Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Approximately 90% of adult umbilical hernias are acquired. Umbilical hernias are more common in persons with obesity, metabolic syndrome, ascites, and in those with a history of multiple pregnancies. Certain configurations of the umbilical ring can also influence the formation of an umbilical hernia. Any chronic or repetitive increase in intraabdominal pressure may increase the risk for an umbilical hernia, and there may be an association between the use of umbilical site laparoscopic trocars and umbilical hernias. Additional predisposing factors for adult umbilical hernias include connective tissue disorders, ethnic background, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Trisomy 21, and poor nutrition. […] Stretching of the abdominal musculature and excess adiposity separate muscles and weaken aponeuroses, facilitating the occurrence of umbilical hernias. Umbilical hernias tend to occur in areas of potential fascial weakness, such as the attenuation in the linea alba immediately adjacent to the umbilicus or where the umbilical vessels, especially the umbilical vein, perforate the abdominal wall. Additional factors contributing to the development of an umbilical hernia include conditions that chronically increase intraabdominal pressure, such as ascites, chronic constipation, and heavy lifting. Up to 20% of patients with cirrhotic ascites develop an umbilical hernia.

• #1 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of the bowel or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, near the navel. […] An umbilical hernia happens when there is a defect in the anterior abdominal wall, which underlies the umbilicus, or navel. […] The causes of umbilical hernia are different among age groups. […] As the fetus develops in the womb, a small opening forms in the abdominal muscles. This opening allows the umbilical cord to pass through. […] Around the time of birth, or shortly after, the opening should close. If this does not happen completely, fatty tissue or part of the bowel can poke through, which causes an umbilical hernia. […] If there is too much pressure on the abdominal wall, some fatty tissue or a part of the bowel can poke through a weak section of the abdominal muscle.

• #1 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  Umbilical hernias occur due to the incomplete closure of the umbilical ring fascia, allowing intraabdominal contents to protrude through it. […] Following the separation of the umbilical cord, the fascial ring usually undergoes natural closure due to the growth of the rectus muscles and fusion of the fascial layers. However, if this process is hindered or delayed, it can result in the development of an umbilical hernia. […] Although the exact etiology is unknown, however, it is believed to involve a dysfunction related to the umbilical vein component of the fascial ring. […] In addition to prematurity and low birth weight, other disorders that are associated with pediatric umbilical hernias include: Ascites, Autosomal trisomies, such as trisomies 13, 18, and 21, Childhood obesity, Dysmorphic conditions (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Down, Ehlers-Danlos, and Marfan syndromes), Hypothyroidism, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Peritoneal dialysis.

• #1 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  The hernia may also originate slightly above the umbilicus, in which case it is more accurately referred to as an epigastric hernia. […] The technique used for clamping or cutting the umbilical cord after birth does not have any impact on the potential development of an umbilical hernia in the future. […] If the umbilical ring fails to close and obliterate after the separation of the umbilical cord, it will increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is an unusual bulge you can often see or feel over your belly button (umbilicus). It develops when part of your small intestine, together with fat or fluid, forms a sac. The sac pushes through an opening or weakness in your abdominal wall muscle. […] Umbilical hernias in children happen when the holes in their abdominal walls that allow the umbilical cord to pass through (the umbilical ring) dont fully close. […] In adults, umbilical hernias happen when pressure in your abdomen causes weaknesses in your abdominal wall muscles. Parts of your small intestine and related tissue can bulge through the weakened muscle. […] Several factors can increase your risk, including: Females are more likely to have umbilical hernias. Umbilical hernias are more common in adults with obesity. Women whove given birth multiple times have a higher risk of umbilical hernias. People with cirrhosis of the liver are at a greater risk of developing umbilical hernias due to developing ascites. Procedures on your abdomen that weaken the muscle wall can increase your risk for a hernia.

• #1 Umbilical hernia in patients with liver cirrhosis: A surgical challenge

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v8/i7/476.htm

  Umbilical hernia occurs in 20% of the patients with liver cirrhosis complicated with ascites. […] Due to the enormous intraabdominal pressure secondary to the ascites, umbilical hernia in these patients has a tendency to enlarge rapidly and to complicate. […] Ascites is possibly the major etiologic factor. […] In cirrhotics, umbilical hernias occur almost exclusively in patients with persistent ascites. […] Other important contributory factor is abdominal wall muscle weakness due to hypoalbuminemia and recanalization, dilation and varices formation of the umbilical vein at the umbilicus as a result of portal hypertension. […] Umbilical hernia etiology in cirrhotics is multifactorial. […] Ascites may precipitate hernia incarceration of intestine or omentum into the dense fibrous ring at the neck of the hernia. […] Enormous increase of intraabdominal pressure secondary to tense ascites may also cause pressure necrosis and perforation of the overlying skin followed by evisceration, ascites drainage, and peritonitis.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] The most common symptom of umbilical hernias is pain at the umbilicus (44% of cases). Other complaints include pressure (20%) and nausea and vomiting (9%). Complications such as irreducibility, obstruction, strangulation, skin ulceration, and rupture are more common in paraumbilical hernias than in other abdominal hernias. […] All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. Indications for operative repair include the following: Pain, Incarceration, Strangulation, Defect larger than 1 cm, Skin ulceration, Hernia rupture.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Cirrhosis and uncontrolled ascites have been considered relative contraindications for elective open umbilical hernia repair. […] Treatable conditions such as ascites and obesity should be addressed and treated in advance of elective repair. […] Recurrence rates associated with primary tissue repair have been reported to range from 15% to 40%. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Aslani and Brown showed a 10-fold decreased risk of recurrence in mesh repair as compared with primary suture repair. An increased risk of recurrence is seen in obese patients and defects larger than 3 cm. Other factors associated with an increased recurrence rate include smoking and diabetes. […] A nationwide prospective study of umbilical and epigastric hernias demonstrated that complications necessitating readmission included hematoma (46% of cases), seroma (19%), and pain (77%). This study also found an overall rate of readmission rate of 5%, mostly due to the aforementioned complications.

• #1 Why Do Hernia Repairs Fail? – Dr Parthasarathy

  https://www.gastrosurgeonindia.com/blog/why-do-hernia-repairs-fail/

  Failure can result from mesh that is prone to shrinkage and is too tiny to cover the hernia. […] Its possible that some mesh varieties dont work well at promoting tissue ingrowth. […] Mesh contraction, often referred to as mesh shrinkage, is the process through which mesh loses some of its initial size. […] Shrinkage may result in blockage, migration, infection, and chronic pain. […] Mesh migration happens when the mesh relocates to a different part of the body from where it was placed in the body to treat the hernia. […] Sometimes during hernia mesh repair surgery, the body will reject the mesh because it views the implant as an invasion and assaults it as a result. […] Lack of surgical experience and subpar surgical technique may make mesh failure more likely.

• #1 What is the best treatment for an umbilical hernia? – Northeast Georgia Health System

  https://www.nghs.com/2022/03/03/what-is-the-best-treatment-for-an-umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is when a portion of the intestine bulges through the abdominal wall near the belly button. […] Causes and treatment vary for infants and adults with umbilical hernias. […] When an infant is born, sometimes the muscles don’t completely close around the small opening where the umbilical cord was in the abdomen. This is more common in premature babies. This opening is called an umbilical hernia, and it will usually close on its own by the time the child is 3 or 4 years old. If it doesn’t close on its own, it will need to be fixed surgically. […] In adults, factors such as being overweight, straining while lifting something heavy, or having a deep cough may contribute to developing an umbilical hernia. Additionally, women who have carried more than one baby during a pregnancy (i.e., twins or triplets), are more susceptible to developing an umbilical hernia. […] Like most hernias that develop in adults, an umbilical hernia will not heal on its own and will require hernia repair surgery.

• #2 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] During gestation, the umbilical cord passes through a small opening in the baby’s abdominal muscles. The opening normally closes just after birth. If the muscles don’t join together completely in the midline of the abdominal wall, an umbilical hernia may appear at birth or later in life. […] In adults, too much abdominal pressure contributes to umbilical hernias. Causes of increased pressure in the abdomen include: Obesity, Multiple pregnancies, Fluid in the abdominal cavity, Previous abdominal surgery, Long-term peritoneal dialysis to treat kidney failure.

• #2 Pediatric Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459294/

  Umbilical hernias occur due to the incomplete closure of the umbilical ring fascia, allowing intraabdominal contents to protrude through it. […] Following the separation of the umbilical cord, the fascial ring usually undergoes natural closure due to the growth of the rectus muscles and fusion of the fascial layers. However, if this process is hindered or delayed, it can result in the development of an umbilical hernia. […] Although the exact etiology is unknown, however, it is believed to involve a dysfunction related to the umbilical vein component of the fascial ring. […] In addition to prematurity and low birth weight, other disorders that are associated with pediatric umbilical hernias include: Ascites, Autosomal trisomies, such as trisomies 13, 18, and 21, Childhood obesity, Dysmorphic conditions (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Down, Ehlers-Danlos, and Marfan syndromes), Hypothyroidism, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Peritoneal dialysis.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is an abnormal bulge that can be seen or felt at the umbilicus (belly button). This hernia develops when a portion of the lining of the abdomen, part of the intestine, and / or fluid from the abdomen, comes through the muscle of the abdominal wall. […] Umbilical hernias are common, occurring in 10 percent to 20 percent of all children. They are more common in African-Americans. […] Low birth weight and premature infants are also more likely to have an umbilical hernia. […] As the fetus develops during pregnancy, there is a small opening in the abdominal muscles that allows the umbilical cord to pass through, connecting mother to baby. […] As the baby grows after birth, this opening in the abdominal muscles closes. Sometimes, however, these muscles do not meet and grow together completely, and a small opening remains. This opening is called an umbilical hernia.

• #2 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  An umbilical hernia is a gap in the abdominal wall that allows a section of intestines to poke through. It can happen in infants when the spot where the umbilical cord is attached doesn’t close properly after birth. […] It’s unclear exactly why this hole, called the umbilical ring, doesn’t close in some babies. But it has nothing to do with the way the doctor cuts or clamps the cord after delivery. […] Even when the umbilical ring does close, that area may always be weak. Over time, stress can cause an umbilical hernia to form. This comes from things that strain your abdominal muscles or put pressure on your abdominal wall, such as: Pregnancy, Being overweight, Extra belly fluid, Chronic cough, Problems urinating because of a large prostate, Constipation, Vomiting often, Heavy lifting, Surgery or other procedures that weaken the abdominal wall.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] The most common symptom of umbilical hernias is pain at the umbilicus (44% of cases). Other complaints include pressure (20%) and nausea and vomiting (9%). Complications such as irreducibility, obstruction, strangulation, skin ulceration, and rupture are more common in paraumbilical hernias than in other abdominal hernias. […] All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. Indications for operative repair include the following: Pain, Incarceration, Strangulation, Defect larger than 1 cm, Skin ulceration, Hernia rupture.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is an unusual bulge you can often see or feel over your belly button (umbilicus). It develops when part of your small intestine, together with fat or fluid, forms a sac. The sac pushes through an opening or weakness in your abdominal wall muscle. […] Umbilical hernias in children happen when the holes in their abdominal walls that allow the umbilical cord to pass through (the umbilical ring) dont fully close. […] In adults, umbilical hernias happen when pressure in your abdomen causes weaknesses in your abdominal wall muscles. Parts of your small intestine and related tissue can bulge through the weakened muscle. […] Several factors can increase your risk, including: Females are more likely to have umbilical hernias. Umbilical hernias are more common in adults with obesity. Women whove given birth multiple times have a higher risk of umbilical hernias. People with cirrhosis of the liver are at a greater risk of developing umbilical hernias due to developing ascites. Procedures on your abdomen that weaken the muscle wall can increase your risk for a hernia.

• #2 Adult Umbilical Hernia | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-patients/the-day-of-your-surgery/adult-umbilical-hernia/

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of the intestine or fatty tissue bulges through the muscle near the belly button (navel, umbilicus). Most adult umbilical hernias are caused by increased abdominal pressure against a weak abdominal wall (acquired hernia). […] Risk Factors include older age, overweight and obesity, chronic straining, family history, ascites, and pregnancy, particularly multiple pregnancies. […] The type of operation depends on hernia size and location, and if it is a repeat hernia (recurrence). Your health, age, and the surgeon’s expertise are also important. An operation is the only treatment for a hernia repair. […] The use of mesh or other type of patch repair appears to reduce the rate of recurrence. Ascites, liver disease, diabetes, obesity, and suture repair without mesh are associated with recurrence.

• #2 What Is a Hernia? Inguinal, Incisional, Umbilical, Hiatal, and Femoral Hernias

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hernia-basics

  Women are more likely than men to get an umbilical hernia. Your chances are also higher if you are overweight, have been pregnant more than once, have a lot of belly fluid, have a long-term cough, have trouble peeing because of an enlarged prostate, are constipated for long periods of time, or vomit repeatedly. […] What all of these risk factors have in common is increased pressure in the belly area, or abdomen, that pushes the hernia out.

• #2 4 Unexpected Causes of Hernias | The Surgery Group

  https://thesurgerygroup.com/4-unexpected-causes-of-hernias/

  Hernias take several different forms. The other most common types of hernias include incisional, hiatal, epigastric and umbilical. […] Symptoms are essential not just to help diagnose a hernia but also as potential clues as to why or how the hernia developed or came about in the first place. […] When it comes to talking about causes of hernias, though, things become somewhat complicated. The fact is that there are few actual direct reasons for hernias. […] The truth is that by lifting excessively heavy weights, a person can bring about a hernia because of a natural weakness in the abdominal wall that was already in place. […] Such a defect is very common but, again, the lifting weights part was more of a contributing factor than the actual cause of the inguinal hernia. […] More common are problems such as inguinal and umbilical hernias. These two areas of the abdominal wall are naturally weak sites because they have very little muscle compared to ligamentous connective tissue.

• #2 Umbilical hernia in patients with liver cirrhosis: A surgical challenge

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v8/i7/476.htm

  Umbilical hernia occurs in 20% of the patients with liver cirrhosis complicated with ascites. […] Due to the enormous intraabdominal pressure secondary to the ascites, umbilical hernia in these patients has a tendency to enlarge rapidly and to complicate. […] Ascites is possibly the major etiologic factor. […] In cirrhotics, umbilical hernias occur almost exclusively in patients with persistent ascites. […] Other important contributory factor is abdominal wall muscle weakness due to hypoalbuminemia and recanalization, dilation and varices formation of the umbilical vein at the umbilicus as a result of portal hypertension. […] Umbilical hernia etiology in cirrhotics is multifactorial. […] Ascites may precipitate hernia incarceration of intestine or omentum into the dense fibrous ring at the neck of the hernia. […] Enormous increase of intraabdominal pressure secondary to tense ascites may also cause pressure necrosis and perforation of the overlying skin followed by evisceration, ascites drainage, and peritonitis.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia Repair – Texas Advanced Surgical & Bariatrics

  https://texasadvancedsurgical.com/umbilical-hernia-repair-treatment-in-san-antonio-texas/

  Umbilical hernia repair is a surgical procedure to correct a hernia that occurs near the belly button (umbilicus). This happens when part of the intestine or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall. […] Umbilical hernias can become trapped or strangulated, cutting off the blood supply to the herniated tissue, which requires emergency surgery. […] If left untreated, an umbilical hernia can grow larger and lead to complications, such as strangulation, where the blood supply to the trapped tissue is cut off. This can result in tissue death and require emergency surgery. […] A strangulated hernia occurs when the blood supply to the herniated tissue is cut off. This condition can cause severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and requires emergency surgery to prevent serious complications.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia – Repair & Surgery | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/general-surgery/conditions/hernia/umbilical-hernia

  For most people who are living with the discomfort of an umbilical hernia, surgery is recommended to repair the problem. […] An umbilical hernia is a weakness that develops in the abdominal wall through and around the belly button, called the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias carry the risk of becoming stuck or “incarcerated,” which could cause strong pain, nausea, vomiting, or the inability to pass gas from the rectum. […] Because of the risk of incarceration and symptoms caused by the umbilical hernia, surgical repair is recommended for most patients. […] To repair an umbilical hernia, the surgeons at Mount Sinai make an incision within or below the belly button. […] A surgical mesh, or patch, is usually placed over the site of the hernia within the muscle in order to provide long-term strength to help prevent the hernia from recurring.

• #2 Recurrent Hernia Risks and Treatment – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/general-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/hernia/recurrent-hernia

  A recurrent hernia can happen for many reasons, such as a surgical error, the sutures holding the abdominal muscles together becoming less effective over time or a surgical wound that has not healed properly. […] Additionally, recurrent hernias can be caused by various conditions, behaviors and activities that strain or weaken the abdominal muscle after the initial repair. These include: Being overweight, Smoking, Diabetes, Steroids, chemotherapy or other medications that compromise the immune system, Heavy lifting or other strenuous activities.

• #2 Why Do Hernia Repairs Fail? – Dr Parthasarathy

  https://www.gastrosurgeonindia.com/blog/why-do-hernia-repairs-fail/

  Hernia repairs fail due to patient-related factors and technical-related factors related to the mesh used in the operation. Patient-related factors include scar tissue or a surgical wound from a previous operation that has not healed properly. […] Diabetes: diabetic patients have poor-quality tissue, and the risk of hernia recurrence is high. […] Obesity: being overweight can stretch the abdominal wall and strain the scar tissue, and the chance of repair failing is very high. […] Smokers: In smokers, scar tissue collagen is of inferior quality, and the risk of recurrence is high. […] Heavy lifting: patients who resume heavy lifting very early after hernia surgery can weaken the scar tissue and cause the hernia to come back. […] It is more likely to result in infection and failure if the mesh material is extremely thick and has very small pores.

• #2 Hernia Mesh Risks, Lawsuits & FDA Warnings

  https://www.drugwatch.com/hernia-mesh/hernias/umbilical/

  Some people are more likely to have problems after hernia mesh surgery due to their health and lifestyle. A 2024 study in Cureus found that being overweight and having certain medical conditions can lead to issues like infections or slow healing. […] Faulty hernia mesh products have caused serious health concerns, from infections to device failures. Manufacturers recalled mesh for defects, contamination or even counterfeiting. […] Thousands of people have filed hernia mesh lawsuits claiming that mesh implants caused severe complications, including chronic pain, infections and mesh migration. […] If you’re experiencing complications from hernia mesh, it’s important to know your options and get the right care. Mesh removal can help relieve symptoms like chronic pain or infection, but it’s a complex procedure with risks.

• #2 Umbilical hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189580

  Individuals at high risk are more likely to experience higher-than-normal pressure in areas where fatty tissue or parts of the gut can protrude. […] In adults, umbilical hernias are caused by increased abdominal pressure due to factors like obesity, heavy lifting, multiple pregnancies, chronic coughing, or previous abdominal surgery. […] The majority of umbilical hernias in adults result from extra pressure on the abdominal wall. This extra pressure may come from carrying multiple pregnancies or straining intensely.

• #2 Umbilical Hernias in Babies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-are-umbilical-hernias

  In adults, umbilical hernias usually need to be repaired with surgery. If yours is small and you don’t have pain or other symptoms, your doctor may suggest waiting. But it’s likely to get larger over time and cause complications. […] Most umbilical hernias aren’t serious. However, there’s a risk that a loop of your intestines can get trapped, cutting off the blood supply. That can cause the tissue to die, leading to infection inside your abdomen or even death. […] In adults, umbilical hernias tend to get bigger over time, and surgery is usually needed.

• #3 Surgery for Umbilical Hernia – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/pediatric-general-surgery/umbilical-hernia/

  Umbilical hernias are more common in babies and young children. […] Umbilical hernias are more common in girls than boys. […] Umbilical hernias are more common in premature babies. […] Umbilical hernias are more common in babies with low birth weight. […] People with a family history of umbilical hernias are at an increased risk of developing the condition. […] Obesity can increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] Pregnancy can increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] Chronic coughing or straining can increase the pressure in the abdomen, which can increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia. […] The exact cause of umbilical hernias is not known, but there are a number of factors that may increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia.

• #3 Umbilical Hernia Repair by Dr. David W. Ford

  https://drdavidford.com/procedures/umbilical-hernia-repair-by-dr-david-w-ford

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton. […] Causes of increased pressure in the abdomen include: Obesity, Heredity, Multiple pregnancies, Previous abdominal surgery, Fluid in the abdominal cavity, Weakened muscles, Ascites, or excess fluid in the space between the tissues lining the abdomen & organs, Long-term peritoneal dialysis to treat kidney failure. […] If the muscles don’t join together completely in the midline of the abdominal wall, an umbilical hernia may appear at birth or later in life. […] Umbilical Hernias are most commonly seen in premature infants or babies with low birth weights, affecting both genders equally. […] In adults, too much abdominal pressure contributes to umbilical hernias and the belly button exhibits a large protrusion.

• #3 Hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia

  Umbilical hernias in adults are largely acquired, and are more frequent in obese or pregnant women. Abnormal decussation of fibers at the linea alba may be a contributing factor. […] Causes of hiatus hernia vary depending on each individual. Among the multiple causes, however, are the mechanical causes which include: improper heavy weight lifting, hard coughing bouts, sharp blows to the abdomen, and incorrect posture. […] Furthermore, conditions that increase the pressure of the abdominal cavity may also cause hernias or worsen the existing ones. Some examples would be: obesity, straining during a bowel movement or urination (constipation, enlarged prostate), chronic lung disease, and also, fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). […] Also, if muscles are weakened due to poor nutrition, smoking, and overexertion, hernias are more likely to occur.

• #3 Why Do Hernia Repairs Fail? – Dr Parthasarathy

  https://www.gastrosurgeonindia.com/blog/why-do-hernia-repairs-fail/

  Failure can result from mesh that is prone to shrinkage and is too tiny to cover the hernia. […] Its possible that some mesh varieties dont work well at promoting tissue ingrowth. […] Mesh contraction, often referred to as mesh shrinkage, is the process through which mesh loses some of its initial size. […] Shrinkage may result in blockage, migration, infection, and chronic pain. […] Mesh migration happens when the mesh relocates to a different part of the body from where it was placed in the body to treat the hernia. […] Sometimes during hernia mesh repair surgery, the body will reject the mesh because it views the implant as an invasion and assaults it as a result. […] Lack of surgical experience and subpar surgical technique may make mesh failure more likely.

• #3 Umbilical Hernias: Guide to Symptoms & Treatment | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/umbilical-hernias-guide-symptoms-treatment

  Up to 2% of the adult population has an umbilical hernia, and is more common in those who are overweight, had multiple pregnancies, or with liver cirrhosis. […] Umbilical hernias develop through the defect left behind from the umbilical cord. Most times the hernia closes after childhood but can open back up for many reasons. This can occur from repeated stress and wear and tear on the abdominal wall. Often, we do not know exactly why a person developed a hernia. […] Some of the common risk factors of getting a hernia are believed to include: Chronic cough, Chronic constipation, Repeated pregnancies, Lifting heavy objects.

• #4 Umbilical Hernia Surgery – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/pediatric-surgery/pediatric-general-surgery/umbilical-hernia

  Umbilical hernia is a common problem, with about one of every six infants having the condition. […] Babies born with low birth weight (less than three pounds) are more likely to have one, and African-American children are nine times more likely than Caucasian children to have umbilical hernias. […] It occurs equally among boys and girls.

• #4 What Is a Hernia? Inguinal, Incisional, Umbilical, Hiatal, and Femoral Hernias

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-hernia-basics

  Hernias are caused by a combination of pressure and an opening or weakness in the muscle or fascia. The pressure pushes an organ or tissue through the weak spot. Sometimes the muscle weakness is present at birth. But more often, it develops later in life. […] Common sources of belly pressure include lifting heavy objects without proper form, diarrhea or constipation, persistent coughing or sneezing, pregnancy, and pelvic or abdominal surgery. […] Some people are born with a hernia. This is called a congenital hernia. Its more common in people who are born early, have certain conditions, have undescended testicles, or have other specific health issues. […] Umbilical hernias happen when fat or part of the intestine pushes through muscle near the bellybutton. Its a type of ventral hernia, which means that it affects the muscles of your abdominal wall.

• #4 The Most Common Causes of Ventral Hernias: Elvira Klause, MD, FACS: General Surgeon

  https://www.drklause.com/blog/the-most-common-causes-of-ventral-hernias

  A hernia is a common medical condition affecting men, women, and children. It happens when organs and tissue inside your abdomen push through the muscle wall and create a visible (and sometimes painful) lump in your skin. […] Ventral hernia is the medical term for a hernia in your abdomen, and its among the most common types. […] Some of the most common causes of ventral hernias are: […] A congenital defect is an abnormality thats present from birth. Some infants are born with hernias, but others have congenital defects that make their abdominal wall unusually thin. A congenital defect like this may increase your risk of ventral hernia. […] A family history of hernia can also increase your risk. For some, genetics contribute to thinner abdominal walls and increased incidence of hernia. The thinner your abdominal wall, the more likely it is that you will develop a ventral hernia during your lifetime.

• #5 Abdominal Wall Hernias | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/surgery/abdominal-wall-hernias

  An umbilical hernia occurs when a weak spot in the belly allows a bit of fat, fluid, or intestine to push through, creating a lump or bulge near the belly button. […] Umbilical hernias also occur in adults, particularly those with health issues that cause increased pressure in the belly. Those issues may include obesity, pregnancy, chronic coughing or constipation, and difficulty urinating. […] Most abdominal wall hernias are caused by an area of weakness in the abdominal walls. A number of different factors can contribute to the development of that weakness. These factors include: Aging, Chronic coughing, Collagen vascular disease, Frequent heavy lifting, Genetic defects, History of previous hernias, Infection (especially following surgery), Injuries to the abdominal area, Obesity, Pregnancy, Straining during bowel movements or urination, Surgical openings.

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