Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Umbilical hernia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378689

  An umbilical hernia is diagnosed during a physical exam. Sometimes imaging studies such as an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan are used to screen for complications. […] Are any tests needed to diagnose the swelling?

• #1 Umbilical hernia – diagnostics, therapy, surgery – Hernienzentrum.Berlin

  https://www.hernienzentrum.berlin/umbilical-hernia/diagnostic/operation/

  For experienced surgeons, a glance is enough for a diagnosis. When standing, a small bump appears in the umbilical region, which recedes when lying down and emerges again when pressing. […] If the findings are unclear, an ultrasound examination (sonography) can be performed. In the case of very large umbilical hernias or before planning surgery, a computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can also be performed. In this case, MRI is always preferable due to the absence of radiation exposure. […] We always perform an ultrasound examination before surgery to rule out additional upper abdominal hernias (epigastric hernias) and rectus diastasis. […] In patients with a new abdominal wall hernia who are older than 50 and who have not yet had a colonoscopy, this examination should definitely be performed as a preventive examination before surgery in order to rule out an intestinal tumor.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is a tissue bulge on or near your belly button. […] If your provider has concerns about an umbilical hernia, they may recommend surgery to put the tissue back into place. […] The most common sign of an umbilical hernia is a bulge on or near your belly button, where your small intestine pokes through your abdominal wall. […] A physical exam is usually enough to diagnose an umbilical hernia. Your healthcare provider may ask you to squeeze or contract your abdominal muscles so its easier for them to see and feel the bulge. […] To check for complications (like incarceration or a bowel obstruction), they may use imaging to see inside your abdomen. Common imaging procedures include an abdominal ultrasound and a CT scan. […] Most adults eventually need surgery. Umbilical hernias in adults are more likely to worsen and cause complications. […] If your providers concerned about complications, hernia repair surgery can help.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/umbilical-hernia

  Umbilical hernias can usually be seen when your baby is crying, laughing, or straining to use the bathroom. The telltale symptom is a swelling or bulge near the umbilical area. This symptom may not be present when your baby is relaxed. Most umbilical hernias are painless in children. […] Adults can get umbilical hernias as well. The main symptom is the same a swelling or bulge near the navel area. However, umbilical hernias can cause discomfort and be very painful in adults. Surgical treatment usually is required. […] A doctor will perform a physical exam to determine if an infant or adult has an umbilical hernia. The doctor will see if the hernia can be pushed back into the abdominal cavity (reducible) or if it is trapped in its place (incarcerated). An incarcerated hernia is a potentially serious complication because the trapped part of the herniated contents may become deprived of a blood supply (strangulated). This can cause permanent tissue damage.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia is indicated if there is pain, dysfunction, or enlargement. The surgical approach to umbilical hernia repair is determined by the size of the hernia and other patient-specific factors such as comorbidities, body mass index, and the presence of other abdominal wall hernias. […] The evaluation of a patient with a presumptive umbilical hernia is predominately clinical. The physical examination should begin with visually inspecting the anterior abdominal wall. […] Imaging is indicated in patients with a suspected umbilical hernia but an equivocal physical examination. Ultrasonography is efficient and cost-effective; in one study, ultrasound identified umbilical hernias in approximately 25% of the adult population. […] Patients with symptomatic hernias frequently present with an apparent protrusion from the umbilicus. If the hernia is incarcerated or strangulated, patients will present with an irreducible and tender, often discolored, umbilical bulge.

• #1 Hernia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hernia

  To diagnose your condition, your doctor will first perform a physical examination. During this examination, the doctor may feel for a bulge in your abdominal or groin area that gets larger when you stand, cough, or strain. […] Your doctor will also likely use imaging tests to aid in their diagnosis. These can include: […] Abdominal ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the structures inside the body. […] Abdominal CT scan combines X-rays with computer technology to produce an image. […] Abdominal MRI scan uses a combination of strong magnets and radio waves to create an image. […] If your doctor suspects a hiatal hernia, they may use other tests that allow them to assess the inside of your stomach: […] During an endoscopy, a healthcare professional threads a small camera attached to a tube down your throat and into your esophagus and stomach. […] If your child has an umbilical hernia, you may notice it more when they’re crying or coughing. […] Umbilical hernias typically go away when a child is 1 or 2 years old. If it doesn’t disappear by the age of 5, surgery can be performed to repair it. Learn more about umbilical hernia repair.

• #1 Diagnosing A Hernia: Ultrasound, CT Scan, MRI or X-ray? – G & L Surgical

  https://www.glsurgical.com.sg/diagnosing-a-hernia-ultrasound-ct-scan-mri-or-x-ray/

  When diagnosing a hernia, various imaging tests can provide valuable insights for accurate identification and treatment planning. While physical examination forms the initial step, imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, and X-ray can offer detailed views of the affected area. […] Ultrasound is a widely used and versatile imaging test for diagnosing hernias. It uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal structures, allowing doctors to visualise and identify hernias with remarkable accuracy. […] In the case of hernias, ultrasound can detect different types, such as inguinal, umbilical, and femoral hernias. Its dynamic images provide valuable insights into the location, size, and characteristics of the hernia, enabling doctors to make an informed diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

• #1

  https://www.hcavirginia.com/healthy-living/blog/umbilical-hernia-what-to-expect-following-diagnosis

  Vilok Vijayanagar, DO, is a board-certified and fellowship-trained general surgeon with TriCities Surgical Associates in Colonial Heights, Virginia, part of the HCA Virginia Physicians network and an affiliate of TriCities Hospital. He specializes in robotic and minimally invasive surgery and is an expert in the diagnosis and repair of umbilical hernias in children and adults. […] In addition to a physical examination of the umbilical hernia, Dr. Vijayanagar may order an x-ray, MRI, or CT scan to help determine the degree of strangulation and necessary treatment. […] Umbilical hernia repair surgery is a safe, routine procedure that usually is performed on an outpatient basis.

• #1 Diagnostic Testing for Hernias: Understand the Different Types

  https://www.herniainfo.com/us/en/blog/diagnostic-testing-for-hernias

  A hernia is often diagnosed by clinical examination and typically appears as a small lump that looks more pronounced when you cough or do strenuous exercise, such as lifting something heavy. To diagnose a hernia, your doctor will feel for a lump and may ask you to stand from a seated position. He or she may also ask you to cough to make the hernia bulge more prominent. […] However, for a more informed diagnosis, your doctor may ask you to undergo a diagnostic procedure like an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI scan. […] An ultrasound image can provide valuable insights into the size, location and characteristics of a hernia. This in turn can help your doctor create an individualized treatment plan specific to your hernia needs. […] CT scans can effectively detect complex hernias and evaluate potential complications such as hernia obstruction or strangulation. They are able to provide detailed anatomical information, aiding in treatment planning. […] In the event a hernia is present without a bulge, an MRI can reveal if/where there is a tear in the abdomen. […] MRIs provide detail and clarity, making them particularly useful for complex hernias or cases where surgical planning requires precise anatomical information.

• #1 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  Imaging has an important role in the definitive diagnosis. In fact, clinical examination alone cannot exclude the diagnosis of hernia. […] Indeed, many hernias are only detectable on imaging (ultrasound or computed tomography) especially when the defect is small or the abdominal fat tissue is important. […] Ultrasound is cost effective and efficient. A study has shown that up to 25% of the general population present umbilical hernia when ultrasound is used for diagnosis. […] More recently, some studies have shown that MRI has the best sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 95%, respectively, in the definitive diagnosis of abdominal wall hernias.

• #1 Umbilical hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/umbilical-hernia?lang=us

  Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. […] Umbilical hernias may present in the midline as a painless or painful mass. […] Umbilical hernias may be congenital or acquired: congenital: physiological herniation through the umbilicus occurs during the 10th week of gestation and congenital umbilical hernias occur when there is incomplete closure of the anterior abdominal wall after the gut returns to the abdominal cavity […] acquired: more common in adults. […] Umbilical hernias commonly contain fat, mesentery, small and/or large bowel. […] There is a high rate of strangulation and incarceration of bowel and Richter hernias are common. Bowel obstruction is common and can be also be complicated by bowel ischemia. […] Differential diagnosis: paraumbilical hernia, epigastric hernia, Spigelian hernia, incisional hernia.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias are typically small with a narrow neck, a configuration that increases the risk of strangulation and incarceration. Omentum, small bowel, and colon can be found within the sac. A direct or true umbilical hernia consists of a symmetric protrusion through the umbilical ring and is seen in neonates or infants. Indirect umbilical (paraumbilical) hernias protrude above or below the umbilicus and are the most common type of umbilical hernia in adults. […] The most common symptom of umbilical hernias is pain at the umbilicus (44% of cases). Other complaints include pressure (20%) and nausea and vomiting (9%). Complications such as irreducibility, obstruction, strangulation, skin ulceration, and rupture are more common in paraumbilical hernias than in other abdominal hernias.

• #1 Current options in umbilical hernia repair in adult patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4605112/

  Umbilical hernia is a rather common surgical problem. Elective repair after diagnosis is advised. Suture repairs have high recurrence rates; therefore, mesh reinforcement is recommended. […] Recurrence may develop even in cases where a prosthetic mesh is used. Recurrent umbilical hernias often tend to enlarge faster than primary ones and may behave as incisional hernias. […] Large seromas and surgical site infection are rather common complications that may result in recurrence. Obesity, ascites, and excessive weight gain following repair are obviously potential risk factors. Moreover, smoking may create a risk for recurrence. […] Mesh repairs are superior to non-mesh/tissue-suture repairs in umbilical hernia repairs. Open and laparoscopic techniques have almost similar efficacy. Local anesthesia is suitable for small umbilical hernias and patients with reasonable BMI. Antibiotic prophylaxis appears to provide low wound infection rate.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10029-023-02898-6

  Umbilical hernia is common in patients with cirrhosis; however, there is a paucity of dedicated studies on postoperative outcomes in this group of patients. This population-based cohort study aimed to determine the outcomes after emergency and elective umbilical hernia repair in patients with cirrhosis. […] In total, 22,163 patients who underwent an umbilical hernia repair were included and 297 (1.34%) had cirrhosis. More patients without cirrhosis had an elective procedure, 86% compared with 51% of those with cirrhosis (P0.001). In both the elective and emergency settings, patients with cirrhosis had longer hospital length of stay (elective: 0 vs 1 day, emergency: 2 vs 4 days, P0.0001) and higher readmission rates (elective: 4.87% vs 11.33%, emergency:11.39% vs 29.25%, P0.0001) than those without cirrhosis. The 90-day case fatality rates were 2% and 0.16% in the elective setting, and 19% and 2.96% in the emergency setting in patients with and without cirrhosis respectively.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/umbilical-hernia

  Your doctor may take an X-ray or perform an ultrasound on the abdominal area to ensure that there are no complications. They may also order blood tests to look for infection or ischemia, especially if the intestine is incarcerated or strangulated. […] In adults, surgery is usually suggested to make sure that no complications develop. Before choosing surgery, doctors will normally wait until the hernia: […] Hernia repair surgery is a fairly simple and common procedure. While all surgeries have risks, most children are able to return home from an umbilical hernia surgery within a few hours.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a frequent site of hernia, and umbilical hernias are often diagnosed during routine physical examinations. […] The ideal time to repair an umbilical hernia is prior to incarceration and strangulation of intraabdominal contents such as the omentum or bowel. Umbilical herniorrhaphy may be performed via several surgical approaches and may include the use of synthetic or biologic mesh. […] Many people are diagnosed with an umbilical hernia during a routine physical examination. If the hernia is asymptomatic, affected individuals often choose expectant management over surgical repair. However, 65% of adult patients with an umbilical hernia will eventually require surgical repair; 3% to 5% of these repairs will be emergent.

• #1 Umbilical hernia repair: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002935.htm

  The risks of surgery for umbilical hernia are usually very low unless the person also has other serious medical problems. […] Risks of umbilical hernia surgery include any of the following: Injury to the small or large intestine (rare) Hernia comes back (small risk). […] Your surgeon or anesthesia doctor (anesthesiologist) will see you and give you instructions for you or your child. […] Most umbilical hernia repairs are done on an outpatient basis. This means you will likely go home on the same day. […] There is always a chance that the hernia can come back. For healthy people, the risk of it coming back is very low.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Nonoperative management may be considered in asymptomatic patients with umbilical hernias; in these patients, the yearly risk of strangulation is less than 1%. […] Umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter are suitable for primary repair. […] For umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter, herniorrhaphy with mesh is preferred; primary suture repair without mesh for hernias this size is associated with a 10% to 14% recurrence rate. […] Emergent herniorrhaphy is required in cases of incarceration or strangulation. Emergent procedures may be more technically demanding and require resection of nonviable intraabdominal contents such as bowel or omentum.

• #1 Umbilical hernia: What to expect following diagnosis | HCA Virginia Physicians

  https://hcavirginiaphysicians.com/blog/entry/umbilical-hernia-what-to-expect-following-diagnosis

  Vilok Vijayanagar, DO, is a board-certified and fellowship-trained general surgeon with TriCities Surgical Associates in Colonial Heights, Virginia, part of the HCA Virginia Physicians network and an affiliate of TriCities Hospital. He specializes in robotic and minimally invasive surgery and is an expert in the diagnosis and repair of umbilical hernias in children and adults. […] In addition to a physical examination of the umbilical hernia, Dr. Vijayanagar may order an x-ray, MRI, or CT scan to help determine the degree of strangulation and necessary treatment. […] Umbilical hernia repair surgery is a safe, routine procedure that usually is performed on an outpatient basis. Open surgery may be used for small hernias and minimally invasive, laparoscopic surgery may be used for recurring or larger umbilical hernias.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  A study using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database demonstrated decreased overall morbidity in laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair as compared with open repair. Laparoscopic repair has been found to result in fewer complications, decreased length of stay, and decreased risk of recurrence.

• #1 Mesh infection after umbilical hernia repair in a pregnant female – Journal of Case Reports and Images in Obstetrics and Gynecology

  https://www.ijcriog.com/archive/article-full-text/100148Z08RJ2023

  Renae Jackson1, Sahar Rehman2, Kylan Hill1, James Graham2 […] Introduction: Acute abdominal findings occur in about 1 in 500 pregnancies. Diagnosis of acute abdominal findings in pregnancy can be difficult due to the physiologic and anatomic changes that are intrinsic to pregnancy. In pregnancy, the presence or recurrence of umbilical hernia is common and should be included in the differential diagnosis for acute abdominal findings. Few cases have been reported of complications post-hernia repair during subsequent pregnancies. […] Case Report: We report the case of a 31-year-old female with a history of an umbilical hernia repair who presented with acute abdominal findings at 22 weeks gestation attributed to delayed infection of surgical mesh. […] Conclusion: This patients presentation of acute abdominal findings during pregnancy with a history of umbilical hernia repair one year prior required exclusion of both obstetric and non-obstetric causes to determine diagnosis. There is little published evidence to guide Ob/Gyn physicians in counseling patients on the impact of pregnancy on prior umbilical hernia mesh repair. This case emphasizes the need for surveillance for mesh related complications during subsequent pregnancies in women with a history of mesh umbilical hernia repair.

• #1 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. Indications for operative repair include the following: Pain, Incarceration, Strangulation, Defect larger than 1 cm, Skin ulceration, Hernia rupture. […] In a literature review by McKay et al, small retrospective studies showed decreasing morbidity and mortality in patients with ascites and cirrhosis, to 2.7% and 21%, respectively. […] A nationwide prospective study of umbilical and epigastric hernias demonstrated that complications necessitating readmission included hematoma (46% of cases), seroma (19%), and pain (77%). This study also found an overall rate of readmission rate of 5%, mostly due to the aforementioned complications. […] Recurrence rates associated with primary tissue repair have been reported to range from 15% to 40%. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Aslani and Brown showed a 10-fold decreased risk of recurrence in mesh repair as compared with primary suture repair. An increased risk of recurrence is seen in obese patients and defects larger than 3 cm.

• #1 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/Hernia/comments/1be1kc0/whos_best_qualified_to_diagnose_a_hernia_with/

  This sounds like a dumb question, and the answer should be your doctor (or, your surgeon or your radiologist) but what if youre dealing with medical personnel who just dont seem all that knowledgeable, qualified, professional, or might even have ulterior motives (like being a general surgeon banging out multiple lucrative outpatient surgeries daily.) […] For example, my doctor couldnt detect or diagnose my hernia manually, my radiologist had a lot of trouble finding it (but eventually found it), and after reviewing the radiology report for two seconds my general surgeon immediately recommended surgery – which I had fifteen months ago. […] Upon request I had multiple post-op scans (ultrasonic and CT) done in the first few months after surgery, and apparent everything was fine. No sign of a hernia, despite continued pain. […] Im scheduled to visit the same surgeon again soon to try to figure out why Im still in pain, but cant help but wonder if theres somebody better, more qualified, or more impartial I should see.

• #1 Umbilical Hernias: Guide to Symptoms & Treatment | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/umbilical-hernias-guide-symptoms-treatment

  Up to 2% of the adult population has an umbilical hernia, and is more common in those who are overweight, had multiple pregnancies, or with liver cirrhosis. […] The most common way umbilical hernias are diagnosed is through a physical exam during a visit with a physician. You may not even have any symptoms but may have an obvious bulge. Sometimes if your hernia is large or more complex, you may need medical images to see it better such as a CT scan or ultrasound. […] Even though some smaller hernias without symptoms can be watched over time, most research shows that even small hernias progress over time, therefore repairing them early may be beneficial. […] The goal in fixing an umbilical hernia is to reduce the hernia sac, or the lining of the belly which goes through the hernia defect, and then cover the opening to prevent fat or organs from going through the defect again. […] All laparoscopic/robotic repairs involve the use of mesh reinforcement, as this has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrence in larger hernias.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  An umbilical hernia is a defect in the ventral abdominal fascia at or near the umbilicus. The umbilicus is a frequent site of hernia, and umbilical hernias are often diagnosed during routine physical examinations. […] The ideal time to repair an umbilical hernia is prior to incarceration and strangulation of intraabdominal contents such as the omentum or bowel. Umbilical herniorrhaphy may be performed via several surgical approaches and may include the use of synthetic or biologic mesh. […] Many people are diagnosed with an umbilical hernia during a routine physical examination. If the hernia is asymptomatic, affected individuals often choose expectant management over surgical repair. However, 65% of adult patients with an umbilical hernia will eventually require surgical repair; 3% to 5% of these repairs will be emergent.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia – Diagnosis & Treatment – Scottish Hernia Centre

  https://scottishhernia.com/umbilical_hernia/

  An umbilical hernia is a small opening in the abdominal wall at the umbilicus (belly button). […] An umbilical hernia occurs when part of the intestine or fat within the abdomen protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. […] Your GP will usually be able to confirm if you have a hernia. […] Most umbilical hernias have no symptoms. […] The development of pain in an umbilical hernia is a cause for concern as it suggests the hernia has become incarcerated or trapped. […] Surgery is usually performed as a day case under general anaesthetic. […] Umbilical hernia surgery is usually performed as a day case, without the need for an overnight stay in hospital. […] In adults, the hernia is very unlikely to go away on its own. […] If left alone, you run the risk that it may get bigger and cause increasing discomfort.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/umbilical-hernia

  Umbilical hernias can usually be seen when your baby is crying, laughing, or straining to use the bathroom. The telltale symptom is a swelling or bulge near the umbilical area. This symptom may not be present when your baby is relaxed. Most umbilical hernias are painless in children. […] Adults can get umbilical hernias as well. The main symptom is the same a swelling or bulge near the navel area. However, umbilical hernias can cause discomfort and be very painful in adults. Surgical treatment usually is required. […] A doctor will perform a physical exam to determine if an infant or adult has an umbilical hernia. The doctor will see if the hernia can be pushed back into the abdominal cavity (reducible) or if it is trapped in its place (incarcerated). An incarcerated hernia is a potentially serious complication because the trapped part of the herniated contents may become deprived of a blood supply (strangulated). This can cause permanent tissue damage.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Expert Guide – Southlake General Surgery

  https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/umbilical-hernia-repair-expert-guide/

  Umbilical hernia repair surgery is often done with a piece of mesh to make the abdominal wall stronger. […] It is important to recognize the signs and risk factors of umbilical hernias. Knowing this can help you get the right diagnosis and care on time. […] Diagnosing an umbilical hernia begins with a physical exam. The doctor will check your belly button for any bumps, especially when you cough or push. […] Your doctor might recommend some imaging tests to find and examine the hernia. This could be an abdominal ultrasound, which uses sound waves to take pictures inside your body. An enhanced and more precise picture can be obtained with a CT scan. […] A physical examination is the first step in diagnosing an umbilical hernia. While examining you, your doctor will feel gently for a bulge around your belly button. […] Sometimes, your doctor may need tests like an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan. These tests help you see the hernia better. They show how big it is, where it is located, and any problems that might occur. After your doctor checks the results, they can suggest the best treatment for it.

• #2 Hernia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hernia

  To diagnose your condition, your doctor will first perform a physical examination. During this examination, the doctor may feel for a bulge in your abdominal or groin area that gets larger when you stand, cough, or strain. […] Your doctor will also likely use imaging tests to aid in their diagnosis. These can include: […] Abdominal ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the structures inside the body. […] Abdominal CT scan combines X-rays with computer technology to produce an image. […] Abdominal MRI scan uses a combination of strong magnets and radio waves to create an image. […] If your doctor suspects a hiatal hernia, they may use other tests that allow them to assess the inside of your stomach: […] During an endoscopy, a healthcare professional threads a small camera attached to a tube down your throat and into your esophagus and stomach. […] If your child has an umbilical hernia, you may notice it more when they’re crying or coughing. […] Umbilical hernias typically go away when a child is 1 or 2 years old. If it doesn’t disappear by the age of 5, surgery can be performed to repair it. Learn more about umbilical hernia repair.

• #2 Umbilical Hernias (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/umbilical-hernias.html

  An umbilical hernia happens when part of a child’s intestines bulges through the abdominal wall inside the belly button. It shows up as a bump under the belly button. The hernia isn’t painful and most don’t cause any problems. […] Doctors diagnose an umbilical hernia by looking for a bump or swelling in the belly button area. The bump usually will get bigger when the baby cries and get smaller or go away when the baby relaxes or rests on the back. […] The doctor may gently try to massage the hernia back into its proper place in the abdomen (called a reduction). A hernia that can be massaged back into place is called a „reducible” hernia. This shows that the intestine isn’t stuck („incarcerated”) in the muscle wall opening.

• #2 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  The literature on umbilical hernias in adults remains less extensive compared to other types of hernias. Adult umbilical hernias are frequently asymptomatic. The most frequent reasons for consultation are pain and esthetic discomfort. The diagnosis is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] Despite the recent advances in terms of mesh varieties and minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic and robotic surgery), there is still no real consensus on the optimal method for repair of umbilical hernia. […] The diagnosis of umbilical hernia is most often evident on physical examination of the abdomen with tumefaction in the umbilicus. […] However, the clinical presentation depends mainly on the size of the hernia (neck and sac) and the patients BMI. In fact, hernias with a small neck or occurring in obese subjects can go unnoticed, especially in an emergency context. In these cases, performing imaging tests is important for an accurate diagnosis.

• #2 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  Imaging has an important role in the definitive diagnosis. In fact, clinical examination alone cannot exclude the diagnosis of hernia. […] Indeed, many hernias are only detectable on imaging (ultrasound or computed tomography) especially when the defect is small or the abdominal fat tissue is important. […] Ultrasound is cost effective and efficient. A study has shown that up to 25% of the general population present umbilical hernia when ultrasound is used for diagnosis. […] More recently, some studies have shown that MRI has the best sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 95%, respectively, in the definitive diagnosis of abdominal wall hernias.

• #2 The Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hernias – Hernia Surgery Istanbul

  https://herniaistanbul.com/general/the-role-of-ultrasound-in-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hernias/

  In hernia surgery, ultrasound provides valuable assistance in diagnosis and treatment. […] Lets start with diagnosis: inguinal and abdominal wall hernias can be easily diagnosed using ultrasound. Additionally, it is highly effective in measuring the dimensions of the hernia, identifying adjacent structures, determining the condition of muscles and soft tissues, measuring diastasis, and revealing hidden hernias. […] If a patient presents with groin pain and no distinct bulging is observed, and a hernia cannot be diagnosed through physical examination, ultrasound becomes an essential tool for diagnosis. In this case, a dynamic ultrasound should be conducted. […] Ultrasound is sufficient for primary hernias of the anterior abdominal wall, such as umbilical hernias, epigastric hernias, and Spigelian hernias, and provides valuable information.

• #2 The Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hernias – Hernia Surgery Istanbul

  https://herniaistanbul.com/general/the-role-of-ultrasound-in-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hernias/

  Ultrasound provides valuable information in umbilical hernias: the size of the hernia, the organs entering or trapped within it, the presence of accompanying rectus diastasis, and the presence of accompanying epigastric hernias. Evaluating these together directly affects the success of umbilical hernia repair. […] The size of the hole in the umbilical hernias (usually circular in the navel) is important. For hernias larger than 2 cm, we prefer laparoscopic techniques. […] The importance of rectus diastasis has been understood in recent years. When repairing midline abdominal hernias, rectus diastasis is now also included in the repair. […] Ultrasonography plays two crucial roles in hernia surgery: providing minimally invasive interventions for post-operative complications and performing nerve blocks. […] Chronic pain after inguinal hernia surgery is a significant issue, most commonly attributed to nerve damage and presenting as neuropathic type pain. Ultrasonography is at the intersection of diagnosis and treatment for this condition.

• #2 Diagnosing A Hernia: Ultrasound, CT Scan, MRI or X-ray? – G & L Surgical

  https://www.glsurgical.com.sg/diagnosing-a-hernia-ultrasound-ct-scan-mri-or-x-ray/

  A CT (computed tomography) scan is another powerful imaging tool for diagnosing hernias, especially complex or internal hernias. It combines X-ray images with computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. […] CT scans effectively detect complex hernias and evaluate potential complications such as hernia obstruction or strangulation. They provide detailed anatomical information, aiding in treatment planning. […] MRI scans provide detail and clarity, making them particularly useful for complex hernias or cases where surgical planning requires precise anatomical information. […] MRI can detect various types of hernias, including inguinal, incisional, and hiatal hernias. It offers excellent soft tissue visualisation, aiding in the identification and characterisation of the hernia.

• #2 Diagnosing Hernia | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hernia/diagnosis

  Doctors at NYU Langone typically diagnose a hernia by taking a medical history and performing a physical exam. Sometimes, imaging tests are used to help doctors diagnose a hernia, particularly when the bulge is small or when symptoms can be confused with other conditions, such as endometriosis in women or kidney stones. […] Your doctor may order a CT scan to check for conditions that can cause abdominal pain and swelling, such as appendicitis, which is an inflammation of the appendix. […] Your doctor may recommend an MRI scan, particularly if your pain gets worse when you exercise. This is because, in some people, participation in sports can cause a hernia that has no visible bulge initially. An MRI scan can detect a tear in the abdominal muscles. […] Your doctor may recommend an ultrasound if you are a woman of childbearing age. This test allows doctors to check for other pelvic conditions, such as ovarian cysts or fibroids, that can cause abdominal pain.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  Umbilical hernias account for 10% of abdominal-wall hernias. Conditions that lead to increased intra-abdominal pressure and weakened fascia at the level of the umbilicus (eg, obesity, ascites, multiple pregnancies, and large abdominal tumors) contribute to the development of umbilical hernias. […] Umbilical hernias are typically small with a narrow neck, a configuration that increases the risk of strangulation and incarceration. Omentum, small bowel, and colon can be found within the sac. A direct or true umbilical hernia consists of a symmetric protrusion through the umbilical ring and is seen in neonates or infants. Indirect umbilical (paraumbilical) hernias protrude above or below the umbilicus and are the most common type of umbilical hernia in adults. […] The most common symptom of umbilical hernias is pain at the umbilicus (44% of cases). Other complaints include pressure (20%) and nausea and vomiting (9%). Complications such as irreducibility, obstruction, strangulation, skin ulceration, and rupture are more common in paraumbilical hernias than in other abdominal hernias.

• #2 Abdominal hernias – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/abdominal-hernias/

  An abdominal hernia is usually a clinical diagnosis made on physical examination. […] Imaging may be necessary if the examination is difficult (e.g., due to tenderness, obesity, scarring) or presentation is atypical, and for surgical planning. […] Laboratory studies are indicated if strangulation or obstruction is suspected and as part of preoperative preparation. […] Unclear diagnosis, e.g., abdominal wall pain without a clinically apparent hernia […] Suspected complication, e.g., bowel obstruction or strangulation […] Imaging (e.g., ultrasound, CT scan) may be used if the examination is difficult or atypical, and before surgery. […] Diagnostics: ultrasound and CT scan. […] Treatment is primarily surgical repair with or without a mesh, though observation may be adequate in some patients.

• #2 Current options in umbilical hernia repair in adult patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4605112/

  Umbilical hernia is a rather common surgical problem. Elective repair after diagnosis is advised. Suture repairs have high recurrence rates; therefore, mesh reinforcement is recommended. […] Recurrence may develop even in cases where a prosthetic mesh is used. Recurrent umbilical hernias often tend to enlarge faster than primary ones and may behave as incisional hernias. […] Large seromas and surgical site infection are rather common complications that may result in recurrence. Obesity, ascites, and excessive weight gain following repair are obviously potential risk factors. Moreover, smoking may create a risk for recurrence. […] Mesh repairs are superior to non-mesh/tissue-suture repairs in umbilical hernia repairs. Open and laparoscopic techniques have almost similar efficacy. Local anesthesia is suitable for small umbilical hernias and patients with reasonable BMI. Antibiotic prophylaxis appears to provide low wound infection rate.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10029-023-02898-6

  Umbilical hernia is common in patients with cirrhosis; however, there is a paucity of dedicated studies on postoperative outcomes in this group of patients. This population-based cohort study aimed to determine the outcomes after emergency and elective umbilical hernia repair in patients with cirrhosis. […] In total, 22,163 patients who underwent an umbilical hernia repair were included and 297 (1.34%) had cirrhosis. More patients without cirrhosis had an elective procedure, 86% compared with 51% of those with cirrhosis (P0.001). In both the elective and emergency settings, patients with cirrhosis had longer hospital length of stay (elective: 0 vs 1 day, emergency: 2 vs 4 days, P0.0001) and higher readmission rates (elective: 4.87% vs 11.33%, emergency:11.39% vs 29.25%, P0.0001) than those without cirrhosis. The 90-day case fatality rates were 2% and 0.16% in the elective setting, and 19% and 2.96% in the emergency setting in patients with and without cirrhosis respectively.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10029-023-02898-6

  Emergency umbilical hernia repair in patients with cirrhosis is associated with poorer outcomes in terms of length of stay, readmissions and mortality at 90 days. […] The mortality rate following abdominal hernia repair in patients with cirrhosis was reported to be between 3 and 11% in a recent systematic review that reported on extrahepatic gastrointestinal surgery. However, that review was limited by heterogeneous data and was unable to account for confounders or impact of urgency of surgery. […] This population-based cohort study evaluated the postoperative outcomes including 90-day mortality following umbilical hernia repair in patients with cirrhosis compared with those without cirrhosis, stratified by the urgency of the procedure and severity of cirrhosis. […] The case fatality at 90 days following elective surgery in patients without cirrhosis was 0.16% (31/18792) and 2% (3/150) in patients with cirrhosis. Following emergency umbilical hernia repair, the 90-day case fatality was higher in both groups. It was 2.96% (91/18792) in patients without cirrhosis and 19% (28/147) in those with cirrhosis undergoing emergency surgery. […] Given the poorer outcomes in the emergency setting (in particular, relating to the 90-day case fatality risk), it potentially suggests that patients with cirrhosis who are suitable should be considered for surgery earlier, to reduce the risk of developing complications.

• #2 Umbilical hernia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685

  An umbilical hernia occurs when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your bellybutton (navel). […] Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood are more likely to need surgical repair. […] Talk with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Seek emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications. […] Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to experience a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is typically required to treat these complications.

• #2 Umbilical hernia repair: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002935.htm

  Umbilical hernia repair is surgery to repair an umbilical hernia. An umbilical hernia is a sac (pouch) formed from the inner lining of your belly (abdominal cavity) that pushes through a hole in the abdominal wall at the belly button. […] Umbilical hernia repair may be needed in children because: The hernia is painful and stuck in the bulging position. The blood supply to the intestine is restricted. The hernia has not closed by age 3 or 4. The hernia is very large or unacceptable to parents because of how it makes their child look. […] To avoid this problem, surgeons often recommend repairing umbilical hernias in adults. Surgery is also used for hernias that are getting larger or are painful. Surgery secures the weakened abdominal wall tissue (fascia) and closes any holes. […] Get medical care right away if you have a painful hernia or a hernia that does not get smaller when you are lying down or that you cannot push back in.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia Repair – Greenview Medical Center

  https://gvhcol.com/umbilical-hernia-repair/

  Umbilical hernia repair is a surgical procedure aimed at correcting an umbilical hernia, a condition where abdominal tissue or organs protrude through a weakened area near the belly button (umbilicus). […] Diagnosis of an umbilical hernia typically involves: […] Physical examination to locate the bulge near the belly button […] Imaging tests such as X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan to assess the severity and any complications […] Blood tests to check for infection or ischemia, especially if there is intestinal incarceration or strangulation.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459312/

  Nonoperative management may be considered in asymptomatic patients with umbilical hernias; in these patients, the yearly risk of strangulation is less than 1%. […] Umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter are suitable for primary repair. […] For umbilical hernias measuring 2 cm in greatest diameter, herniorrhaphy with mesh is preferred; primary suture repair without mesh for hernias this size is associated with a 10% to 14% recurrence rate. […] Emergent herniorrhaphy is required in cases of incarceration or strangulation. Emergent procedures may be more technically demanding and require resection of nonviable intraabdominal contents such as bowel or omentum.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia Repair: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2000990-overview

  All adult umbilical hernias should be repaired, owing to the high risk of complications. Indications for operative repair include the following: Pain, Incarceration, Strangulation, Defect larger than 1 cm, Skin ulceration, Hernia rupture. […] In a literature review by McKay et al, small retrospective studies showed decreasing morbidity and mortality in patients with ascites and cirrhosis, to 2.7% and 21%, respectively. […] A nationwide prospective study of umbilical and epigastric hernias demonstrated that complications necessitating readmission included hematoma (46% of cases), seroma (19%), and pain (77%). This study also found an overall rate of readmission rate of 5%, mostly due to the aforementioned complications. […] Recurrence rates associated with primary tissue repair have been reported to range from 15% to 40%. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Aslani and Brown showed a 10-fold decreased risk of recurrence in mesh repair as compared with primary suture repair. An increased risk of recurrence is seen in obese patients and defects larger than 3 cm.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia: Symptoms, What It Is, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/umbilical-hernia

  An umbilical hernia is a tissue bulge on or near your belly button. […] If your provider has concerns about an umbilical hernia, they may recommend surgery to put the tissue back into place. […] The most common sign of an umbilical hernia is a bulge on or near your belly button, where your small intestine pokes through your abdominal wall. […] A physical exam is usually enough to diagnose an umbilical hernia. Your healthcare provider may ask you to squeeze or contract your abdominal muscles so its easier for them to see and feel the bulge. […] To check for complications (like incarceration or a bowel obstruction), they may use imaging to see inside your abdomen. Common imaging procedures include an abdominal ultrasound and a CT scan. […] Most adults eventually need surgery. Umbilical hernias in adults are more likely to worsen and cause complications. […] If your providers concerned about complications, hernia repair surgery can help.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia – Diagnosis & Treatment – Scottish Hernia Centre

  https://scottishhernia.com/umbilical_hernia/

  Most operations are done as a day case. […] In experienced hands, the long-term success rate for surgery is high with a less than 5% risk of the hernia coming back again. […] Specific complications of an umbilical hernia repair are uncommon but can include accidental damage to internal organs, which could require a larger incision to repair. […] The chance of complications depends on the exact type of operation you are having and other factors such as your general health.

• #2 Umbilical hernia repair at Parkside Hospital

  https://www.nuffieldhealth.com/hospitals/parkside/treatments/umbilical-hernia-repair

  There is a natural weakness in your abdominal wall where your navel (belly button) is, so weak spots or tears can develop here. […] If you have a painful lump on or around your navel, it could be an umbilical hernia so it’s best to get it checked and treated as soon as possible. […] Left untreated, an umbilical hernia may trap your intestines, or cut off the blood supply to other areas within your abdomen (a strangulated hernia). This would require an urgent, larger operation with a higher risk of serious complications. An untreated strangulated hernia can be life threatening. […] Umbilical hernia repair takes around 30 minutes. It’s usually performed under general anaesthetic, but various anaesthetic techniques can be used. […] The healthcare team will do their best to minimise any risks. Make sure you discuss any concerns you have about these complications with your consultant.

• #2 Umbilical Hernia Surgery | Center for Hernia Repair

  https://www.centerforherniarepair.com/hernia-types/umbilical-hernia-repair-sarasota-fl/

  There are many options for repair of an umbilical hernia including conventional open surgery, laparoscopic, or robotic surgery. Hernia experts continue to discuss the comparison of the results from these techniques. The surgeons expertise and available technology will often dictate which is best for each patient. […] Typically the risk of complications is less than 1% and the risk of hernia recurrence is under 10%.

• #2 Umbilical Hernias: Guide to Symptoms & Treatment | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/umbilical-hernias-guide-symptoms-treatment

  Up to 2% of the adult population has an umbilical hernia, and is more common in those who are overweight, had multiple pregnancies, or with liver cirrhosis. […] The most common way umbilical hernias are diagnosed is through a physical exam during a visit with a physician. You may not even have any symptoms but may have an obvious bulge. Sometimes if your hernia is large or more complex, you may need medical images to see it better such as a CT scan or ultrasound. […] Even though some smaller hernias without symptoms can be watched over time, most research shows that even small hernias progress over time, therefore repairing them early may be beneficial. […] The goal in fixing an umbilical hernia is to reduce the hernia sac, or the lining of the belly which goes through the hernia defect, and then cover the opening to prevent fat or organs from going through the defect again. […] All laparoscopic/robotic repairs involve the use of mesh reinforcement, as this has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrence in larger hernias.

• #2 Mesh infection after umbilical hernia repair in a pregnant female – Journal of Case Reports and Images in Obstetrics and Gynecology

  https://www.ijcriog.com/archive/article-full-text/100148Z08RJ2023

  The patients presentation with acute abdominal findings during pregnancy, in association with a history of umbilical hernia repair one year prior, required exclusion of both obstetric and non-obstetric causes when determining diagnosis. Acute abdominal findings can often be overshadowed by typical findings in pregnancy such as vomiting, nausea, and pain. Therefore, determining the root cause of an acute complaint in a pregnant patient warrants a more thorough investigation. […] When considering complications for umbilical hernia repair with mesh, complications can be divided into early and late presenting complications. Early complications typically include infection, hematoma, and seroma. Late appearing complications include obstructions, adhesions, recurrence, and chronic pain. Comorbidities such as liver disease, ascites, obesity, diabetes, and primary suture repair without mesh are associated with increased recurrence. Postoperative complications are most often seen in the first eight weeks after repair. However, in this case the patient did not present within the typical time frame as depicted by the literature. She presented with a postoperative mesh infection one year after repair which is outside the typical time frame.

• #3 Umbilical Hernias in Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73959

  Imaging has an important role in the definitive diagnosis. In fact, clinical examination alone cannot exclude the diagnosis of hernia. […] Indeed, many hernias are only detectable on imaging (ultrasound or computed tomography) especially when the defect is small or the abdominal fat tissue is important. […] Ultrasound is cost effective and efficient. A study has shown that up to 25% of the general population present umbilical hernia when ultrasound is used for diagnosis. […] More recently, some studies have shown that MRI has the best sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 95%, respectively, in the definitive diagnosis of abdominal wall hernias.

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