Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6530-pulmonary-hypertension-ph

  What raises a persons risk of developing pulmonary hypertension? Risk factors for developing pulmonary hypertension include: […] How can I prevent pulmonary hypertension? Its not always possible to prevent pulmonary hypertension. Some risk factors are out of your control. If you have risk factors, your provider may recommend preventive screenings to check your heart and lung function. […] Doing whatever you can to prevent or manage other medical conditions can help lower your risk of pulmonary hypertension. Steps you can take include: Create an exercise plan. Ask your provider what exercises are safe for you. Follow a heart-healthy diet. Avoid processed foods, fast food and other foods high in salt and saturated fat. Quit smoking and stop using tobacco. Smoking and tobacco use are top risk factors for heart and lung problems. Quitting isnt easy, especially if youve been smoking or using tobacco for a long time. But your provider can help provide resources. Support groups may also help. Take medications for blood pressure and other conditions as prescribed.

• #2 About Pulmonary Hypertension | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/pulmonary-hypertension.html

  Pulmonary hypertension can happen in association with many other diseases, such as lung disease and heart disease. Heart failure is common in pulmonary hypertension. […] While not all pulmonary hypertension can be prevented, you can take steps to prevent it by making healthy lifestyle changes and managing high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, chronic liver disease, and chronic lung disease from tobacco use.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/treatment/

  Pulmonary hypertension cannot be cured, but treatments can reduce your symptoms and help you manage your condition. […] If the cause is identified and treated early, it may be possible to prevent permanent damage to your pulmonary arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply your lungs. […] If pulmonary hypertension is caused by blood clots that block the pulmonary arteries, you may be offered anticoagulant medicines to prevent more clots forming. […] There are many treatments for pulmonary hypertension. Which treatment or combination of treatments you’ll be offered will depend on a number of factors, including what type of pulmonary hypertension you have, what’s causing it and the severity of your symptoms. […] Treatments include: anticoagulant medicines such as warfarin to help prevent blood clots

• #4 Pulmonary Hypertension Symptoms & Treatment | Ballad Health

  https://www.balladhealth.org/conditions/cardiology/pulmonary-hypertension

  Prevention is not always possible since the cause of pulmonary hypertension is not always clear. […] Your doctor may suggest a preventative screening if you have a known risk factor or medical condition that causes pulmonary hypertension. […] Your doctor may also recommend prevention strategies to help you lower your risk of developing pulmonary hypertension.

• #5 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23913-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension

  What raises a persons risk of developing pulmonary arterial hypertension? Risk factors for developing PAH include: […] How can I prevent pulmonary arterial hypertension? Some risk factors for PAH (like genetic mutations) are beyond your control. However, avoiding street drugs can help lower your risk of PAH and many other health problems. Also, talk with your provider before taking any diet pills. […] Depending on your risk factors, your provider may recommend preventive screenings for PAH.

• #6 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Oxygen Supplementation, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303098-treatment

  The majority of cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are not preventable. Patients should avoid using anorexigen drugs as well as illicit stimulant drugs such as amphetamine-derivatives and cocaine. To minimize potential contributions from WHO group 3 disease, patients should not smoke. Those with obstructive sleep apnea or other lung disease should be optimally treated for these diseases to avoid further insults from hypoxemia/chronic pulmonary disease. […] To decrease the risk of developing pneumonia (which has been found to be the cause of death in 7% of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH]), patients should receive vaccinations against influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and SARS-CoV-2. […] Given the high mortality rate associated with pregnancy in patients with PAH, females of childbearing age should be offered birth control and counseled extensively about pregnancy.

• #7 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Panel Test – PreventionGenetics

  https://www.preventiongenetics.com/testInfo?val=Pulmonary-Arterial-Hypertension-%28PAH%29-Panel

  Candidates for this test are patients with clinical findings consistent with pulmonary arterial hypertension in the absence of conditions known to predispose to it. […] PAH can present with hereditary hemoragic telangictasia (HHT) or ischiocoxopodopatellar syndrome (ICPPS) […] Additionally, testing may be able to differentiate between idiopathic and heritable forms of PAH. […] Pathogenic variants in several other genes (BMPR1B, CAV1, EIF2AK4, ENG, GDF2, KCNA5, KCNK3, SMAD9, TBX4) account for a small minority of PAH (~1-3%). […] This test is performed using Next-Gen sequencing with additional Sanger sequencing as necessary. […] We define coverage as 20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. […] Candidates for this test are patients with clinical findings consistent with pulmonary arterial hypertension in the absence of conditions known to predispose to it.

• #8 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms, Causes & Prevention

  https://herheart.org/heart-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Pulmonary hypertension is a condition where your lungs have a blood pressure which is too high. […] Currently, the suggestions for preventing Pulmonary Hypertension are focused around heart health. These include maintaining a healthy weight range, regular exercise, eating a healthy and balanced diet as well as not smoking. […] If you are already diagnosed with any Heart Disease or Pulmonary Hypertension, we recommend speaking with your doctor and treatment team to learn more about daily management. Research suggests that attending a Secondary Prevention Program can decrease the chance of being admitted to hospital, reduce your complications as well increase survival rates. […] Its not too late to start looking after your heart health. Here are some great and easy everyday strategies you can do to look after your heart health:

• #9 Treatment and prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension in adults (group 1) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-in-adults-group-1

  Patients with group 1 PAH (table 1 and table 2 and table 3) should exercise as tolerated, receive routine vaccinations (figure 1), be counseled against smoking (and vaping), and maintain a normal body mass index. When indicated, they should also be treated with supportive measures including oxygen, diuretics, and anticoagulants. Patients should be additionally treated for any comorbidities known to be associated with or worsen PH. Females of childbearing age should be counseled regarding the risks of pregnancy including death and the potential teratogenic effects of medications; birth control can be prescribed accordingly. […] Exercise and pulmonary rehabilitation — Patients with PAH should exercise regularly. Indications for referral to a pulmonary exercise rehabilitation program are extrapolated from the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease population, but the benefits appear to be similar.

• #10 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms, Causes & Prevention

  https://herheart.org/heart-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Dont smoke, as quitting smoking can reduce your risk by 50% in one year. […] Stay active, 30 minutes per day of exercise, such as walking, can reduce your risk by 30% and delivers many positive health benefits. […] Eat healthy: ensure you watch portion sizes, eat healthy and nourishing foods such as: high fibre foods (including oats and legumes), two pieces of fruit and seven serves of vegetables, reduced salt, three serves of fish per week, reducing saturated fats (such as chicken with skin on, baked goods, fried foods) whilst choosing more lean proteins such as tofu and trimmed meats. […] Yes, there are support groups for Pulmonary Hypertension!

• #11 Pulmonary hypertension: Is it reversible?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/treatment-for-pulmonary-hypertension

  There is no cure for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, treatment can lead to reduced symptoms and improved quality of life. […] While there is no cure for PAH, treatment options may improve the quality of life and outcomes in people with the condition. […] Treatment options for PAH aim to improve symptoms, increase exercise capacity and slow disease progression. […] Treatment options for PAH include medication, surgery, and oxygen therapy. […] Pulmonary rehabilitation aims to improve physical function, reduce symptom impact, and improve quality of life. […] A 2020 study found that treatment programs that incorporate exercise significantly improve exercise capacity and quality of life in individuals with PAH. […] PAH can cause death if left untreated. […] It might be possible to reverse PAH that has a known cause by treating the underlying condition.

• #12 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for Pulmonary Hypertension: Key Points

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/08/30/19/11/2022-ESC-Guidelines-for-Pulmonary-Hypertension-ESC-2022

  The following are key points to remember from the 2022 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society (ESC/ERS) guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: […] The recommendations for rehabilitation and exercise programs in PH have been updated following the release of additional supportive evidence. Patients with PAH should be treated with the best standard of pharmacological treatment and be in a stable clinical condition before embarking on a supervised rehabilitation program. […] The treatment algorithm for CTEPH has been modified, including multimodal therapy with surgery, PH drugs, and balloon pulmonary angioplasty. Lifelong therapeutic anticoagulation is recommended for patients with CTEPH, as recurrent pulmonary thromboembolism accompanied by insufficient clot resolution are key pathophysiological features of this disease.

• #13 Pulmonary hypertension: Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/health/conditions-and-services/heart-and-vascular/pulmonary-hypertension-symptoms-diagnosis-and

  Risk factors for PH may include: […] Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and aerobic exercise can help reduce the strain on the heart and lungs. Avoiding tobacco products is advised, as they can exacerbate respiratory and cardiovascular issues. […] Dr. Zolty also advises PH patients to avoid salt. Eating salt will cause fluid retention, swelling in the lower extremities and abdominal distension. If the pressures become too high, pulmonary hypertension patients can develop congestive heart failure. So, avoiding salt is important.

• #14 Pulmonary Hypertension Treatment Options | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/treatment-options

  There is no cure for pulmonary hypertension. Treatment is usually aimed at slowing or stopping the progression of the disease, and treating the symptoms. […] If you smoke, it’s important to quit smoking. Your doctor can help you by recommending programs and products that can help you quit. You should also avoid secondhand smoke, and places where other lung irritants such as dust, fumes or toxic substances are present as much as possible. […] Avoid becoming pregnant, as pregnancy with pulmonary hypertension can be life-threatening for the mother and baby. […] Avoid high altitudes because it can cause your blood to become slightly thicker, which can make pulmonary hypertension and its effects worse. […] Eat a nutritious diet that is low in salt, including whole grains, vegetables, lean meats and low-fat dairy products. Maintain a healthy weight. Focus on finding ways to reduce stress and maintain a strong support system in your life, including reaching out to family and friends for support, or joining a support group. […] Surgery is usually a last resort for people who have more severe pulmonary hypertension that’s not improved with medication or other treatments.

• #15 Pulmonary Hypertension: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0915/p463.html

  Echocardiography is recommended as the initial step in the evaluation of patients with suspected pulmonary hypertension. […] There are no directed therapies for many other categories of pulmonary hypertension; therefore, family physicians have a central role in managing contributing comorbidities. […] Other important considerations for patients with pulmonary hypertension include influenza and pneumonia immunizations, contraception counseling, preoperative assessment, and mental health. […] Patients with pulmonary hypertension should receive seasonal influenza vaccination and age-appropriate pneumococcal vaccination, unless contraindicated. […] The perioperative assessment should include an assessment of functional status, care goals, and alternatives to surgery. […] Current guidelines discourage pregnancy and recommend contraception counseling with emphasis on prescribing a long-acting, highly effective method of contraception.

• #16 Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500055-treatment

  In cases of left-sided disease due to hypertension, avoidance of high salt intake and optimization of blood pressure can prevent worsening of underlying disease. […] Additionally, patients should take preventative measures to avoid foods high in cholesterol and fats if the underlying etiology is coronary artery disease. Patients should receive vaccinations against influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and SARS-CoV-2.

• #17 Pulmonary Hypertension and CHD | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/the-impact-of-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-hypertension

  It’s important to repair congenital heart problems (when possible) before permanent pulmonary hypertensive changes develop. […] Surgical repair of a heart defect will often lead to improvement and normal blood pressure in the lungs. […] Oxygen or medications may be used to try to relax the blood vessels and reduce the blood pressure in the lungs after surgery. […] Additional precautions are often taken with PAH patients. These include supplemental oxygen during air travel, antibiotic therapy for significant respiratory tract infections, pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine and yearly flu vaccines (since pneumonia can be very serious with PH patients). […] People with PH and certain underlying congenital heart defects may need antibiotics before certain dental procedures to prevent endocarditis.

• #18 Treatment for pulmonary hypertension | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/treatment

  Pulmonary hypertension cannot usually be cured. But there are treatments that can help reduce your symptoms and help you to manage your condition. Its important to treat pulmonary hypertension to stop it getting worse. […] Your specialist will advise you: not to become pregnant, not to undergo general anaesthesia for surgery unless absolutely necessary, not to travel to high altitude places (above 1500-2000m), to keep up to date with flu and pneumonia vaccinations. […] If your pulmonary hypertension is caused by blood clots, your specialist will treat you with anticoagulant medicine. This medicine stops more blood clots forming. […] If your pulmonary hypertension doesn’t respond to treatment, a double lung or a heart-lung transplant might be an option. […] Researchers are constantly working on new drugs to help treat pulmonary hypertension. Clinical trials look at how effective these new drugs are and are an important part of the research.

• #19 What can be expected from current treatments for pulmonary hypertension?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-14/What-can-be-expected-from-current-treatments-for-pulmonary-hypertension

  In every patient with precapillary PH, a thromboembolic origin of the disease should be excluded by ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy of the lungs, as the diagnosis of CTEPH offers the possibility of a cure by pulmonary endarterectomy. […] Other forms of PH, in particular those due to left heart disease and to lung disease, are much more frequent than PAH and at the same time lack proven therapy options. Intensive research is underway in this field, as many patients are currently suffering from these diseases and doctors are dependent on experience-based attempts at treatment.

• #20 Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) Symptoms & Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/pulmonology/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension

  Starting pulmonary hypertension treatment early is important in improving overall quality of life. […] Although there is no cure to date, there are several medical and surgical treatments for PH. […] Pulmonary hypertension treatment depends on the type and severity of disease. […] Starting PH treatment early is important in improving overall quality of life.

• #21 What can be expected from current treatments for pulmonary hypertension?

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-14/What-can-be-expected-from-current-treatments-for-pulmonary-hypertension

  Approved therapies exist for PAH (Group 1) and CTEPH (Group 4). Drug therapy targets the three main pathways involved in the pathogenesis of PAH: prostacyclin, endothelin, and nitric oxide (NO) pathways. Early or initial combination therapy with agents targeting more than one pathogenic pathway is a favoured approach in patients with severe haemodynamic compromise. […] Treatment can result in an improvement of exercise tolerance and quality of life, a delay in disease progression, and an improvement of prognosis; the one-year mortality, however, remains about 15%. […] Despite substantial progress in treatment options for PAH and CTEPH, the effect of drug treatment on prevention of right heart failure and the beneficial effect on the prognosis of these patients remain limited. Early combination therapy with vasoactive agents is able to improve exercise capacity and quality of life and to delay manifestation of RV failure.

• #22 Pulmonary Hypertension | Heart and Vascular Care | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/services-treatments/heart-and-vascular-care/cardiology/pulmonary-hypertension-program

  Pulmonary hypertension (PH) causes many issues that make it hard to enjoy everyday activities. Shortness of breath, chest pain, and lightheadedness can affect your ability to exercise, drive, and work. We focus treatment on easing your symptoms and preventing serious complications. […] Lifestyle changes: Eating a healthy, low-salt diet, exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent PH from worsening. […] Medication: You may benefit from blood thinners to prevent clots, vasodilators to relax blood vessels or pain medication to ease discomfort in your chest. […] Oxygen therapy: Supplemental oxygen can increase the amount of oxygen in your blood and may reduce symptoms of fatigue and lightheadedness. […] Surgery: We may recommend surgery for PH that doesn’t improve with medication. A pulmonary endarterectomy removes clots from blood vessels in the lungs. An atrial septostomy creates a hole between the upper chambers of the heart to relieve pressure. Lung transplant surgery may be necessary in severe cases.

• #23

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/treatment/

  There are also a number of specialist treatments for pulmonary hypertension that help relax the arteries in the lungs and reduce the blood pressure in the lungs. […] These medicines may slow the progression of pulmonary hypertension, and may help to control or reduce the symptoms. […] Some people with pulmonary hypertension may need surgery.

• #24 Pulmonary Hypertension: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Life Expectancy

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulmonary_hypertension/article_em.htm

  Prevention of pulmonary hypertension may focus on reducing risk factors that may lead to the underlying cause. This is not always possible, especially in situations where the risk factors are not controllable. For example, some conditions, such as lupus, are not preventable. However, if it is diagnosed early and treated appropriately, the chances of subsequent development of pulmonary hypertension may be reduced.

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