Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary hypertension – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/symptoms-causes/syc-20350697

  When blood vessels in the lungs become thickened, narrowed, blocked or destroyed, it’s harder for blood to flow through the lungs. As a result, blood pressure goes up in the lungs. This condition is called pulmonary hypertension. […] The symptoms of pulmonary hypertension develop slowly. You may not notice them for months or even years. Symptoms get worse as the disease continues. […] Pulmonary hypertension symptoms include: Shortness of breath. It may first start during exercise and eventually happen at rest. Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. Chest pressure or pain. Dizziness or fainting. Fast pulse or pounding heartbeat. Fatigue. Swelling in the ankles, legs and belly area. […] In some people, pulmonary hypertension slowly gets worse. It can be life-threatening. There’s no cure for pulmonary hypertension. But treatments are available to help you feel better, live longer and improve your quality of life.

• #1 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6530-pulmonary-hypertension-ph

  Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries, which carry oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs. The earliest symptom is shortness of breath during your usual routine. […] Over time, PH damages your heart and causes problems throughout your body. It can be fatal without treatment. […] Without treatment, pulmonary hypertension can overtax your heart and eventually be fatal. High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries forces your heart to work harder to send oxygen-poor blood to your lungs. […] The first symptom of pulmonary hypertension is shortness of breath during your daily activities. […] At the start of pulmonary hypertension, you may not have any symptoms. When you do start to notice symptoms, they may be mild. But PH symptoms get worse over time, making it harder for you to do your usual activities.

• #1 Pulmonary Hypertension – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pulmonary-hypertension/symptoms

  Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are sometimes hard to recognize. People may have symptoms for years before being diagnosed. This is because many symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are also symptoms of other medical conditions. […] Some symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include: Chest pain, Coughing that is dry or produces blood, Shortness of breath, Dizziness that may lead to fainting, Nausea and vomiting, Hoarseness, Fatigue, Swelling of the abdomen, legs, or feet, Weakness, Wheezing, which is a whistling sound when you breathe out. […] Symptoms can get worse over time. For example, in the early stages of pulmonary hypertension, you may only have shortness of breath with exercise. As the disease progresses, shortness of breath will occur more often.

• #1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pulmonary-arterial-hypertension/symptoms-diagnosis

  What Are the Symptoms of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension? In the early stages of PAH, you may not notice any symptoms at all. As the disease progresses, you will start to experience symptoms common to other lung diseases. The most common symptoms of PAH are: Increased shortness of breath, especially with exertion […] If you have shortness of breath that does not improve with treatment for common diseases such as asthma and COPD; fainting or chest pain with exertion; unexplained swelling in your legs or abdomen and extreme fatigue; you should contact your healthcare professional. […] As mentioned, PAH can be hard to diagnose. Often there is a delay in diagnosing PAH of up to two or more years. This can be attributed to several factors: Initial symptoms are often mild and non-specific […] As the disease progresses it is sometimes misdiagnosed as other conditions such as asthma or congestive heart failure.

• #1 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6530-pulmonary-hypertension-ph

  As PH progresses, you’ll feel shortness of breath even when you’re not moving around. Other symptoms include: Bluish color on your skin or lips. Chest pain or pressure. Dizziness or fainting. Fatigue. Feeling less hungry than usual. Pain in the upper right side of your tummy. Racing heartbeat. Swelling (edema) in your ankles, legs or tummy. […] PH symptoms make it hard for you to exercise or carry out your normal daily routine. […] The outlook for people with pulmonary hypertension depends on: The cause of PH. How early it’s diagnosed. The severity of symptoms. Associated medical conditions. […] Most cases of pulmonary hypertension can’t be cured. Your provider may prescribe medications to: Ease your symptoms. Improve your quality of life. Slow down the progression of the disease. […] However, surgery can cure some people with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). […] Without treatment, pulmonary hypertension leads to right-sided heart failure and, ultimately, death. Treatment can help you live longer and give you a better quality of life.

• #1 Pulmonary hypertension: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000112.htm

  Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. It makes the right side of the heart work harder than normal. […] Shortness of breath or lightheadedness during activity is often the first symptom. Fast heart rate (palpitations) may be present. Over time, symptoms occur with lighter activity or even while at rest. […] Other symptoms include: Ankle and leg swelling, Bluish color of the lips or skin (cyanosis), Chest pain or pressure, most often in the front of the chest, Dizziness or fainting spells, Fatigue, Increased abdominal size due to fluid buildup, Weakness. […] People with pulmonary hypertension often have symptoms that come and go. They report good days and bad days. […] How well you do depends on what caused the condition. Medicines for IPAH may help slow the disease. As the illness gets worse, you will need to make changes in your home to help you get around the house. For people with severe disease, lung transplant, or in some cases, heart-lung transplant can be considered.

• #1 Pulmonary hypertension – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350702

  Pulmonary hypertension is hard to diagnose early. It’s not often found during a routine physical exam. Even when pulmonary hypertension is more advanced, its symptoms are similar to those of other heart and lung conditions. […] Once a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is confirmed, the condition is classified according to how the symptoms affect you and your ability to do everyday tasks. […] Pulmonary hypertension may fall into one of the following groups: Class I. Pulmonary hypertension is diagnosed, but there are no symptoms during rest or exercise. Class II. There are no symptoms at rest. Everyday chores or activities such as going to work or the grocery store may cause some shortness of breath or mild chest pain. There’s a slight limitation of physical activity. Class III. It’s comfortable at rest, but doing simple tasks such as bathing, dressing or preparing meals causes fatigue, shortness of breath and chest pain. The ability to do physical activity becomes very limited. Class IV. Symptoms occur at rest and during physical activity. Any type of activity causes increasing discomfort. […] There’s no cure for pulmonary hypertension. But treatments can improve symptoms and help you live longer. Treatment also can help keep the disease from getting worse. […] If medicines do not help control the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension, surgery may be recommended.

• #1 Pulmonary hypertension | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Symptoms can become worse when you exercise, which may limit your ability to take part in physical activities. As your condition progresses, you may find it difficult to carry out even everyday activities. […] When pulmonary hypertension begins to affect your everyday life, this can have a negative impact on your quality of life and can lead to depression. […] Untreated pulmonary hypertension can lead to heart failure, which is when your heart muscle is struggling to pump blood around your body. As well as shortness of breath and tiredness, heart failure can also cause: swelling in the legs, ankles and feet (oedema), waking up in the middle of the night gasping for breath (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea), a cough that will not go away, nausea (feeling sick), lack of appetite, weight loss, confusion or difficulties in concentrating.

• #1 Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-hypertension

  You might find it hard to breathe during exercise or other types of physical activity. Eventually, breathing can become difficult during periods of rest, too. […] PAH is a progressive condition. This means it gets worse over time. Some people may see symptoms get worse faster than others. […] While there isn’t a current cure, recent advancements in treatment have helped improve the outlook for people with PAH. […] If you have PAH, the stage of your condition will affect your doctor’s recommended treatment approach.

• #1 Prognosis for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/pulmonary-hypertension/disease-progression

  Median survival after diagnosis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is 2.8 years without any treatment. […] The signs and symptoms of this heart failure are: […] – Swelling of the ankles and legs due to fluid accumulation (malleolar and/or lower extremity oedema). […] – Increased nocturnal urination. […] – Marked prominence of the jugular vein at the level of the neck (jugular engorgement). […] – Palpitations. […] – Irregular heartbeat. […] – Fatigue, weakness, tiredness. […] – Fainting or dizziness. […] – Sudden weight gain. […] – Enlargement of the liver. […] The main chronic complication of pulmonary hypertension is heart failure. […] Cardiac function can also worsen if the person stops taking the medications needed to control the underlying disease, or due to the natural progression of the disease.

• #1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arterial_hypertension

  Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries and arterioles (the pulmonary circulation proximal to the capillary bed). Symptoms include breathlessness, fatigue, lightheadedness, chest pain, fainting (late finding), and leg swelling (late finding). Signs and symptoms may be initially non-specific and may lead to a delay in appropriate diagnosis. Early symptoms include breathlessness (dyspnea). Other symptoms include fatigue, lightheadedness or fainting and chest pain. Late findings include swelling of the extremities, edema and ascites (which are signs of right heart failure). Dyspnea (breathlessness) is the most common symptom associated with PAH and also usually the first symptom, with 98% of people experiencing dyspnea at the time of diagnosis. Fatigue, lightheadedness, palpitations, chest pain are also present. Late findings include near-syncope or syncope (fainting). As PAH progresses and chronically elevated pulmonary arterial pressures result in right heart failure; swelling of the legs and other areas of the body (edema), fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites) develop as late symptoms. If left untreated, the increased pulmonary vascular resistance will eventually lead to right heart failure and death. Five year survival in those with PAH was only 34%, but this has improved since the early 2000s when disease specific therapy was introduced. In 2010, survival was 86%, 69%, and 61% at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively. Heritable PAH is associated with an earlier disease onset, more severe hemodynamic features, and a reduced response to therapy as compared to idiopathic PAH. Those with PAH responding to vasodilators have a better prognosis.

• #1 How to detect disease progression in pulmonary arterial hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9487472/

  Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rapidly progressive disease, ultimately leading to right heart failure and death. Accumulating evidence indicates that intervention early in disease progression results in better outcomes than delaying treatment. […] There is still an urgent need for prospective collaborative initiatives to assess novel goals and improve treatment strategies that would allow physicians to personalise and optimise clinical management for their patients with PAH. […] Timely identification of disease progression may prompt physicians to initiate earlier intervention in order to prevent the otherwise inevitable deterioration of right heart function. However, detecting early disease progression is a complex task presenting various challenges, mainly because the pathophysiological changes that occur during the initial stages of the disease are generally not detectable.

• #1 PAH Pathophysiology | Disease Progression & Right Heart Failure

  https://www.pahinitiative.com/hcp/pah-overview/pathophysiology-progression

  With PAH, increasing pulmonary pressures will ultimately cause right heart failure. […] Patients with PAH often present with nonspecific symptoms resulting from the decompensation of the RV. […] Early symptoms include dizziness, shortness of breath (dyspnea), palpitations, fatigue, and edema. Late symptoms include syncope, jugular venous distension, shortness of breath, chest pain, hepatomegaly, swollen abdomen, and low blood pressure. […] Most patients are diagnosed at FC III or FC IV. Therefore, even newly diagnosed FC III patients can have substantial disease progression and a decompensating right heart. […] PAH is a progressive disease even if outward symptoms may not be evident. […] Regular risk assessments can help you catch disease progression early, even if the outward signs of progression remain hidden.

• #1 Pulmonary hypertension | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Pulmonary hypertension is a serious condition that usually gets progressively worse. There may be a delay in getting a diagnosis, as the symptoms can be quite general. […] Its important that you start treatment as soon as possible to improve your symptoms. […] The course of the disease will depend on how quickly your condition is diagnosed, how advanced your symptoms are, and whether you have an underlying health condition.

• #1 How to detect disease progression in pulmonary arterial hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9487472/

  Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is the key driver of PAH disease progression and most tools and variables used to detect clinical deterioration are reflecting RV insult. […] The first step is clinical assessment, including symptoms, signs of RV failure, and rate of disease progression. […] Exercise capacity, as assessed by 6MWD or CPET, has also been shown to be an independent predictor of survival. […] Several studies have shown that increased levels of NT-proBNP or BNP during treatment were associated with poor outcomes. […] The persistence of severe disease on treatment is unsurprisingly associated with reduced survival time. […] Improvement in 6MWD also appears to be of prognostic importance. […] A significant reduction in total pulmonary resistance of 30% relative to baseline after 3 months of epoprostenol treatment was associated with improved outcome. […] PAH is a progressive disorder requiring early intervention for optimal clinical outcome. Various parameters have been identified as having prognostic value in PH and regular monitoring with a panel of relevant prognostic parameters allows for timely treatment escalation.

• #2 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6530-pulmonary-hypertension-ph

  Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries, which carry oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs. The earliest symptom is shortness of breath during your usual routine. […] Over time, PH damages your heart and causes problems throughout your body. It can be fatal without treatment. […] Without treatment, pulmonary hypertension can overtax your heart and eventually be fatal. High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries forces your heart to work harder to send oxygen-poor blood to your lungs. […] The first symptom of pulmonary hypertension is shortness of breath during your daily activities. […] At the start of pulmonary hypertension, you may not have any symptoms. When you do start to notice symptoms, they may be mild. But PH symptoms get worse over time, making it harder for you to do your usual activities.

• #2 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pulmonary-arterial-hypertension/symptoms-diagnosis

  What Are the Symptoms of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension? In the early stages of PAH, you may not notice any symptoms at all. As the disease progresses, you will start to experience symptoms common to other lung diseases. The most common symptoms of PAH are: Increased shortness of breath, especially with exertion […] If you have shortness of breath that does not improve with treatment for common diseases such as asthma and COPD; fainting or chest pain with exertion; unexplained swelling in your legs or abdomen and extreme fatigue; you should contact your healthcare professional. […] As mentioned, PAH can be hard to diagnose. Often there is a delay in diagnosing PAH of up to two or more years. This can be attributed to several factors: Initial symptoms are often mild and non-specific […] As the disease progresses it is sometimes misdiagnosed as other conditions such as asthma or congestive heart failure.

• #2 Pulmonary hypertension often missed in its early stages | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/for-providers/pulmonary-hypertension-often-missed-in-its-early-stages

  Pulmonary hypertension in its earliest stages is difficult to diagnose and often gets overlooked because it doesnt show up in standard cardiac diagnostic tests. […] In its earliest stages, patients often complain of shortness of breath, especially with exertion. […] The earlier we diagnose this disease, the more successful we will be at stopping its progression. If nothing is done to treat it, it will continue to progress. As the disease progresses, the patient will begin to develop resting pulmonary hypertension and eventually, right side heart failure. […] Early symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include shortness of breath with exertion followed by fatigue, lower extremity edema and abdominal distention. In more advanced stages of the disease, the patient may experience dizziness and syncope.

• #2 Pulmonary Hypertension | PH | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/pulmonaryhypertension.html

  Pulmonary hypertension, sometimes called PH, is a serious condition that affects the blood vessels in the lungs. It develops when the blood pressure in your lungs is higher than normal. […] The symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are sometimes hard to recognize and are similar to the symptoms of other medical conditions. So sometimes it can take years for someone to get diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension. […] The symptoms of pulmonary hypertension may include: Shortness of breath, Chest pain or pressure, Dizziness that may lead to fainting, Fatigue, Swelling of the abdomen, legs, or feet, Heart palpitations (the feeling that your heart is pounding or beating too fast). […] Pulmonary hypertension can get worse over time and lead to serious problems, including: Anemia, which can cause your body to not get enough oxygen-rich blood, Arrhythmias, problems with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat, Blood clots in the pulmonary arteries, Bleeding in the lungs, Heart failure, Liver damage, Pericardial effusion, a collection of fluid around the heart, Serious pregnancy complications.

• #2 Pulmonary hypertension | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Pulmonary hypertension is a serious medical condition as it results in damage to the right-hand side of the heart muscle, making the heart muscle less efficient at pumping blood and oxygen around the body. This leads to symptoms such as: shortness of breath, fatigue (tiredness), feeling faint or dizzy. […] If it is not treated, pulmonary hypertension can cause heart failure, which is when the heart muscle struggles to pump enough blood around the body. […] Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include: shortness of breath, fatigue (extreme tiredness), dizziness, feeling faint, chest pain (angina), a racing heartbeat (tachycardia). […] People with a particular type known as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may not experience any symptoms until their condition is already quite advanced.

• #2 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6530-pulmonary-hypertension-ph

  As PH progresses, you’ll feel shortness of breath even when you’re not moving around. Other symptoms include: Bluish color on your skin or lips. Chest pain or pressure. Dizziness or fainting. Fatigue. Feeling less hungry than usual. Pain in the upper right side of your tummy. Racing heartbeat. Swelling (edema) in your ankles, legs or tummy. […] PH symptoms make it hard for you to exercise or carry out your normal daily routine. […] The outlook for people with pulmonary hypertension depends on: The cause of PH. How early it’s diagnosed. The severity of symptoms. Associated medical conditions. […] Most cases of pulmonary hypertension can’t be cured. Your provider may prescribe medications to: Ease your symptoms. Improve your quality of life. Slow down the progression of the disease. […] However, surgery can cure some people with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). […] Without treatment, pulmonary hypertension leads to right-sided heart failure and, ultimately, death. Treatment can help you live longer and give you a better quality of life.

• #2 Pulmonary hypertension: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000112.htm

  Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. It makes the right side of the heart work harder than normal. […] Shortness of breath or lightheadedness during activity is often the first symptom. Fast heart rate (palpitations) may be present. Over time, symptoms occur with lighter activity or even while at rest. […] Other symptoms include: Ankle and leg swelling, Bluish color of the lips or skin (cyanosis), Chest pain or pressure, most often in the front of the chest, Dizziness or fainting spells, Fatigue, Increased abdominal size due to fluid buildup, Weakness. […] People with pulmonary hypertension often have symptoms that come and go. They report good days and bad days. […] How well you do depends on what caused the condition. Medicines for IPAH may help slow the disease. As the illness gets worse, you will need to make changes in your home to help you get around the house. For people with severe disease, lung transplant, or in some cases, heart-lung transplant can be considered.

• #2 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/pulmonary-hypertension/symptoms

  Pulmonary hypertension is a rare type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart. The pulmonary arteries thicken and become stiff, making them unable to expand to allow blood flow. This causes excess stress on the right side of the heart, eventually causing it to weaken, leading to heart failure. […] Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension develop slowly over time. Yet, once the symptoms appear, the disease can quickly progress and symptoms will worsen. Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension can include: Cyanosis your skin or lips may turn blue, Chest pressure chest pain when inhaling, Syncope fainting or dizziness can occur, Palpitations your heart may race, or your pulse will be fast, Fatigue easily tired when performing normal activities, Dyspnea short of breath when performing normal activities and eventually all the time, Edema Swelling in the legs, ankles, and abdomen due to fluid build-up.

• #2 Pulmonary hypertension | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Symptoms can become worse when you exercise, which may limit your ability to take part in physical activities. As your condition progresses, you may find it difficult to carry out even everyday activities. […] When pulmonary hypertension begins to affect your everyday life, this can have a negative impact on your quality of life and can lead to depression. […] Untreated pulmonary hypertension can lead to heart failure, which is when your heart muscle is struggling to pump blood around your body. As well as shortness of breath and tiredness, heart failure can also cause: swelling in the legs, ankles and feet (oedema), waking up in the middle of the night gasping for breath (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea), a cough that will not go away, nausea (feeling sick), lack of appetite, weight loss, confusion or difficulties in concentrating.

• #2 Prognosis for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/pulmonary-hypertension/disease-progression

  Median survival after diagnosis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is 2.8 years without any treatment. […] The signs and symptoms of this heart failure are: […] – Swelling of the ankles and legs due to fluid accumulation (malleolar and/or lower extremity oedema). […] – Increased nocturnal urination. […] – Marked prominence of the jugular vein at the level of the neck (jugular engorgement). […] – Palpitations. […] – Irregular heartbeat. […] – Fatigue, weakness, tiredness. […] – Fainting or dizziness. […] – Sudden weight gain. […] – Enlargement of the liver. […] The main chronic complication of pulmonary hypertension is heart failure. […] Cardiac function can also worsen if the person stops taking the medications needed to control the underlying disease, or due to the natural progression of the disease.

• #2 Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of End Stage Pulmonary Hypertension

  https://drkumo.com/symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-end-stage-pulmonary-hypertension/

  End-stage pulmonary hypertension is a severe and life-threatening condition that occurs when the pulmonary arteries become severely narrowed or blocked, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure. […] Patients with end-stage pulmonary arterial hypertension may experience severe shortness of breath, chest pain, and heart failure. They may require supplemental oxygen to breathe and may experience frequent hospitalizations. End-stage pulmonary hypertension may also lead to other complications, such as blood clots, arrhythmias, and lung infections. […] Patients with pulmonary hypertension may not experience symptoms in the early stages of the disease, making it difficult to diagnose. However, as the disease progresses, patients may experience a range of signs and symptoms. Some of the common symptoms of end-stage pulmonary hypertension include: Shortness of Breath: One of the hallmark symptoms of pulmonary hypertension is shortness of breath, which can become more pronounced as the disease progresses. Patients may have difficulty breathing, even at rest, and need supplemental oxygen to help them breathe more comfortably. Fatigue: Patients with end-stage pulmonary hypertension may experience extreme fatigue and weakness, making it challenging to perform everyday tasks or engage in physical activities. Chest Pain: Some patients may experience chest pain or discomfort due to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Swelling: Patients with end-stage pulmonary hypertension may develop swelling in the feet, ankles, or legs as a result of fluid buildup in the body. Cough: Patients with pulmonary hypertension may develop a persistent cough, which can be exacerbated by shortness of breath. Dizziness or Fainting: In severe cases, patients may experience dizziness or fainting, which can signify low blood pressure or decreased blood flow to the brain.

• #2 Pulmonary hypertension Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension

  Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. It makes the right side of the heart work harder than normal. […] Shortness of breath or lightheadedness during activity is often the first symptom. Fast heart rate (palpitations) may be present. Over time, symptoms occur with lighter activity or even while at rest. […] Other symptoms include: Ankle and leg swelling, Bluish color of the lips or skin (cyanosis), Chest pain or pressure, most often in the front of the chest, Dizziness or fainting spells, Fatigue, Increased abdominal size due to fluid buildup, Weakness. […] People with pulmonary hypertension often have symptoms that come and go. They report good days and bad days. […] How well you do depends on what caused the condition. Medicines for IPAH may help slow the disease. […] As the illness gets worse, you will need to make changes in your home to help you get around the house. […] For people with severe disease, lung transplant, or in some cases, heart-lung transplant can be considered.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs (pulmonary arteries). […] It’s a serious condition that can damage the right side of the heart. […] The walls of the pulmonary arteries become thick and stiff, and cannot expand as well to allow blood through. […] The reduced blood flow makes it harder for the right side of the heart to pump blood through the arteries. […] If the right side of your heart has to continually work harder, it can gradually become weaker. This can lead to heart failure. […] Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include: shortness of breath, tiredness, feeling faint or dizzy, chest pain (angina), a racing heartbeat (palpitations), swelling (oedema) in the legs, ankles, feet or tummy (abdomen). […] The symptoms often get worse during exercise, which can limit your ability to take part in physical activities.

• #2 Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/pulmonary-hypertension/symptoms

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the severity of the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension determines which of the four stages it will be categorized: Class 1: No noticeable symptoms are present during normal physical activity; therefore, no limitation of physical activity is required. Class 2: Minor limitation of physical activity when active; no symptoms noticed during rest. Class 3: This stage substantially limits physical movement during mild exertion and ordinary activity, but not while resting. Class 4: This stage will cause total loss of the ability to carry out any physical activity, even during resting periods. Right-sided heart failure is common during this stage.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/

  If you have a type of pulmonary hypertension known as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), you may not have any symptoms until the condition is quite advanced. […] Pulmonary hypertension usually gets worse over time. Left untreated, it may cause heart failure, which can be fatal, so it’s important treatment is started as soon as possible.

• #2 Pulmonary Hypertension Life Expectancy, Outlook, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-hypertension-prognosis

  Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive, life threatening type of high blood pressure. […] Over time, the heart can grow weak, and proper circulation can diminish throughout the body. […] Treatments are available that can help delay the progression of PH. […] Its a progressive disease, which means it can advance over time, sometimes much faster for some people than others. […] For many people, PH can lead to significant heart failure, and their overall health can be in great danger. However, some people can effectively manage their condition by making lifestyle changes and monitoring their health. […] Medications and lifestyle changes such as getting more exercise are intended to slow the progression of the disease. […] Life expectancy will depend on the type of PH you have and the cause of your PH.

• #2 How to detect disease progression in pulmonary arterial hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9487472/

  Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is the key driver of PAH disease progression and most tools and variables used to detect clinical deterioration are reflecting RV insult. […] The first step is clinical assessment, including symptoms, signs of RV failure, and rate of disease progression. […] Exercise capacity, as assessed by 6MWD or CPET, has also been shown to be an independent predictor of survival. […] Several studies have shown that increased levels of NT-proBNP or BNP during treatment were associated with poor outcomes. […] The persistence of severe disease on treatment is unsurprisingly associated with reduced survival time. […] Improvement in 6MWD also appears to be of prognostic importance. […] A significant reduction in total pulmonary resistance of 30% relative to baseline after 3 months of epoprostenol treatment was associated with improved outcome. […] PAH is a progressive disorder requiring early intervention for optimal clinical outcome. Various parameters have been identified as having prognostic value in PH and regular monitoring with a panel of relevant prognostic parameters allows for timely treatment escalation.

• #2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1789.html

  Signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are often subtle and nonspecific. […] The most common symptoms exertional dyspnea, fatigue and syncope reflect an inability to increase cardiac output during activity. […] Hemoptysis resulting from the rupture of distended pulmonary vessels is a rare but potentially devastating event. […] The median duration of survival after the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension is 2.8 years, but this figure is highly variable. […] The prognosis for patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension depends on the underlying disease, as well as right ventricular function.

• #2 Pulmonary Hypertension: Breathing, Stages, and Coping

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pulmonary-hypertension-7967414

  Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a form of high blood pressure affecting the pulmonary artery, the vessel that carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs to pick up oxygen. It can lead to difficulty breathing and a reduction in usually performed activities, taking a physical and emotional toll on an affected individual’s overall well-being. […] Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension can be difficult to recognize as several medical conditions can cause them. Some symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include: Shortness of breath with activity (aka dyspnea on exertion), Fatigue, Chest pain, Dizziness, Fainting, Swelling of the legs and ankles, Cough (can sometimes produce blood). […] The disease process of pulmonary hypertension is different in every case since there are several different causes. In most cases, specifically in pulmonary arterial hypertension, symptoms may start gradually over time before worsening to significant heart and lung complications.

• #2 Pulmonary hypertension | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Pulmonary hypertension is a serious condition that usually gets progressively worse. There may be a delay in getting a diagnosis, as the symptoms can be quite general. […] Its important that you start treatment as soon as possible to improve your symptoms. […] The course of the disease will depend on how quickly your condition is diagnosed, how advanced your symptoms are, and whether you have an underlying health condition.

• #2 Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of End Stage Pulmonary Hypertension

  https://drkumo.com/symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-end-stage-pulmonary-hypertension/

  An early diagnosis and treatment of end-stage PAH are crucial to improving symptoms and quality of life. […] Treatment options for end-stage pulmonary hypertension are limited, and the main goal is to manage symptoms and improve the patients comfort. The following are some of the treatment options that may be considered: Oxygen Therapy: Patients with end-stage pulmonary hypertension may require supplemental oxygen to help them breathe more comfortably. […] It is essential to work closely with a healthcare team to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to the patients specific needs and goals. While end-stage pulmonary hypertension symptoms and causes may be challenging to manage, there are still treatment options available to help improve the patients quality of life and overall well-being.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/

  Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs (pulmonary arteries). […] It’s a serious condition that can damage the right side of the heart. […] The walls of the pulmonary arteries become thick and stiff, and cannot expand as well to allow blood through. […] The reduced blood flow makes it harder for the right side of the heart to pump blood through the arteries. […] If the right side of your heart has to continually work harder, it can gradually become weaker. This can lead to heart failure. […] Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include: shortness of breath, tiredness, feeling faint or dizzy, chest pain (angina), a racing heartbeat (palpitations), swelling (oedema) in the legs, ankles, feet or tummy (abdomen). […] The symptoms often get worse during exercise, which can limit your ability to take part in physical activities.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/

  If you have a type of pulmonary hypertension known as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), you may not have any symptoms until the condition is quite advanced. […] Pulmonary hypertension usually gets worse over time. Left untreated, it may cause heart failure, which can be fatal, so it’s important treatment is started as soon as possible.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/diagnosis/

  Pulmonary hypertension can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are similar to those of other heart or lung conditions. […] See a GP if you have symptoms of pulmonary hypertension, such as breathlessness and tiredness. […] If you’re diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension, your condition will be classified depending on how severe your symptoms are. This is to help work out the best treatment for you. […] It’s usually classified into 4 types, where: ordinary physical activities do not cause any symptoms; ordinary physical activities cause symptoms, such as chest pain or tiredness, but you do not have any symptoms when resting; even slight physical activities, such as moving your arms, cause symptoms, but you do not have any symptoms when resting; you have symptoms when resting that get worse with any type of physical activity.

• #3 Pulmonary Hypertension – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pulmonary-hypertension/symptoms

  Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are sometimes hard to recognize. People may have symptoms for years before being diagnosed. This is because many symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are also symptoms of other medical conditions. […] Some symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include: Chest pain, Coughing that is dry or produces blood, Shortness of breath, Dizziness that may lead to fainting, Nausea and vomiting, Hoarseness, Fatigue, Swelling of the abdomen, legs, or feet, Weakness, Wheezing, which is a whistling sound when you breathe out. […] Symptoms can get worse over time. For example, in the early stages of pulmonary hypertension, you may only have shortness of breath with exercise. As the disease progresses, shortness of breath will occur more often.

• #3 End-Stage Pulmonary Hypertension: Symptoms and What To Expect | myPHteam

  https://www.myphteam.com/resources/end-stage-pulmonary-hypertension

  Pulmonary hypertension (PH) develops when the blood pressure in the vessels between the heart and lungs is too high. This extra pressure puts a strain on both the heart and lungs. Over time, PH can worsen, leading to dysfunction of the lungs and their blood vessels. […] Because PH gets worse over time, it can eventually result in end-stage PH. At this point, chronic (long-term) lung dysfunction and vessel damage lead to heart failure. […] Many people wonder, what are the symptoms of end-stage PH? As PH progresses, a person may notice worsening symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fluid retention, and chest pain. Impaired lung function can lead to hypoxia (low blood oxygen), which can cause dizziness, light-headedness, and syncope (fainting). […] Studies have found the most common causes of death in end-stage PH include right heart failure, noncardiac causes, and sudden death. […] Additionally, as PH progresses, it can affect other parts of the body. For example, people with advanced PH often develop kidney or liver problems.

• #3 VENTAVIS® (iloprost): PAH symptoms & classification of pulmonary arterial hypertension*

  https://www.4ventavis.com/patient_symptoms.html

  Symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are caused by a lack of oxygen due to narrowed blood vessels in the lungs and increased stress on the heart. PAH symptoms may not be obvious at first, but over time they can become more limiting. […] Symptoms of PAH may include*: Breathlessness or shortness of breath (dyspnea), the most common symptom Feeling tired all the time Dizziness, especially when climbing stairs or when standing up Fainting (syncope) Swollen ankles and legs (peripheral edema) Chest pain, especially during physical activity (angina) […] Functional Class describes how symptoms of PAH, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or lightheadedness, limit physical activity. […] The NYHA functional classification system is an important method your doctor may use to measure the severity of your symptoms to decide what type of treatment is right for you. Class I No symptoms with ordinary physical activity. Class II Symptoms with ordinary physical activity, with slight limitation of activity. Class III Symptoms with even mild physical activity. Significant limitation of activity. Class IV Symptoms with any level of physical activity, or even at rest.

• #3 How to detect disease progression in pulmonary arterial hypertension

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9487472/

  Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rapidly progressive disease, ultimately leading to right heart failure and death. Accumulating evidence indicates that intervention early in disease progression results in better outcomes than delaying treatment. […] There is still an urgent need for prospective collaborative initiatives to assess novel goals and improve treatment strategies that would allow physicians to personalise and optimise clinical management for their patients with PAH. […] Timely identification of disease progression may prompt physicians to initiate earlier intervention in order to prevent the otherwise inevitable deterioration of right heart function. However, detecting early disease progression is a complex task presenting various challenges, mainly because the pathophysiological changes that occur during the initial stages of the disease are generally not detectable.

• #3 Pulmonary Hypertension Life Expectancy, Outlook, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-hypertension-prognosis

  The median survival time after diagnosis for people with group 1 PAH is more than 5 years. […] The other groups all have varied mortality rates. […] According to a 2022 study on trends in the United States, mortality rates for group 2 PH and group 3 PH are higher than those for group 1 PH. […] Over the years, in comparison with the other groups of PH, the mortality rates for people with group 2 PH and group 3 PH doubled and tripled, respectively.

• #3 Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension | myPHteam

  https://www.myphteam.com/resources/symptoms-of-pulmonary-hypertension

  If your heart is having trouble pumping blood around your body, you may notice edema (swelling due to fluid buildup) in the legs, abdomen, or around the eyes. Edema in the abdomen is also referred to as ascites. Edema may also occur in the hands, ankles, or feet. […] Cognitive changes, often referred to as cog fog or brain fog, can include problems with memory, focus, paying attention, processing information, forgetting words, learning and remembering new things, staying organized, and getting lost in familiar places. […] Depression, anxiety, and insomnia are common in those with PH, as with many chronic illnesses. People with some types of PH may experience heart palpitations or changes in the heart rate. […] It is important to treat PH symptoms early and to attend all follow-up appointments with your doctor. Effective treatment can relieve symptoms and slow the disease progression for many people with PH.

• #3 Pulmonary hypertension – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-hypertension/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350702

  Pulmonary hypertension is hard to diagnose early. It’s not often found during a routine physical exam. Even when pulmonary hypertension is more advanced, its symptoms are similar to those of other heart and lung conditions. […] Once a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is confirmed, the condition is classified according to how the symptoms affect you and your ability to do everyday tasks. […] Pulmonary hypertension may fall into one of the following groups: Class I. Pulmonary hypertension is diagnosed, but there are no symptoms during rest or exercise. Class II. There are no symptoms at rest. Everyday chores or activities such as going to work or the grocery store may cause some shortness of breath or mild chest pain. There’s a slight limitation of physical activity. Class III. It’s comfortable at rest, but doing simple tasks such as bathing, dressing or preparing meals causes fatigue, shortness of breath and chest pain. The ability to do physical activity becomes very limited. Class IV. Symptoms occur at rest and during physical activity. Any type of activity causes increasing discomfort. […] There’s no cure for pulmonary hypertension. But treatments can improve symptoms and help you live longer. Treatment also can help keep the disease from getting worse. […] If medicines do not help control the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension, surgery may be recommended.

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