Naprawa przepukliny pępkowej
Epidemiologia

Przepuklina pępkowa stanowi 6-14% wszystkich przepuklin ściany brzucha u dorosłych, z częstością klinicznie wykrywalną około 2%. U niemowląt występuje u 10-15%, często ustępując samoistnie do 2. roku życia. U dorosłych prawie 90% przepuklin pępkowych ma charakter nabyty, z wyższą częstością u kobiet (3-krotnie częściej niż u mężczyzn), choć większość zabiegów naprawczych wykonuje się u mężczyzn. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują ciążę, otyłość, wodobrzusze, marskość wątroby oraz przewlekłe choroby płuc. Szczyt zachorowań przypada na wiek 31-40 lat u kobiet i 61-70 lat u mężczyzn. W USA rocznie wykonuje się około 175 000 zabiegów naprawy przepukliny pępkowej, a globalnie liczba ta sięga 20 milionów. W krajach o niskich i średnich dochodach dostęp do zabiegów jest ograniczony, co skutkuje wyższym odsetkiem operacji pilnych (np. 22,3% w Brazylii vs. ~5,5% w Szwecji). Wskaźniki nawrotów są znacznie niższe przy użyciu siatki chirurgicznej (1-2,2%) w porównaniu z naprawą pierwotną szwami (11-40%). U dorosłych zaleca się naprawę wszystkich przepuklin pępkowych ze względu na wysokie ryzyko powikłań takich jak uwięźnięcie i zadzierzgnięcie.

Epidemiologia naprawy przepukliny pępkowej

Przepuklina pępkowa (ang. umbilical hernia) to defekt powięzi brzusznej w okolicy pępka lub w jego pobliżu. Stanowi ona drugą co do częstości występowania przepuklinę brzuszną, ustępując jedynie przepuklinie pachwinowej, i odpowiada za 6-14% wszystkich przepuklin ściany brzucha u dorosłych.12 Szacuje się, że około 2% populacji dorosłych posiada klinicznie wykrywalną przepuklinę pępkową.3

Częstotliwość występowania przepukliny pępkowej

Przepukliny pępkowe występują u 10-15% niemowląt i często ustępują samoistnie do 2. roku życia.1 Ogólna częstość występowania przepuklin pępkowych u dorosłych waha się między 23% a 50%.1 W literaturze medycznej podaje się, że częstość występowania przepuklin pępkowych u dorosłych wynosi od 10% do 25%.4 Wśród dorosłych prawie 90% przepuklin pępkowych ma charakter nabyty, bez oznak przepukliny w dzieciństwie.5

Przepukliny pępkowe dotykają trzech razy częściej kobiet niż mężczyzn, co wynika z wpływu ciąży i porodu, a także większej częstości występowania otyłości.16 Pomimo wyższej częstości występowania u kobiet, około 70% zabiegów naprawy przepukliny pępkowej wykonuje się u mężczyzn.1

Czynniki ryzyka przepukliny pępkowej

Do predysponujących czynników ryzyka dla rozwoju przepukliny pępkowej należą:78

  • Ciąża
  • Otyłość
  • Wodobrzusze
  • Duże guzy brzuszne, które prowadzą do zwiększonego ciśnienia wewnątrzbrzusznego
  • Marskość wątroby
  • Przewlekłe choroby płuc

48

Szczyt występowania przepuklin pępkowych u kobiet przypada na wiek 31-40 lat, natomiast u mężczyzn na wiek 61-70 lat.1 Według badania epidemiologicznego przeprowadzonego w Danii, najwyższa 5-letnia częstość występowania napraw przepukliny pępkowej obserwowana była u mężczyzn w wieku 60-70 lat z częstością 0,53% (95% CI 0,51-0,56%), natomiast najwyższa częstość napraw przepukliny nadbrzusza obserwowana była u kobiet w wieku 40-50 lat z częstością 0,086% (95% CI 0,077-0,095%).910

Zabiegi naprawy przepukliny pępkowej

Rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych wykonuje się około 175 000 zabiegów naprawy przepukliny pępkowej, a na całym świecie liczba ta sięga 20 milionów.111 Inne źródła podają liczbę około 166 000 pierwotnych napraw przepukliny pępkowej rocznie w USA.12

Różnice geograficzne w naprawie przepukliny pępkowej

Istnieją znaczące różnice regionalne w dostępie do zabiegów naprawy przepukliny. W krajach o niskich i średnich dochodach, jak Indie czy Chiny, obserwuje się większe obciążenie przepuklinami, w tym przepuklinami pępkowymi.13 W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Brazylii wykazano, że w okresie 11 lat (2008-2018) wykonano 2 671 347 zabiegów hernioplastyki, przy czym 99,4% stanowiły zabiegi otwarte, a jedynie 0,6% zabiegi laparoskopowe. Co istotne, zaobserwowano znaczący wzrost liczby otwartych hernioplastyk przepukliny pępkowej w analizowanym okresie (r=0,70, P=0,016).14

W Brazylii odsetek operacji przepuklin wykonywanych w trybie pilnym wynosił 22,3%, co jest około czterokrotnie wyższe niż w Szwecji, wskazując na trudności systemu w wykonywaniu wystarczającej liczby zabiegów planowych.15

Region Odsetek zabiegów otwartych Odsetek zabiegów laparoskopowych Odsetek zabiegów pilnych
Brazylia (2008-2018) 99,4% 0,6% 22,3%
Szwecja (dane porównawcze) Brak dokładnych danych Brak dokładnych danych ~5,5% (ok. 4x mniej niż w Brazylii)

Skuteczność naprawy przepukliny pępkowej

Współczynniki nawrotów przepukliny pępkowej różnią się znacząco w zależności od techniki operacyjnej. W przypadku naprawy pierwotnej (bez użycia siatki) wskaźniki nawrotów wynoszą od 15% do 40%.16 Systematyczny przegląd i metaanaliza przeprowadzone przez Aslani i Brown wykazały 10-krotnie mniejsze ryzyko nawrotu przy naprawie z użyciem siatki w porównaniu z pierwotną naprawą szwami.17

Badanie prospektywne, randomizowane porównujące naprawę szwem i siatką przepuklin pępkowych u dorosłych wykazało wskaźnik nawrotów na poziomie 1% przy naprawie siatką w porównaniu z 11% przy naprawie szwem.18 W innym badaniu wskaźnik ponownych operacji z powodu nawrotu wynosił 2,2% dla naprawy z siatką i 5,6% dla naprawy szwem.19

Nadzór i monitorowanie przepuklin pępkowych

Bieżący nadzór nad przepuklinami pępkowymi stanowi ważny element opieki medycznej, szczególnie w kontekście potencjalnych powikłań. Badanie kohortowe obejmujące 3 000 szpitali i 279 pracodawców w Stanach Zjednoczonych oceniało koszty strategii wyczekującej u pacjentów z przepukliną pępkową. Grupa chirurgiczna (podejście otwarte i laparoskopowe) wykazała wyższe koszty po 90 i 365 dniach niż grupa niechirurgiczna.20

Znaczenie nadzoru nad przepukliną pępkową

Nadzór nad przepuklinami pępkowymi jest istotny ze względu na potencjalne powikłania, takie jak:21

  • Uwięźnięcie – gdzie część jelita zostaje uwięziona poza jamą brzuszną, powodując nudności, wymioty i ból
  • Zadzierzgnięcie – gdzie część jelita zostaje uwięziona i dochodzi do odcięcia dopływu krwi, co wymaga natychmiastowej interwencji chirurgicznej
  • Krwiak (46% przypadków powikłań)
  • Surowiczak (19% przypadków)
  • Ból (77% przypadków)

2221

U dorosłych ryzyko uwięźnięcia i zadzierzgnięcia przepukliny pępkowej jest znacznie wyższe niż u dzieci ze względu na zwykle wąską szyję nabytej przepukliny pępkowej.23 Z tego powodu zaleca się naprawę wszystkich przepuklin pępkowych u dorosłych.24

Rejestracja i nadzór nad materiałami do naprawy

Amerykańska Agencja ds. Żywności i Leków (FDA) monitoruje bezpieczeństwo produktów z siatki chirurgicznej stosowanych do naprawy przepuklin poprzez ocenę zgłoszeń dotyczących zdarzeń niepożądanych. Przy filtrowaniu pod kątem zdarzeń dla przepuklin pachwinowych, brzusznych, pooperacyjnych, rozworu przełykowego, pępkowych i nieokreślonych, wyszukiwanie wykazało ponad 55 000 zgłoszeń zdarzeń niepożądanych.25

W ostatnich latach wykazano, że długoterminowa obserwacja po naprawach przepuklin jest obowiązkowa w celu oceny wyników, a zmniejszone ryzyko nawrotu przepukliny może wiązać się ze zwiększonymi powikłaniami w dłuższej perspektywie. Rejestry kliniczne, takie jak Duński Rejestr Przepuklin i niemiecki HerniaMed, okazały się cennymi narzędziami do identyfikacji siatek o niedostatecznej skuteczności.26

W 2016 roku firma Johnson and Johnson wycofała z rynku swój produkt siatkowy o dużej popularności – Physiomesh – z powodu wysokich wskaźników niepowodzeń, co podkreśla znaczenie ciągłego nadzoru nad materiałami stosowanymi do naprawy przepuklin.27

Szczególne grupy pacjentów

Przepukliny pępkowe u dzieci

Przepukliny pępkowe występują u około 10-15% wszystkich niemowląt i często ustępują samoistnie w pierwszych latach życia.1 Inne źródła podają, że przepukliny pępkowe dotykają 15-23% dzieci przy urodzeniu (ok. 800 000 rocznie w USA), przy czym chłopcy i dziewczynki są równomiernie reprezentowani.28

Częstość występowania przepuklin pępkowych jest wyższa u niemowląt afroamerykańskich w porównaniu z białymi, sięgając nawet 26,6%.29 Dzieci urodzone przedwcześnie lub o niskiej masie urodzeniowej mają jeszcze większe ryzyko rozwoju przepukliny pępkowej.30

Badania wykazały, że 93% przypadków przepuklin pępkowych u dzieci zamyka się samoistnie w ciągu pierwszego roku życia.31 Wskaźnik spontanicznego zamknięcia koreluje z rozmiarem pierścienia przepuklinowego – im większy defekt, tym mniejsza szansa na samoistne ustąpienie.32 U dzieci przedwcześnie urodzonych prawdopodobieństwo samoistnego ustąpienia przepukliny było o 80% niższe w porównaniu z dziećmi urodzonymi o czasie.33

Wskaźniki nawrotów przepukliny pępkowej u dzieci są niskie i wynoszą od 0,27% do 2,44%.34 Ryzyko uwięźnięcia przepukliny pępkowej u dzieci szacuje się na 0,07% do 0,3%, co jest znacznie niższe niż u dorosłych.35 Według Amerykańskiego Kolegium Chirurgów, ryzyko uwięźnięcia przepukliny pępkowej u dzieci wynosi mniej niż 1%, ale u wcześniaków ryzyko to jest dwukrotnie wyższe.36

Przepukliny pępkowe u dorosłych

U dorosłych przepukliny pępkowe są często bezobjawowe, a najczęstszymi powodami konsultacji są ból i dyskomfort estetyczny.37 Osoby otyłe mają zwiększone ryzyko wystąpienia przepukliny pępkowej, a także zwiększone ryzyko uwięźnięcia przepukliny.38

Szyjka nabytej przepukliny pępkowej u dorosłych jest zwykle wąska, stąd większe prawdopodobieństwo zadzierzgnięcia, uwięźnięcia, niedrożności, owrzodzenia skóry i pęknięcia.39 Ze względu na to wyższe ryzyko powikłań, u dorosłych zaleca się naprawę wszystkich przepuklin pępkowych.40

U pacjentów z marskością wątroby i niekontrolowanym wodobrzuszem zabieg naprawy przepukliny pępkowej wiąże się z wyższym ryzykiem powikłań. W badaniu dotyczącym śmiertelności 30-dniowej po operacji przepukliny pępkowej u pacjentów z marskością wątroby odsetek ten wynosił 1,2% po planowej naprawie przepukliny pępkowej i 12,2% po nagłej naprawie, w przeciwieństwie do braku zgonów u pacjentów bez marskości wątroby.41

Wyzwania i perspektywy w nadzorze przepuklin pępkowych

Pomimo postępów w leczeniu przepuklin pępkowych, nadal istnieją wyzwania w zakresie nadzoru i monitorowania tych przypadków. Jednym z głównych problemów jest brak konsensusu co do optymalnej metody naprawy przepukliny pępkowej. Pomimo niedawnych postępów w zakresie różnorodności siatek i chirurgii małoinwazyjnej (laparoskopowej i robotycznej), nadal nie ma prawdziwego konsensusu co do optymalnej metody naprawy przepukliny pępkowej.42

Niedostateczne raportowanie wielokrotnych defektów

Systematyczny przegląd dotyczący naprawy przepukliny pępkowej i nawrotów wykazał, że obecność wielokrotnych defektów linii białej jako czynnika przyczyniającego się do nawrotu nie była zgłaszana w literaturze, mimo jej powszechności.43 Rola podziurawionej linii białej w przyczynianiu się do postrzeganego nawrotu przepukliny pępkowej wydaje się być przeoczona i jej rola powinna być uwzględniona w dalszych badaniach w celu poprawy naszej zdolności do zmniejszenia nawrotów.44

Badanie opublikowane w 2021 roku wykazało, że częstość występowania współistniejących ukrytych przepuklin okołopępkowych u pacjentów z lekką nadwagą poddawanych pierwotnej naprawie przepukliny pępkowej wynosi 5,01%, co ma znaczenie dla podejmowania decyzji chirurgicznych.45 Ponieważ zdecydowana większość tych defektów okołopępkowych znajduje się powyżej defektu pępkowego, odpowiednie nacięcie i dysekcja na co najmniej 3 cm powyżej przepukliny pępkowej może zmniejszyć liczbę pominiętych współistniejących przepuklin i prowadzić do mniejszej liczby domniemanych nawrotów.46

Perspektywy badań klinicznych

Aby lepiej zrozumieć optymalne metody leczenia przepuklin pępkowych, prowadzone są nowe badania kliniczne. Przykładem jest badanie SUMMER Trial, protokół prospektywnego, randomizowanego, podwójnie zaślepionego, wieloośrodkowego badania klinicznego porównującego naprawę siatką i szwem w małych przepuklinach pępkowych u dorosłych.47

Badanie to może dostarczyć cennej wiedzy i bezpośrednio wpłynąć na standardy naprawy małych przepuklin pępkowych. Jeśli wyniki wykażą przewagę w zmniejszaniu wskaźników nawrotów poprzez użycie siatki onlay bez znaczącego wzrostu występowania powikłań w miejscu operacji między grupami badanymi, siatka będzie musiała być uwzględniona w standardach leczenia małych defektów przepukliny pępkowej.48

Gromadzenie dużej ilości wysokiej jakości danych w czasie, w tym tych zebranych z chirurgii robotycznej, może pomóc w opracowaniu silniejszych wytycznych dotyczących leczenia przepuklin pępkowych.49

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  1. 10.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/
    An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a frequent site of hernia, and umbilical hernias are often diagnosed during routine physical examinations. Not all umbilical hernias require surgical intervention, but approximately 65% of adults with an umbilical hernia will eventually require surgical intervention. […] Umbilical hernias account for 6% to 14% of all adult abdominal wall hernias and are second in frequency only to inguinal hernias. Umbilical hernias occur in 10% to 15% of infants and often resolve spontaneously by 2 years of age. […] The overall incidence of umbilical hernias in adults is between 23% and 50%. The prevalence of umbilical hernias peaks between ages 31 to 40 in women and between ages 61 to 70 in men. Umbilical hernias are three times more common in women due to the effects of pregnancy and childbirth, as well as the increased incidence of obesity. Despite the higher incidence in women, 70% of umbilical hernia surgical repairs are performed on men. Approximately 175,000 umbilical hernia repairs are performed annually in the United States, and 20 million are performed globally.
  • #2 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959
    The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. […] Umbilical hernia is the second most frequent type of hernia and accounts for 614% of all abdominal wall hernias in adults, after inguinal hernias. […] However, in adults, nearly 90% of umbilical hernias are acquired with no indication of hernia in childhood. […] The risk factors are the same as for other abdominal wall hernias and are caused predominantly by intra-abdominal hyper pressure and/or parietal weakness. […] A female predominance is however noted with a sex ratio of 3:1. […] The diagnosis of umbilical hernia is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] Imaging has an important role in the definitive diagnosis.
  • #3 Paraumbilical/Umbilical Hernia | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75339
    Umbilical hernia is a common pathology that occurs in around 2% of the population. About 10% of abdominal hernias are umbilical hernias and umbilical hernia repair is among the most commonly performed surgeries in adults. […] It was estimated that about 2% of adult population have an umbilical hernia that is clinically demonstrable. […] The incidence rate of UH varies substantially with age and gender. The age-specific prevalence is typically higher for men (6170 years), compared to women (3140 years); adipose deposition differs between men and women, this may contribute to the gender differences in the development of UH. Furthermore, the overall numbers of UH repairs are higher in men than in women. […] Approximately up to 166,000 primary umbilical hernia repairs are performed annually in the United States.
  • #4 Umbilical hernia: when and how – Maia – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery
    https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/5123/html
    The incidence of umbilical hernias in adults ranges from 10% to 25% in the literature and is increased in females. […] Some predisposing factors for umbilical hernia development include pregnancy, obesity, ascites and large abdominal tumors leading to increased abdominal pressure. […] Approximately 175,000 umbilical hernias are surgically repaired annually in US. […] The neck of acquired umbilical hernia in adult is usually narrow hence the higher likelihood of strangulation, incarceration, obstruction, skin ulceration and rupture. […] In a cohort study encompassing 3,000 hospitals and 279 employers in the United States, two groups were evaluated for the cost of watchful waiting as a strategy in patients with umbilical hernia. […] Surgical group (open and laparoscopic approach) showed higher costs at 90 and 365 days than the non-surgical group.
  • #5 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959
    The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. […] Umbilical hernia is the second most frequent type of hernia and accounts for 614% of all abdominal wall hernias in adults, after inguinal hernias. […] However, in adults, nearly 90% of umbilical hernias are acquired with no indication of hernia in childhood. […] The risk factors are the same as for other abdominal wall hernias and are caused predominantly by intra-abdominal hyper pressure and/or parietal weakness. […] A female predominance is however noted with a sex ratio of 3:1. […] The diagnosis of umbilical hernia is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] Imaging has an important role in the definitive diagnosis.
  • #6 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia
    Umbilical hernias are three times more common in females than in males. […] In adults, umbilical hernias happen when pressure in your abdomen causes weaknesses in your abdominal wall muscles. […] Umbilical hernias are usually not dangerous in babies. In adults, there’s a higher risk of complications. It’s important for you and your provider to monitor your hernia and time treatment to prevent the hernia from progressing. […] Most adults eventually need surgery. Umbilical hernias in adults are more likely to worsen and cause complications. […] Surgery to treat umbilical hernias is also very effective, and the risk of the hernia coming back is low. […] An umbilical hernias seriousness has everything to do with who has it. In children, umbilical hernias are common and usually don’t cause problems. In adults, they’re considered more high risk.
  • #7 Umbilical hernia: when and how – Maia – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery
    https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/5123/html
    The incidence of umbilical hernias in adults ranges from 10% to 25% in the literature and is increased in females. […] Some predisposing factors for umbilical hernia development include pregnancy, obesity, ascites and large abdominal tumors leading to increased abdominal pressure. […] Approximately 175,000 umbilical hernias are surgically repaired annually in US. […] The neck of acquired umbilical hernia in adult is usually narrow hence the higher likelihood of strangulation, incarceration, obstruction, skin ulceration and rupture. […] In a cohort study encompassing 3,000 hospitals and 279 employers in the United States, two groups were evaluated for the cost of watchful waiting as a strategy in patients with umbilical hernia. […] Surgical group (open and laparoscopic approach) showed higher costs at 90 and 365 days than the non-surgical group.
  • #8 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview
    Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. […] Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. […] Incarceration or strangulation is a particular concern in pregnant patients. […] Cirrhosis and uncontrolled ascites have been considered relative contraindications for elective open umbilical hernia repair. […] A nationwide prospective study of umbilical and epigastric hernias demonstrated that complications necessitating readmission included hematoma (46% of cases), seroma (19%), and pain (77%).
  • #9 The prevalence of umbilical and epigastric hernia repair: a nationwide epidemiologic study – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25840852/
    The prevalence of umbilical and epigastric hernia repair are common surgical procedures; however, the nationwide gender and age-specific prevalence of these repairs is unknown, and this knowledge could form the basis for new studies. […] A nationwide register-based study covering all people living in Denmark on December 31st, 2010 was performed. Within this population all umbilical and epigastric hernia repairs from January 1st, 2006 to December 31st, 2010 were identified using data from the Danish National Hospital Register, and 5-year prevalence estimates were calculated. […] The study population covered 5,639,885 persons (49 % males). A total of 10,107 patients (68 % males) were operated for an umbilical hernia and 2412 patients (55 % males) were operated for an epigastric hernia. The age-specific 5-year prevalence differed for both hernia types. The highest 5-year prevalence of umbilical hernia repairs was seen in males aged 60-70 years with a 5-year prevalence of 0.53 % (95 % CI 0.51-0.56 %) and the highest age-specific 5-year prevalence of epigastric hernia repair was seen in 40-50 year females with a 5-year prevalence of 0.086 % (95 % CI 0.077-0.095 %). […] The gender and age-specific 5-year prevalence of umbilical and epigastric hernia repair differed in a nationwide population.
  • #10
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10029-015-1376-3
    Umbilical and epigastric hernia repair are common surgical procedures; however, the nationwide gender and age-specific prevalence of these repairs is unknown, and this knowledge could form the basis for new studies. […] A nationwide register-based study covering all people living in Denmark on December 31st, 2010 was performed. Within this population all umbilical and epigastric hernia repairs from January 1st, 2006 to December 31st, 2010 were identified using data from the Danish National Hospital Register, and 5-year prevalence estimates were calculated. […] The study population covered 5,639,885 persons (49 % males). A total of 10,107 patients (68 % males) were operated for an umbilical hernia and 2412 patients (55 % males) were operated for an epigastric hernia. The age-specific 5-year prevalence differed for both hernia types. The highest 5-year prevalence of umbilical hernia repairs was seen in males aged 6070 years with a 5-year prevalence of 0.53 % (95 % CI 0.510.56 %) and the highest age-specific 5-year prevalence of epigastric hernia repair was seen in 4050 year females with a 5-year prevalence of 0.086 % (95 % CI 0.0770.095 %). […] The gender and age-specific 5-year prevalence of umbilical and epigastric hernia repair differed in a nationwide population.
  • #11 Umbilical hernia: when and how – Maia – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery
    https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/5123/html
    The incidence of umbilical hernias in adults ranges from 10% to 25% in the literature and is increased in females. […] Some predisposing factors for umbilical hernia development include pregnancy, obesity, ascites and large abdominal tumors leading to increased abdominal pressure. […] Approximately 175,000 umbilical hernias are surgically repaired annually in US. […] The neck of acquired umbilical hernia in adult is usually narrow hence the higher likelihood of strangulation, incarceration, obstruction, skin ulceration and rupture. […] In a cohort study encompassing 3,000 hospitals and 279 employers in the United States, two groups were evaluated for the cost of watchful waiting as a strategy in patients with umbilical hernia. […] Surgical group (open and laparoscopic approach) showed higher costs at 90 and 365 days than the non-surgical group.
  • #12 Paraumbilical/Umbilical Hernia | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75339
    Umbilical hernia is a common pathology that occurs in around 2% of the population. About 10% of abdominal hernias are umbilical hernias and umbilical hernia repair is among the most commonly performed surgeries in adults. […] It was estimated that about 2% of adult population have an umbilical hernia that is clinically demonstrable. […] The incidence rate of UH varies substantially with age and gender. The age-specific prevalence is typically higher for men (6170 years), compared to women (3140 years); adipose deposition differs between men and women, this may contribute to the gender differences in the development of UH. Furthermore, the overall numbers of UH repairs are higher in men than in women. […] Approximately up to 166,000 primary umbilical hernia repairs are performed annually in the United States.
  • #13
    https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2023/03000/the_global,_regional,_and_national_burden_and_its.18.aspx
    Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia repairs are the most common surgical procedure worldwide. […] However, studies on hernia disease burden are notably limited, in both developed and low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] We investigated temporal trends in the incidence and prevalence of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias at global, regional, and national levels in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019). […] The global incident cases and prevalent cases of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, with a heavier burden observed in males, older adults, and in LMICs such as India and China. […] More efforts are warranted for hernia management to reduce the burden of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias, such as by providing safe hernia surgical treatment for males, older adults, and LMICs.
  • #14 SciELO Brazil – OPEN VS LAPAROSCOPIC HERNIA REPAIR IN THE BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM. AN 11-YEAR NATIONWIDE POPULATION-BASED STUDY OPEN VS LAPAROSCOPIC HERNIA REPAIR IN THE BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM. AN 11-YEAR NATIONWIDE POPULATION-BASED STUDY
    https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/YkWRTZfXHZymjZfN5pzGTyr/
    The analysis of hernioplasties year by year in the period evaluated is shown in Figure 2. […] The test showed a strong negative correlation between the period analyzed and the number of inguinal and open epigastric hernioplasties, with a significant reduction in the number of procedures over time (r= -0.79, P0.01 and r = -0.76, P=0.01, respectively). […] Open umbilical hernioplasty, on the other hand, showed a significant increase over the period analyzed (r=0.70, P=0.016). […] The proportion of urgent surgeries in comparison to the total surgeries performed reached a significant value. […] Compared to other population studies, such as Sweden, the number of emergency surgeries in Brazil is almost four times higher. […] The high frequency of urgent surgeries demonstrates the systems difficulty in performing a sufficient number of hernioplasties electively and avoiding complications within a reasonable standard. […] The data revealed heterogeneity in the distribution of laparoscopic procedures between regions and states, showing a direct relationship with the number of professionals with specialized training in digestive surgery.
  • #15 SciELO Brazil – OPEN VS LAPAROSCOPIC HERNIA REPAIR IN THE BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM. AN 11-YEAR NATIONWIDE POPULATION-BASED STUDY OPEN VS LAPAROSCOPIC HERNIA REPAIR IN THE BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM. AN 11-YEAR NATIONWIDE POPULATION-BASED STUDY
    https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/YkWRTZfXHZymjZfN5pzGTyr/
    The analysis of hernioplasties year by year in the period evaluated is shown in Figure 2. […] The test showed a strong negative correlation between the period analyzed and the number of inguinal and open epigastric hernioplasties, with a significant reduction in the number of procedures over time (r= -0.79, P0.01 and r = -0.76, P=0.01, respectively). […] Open umbilical hernioplasty, on the other hand, showed a significant increase over the period analyzed (r=0.70, P=0.016). […] The proportion of urgent surgeries in comparison to the total surgeries performed reached a significant value. […] Compared to other population studies, such as Sweden, the number of emergency surgeries in Brazil is almost four times higher. […] The high frequency of urgent surgeries demonstrates the systems difficulty in performing a sufficient number of hernioplasties electively and avoiding complications within a reasonable standard. […] The data revealed heterogeneity in the distribution of laparoscopic procedures between regions and states, showing a direct relationship with the number of professionals with specialized training in digestive surgery.
  • #16 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview
    Recurrence rates associated with primary tissue repair have been reported to range from 15% to 40%. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis by Aslani and Brown showed a 10-fold decreased risk of recurrence in mesh repair as compared with primary suture repair. […] A study using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database demonstrated decreased overall morbidity in laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair as compared with open repair. […] In an analysis using NSQIP data to evaluate perioperative outcomes for three general surgery procedures, Zielsdorf et al found that the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was predictive of an increased risk of postoperative complications after umbilical hernia repair.
  • #17 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview
    Recurrence rates associated with primary tissue repair have been reported to range from 15% to 40%. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis by Aslani and Brown showed a 10-fold decreased risk of recurrence in mesh repair as compared with primary suture repair. […] A study using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database demonstrated decreased overall morbidity in laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair as compared with open repair. […] In an analysis using NSQIP data to evaluate perioperative outcomes for three general surgery procedures, Zielsdorf et al found that the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was predictive of an increased risk of postoperative complications after umbilical hernia repair.
  • #18
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/09070/retrospective_analysis_of_smaller_than_3_cm.96.aspx
    There is evidence that mesh repair for primary umbilical hernias results in fewer recurrences and similar wound complication rates compared to tissue repair. […] The ULTRAPRO PLUG offers a simple and quick means of repairing smaller than 3-cm umbilical hernias with lower recurrence rates and fewer postoperative complications. […] Umbilical hernia represents 6% of all abdominal wall hernias in adults. […] Increasing evidence suggests that the use of prosthetic mesh is a preferable method for hernia repair, since traditional suture repair techniques have a high risk of recurrence of approximately 11% to 54%. […] A prospective, randomized trial comparing suture and mesh repair of umbilical hernias in adults demonstrated a recurrence rate of 1% with mesh repair compared with 11% with suture repair.
  • #19 SUMMER Trial: mesh versus suture repair in small umbilical hernias in adults—a study protocol for a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter clinical trial | Trials | Full Text
    https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-021-05366-7
    Small umbilical hernia repair is one of the most common surgical performances in general surgery. Yet, a gold standard procedure for the repair is still lacking today. There is an increasing evidence that mesh could be advantageous compared to suture repair in lowering recurrence rates. […] All data from previous studies has demonstrated lower recurrence rates using mesh reinforcement in open repairs of small umbilical hernias. […] The reoperation rate for recurrence in the cohort was 2.2% for mesh repair and 5.6% for suture repair. […] Despite the abovementioned advantages with mesh reinforcement, surgeons have certainly still remained reluctant to use mesh in small ventral hernias. […] Although many studies argue that mesh reinforcement offers an advantage also in small umbilical hernias to lower the risk of recurrence, the suitable anatomical mesh position for repairing small umbilical hernias is still uncertain.
  • #20 Umbilical hernia: when and how – Maia – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery
    https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/5123/html
    The incidence of umbilical hernias in adults ranges from 10% to 25% in the literature and is increased in females. […] Some predisposing factors for umbilical hernia development include pregnancy, obesity, ascites and large abdominal tumors leading to increased abdominal pressure. […] Approximately 175,000 umbilical hernias are surgically repaired annually in US. […] The neck of acquired umbilical hernia in adult is usually narrow hence the higher likelihood of strangulation, incarceration, obstruction, skin ulceration and rupture. […] In a cohort study encompassing 3,000 hospitals and 279 employers in the United States, two groups were evaluated for the cost of watchful waiting as a strategy in patients with umbilical hernia. […] Surgical group (open and laparoscopic approach) showed higher costs at 90 and 365 days than the non-surgical group.
  • #21
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/umbilical-hernia-repair/
    Umbilical hernias are very common in infants and young children, particularly in babies born prematurely. […] Umbilical hernias can also develop in adults. Without treatment, the hernia will probably get worse over time. […] Surgery is recommended for most adults with an umbilical hernia because the hernia is unlikely to get better by itself when you’re older and the risk of complications is higher. […] Complications that can develop as a result of an umbilical hernia include: obstruction where a section of the bowel becomes stuck outside the abdomen, causing nausea, vomiting and pain; strangulation where a section of bowel becomes trapped and its blood supply is cut off; this requires emergency surgery within hours to release the trapped tissue and restore its blood supply so it doesn’t die. […] Complications from an umbilical hernia repair are uncommon, but can include: infection of the wound it may appear red, have a yellow discharge and be painful or swollen; bleeding; rupture of the wound; the hernia returning.
  • #22 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview
    Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. […] Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. […] Incarceration or strangulation is a particular concern in pregnant patients. […] Cirrhosis and uncontrolled ascites have been considered relative contraindications for elective open umbilical hernia repair. […] A nationwide prospective study of umbilical and epigastric hernias demonstrated that complications necessitating readmission included hematoma (46% of cases), seroma (19%), and pain (77%).
  • #23 Umbilical hernia: when and how – Maia – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery
    https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/5123/html
    The incidence of umbilical hernias in adults ranges from 10% to 25% in the literature and is increased in females. […] Some predisposing factors for umbilical hernia development include pregnancy, obesity, ascites and large abdominal tumors leading to increased abdominal pressure. […] Approximately 175,000 umbilical hernias are surgically repaired annually in US. […] The neck of acquired umbilical hernia in adult is usually narrow hence the higher likelihood of strangulation, incarceration, obstruction, skin ulceration and rupture. […] In a cohort study encompassing 3,000 hospitals and 279 employers in the United States, two groups were evaluated for the cost of watchful waiting as a strategy in patients with umbilical hernia. […] Surgical group (open and laparoscopic approach) showed higher costs at 90 and 365 days than the non-surgical group.
  • #24 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview
    Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. […] Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. […] Incarceration or strangulation is a particular concern in pregnant patients. […] Cirrhosis and uncontrolled ascites have been considered relative contraindications for elective open umbilical hernia repair. […] A nationwide prospective study of umbilical and epigastric hernias demonstrated that complications necessitating readmission included hematoma (46% of cases), seroma (19%), and pain (77%).
  • #25 Surgical Mesh for Hernia Repair: FDA Activities | FDA
    https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/surgical-mesh-used-hernia-repair/surgical-mesh-hernia-repair-fda-activities
    The FDA continuously monitors the safety of hernia surgical mesh products for repair by assessing the adverse event reports it receives from multiple sources, including medical device manufacturers, distributors, medical facilities, medical providers, and patients. […] When filtered to identify events for inguinal, ventral, incisional, hiatal, umbilical, and unspecified hernias, this search produced over 55,000 adverse event reports. […] Estimates of the incidence of the most common complications associated with barrier coated and hybrid mesh reported in the literature are summarized below: […] Although barrier coated and hybrid meshes were involved in the majority of adverse events reported to the FDA, the literature did not report a significant difference in barrier coated and hybrid meshes compared with other hernia meshes.
  • #26 Mesh surveillance after hernia repair – Helgstrand – Laparoscopic Surgery
    https://ls.amegroups.org/article/view/6361/html
    In 2016, Johnson and Johnson recalled their high-volume mesh product Physiomesh because of high failure rates. […] Hernias are among the most frequently treated diseases in surgery, and repair with synthetic mesh materials for reinforcement have for many years been considered the gold standard to prevent hernia recurrence. […] In recent years it has been shown that long-term follow-up after hernia repairs are mandatory in order to evaluate outcome, and that the reduced risk for hernia recurrence, may be on the expense of increased complications over time. […] In contrast, studies from clinical databases such as the Danish Hernia Registry and the German HerniaMed have proven to be valuable tools to identify underperforming meshes. […] Given the opportunity to combine systematic perioperative data from a well-established clinical database with long-term data from nationwide health-related registries, it seems that such registries are the most cost-effective tools for mesh surveillance.
  • #27 Mesh surveillance after hernia repair – Helgstrand – Laparoscopic Surgery
    https://ls.amegroups.org/article/view/6361/html
    In 2016, Johnson and Johnson recalled their high-volume mesh product Physiomesh because of high failure rates. […] Hernias are among the most frequently treated diseases in surgery, and repair with synthetic mesh materials for reinforcement have for many years been considered the gold standard to prevent hernia recurrence. […] In recent years it has been shown that long-term follow-up after hernia repairs are mandatory in order to evaluate outcome, and that the reduced risk for hernia recurrence, may be on the expense of increased complications over time. […] In contrast, studies from clinical databases such as the Danish Hernia Registry and the German HerniaMed have proven to be valuable tools to identify underperforming meshes. […] Given the opportunity to combine systematic perioperative data from a well-established clinical database with long-term data from nationwide health-related registries, it seems that such registries are the most cost-effective tools for mesh surveillance.
  • #28 Understanding Pediatric Umbilical Hernias
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-pediatric-umbilical-hernias
    Pediatric umbilical hernias affect an estimated 15% to 23% of children at birth. […] The estimated incidence of umbilical hernias in the United States is approximately 15% to 23% of newborns (or 800,000 annually), with males and females represented equally. […] The occurrence of umbilical hernias is higher in African American infants compared with Caucasians, reportedly as high as 26.6%. […] Secondary to the weakened integrity of epidermis and immature development of internal organs, infants who are premature or of lower birthweight have an even greater risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] Although umbilical hernias are more common in pediatrics, they can also occur in adults as an acquired defect from conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as pregnancy, obesity, ascites, or chronic pulmonary disease.
  • #29 Understanding Pediatric Umbilical Hernias
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-pediatric-umbilical-hernias
    Pediatric umbilical hernias affect an estimated 15% to 23% of children at birth. […] The estimated incidence of umbilical hernias in the United States is approximately 15% to 23% of newborns (or 800,000 annually), with males and females represented equally. […] The occurrence of umbilical hernias is higher in African American infants compared with Caucasians, reportedly as high as 26.6%. […] Secondary to the weakened integrity of epidermis and immature development of internal organs, infants who are premature or of lower birthweight have an even greater risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] Although umbilical hernias are more common in pediatrics, they can also occur in adults as an acquired defect from conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as pregnancy, obesity, ascites, or chronic pulmonary disease.
  • #30 Understanding Pediatric Umbilical Hernias
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-pediatric-umbilical-hernias
    Pediatric umbilical hernias affect an estimated 15% to 23% of children at birth. […] The estimated incidence of umbilical hernias in the United States is approximately 15% to 23% of newborns (or 800,000 annually), with males and females represented equally. […] The occurrence of umbilical hernias is higher in African American infants compared with Caucasians, reportedly as high as 26.6%. […] Secondary to the weakened integrity of epidermis and immature development of internal organs, infants who are premature or of lower birthweight have an even greater risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] Although umbilical hernias are more common in pediatrics, they can also occur in adults as an acquired defect from conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as pregnancy, obesity, ascites, or chronic pulmonary disease.
  • #31 Understanding Pediatric Umbilical Hernias
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-pediatric-umbilical-hernias
    The management is poorly studied. […] There are no consensus recommendations or practice guidelines regarding the timing and indications for surgical repair in asymptomatic patients. […] One retrospective case series reported a 93% rate of spontaneous closure within the first year of life. […] An indicator that a hernia will spontaneously resolve is correlated to the size of the hernial ring. […] The true incidence of complications associated with umbilical hernias is difficult to classify due to the selected studies evaluating complications, primarily biased to those who have undergone surgical intervention. […] However, the body of evidence available suggests that the rates of complications of those with unrepaired umbilical hernia are relatively low, with the risk of incarceration estimated to be 0.07% to 0.3%.
  • #32 Understanding Pediatric Umbilical Hernias
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-pediatric-umbilical-hernias
    The management is poorly studied. […] There are no consensus recommendations or practice guidelines regarding the timing and indications for surgical repair in asymptomatic patients. […] One retrospective case series reported a 93% rate of spontaneous closure within the first year of life. […] An indicator that a hernia will spontaneously resolve is correlated to the size of the hernial ring. […] The true incidence of complications associated with umbilical hernias is difficult to classify due to the selected studies evaluating complications, primarily biased to those who have undergone surgical intervention. […] However, the body of evidence available suggests that the rates of complications of those with unrepaired umbilical hernia are relatively low, with the risk of incarceration estimated to be 0.07% to 0.3%.
  • #33 Predictors of spontaneous resolution of umbilical hernia in children | World Journal of Pediatric Surgery
    https://wjps.bmj.com/content/4/3/e000287
    The probability of spontaneous resolution is lower for premature babies. The probability of spontaneous resolution is negatively correlated with the defect size when adjusting for prematurity and other comorbidities. […] Premature babies were found to be 80% less likely to have spontaneous resolution of hernia compared with non-premature babies. Additionally, for every millimeter increase in defect size, the odds of spontaneous resolution was 5% lower while controlling for gender, prematurity, and presence of comorbidities. […] Results from this study demonstrate that pediatric umbilical hernias are unlikely to become strangulated or incarcerated. The probability of spontaneous resolution of umbilical hernia decreases with an increase in defect size while controlling for prematurity and other comorbidities. On the other hand, probability of non-resolution increases with prematurity. In light of these findings, factors such as prematurity and increasing defect size should continue to be considered during the management of children with umbilical hernia in Ontario. […] Overall, our study determined that the odds of spontaneous resolution were lower for premature babies and were negatively correlated with defect size. As such, continued monitoring of defect size and prematurity is warranted during umbilical hernia management of children in Ontario.
  • #34 Understanding Pediatric Umbilical Hernias
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-pediatric-umbilical-hernias
    The rates of umbilical hernia reoccurrence are as low as 0.27% to 2.44%. […] Identification of asymptomatic hernias and those patients who have the potential for spontaneous hernia closure is critical to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention and potential harms associated with infections or anesthetics. […] The key message to share with anxious parents is that the majority of pediatric umbilical hernias spontaneously close by age 5 to 7 years.
  • #35 Understanding Pediatric Umbilical Hernias
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/understanding-pediatric-umbilical-hernias
    The management is poorly studied. […] There are no consensus recommendations or practice guidelines regarding the timing and indications for surgical repair in asymptomatic patients. […] One retrospective case series reported a 93% rate of spontaneous closure within the first year of life. […] An indicator that a hernia will spontaneously resolve is correlated to the size of the hernial ring. […] The true incidence of complications associated with umbilical hernias is difficult to classify due to the selected studies evaluating complications, primarily biased to those who have undergone surgical intervention. […] However, the body of evidence available suggests that the rates of complications of those with unrepaired umbilical hernia are relatively low, with the risk of incarceration estimated to be 0.07% to 0.3%.
  • #36 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia | ACS
    https://www.facs.org/for-patients/the-day-of-your-surgery/pediatric-umbilical-hernia/
    Umbilical hernias are one of the most common conditions in children. They occur equally among boys and girls and in 15 to 23% of newborns. They are very common in African-American, Hispanic and low birth-weight infants. […] The risk of incarceration of umbilical hernia in children is rare (less than 1 in 100) but premature infants have 2x the risk. More than 2/3 of incarcerations occur before age 1 year. […] Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia in children may be needed if: The hernia is painful and stuck in a bulging position (incarcerated), Blood supply is affected (strangulated), The hernia has not closed by age 5, The defect is large or bothersome in appearance. […] Watchful waiting is recommended for children who have no symptoms. In 95% of cases, umbilical hernias less than 1 cm in diameter close on their own within 5 years of age. After age 5, repair is recommended.
  • #37 (PDF) Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment
    https://www.academia.edu/128664014/Umbilical_Hernias_in_Adults_Epidemiology_Diagnosis_and_Treatment
    The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. Adult umbilical hernias are frequently asymptomatic. The most frequent reasons for consultation are pain and esthetic discomfort. The diagnosis is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. Despite the recent advances in terms of mesh varieties and minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic and robotic surgery), there is still no real consensus on the optimal method for repair of umbilical hernia. Based on the patient characteristics and the context, tailored and optimized surgery should always be used to have the best results. […] Umbilical hernia has not received as much attention as other abdominal wall defects. Prevalence in the adult population is 2% and is much more common in cirrhotic patients and obese middle-aged multiparous women. Adult umbilical hernias have an acquired origin as a consequence of increases in pressure (pregnancy, ascites, etc.), the pull of the abdominal muscles, and the deterioration of connective tissue.
  • #38 Needlescopic surgery for large umbilical hernia in a patient with morbid obesity using intraperitoneal onlay mesh with fascial defect closure: a case report | Surgical Case Reports | Full Text
    https://surgicalcasereports.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40792-020-01005-6
    Umbilical hernia (UH) in adults is a common condition in noninguinal abdominal wall hernias, and increased body mass index (BMI) is associated with higher prevalence and increased risk of incarceration. UHs are prone to incarceration and continue to enlarge if untreated; thus, prompt repair is advised. […] Guidelines for the treatment of umbilical and epigastric hernias from the European Hernia Society (EHS) and Americas Hernia Society (AHS) recommend that symptomatic umbilical and epigastric hernias are repaired using an open approach with a preperitoneal flat mesh. Conversely, the guidelines also provided an official statement on the benefit of laparoscopic repair for larger (4 cm in diameter) UHs or patients with increased risk of wound infection. […] Based on the guidelines, a laparoscopic approach using IPOM plus may be considered in the repair of large UHs in patients with obesity.
  • #39 Umbilical hernia: when and how – Maia – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery
    https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/5123/html
    The incidence of umbilical hernias in adults ranges from 10% to 25% in the literature and is increased in females. […] Some predisposing factors for umbilical hernia development include pregnancy, obesity, ascites and large abdominal tumors leading to increased abdominal pressure. […] Approximately 175,000 umbilical hernias are surgically repaired annually in US. […] The neck of acquired umbilical hernia in adult is usually narrow hence the higher likelihood of strangulation, incarceration, obstruction, skin ulceration and rupture. […] In a cohort study encompassing 3,000 hospitals and 279 employers in the United States, two groups were evaluated for the cost of watchful waiting as a strategy in patients with umbilical hernia. […] Surgical group (open and laparoscopic approach) showed higher costs at 90 and 365 days than the non-surgical group.
  • #40 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia
    Umbilical hernias are three times more common in females than in males. […] In adults, umbilical hernias happen when pressure in your abdomen causes weaknesses in your abdominal wall muscles. […] Umbilical hernias are usually not dangerous in babies. In adults, there’s a higher risk of complications. It’s important for you and your provider to monitor your hernia and time treatment to prevent the hernia from progressing. […] Most adults eventually need surgery. Umbilical hernias in adults are more likely to worsen and cause complications. […] Surgery to treat umbilical hernias is also very effective, and the risk of the hernia coming back is low. […] An umbilical hernias seriousness has everything to do with who has it. In children, umbilical hernias are common and usually don’t cause problems. In adults, they’re considered more high risk.
  • #41 Publication Details – Risk factors for adverse outcomes in emergency versus nonemergency open umbilical hernia repair and opportunities for elective repair in a national cohort of patients with cirrhosis
    https://www.pubpharm.de/vufind/Record/NLM335926916
    BACKGROUND: Whether to perform umbilical hernia repair in patients with cirrhosis is a common dilemma for surgeons. We aimed to determine the incidence, morbidity, and mortality associated with emergency and nonemergency umbilical hernia repair in patients with and without cirrhosis, and to explore opportunities for nonemergency repair. […] In patients with cirrhosis, 30-day mortality was 1.2% after nonemergency umbilical hernia repair and 12.2% after emergency umbilical hernia repair, contrasting with zero deaths in patients without cirrhosis undergoing these repairs. […] Nonemergency open umbilical hernia repair was associated with relatively low perioperative mortality in patients with cirrhosis and no recent ascites. About 30% of patients undergoing emergency umbilical hernia repair may have been candidates for nonemergency repair in the prior year.
  • #42 (PDF) Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment
    https://www.academia.edu/128664014/Umbilical_Hernias_in_Adults_Epidemiology_Diagnosis_and_Treatment
    The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. Adult umbilical hernias are frequently asymptomatic. The most frequent reasons for consultation are pain and esthetic discomfort. The diagnosis is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. Despite the recent advances in terms of mesh varieties and minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic and robotic surgery), there is still no real consensus on the optimal method for repair of umbilical hernia. Based on the patient characteristics and the context, tailored and optimized surgery should always be used to have the best results. […] Umbilical hernia has not received as much attention as other abdominal wall defects. Prevalence in the adult population is 2% and is much more common in cirrhotic patients and obese middle-aged multiparous women. Adult umbilical hernias have an acquired origin as a consequence of increases in pressure (pregnancy, ascites, etc.), the pull of the abdominal muscles, and the deterioration of connective tissue.
  • #43 Umbilical hernia repair and recurrence: need for a clinical trial? | BMC Surgery | Full Text
    https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-021-01358-1
    Umbilical hernia repair, despite its perceived simplicity, is associated with recurrence between 2.7 and 27%, in mesh repair and non mesh repair respectively. […] This systematic review assessed reporting of second or multiple linea alba defects in patients undergoing umbilical hernia repair to establish if these anatomical variations could contribute to recurrence along with other potential factors. […] The presence of multiple linea alba defects as a contributor to recurrence was not reported in the literature. […] This study identified many factors already known to contribute to umbilical hernia recurrence in adults, but the existence of multiple defects in the linea, despite it prevalence, has evaded investigators. […] This systematic review demonstrates that the presence of multiple defects in patients undergoing UH repair is not being reported in the scientific literature.
  • #44 Umbilical hernia repair and recurrence: need for a clinical trial? | BMC Surgery | Full Text
    https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-021-01358-1
    While the use of mesh, the size of the defect and patient characteristics such as BMI and Diabetes Mellitus are recognised in the literature as contributors to recurrence, the role of the fenestrated linea alba in contributing to perceived umbilical hernia recurrence appears to be overlooked and its role should be included in further studies to enhance our ability to reduce recurrence.
  • #45
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10029-021-02392-x
    The primary goal of this study was to determine the incidence of occult paraumbilical hernias during open primary umbilical hernia repair. […] The incidence of concomitant occult paraumbilical hernias in patients mildly overweight undergoing primary umbilical hernia repair is 5.01%, relevant to surgical decision-making. […] Since the great majority of these paraumbilical defects are superior to the umbilical defect, an adequate incision and dissection for at least 3 cm above the umbilical hernia may reduce the number of missed concomitant hernias and result in less presumed recurrences.
  • #46
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10029-021-02392-x
    The primary goal of this study was to determine the incidence of occult paraumbilical hernias during open primary umbilical hernia repair. […] The incidence of concomitant occult paraumbilical hernias in patients mildly overweight undergoing primary umbilical hernia repair is 5.01%, relevant to surgical decision-making. […] Since the great majority of these paraumbilical defects are superior to the umbilical defect, an adequate incision and dissection for at least 3 cm above the umbilical hernia may reduce the number of missed concomitant hernias and result in less presumed recurrences.
  • #47 SUMMER Trial: mesh versus suture repair in small umbilical hernias in adults—a study protocol for a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter clinical trial | Trials | Full Text
    https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-021-05366-7
    Small umbilical hernia repair is one of the most common surgical performances in general surgery. Yet, a gold standard procedure for the repair is still lacking today. There is an increasing evidence that mesh could be advantageous compared to suture repair in lowering recurrence rates. […] All data from previous studies has demonstrated lower recurrence rates using mesh reinforcement in open repairs of small umbilical hernias. […] The reoperation rate for recurrence in the cohort was 2.2% for mesh repair and 5.6% for suture repair. […] Despite the abovementioned advantages with mesh reinforcement, surgeons have certainly still remained reluctant to use mesh in small ventral hernias. […] Although many studies argue that mesh reinforcement offers an advantage also in small umbilical hernias to lower the risk of recurrence, the suitable anatomical mesh position for repairing small umbilical hernias is still uncertain.
  • #48 SUMMER Trial: mesh versus suture repair in small umbilical hernias in adults—a study protocol for a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter clinical trial | Trials | Full Text
    https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-021-05366-7
    We can expect that this trial will provide valuable knowledge and have a direct effect on small umbilical hernia repair standards. […] If results prove superiority in lowering recurrence rates by using an onlay mesh repair without any significant increase in the occurrence of surgical site complications between the study groups, mesh will have to be considered in treatment standards for small umbilical hernia defects. […] This trial protocol version 1.0 was published on ClinicalTrial.gov on 31 January 2020 as approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • #49 New Approaches, Trends Are Emerging in Hernia Repair | ACS
    https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2023/march-2023-volume-108-issue-3/new-approaches-trends-are-emerging-in-hernia-repair/
    An estimated 611,000 ventral and 1 million inguinal hernia repairs are performed each year in the US, according to Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data and the US Food and Drug Administration; globally, these surgeries are estimated to top 20 million a year, making hernia repair one of the most commonly performed general surgery procedures in the world. […] There is a movement to broaden the field to encompass the health of the abdominal core. […] Hernias have come to be seen as a chronic problem to be addressed over time. […] What we now know is that hernias, especially ventral hernia, can end up as a chronic problem for many patients, with the hernia coming back over time. […] Gathering a high volume of high-quality data over time, including those collected from robotic surgery, may help lead to stronger guidelines.