation and use to inform nutrition interventions. […] The findings show that WHZ and MUAC measurements identify different manifestations of acute malnutrition and are thus complementary and additive, rather than alternative or exchangeable.

• #14 5 A Role for Nutrition Surveillance in Addressing the Global Food Crisis | Mitigating the Nutritional Impacts of the Global Food Price Crisis: Workshop Summary | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12698/chapter/7

  The international nutrition community should consider whether this hunger indicator is appropriate as the primary means for assessing global food deprivation and undernutrition. […] A new set of indicators or measurements could be adopted to keep track of the global situation regarding undernutrition, hunger, and malnutrition. […] Nutrition surveillance has traditionally been seen as having three major purposes: long-term planning, program monitoring, and timely warning. […] The international community needs to think about interventions that can take place quickly and immediately, at least for certain highly vulnerable groups. […] Nutrition surveillance should focus more on routine data collection and qualitative assessment, as well as continuing to use representative surveys. […] There is a need to start advocating for a bigger role for nutrition and health data in early warning systems. […] More nutrition surveillance systems must be developed.

• #15 Epidemiology of malnutrition – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition

  There were 735.1 million malnourished people in the world in 2022, a decrease of 58.3 million since 2005, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone (8 billion people) and could feed more than that (12 billion people). […] Reducing malnutrition is key part of Sustainable Development Goal 2, „Zero hunger”, with a malnutrition target alongside reducing under nutrition and stunted child growth. […] According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia (also known as the Indian Subcontinent) has the highest child malnutrition rate of world’s regions. […] 30% children of India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa. […] According to World Vision there are 257 million people in Africa who are experiencing malnutrition. This is around 20% of the entire population of Africa. […] The regions in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition are the Sub-Saharan region and parts of southern Africa.

• #15 Assessing the use of acute malnutrition indicators for nutrition surveillance: Results from 682 283 child observations in 27 low- and middle-income countries

  https://repisalud.isciii.es/entities/publication/1f24bf39-5094-46ac-ae17-10abe4570df4

  Surveillance with anthropometric indicators is crucial to detect any deterioration in the nutritional status of a population as it provides information on trends to monitor progress and effectiveness of interventions and facilitates geographical and contextual situation analysis which informs prioritization of actions and allocation of resources. […] The aim of this report is to shed light on the relationships between WHZ and MUAC in identifying possible population level patterns of acute malnutrition, and explore how they relate to individual characteristics such as sex, age or stunting status, in order to guide their interpretation and use to inform nutrition interventions. […] The findings show that WHZ and MUAC measurements identify different manifestations of acute malnutrition and are thus complementary and additive, rather than alternative or exchangeable.

• #16 JRC Publications Repository

  https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC126760

  Importantly, sex, age, and stunting status were confirmed to impact how children are diagnosed as acutely malnourished by the different indicators. […] Finally, these discrepancies can result in discordant situation analysis if the same severity thresholds are applied to all AM population estimates, independently of the indicator used. […] In conclusion, the recommendation is to always specify the indicator used to diagnose acute malnutrition when reporting nutrition outcomes, as well as to disaggregate results by sex, age (below and at/above 24 months) and stunting status for better interpretation. […] The use of MUAC for age showed potential to improve estimation of acute malnutrition for surveillance but requires additional research. […] Also, further investigations are needed to define global thresholds to describe severity of acute malnutrition at population level when using the different indicators.

• #17 Assessing the use of acute malnutrition indicators for nutrition surveillance: Results from 682 283 child observations in 27 low- and middle-income countries

  https://repisalud.isciii.es/entities/publication/1f24bf39-5094-46ac-ae17-10abe4570df4

  Overall and in most of the countries the global acute malnutrition prevalence was lower when using MUAC as compared to WHZ or MUACZ. […] Importantly, sex, age, and stunting status were confirmed to impact how children are diagnosed as acutely malnourished by the different indicators. […] Finally, these discrepancies can result in discordant situation analysis if the same severity thresholds are applied to all AM population estimates, independently of the indicator used. […] In conclusion, the recommendation is to always specify the indicator used to diagnose acute malnutrition when reporting nutrition outcomes, as well as to disaggregate results by sex, age (below and at/above 24 months) and stunting status for better interpretation. […] The use of MUAC for age showed potential to improve estimation of acute malnutrition for surveillance but requires additional research. […] Also, further investigations are needed to define global thresholds to describe severity of acute malnutrition at population level when using the different indicators.

• #18 D. Food and Nutrition | Field Operations Guide

  https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-Guide/502053/all/D__Food_and_Nutrition

  Children with less than 80 percent weight-for-height or with a Z-Score of less than – 2 are classified as malnourished; those with less than 70 percent weight-for-height or with a Z-Score of less than – 3 are considered severely malnourished. […] The amount and degree of malnutrition can be calculated as percentages of the sample. […] The percentage of children with edema (kwashiorkor) should also be reported. […] Malnutrition rate is defined as the percentage of the child population (6 months to 5 years) who are below either the reference median WFH – 2 SD or 80% of reference WFH.

• #19 D. Food and Nutrition | Field Operations Guide

  https://relief.unboundmedicine.com/relief/view/Field-Operations-Guide/502053/all/D__Food_and_Nutrition

  Children with less than 80 percent weight-for-height or with a Z-Score of less than – 2 are classified as malnourished; those with less than 70 percent weight-for-height or with a Z-Score of less than – 3 are considered severely malnourished. […] The amount and degree of malnutrition can be calculated as percentages of the sample. […] The percentage of children with edema (kwashiorkor) should also be reported. […] Malnutrition rate is defined as the percentage of the child population (6 months to 5 years) who are below either the reference median WFH – 2 SD or 80% of reference WFH.

• #20 An evaluation of a global vitamin and mineral nutrition surveillance system

  https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2013/2/art-1/

  Evaluation of public health surveillance systems is essential to ensure that problems of public health importance are monitored efficiently and effectively. […] The WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) is a surveillance system established in response to the World Health Assembly’s call to strengthen the global surveillance of vitamin and mineral deficiencies, which affect almost a third of the population worldwide. […] Evaluation of public health surveillance systems is essential to ensure that problems of public health importance are being monitored efficiently and effectively. […] The aim of the VMNIS is to monitor the global prevalence of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. […] The VMNIS addresses the important public health problem of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. It is the only surveillance system in the world monitoring the global prevalence of vitamin and mineral status in populations. […] The VMNIS provides a good example of how evaluation of surveillance systems can lead to improved surveillance and enhanced information systems, thus making progress toward the ultimate goal of improving public health.

• #21 An evaluation of a global vitamin and mineral nutrition surveillance system

  https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2013/2/art-1/

  Evaluation of public health surveillance systems is essential to ensure that problems of public health importance are monitored efficiently and effectively. […] The WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) is a surveillance system established in response to the World Health Assembly’s call to strengthen the global surveillance of vitamin and mineral deficiencies, which affect almost a third of the population worldwide. […] Evaluation of public health surveillance systems is essential to ensure that problems of public health importance are being monitored efficiently and effectively. […] The aim of the VMNIS is to monitor the global prevalence of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. […] The VMNIS addresses the important public health problem of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. It is the only surveillance system in the world monitoring the global prevalence of vitamin and mineral status in populations. […] The VMNIS provides a good example of how evaluation of surveillance systems can lead to improved surveillance and enhanced information systems, thus making progress toward the ultimate goal of improving public health.

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