Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Fetal macrosomia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fetal-macrosomia

  Fetal macrosomia refers to growth beyond a specific threshold, regardless of gestational age. In high income countries, the most commonly used threshold is weight above 4500 g (9 lb 15 oz), but weight above 4000 g (8 lb 13 oz) is also commonly used. A grading system has been suggested: grade 1 for infants 4000 to 4499 g, grade 2 for 4500 to 4999 g, and grade 3 for over 5000 g. This system may be useful at term for decision-making regarding forceps- or vacuum-assisted vaginal birth. […] Macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of several complications, particularly maternal and/or fetal trauma during birth and neonatal hypoglycemia and respiratory problems. Long-term adverse effects in these offspring include increased risks for obesity and insulin resistance. […] Generating local tables, when possible, should be considered if the population involved is constitutionally more uniform but different from published tables. Using contemporary country-specific percentile tables is advisable when interpreting estimated fetal and newborn weight, particularly in low and middle income countries. Newborn weights have increased over the past few decades, thus making older tables obsolete. […] Most relatively recent research has shown that White mothers tend to have the largest fetuses, followed by Hispanic mothers, then Black mothers. This may involve both biologic and social determinants of health.

• #2 Fetal macrosomia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fetal-macrosomia/print

  Fetal macrosomia refers to growth beyond a specific threshold, regardless of gestational age. In high income countries, the most commonly used threshold is weight above 4500 g (9 lb 15 oz), but weight above 4000 g (8 lb 13 oz) is also commonly used. A grading system has been suggested: grade 1 for infants 4000 to 4499 g, grade 2 for 4500 to 4999 g, and grade 3 for over 5000 g. This system may be useful at term for decision-making regarding forceps- or vacuum-assisted vaginal birth. […] Macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of several complications, particularly maternal and/or fetal trauma during birth and neonatal hypoglycemia and respiratory problems. Long-term adverse effects in these offspring include increased risks for obesity and insulin resistance. […] Limitations and controversies—Absolute weight thresholds are not useful for identifying the preterm macrosomic fetus since they are not based upon population statistics, where normal weight is typically defined as between the 10th and 90th percentile for gestational age. Using a statistical approach, any fetus/newborn weighing >90th percentile for gestational age is considered large for gestational age. […] Most relatively recent research has shown that White mothers tend to have the largest fetuses, followed by Hispanic mothers, then Black mothers. This may involve both biologic and social determinants of health.

• #3 Macrosomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557577/

  In 2017, the United States Vital Statistics reported that 7.8% of infants were born weighing 4,000 g, 1% exceeded 4,500 g, and 0.1% had birth weights 5,000 g. Globally, approximately 9% of newborns weigh at least 4,000 g, with 0.1% surpassing 5,000 g, though prevalence varies significantly between regions. […] Factors, eg, age, race, genetics, and ethnicity, contribute to macrosomia, with Hispanic women being at higher risk compared to other racial groups. Northern European countries report the highest rates, with around 20% of infants born weighing 4,000 g, while developing countries report prevalence rates ranging from 1% to 5%, with some variability between 0.5% and 14.9%.

• #4 Macrosomia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262679-overview

  Of US births in 2017, approximately 7.8% of infants had birth weight 4000 g, 1% had birth weight greater than 4500 g, and 0.1% had birth weight greater than 5000 g. […] Rates of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns are increased in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with 13.6% of fetuses being macrosomic in normal-weight women and 22.3% in obese women. […] Macrosomia occurs with higher frequency in newborns of Hispanic origin. Part of the preponderance of macrosomia in this ethnic group may be due to the higher incidence of diabetes in pregnancy. However, even when corrected for diabetes, Hispanic mothers tend to have larger newborns. […] Male infants are more likely to be macrosomic than female infants. Male infants are generally approximately 150-200 g larger than female infants of the same gestational age near term. […] Macrosomia, as defined by birth weight greater than 4000-4500 g, occurs with higher frequency in prolonged pregnancies that continue beyond the expected delivery date. This is to be expected, as infants gain approximately 150-200 g weekly near term.

• #5 Macrosomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557577/

  In 2017, the United States Vital Statistics reported that 7.8% of infants were born weighing 4,000 g, 1% exceeded 4,500 g, and 0.1% had birth weights 5,000 g. Globally, approximately 9% of newborns weigh at least 4,000 g, with 0.1% surpassing 5,000 g, though prevalence varies significantly between regions. […] Factors, eg, age, race, genetics, and ethnicity, contribute to macrosomia, with Hispanic women being at higher risk compared to other racial groups. Northern European countries report the highest rates, with around 20% of infants born weighing 4,000 g, while developing countries report prevalence rates ranging from 1% to 5%, with some variability between 0.5% and 14.9%.

• #6 Macrosomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557577/

  In 2017, the United States Vital Statistics reported that 7.8% of infants were born weighing 4,000 g, 1% exceeded 4,500 g, and 0.1% had birth weights 5,000 g. Globally, approximately 9% of newborns weigh at least 4,000 g, with 0.1% surpassing 5,000 g, though prevalence varies significantly between regions. […] Factors, eg, age, race, genetics, and ethnicity, contribute to macrosomia, with Hispanic women being at higher risk compared to other racial groups. Northern European countries report the highest rates, with around 20% of infants born weighing 4,000 g, while developing countries report prevalence rates ranging from 1% to 5%, with some variability between 0.5% and 14.9%.

• #7 Large for gestational age – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age

  In European countries, the prevalence of births of newborns weighing between 4,000 g and 4,499 g is 8% to 21%, and in Asian countries the prevalence is between 1% and 8%. […] In general, rates of LGA infants have increased 15-25% in many countries including the United States, Canada, Germany, Denmark, Scotland and more in the past 2030 years, suggesting an increase in LGA births worldwide.

• #8 Large for gestational age – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age

  In European countries, the prevalence of births of newborns weighing between 4,000 g and 4,499 g is 8% to 21%, and in Asian countries the prevalence is between 1% and 8%. […] In general, rates of LGA infants have increased 15-25% in many countries including the United States, Canada, Germany, Denmark, Scotland and more in the past 2030 years, suggesting an increase in LGA births worldwide.

• #9 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  Fetal macrosomia, arbitrarily defined as a birth weight of more than 4,000 g (8 lb, 13 oz) complicates more than 10 percent of all pregnancies in the United States. […] Fetal macrosomia is difficult to predict, and clinical and ultrasonographic estimates of fetal weight are prone to error. […] Pregnancies complicated by fetal macrosomia are best managed expectantly. […] Recognizing the special risks of these pregnancies, clinicians have attempted to find accurate ways of predicting fetal weight and have sought interventions, including elective cesarean section and induction of labor to optimize the maternal and fetal outcomes. […] The most clinically useful definition of macrosomia is a weight below which macrosomic complications, such as shoulder dystocia, do not occur. […] The three major strategies used to predict macrosomia are clinical risk factors, clinician estimation by Leopold’s maneuvers and ultrasonography.

• #10 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://www.jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e320

  Macrosomia, as an infant with birth weight over 4 kg, can have several perinatal, and neonatal complications. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of macrosomia in Korea and to identify the growth and developmental outcomes and other neonatal complications. […] The incidence of macrosomia is approximately 37%, and about 1% of babies weigh 4.5 kg. According to birth registration data from Statistics Korea, the incidence of macrosomia was 2.8% in 2019, which shows a decreasing trend compared to previous years, such as 3.6% in 2010. […] The prevalence of macrosomia is 13.3% among mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 3.6% among non-GDM mothers. […] Macrosomia is associated with several maternal, perinatal, and neonatal complications, such as emergency cesarean section and injury to the birth canal and baby.

• #11 Prevalence of low birth weight and macrosomia estimates based on heaping adjustment method in China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94375-2

  The overall prevalence of macrosomia of Chinese children younger than 6 years was 7.35% in 2013, with 8.85% in boys and 5.71% in girls. […] The prevalence of macrosomia increased with increasing maternal age, educational level and household income level. […] The macrosomia rate was particularly high for children who were Han ethnicity, were from higher income household, or lived in central or east China and urban areas, or whose mother had higher education degree or was older (maternal aged over 35 years). […] The prevalence of macrosomia ranged from 6.06% in west China to 8.08% in east China, and from 6.81% in rural areas to 7.78% in urban areas. […] The prevalence of macrosomia varied across different studies in China too.

• #12 Prevalence of low birth weight and macrosomia estimates based on heaping adjustment method in China | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94375-2

  The overall prevalence of macrosomia of Chinese children younger than 6 years was 7.35% in 2013, with 8.85% in boys and 5.71% in girls. […] The prevalence of macrosomia increased with increasing maternal age, educational level and household income level. […] The macrosomia rate was particularly high for children who were Han ethnicity, were from higher income household, or lived in central or east China and urban areas, or whose mother had higher education degree or was older (maternal aged over 35 years). […] The prevalence of macrosomia ranged from 6.06% in west China to 8.08% in east China, and from 6.81% in rural areas to 7.78% in urban areas. […] The prevalence of macrosomia varied across different studies in China too.

• #13 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  Fetal macrosomia defined as birth weight of 4000 g and above regardless of gestational age and associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, especially among women in developing countries like Ethiopia. […] Despite the observed burden, there is limited evidence on determinants of fetal macrosomia. […] Recent studies reveal that the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in Ethiopia is estimated from 6.7% to 19.1%. […] Fetal macrosomia is a significant contributor to obstetric morbidity and mortality. […] Despite the above efforts and strategies, fetal macrosomia is still the significant contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. […] Understanding specific modifiable determinants for macrosomia is crucial for health care providers to prevent macrosomia complications and used to design specific cost-effective interventions.

• #14 Prevalence and Associated Factors of Macrosomia Among Newborns Deliver | PHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-macrosomia-among-newborns-deliver-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PHMT

  The prevalence of macrosomia was 7.5% (95% CI: 5.5, 10.2%) […] In bivariable analysis: maternal age 30 years, being Muslim religion, average monthly income, GA 40 weeks, multiparity, pre-eclampsia, DM, polyhydramnios, previous history of macrosomia, previous history of stillbirth, and sex of newborn were statistically significant at a p-value of 0.2. However, in the multivariable model, only GA 40 weeks, maternal DM, previous history of macrosomia, and male newborns were statistically significant associated factors with macrosomia. […] Mothers having a GA of 40 weeks were 4.1 times more likely to delivered macrosomic newborns than their counterparts (AOR= 4.1 (95% CI: 1.79.7)). The odds of being macrosomic in babies born from DM mothers were 5.5 times greater than the odds of macrosomia in non-DM mothers (AOR =5.5, 95% CI (1.225)). Mothers who had a previous history of macrosomic baby were 3.7 times more likely to deliver a macrosomic baby as compared to their counterparts (AOR =3.7, 95% CI (1.410)). Likewise, being male increased the risk of having macrosomia by 3.4 compared to females (AOR =3.4, 95% CI (1.38.7)).

• #15 Risk factors and outcomes of fetal macrosomia in a tertiary centre in Tanzania: a case-control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-016-1044-3

  Fetal macrosomia is defined as birth weight 4000 g. Several risk factors have been shown to be associated with fetal macrosomia. There has been an increased incidence of macrosomic babies delivered and the antecedent complications. […] The prevalence of macrosomic babies was 2.3 % (103 out of 4528 deliveries). […] Maternal weight 80 kg, maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years, multiparity, presence of diabetes mellitus, and gestational age 40 years, previous history of fetal macrosomia and delivery weight 80 kg were significantly associated with fetal macrosomia. […] Fetal macrosomia was an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity at Muhimbili National Hospital. […] The prevalence of fetal macrosomia at MNH was 2.3 % and an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity. Maternal risk factors include multiparity, previous history of macrosomia, presence of diabetes mellitus, gestational age of 40 weeks and above, delivery weight greater than or equal to 80 kg and maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years. Complications included PPH, 2nd degree perineal lacerations, uterine rupture, and prolonged labor and maternal death. The neonatal complications included birth asphyxia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia and death.

• #16 Epidemiology of Macrosomia in Saudi Arabia: An Analysis of 12,045 Pregnancies from the Riyadh Mother and Baby Multicenter Cohort Study (RAHMA) Database

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/24/2514

  The prevalence of macrosomia (>4 kg) was 3.4%. […] The epidemiology of LGA has not been investigated yet in Saudi Arabia; however, there are a few published reports on the prevalence and risk factors for macrosomia based on birthweight ≥4000 g. […] The prevalence of macrosomia significantly increases with the increase in mother’s age, parity, gestational age ≥ 41 weeks, and diabetes. […] The risk of macrosomia among Saudi women significantly increases with maternal age, parity, gestational age, maternal hyperglycemia, and pre-pregnancy obesity. […] Regardless of the definition used, delivering a macrosomic baby is associated with increased risks of shoulder dystocia and emergency cesarean sections. […] Newborns whose weights are >4 kg are at greater risk of stillbirth and low APGAR scores at birth.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/jcma/fulltext/2023/03000/association_between_maternal_factors_and_fetal.12.aspx

  The prevalence rate of macrosomia at our tertiary medical center in Taiwan was 1.8%. […] The current research found a positive correlation between maternal BMI and 6mGWG and neonatal birth weight. […] Women with a high BMI, particularly those with obesity, are at higher risk of giving birth to large babies. […] In our study, a 6mGWG of 15kg, which is similar to the value recommended by the IOM regardless of pre-gestational weight, was considered a risk factor of macrosomia and other neonatal adverse effects. […] Maternal GDM, a common pregnancy-related metabolic disease, is also associated with a higher fetal growth. […] In our study, neonates born to mothers with GDM had a higher incidence of macrosomia than those born to mothers without GDM (18.2% vs 3.3%). […] In conclusion, maternal factors such as GDM, 6mGWG, and BMI are significantly correlated with fetal macrosomia in full-term singleton births.

• #18 Macrosomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557577/

  In 2017, the United States Vital Statistics reported that 7.8% of infants were born weighing 4,000 g, 1% exceeded 4,500 g, and 0.1% had birth weights 5,000 g. Globally, approximately 9% of newborns weigh at least 4,000 g, with 0.1% surpassing 5,000 g, though prevalence varies significantly between regions. […] Factors, eg, age, race, genetics, and ethnicity, contribute to macrosomia, with Hispanic women being at higher risk compared to other racial groups. Northern European countries report the highest rates, with around 20% of infants born weighing 4,000 g, while developing countries report prevalence rates ranging from 1% to 5%, with some variability between 0.5% and 14.9%.

• #19 Fetal macrosomia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fetal-macrosomia

  Fetal macrosomia refers to growth beyond a specific threshold, regardless of gestational age. In high income countries, the most commonly used threshold is weight above 4500 g (9 lb 15 oz), but weight above 4000 g (8 lb 13 oz) is also commonly used. A grading system has been suggested: grade 1 for infants 4000 to 4499 g, grade 2 for 4500 to 4999 g, and grade 3 for over 5000 g. This system may be useful at term for decision-making regarding forceps- or vacuum-assisted vaginal birth. […] Macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of several complications, particularly maternal and/or fetal trauma during birth and neonatal hypoglycemia and respiratory problems. Long-term adverse effects in these offspring include increased risks for obesity and insulin resistance. […] Generating local tables, when possible, should be considered if the population involved is constitutionally more uniform but different from published tables. Using contemporary country-specific percentile tables is advisable when interpreting estimated fetal and newborn weight, particularly in low and middle income countries. Newborn weights have increased over the past few decades, thus making older tables obsolete. […] Most relatively recent research has shown that White mothers tend to have the largest fetuses, followed by Hispanic mothers, then Black mothers. This may involve both biologic and social determinants of health.

• #20 Fetal macrosomia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fetal-macrosomia/print

  Fetal macrosomia refers to growth beyond a specific threshold, regardless of gestational age. In high income countries, the most commonly used threshold is weight above 4500 g (9 lb 15 oz), but weight above 4000 g (8 lb 13 oz) is also commonly used. A grading system has been suggested: grade 1 for infants 4000 to 4499 g, grade 2 for 4500 to 4999 g, and grade 3 for over 5000 g. This system may be useful at term for decision-making regarding forceps- or vacuum-assisted vaginal birth. […] Macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of several complications, particularly maternal and/or fetal trauma during birth and neonatal hypoglycemia and respiratory problems. Long-term adverse effects in these offspring include increased risks for obesity and insulin resistance. […] Limitations and controversies—Absolute weight thresholds are not useful for identifying the preterm macrosomic fetus since they are not based upon population statistics, where normal weight is typically defined as between the 10th and 90th percentile for gestational age. Using a statistical approach, any fetus/newborn weighing >90th percentile for gestational age is considered large for gestational age. […] Most relatively recent research has shown that White mothers tend to have the largest fetuses, followed by Hispanic mothers, then Black mothers. This may involve both biologic and social determinants of health.

• #21 Macrosomia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262679-overview

  Of US births in 2017, approximately 7.8% of infants had birth weight 4000 g, 1% had birth weight greater than 4500 g, and 0.1% had birth weight greater than 5000 g. […] Rates of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns are increased in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with 13.6% of fetuses being macrosomic in normal-weight women and 22.3% in obese women. […] Macrosomia occurs with higher frequency in newborns of Hispanic origin. Part of the preponderance of macrosomia in this ethnic group may be due to the higher incidence of diabetes in pregnancy. However, even when corrected for diabetes, Hispanic mothers tend to have larger newborns. […] Male infants are more likely to be macrosomic than female infants. Male infants are generally approximately 150-200 g larger than female infants of the same gestational age near term. […] Macrosomia, as defined by birth weight greater than 4000-4500 g, occurs with higher frequency in prolonged pregnancies that continue beyond the expected delivery date. This is to be expected, as infants gain approximately 150-200 g weekly near term.

• #22 Fetal macrosomia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fetal-macrosomia?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icoradiopaedia-icon-144.pngfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=gb

  Fetal macrosomia, also sometimes termed large for gestational age (LGA), is usually defined when the estimated fetal weight (EFW) is greater than the 90th percentile. According to this definition, it affects up to 10% of all live births. Some also use an increased birth weight (i.e. 4500 g) in its definition. […] Certain authors also use the 95th centile as the cut-off and according to this definition, ~5% of fetuses would be affected. […] It typically presents in the 3rd trimester. There may be some predilection for male fetuses.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/jcma/fulltext/2023/03000/association_between_maternal_factors_and_fetal.12.aspx

  Macrosomia, defined as a birth weight of 4000g, is associated with a high risk of birth injury. […] The current study aimed to assess maternal factors related to fetal macrosomia in a Taiwanese population. […] The odds ratios of macrosomia were 3.1 in neonates born to mothers with a 6mGWG of 15kg, 6.3 in those born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus, and 4.1 in those born to mothers with a BMI of 30kg/m2. […] Gestational diabetes mellitus, 6mGWG, and maternal BMI are significantly correlated with neonatal macrosomia in full-term singleton births. […] Hence, pregnant women should undergo maternal counseling for weight management before and during pregnancy, and the appropriate delivery method should be identified to prevent perinatal adverse events. […] The current study aimed to evaluate maternal factors correlated with fetal macrosomia in a Taiwanese population.

• #24 Fetal Macrosomia | Radiology Key

  https://radiologykey.com/fetal-macrosomia/

  The prevalence of macrosomia depends on the definition used and the population studied. In the United States in 2014, 6.9% of neonates weighed more than 4000g, 1% weighed more than 4500g, and about 0.1% of neonates weighed more than 5000g. […] Fetal macrosomia is a description of excessive fetal size. In many cases, it represents a consequence of a multitude of differing environmental and genetic factors that ultimately result in the macrosomic state. […] Fetal macrosomia may be present without any maternal clinical manifestations and is commonly identified on physical examination or screening US. […] Identifying macrosomic fetuses is important given the implications on fetal and maternal pregnancy outcomes. […] There are significant maternal implications that are strongly associated with macrosomic fetuses, including postpartum hemorrhage and subsequent transfusion, perineal trauma, especially third-degree and fourth-degree lacerations after a vaginal birth, infection, and cesarean birth.

• #25 Macrosomia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262679-overview

  Of US births in 2017, approximately 7.8% of infants had birth weight 4000 g, 1% had birth weight greater than 4500 g, and 0.1% had birth weight greater than 5000 g. […] Rates of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns are increased in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with 13.6% of fetuses being macrosomic in normal-weight women and 22.3% in obese women. […] Macrosomia occurs with higher frequency in newborns of Hispanic origin. Part of the preponderance of macrosomia in this ethnic group may be due to the higher incidence of diabetes in pregnancy. However, even when corrected for diabetes, Hispanic mothers tend to have larger newborns. […] Male infants are more likely to be macrosomic than female infants. Male infants are generally approximately 150-200 g larger than female infants of the same gestational age near term. […] Macrosomia, as defined by birth weight greater than 4000-4500 g, occurs with higher frequency in prolonged pregnancies that continue beyond the expected delivery date. This is to be expected, as infants gain approximately 150-200 g weekly near term.

• #26 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://www.jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e320

  Macrosomia, as an infant with birth weight over 4 kg, can have several perinatal, and neonatal complications. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of macrosomia in Korea and to identify the growth and developmental outcomes and other neonatal complications. […] The incidence of macrosomia is approximately 37%, and about 1% of babies weigh 4.5 kg. According to birth registration data from Statistics Korea, the incidence of macrosomia was 2.8% in 2019, which shows a decreasing trend compared to previous years, such as 3.6% in 2010. […] The prevalence of macrosomia is 13.3% among mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 3.6% among non-GDM mothers. […] Macrosomia is associated with several maternal, perinatal, and neonatal complications, such as emergency cesarean section and injury to the birth canal and baby.

• #27 Epidemiology of Macrosomia in Saudi Arabia: An Analysis of 12,045 Pregnancies from the Riyadh Mother and Baby Multicenter Cohort Study (RAHMA) Database

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/24/2514

  The prevalence of macrosomia (>4 kg) was 3.4%. […] The epidemiology of LGA has not been investigated yet in Saudi Arabia; however, there are a few published reports on the prevalence and risk factors for macrosomia based on birthweight ≥4000 g. […] The prevalence of macrosomia significantly increases with the increase in mother’s age, parity, gestational age ≥ 41 weeks, and diabetes. […] The risk of macrosomia among Saudi women significantly increases with maternal age, parity, gestational age, maternal hyperglycemia, and pre-pregnancy obesity. […] Regardless of the definition used, delivering a macrosomic baby is associated with increased risks of shoulder dystocia and emergency cesarean sections. […] Newborns whose weights are >4 kg are at greater risk of stillbirth and low APGAR scores at birth.

• #28 Macrosomia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262679-overview

  Of US births in 2017, approximately 7.8% of infants had birth weight 4000 g, 1% had birth weight greater than 4500 g, and 0.1% had birth weight greater than 5000 g. […] Rates of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns are increased in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with 13.6% of fetuses being macrosomic in normal-weight women and 22.3% in obese women. […] Macrosomia occurs with higher frequency in newborns of Hispanic origin. Part of the preponderance of macrosomia in this ethnic group may be due to the higher incidence of diabetes in pregnancy. However, even when corrected for diabetes, Hispanic mothers tend to have larger newborns. […] Male infants are more likely to be macrosomic than female infants. Male infants are generally approximately 150-200 g larger than female infants of the same gestational age near term. […] Macrosomia, as defined by birth weight greater than 4000-4500 g, occurs with higher frequency in prolonged pregnancies that continue beyond the expected delivery date. This is to be expected, as infants gain approximately 150-200 g weekly near term.

• #29 Risk factors and outcomes of fetal macrosomia in a tertiary centre in Tanzania: a case-control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-016-1044-3

  Fetal macrosomia is defined as birth weight 4000 g. Several risk factors have been shown to be associated with fetal macrosomia. There has been an increased incidence of macrosomic babies delivered and the antecedent complications. […] The prevalence of macrosomic babies was 2.3 % (103 out of 4528 deliveries). […] Maternal weight 80 kg, maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years, multiparity, presence of diabetes mellitus, and gestational age 40 years, previous history of fetal macrosomia and delivery weight 80 kg were significantly associated with fetal macrosomia. […] Fetal macrosomia was an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity at Muhimbili National Hospital. […] The prevalence of fetal macrosomia at MNH was 2.3 % and an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity. Maternal risk factors include multiparity, previous history of macrosomia, presence of diabetes mellitus, gestational age of 40 weeks and above, delivery weight greater than or equal to 80 kg and maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years. Complications included PPH, 2nd degree perineal lacerations, uterine rupture, and prolonged labor and maternal death. The neonatal complications included birth asphyxia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia and death.

• #30 Risk factors and outcomes of fetal macrosomia in a tertiary centre in Tanzania: a case-control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-016-1044-3

  Fetal macrosomia is defined as birth weight 4000 g. Several risk factors have been shown to be associated with fetal macrosomia. There has been an increased incidence of macrosomic babies delivered and the antecedent complications. […] The prevalence of macrosomic babies was 2.3 % (103 out of 4528 deliveries). […] Maternal weight 80 kg, maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years, multiparity, presence of diabetes mellitus, and gestational age 40 years, previous history of fetal macrosomia and delivery weight 80 kg were significantly associated with fetal macrosomia. […] Fetal macrosomia was an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity at Muhimbili National Hospital. […] The prevalence of fetal macrosomia at MNH was 2.3 % and an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity. Maternal risk factors include multiparity, previous history of macrosomia, presence of diabetes mellitus, gestational age of 40 weeks and above, delivery weight greater than or equal to 80 kg and maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years. Complications included PPH, 2nd degree perineal lacerations, uterine rupture, and prolonged labor and maternal death. The neonatal complications included birth asphyxia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia and death.

• #31 Risk factors and outcomes of fetal macrosomia in a tertiary centre in Tanzania: a case-control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-016-1044-3

  Fetal macrosomia is defined as birth weight 4000 g. Several risk factors have been shown to be associated with fetal macrosomia. There has been an increased incidence of macrosomic babies delivered and the antecedent complications. […] The prevalence of macrosomic babies was 2.3 % (103 out of 4528 deliveries). […] Maternal weight 80 kg, maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years, multiparity, presence of diabetes mellitus, and gestational age 40 years, previous history of fetal macrosomia and delivery weight 80 kg were significantly associated with fetal macrosomia. […] Fetal macrosomia was an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity at Muhimbili National Hospital. […] The prevalence of fetal macrosomia at MNH was 2.3 % and an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity. Maternal risk factors include multiparity, previous history of macrosomia, presence of diabetes mellitus, gestational age of 40 weeks and above, delivery weight greater than or equal to 80 kg and maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years. Complications included PPH, 2nd degree perineal lacerations, uterine rupture, and prolonged labor and maternal death. The neonatal complications included birth asphyxia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia and death.

• #32 Search – NeL.edu

  https://www.nel.edu/journal/search/?keywords=Fetal%20Macrosomia:epidemiology

  Fetal macrosomia is defined as a fetus that is of large size for gestational age, i.e. equal to or greater than the 90th percentile of weight. […] There is some evidence of increased perinatal mortality and morbidity rates in cases of macrosomia. […] Maternal age, parity, BMI and pregnancy weight gain were positively related to fetal macrosomia. […] The increased incidence of cesarean section in these women is due to cephalo-pelvic disproportion or obstructed labor. […] Macrosomia is more often in male fetuses.

• #33 Prevalence and Associated Factors of Macrosomia Among Newborns Deliver | PHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-macrosomia-among-newborns-deliver-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PHMT

  Prevalence and Associated Factors of Macrosomia Among Newborns Delivered in University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study […] Background: Macrosomia is defined as a birth weight of newborns 4000 grams irrespective of gestational age. It is becoming a burning public health issue in most developing countries and contributes to maternal and newborn complications. Though macrosomia has been increasing in Ethiopia, evidence about its magnitude and associated factors is limited yet. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of macrosomia among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. […] Results: The prevalence of macrosomia was 7.54%. Gestational age 40 weeks (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.1 (95% CI = 1.7 9.7)), diabetes mellitus (AOR=5.5 (95% CI = 1.2 25)), previous history of macrosomia (AOR = 3.7 (95% CI = 1.4 10)), and male sex (AOR = 3.4 (95% CI = 1.3 8.7)) were significantly associated with macrosomia.

• #34 Fetal macrosomia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372584

  Fetal macrosomia can’t be diagnosed until after the baby is born and weighed. […] However, if you have risk factors for fetal macrosomia, your health care provider will likely use tests to monitor your baby’s health and development while you’re pregnant, such as: […] If your health care provider suspects fetal macrosomia, he or she might perform antenatal testing, such as a nonstress test or a fetal biophysical profile, to monitor your baby’s well-being. […] Note that macrosomia alone is not a reason for antenatal testing to monitor your baby’s well-being. […] If you have risk factors for fetal macrosomia, the topic is likely to come up at routine prenatal appointments.

• #35 Fetal macrosomia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372584

  Fetal macrosomia can’t be diagnosed until after the baby is born and weighed. […] However, if you have risk factors for fetal macrosomia, your health care provider will likely use tests to monitor your baby’s health and development while you’re pregnant, such as: […] If your health care provider suspects fetal macrosomia, he or she might perform antenatal testing, such as a nonstress test or a fetal biophysical profile, to monitor your baby’s well-being. […] Note that macrosomia alone is not a reason for antenatal testing to monitor your baby’s well-being. […] If you have risk factors for fetal macrosomia, the topic is likely to come up at routine prenatal appointments.

• #36 Fetal macrosomia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fetal-macrosomia?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icoradiopaedia-icon-144.pngfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=gb

  Fetal macrosomia, also sometimes termed large for gestational age (LGA), is usually defined when the estimated fetal weight (EFW) is greater than the 90th percentile. According to this definition, it affects up to 10% of all live births. Some also use an increased birth weight (i.e. 4500 g) in its definition. […] Certain authors also use the 95th centile as the cut-off and according to this definition, ~5% of fetuses would be affected. […] It typically presents in the 3rd trimester. There may be some predilection for male fetuses.

• #37 Fetal Macrosomia: What Is It, Causes & Complications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17795-fetal-macrosomia

  Fetal macrosomia is a condition in which the fetus is larger than average (between 4,000 grams [8 pounds, 13 ounces] and 4,500 grams [9 pounds, 15 ounces]). […] While fetal macrosomia is unpredictable, promoting good health and a healthy pregnancy can help prevent it. […] Fetal macrosomia is a condition where your baby’s weight is in the top 10% of the stage of pregnancy you’re in. […] If your healthcare provider thinks that your baby is very big (more than 11 pounds, or more than 10 pounds if you have diabetes), a cesarean birth (C-section) may be the safest option. […] Having a large baby can increase your risk for certain complications during childbirth. […] Your healthcare provider may suspect your baby has macrosomia if you have a large fundal height (a measurement of fetal growth).

• #38 Macrosomia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262679-clinical

  Fetal sex influences macrosomic potential. […] Excessive amniotic fluid defined as greater than or equal to 60th percentile for gestational age has been associated with macrosomia. […] Despite these so-called risk factors for macrosomia, much of the variation in birth weights remains unexplained. […] Certain genetic and congenital disorders are associated with an increased risk of macrosomia, including Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome, Sotos syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Weaver syndrome.

• #39 Fetal macrosomia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372584

  Fetal macrosomia can’t be diagnosed until after the baby is born and weighed. […] However, if you have risk factors for fetal macrosomia, your health care provider will likely use tests to monitor your baby’s health and development while you’re pregnant, such as: […] If your health care provider suspects fetal macrosomia, he or she might perform antenatal testing, such as a nonstress test or a fetal biophysical profile, to monitor your baby’s well-being. […] Note that macrosomia alone is not a reason for antenatal testing to monitor your baby’s well-being. […] If you have risk factors for fetal macrosomia, the topic is likely to come up at routine prenatal appointments.

• #40 Fetal macrosomia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372584

  Fetal macrosomia can’t be diagnosed until after the baby is born and weighed. […] However, if you have risk factors for fetal macrosomia, your health care provider will likely use tests to monitor your baby’s health and development while you’re pregnant, such as: […] If your health care provider suspects fetal macrosomia, he or she might perform antenatal testing, such as a nonstress test or a fetal biophysical profile, to monitor your baby’s well-being. […] Note that macrosomia alone is not a reason for antenatal testing to monitor your baby’s well-being. […] If you have risk factors for fetal macrosomia, the topic is likely to come up at routine prenatal appointments.

• #41 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  Fetal macrosomia, arbitrarily defined as a birth weight of more than 4,000 g (8 lb, 13 oz) complicates more than 10 percent of all pregnancies in the United States. […] Fetal macrosomia is difficult to predict, and clinical and ultrasonographic estimates of fetal weight are prone to error. […] Pregnancies complicated by fetal macrosomia are best managed expectantly. […] Recognizing the special risks of these pregnancies, clinicians have attempted to find accurate ways of predicting fetal weight and have sought interventions, including elective cesarean section and induction of labor to optimize the maternal and fetal outcomes. […] The most clinically useful definition of macrosomia is a weight below which macrosomic complications, such as shoulder dystocia, do not occur. […] The three major strategies used to predict macrosomia are clinical risk factors, clinician estimation by Leopold’s maneuvers and ultrasonography.

• #42 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  A number of risk factors for fetal macrosomia have been recognized. […] The strongest risk factor is maternal diabetes, which results in a twofold increase in the incidence of macrosomia. […] The volume of amniotic fluid, the size and configuration of the uterus and maternal body habitus complicate estimation of the size of the fetus by palpation through the abdominal wall. […] Ultrasonography has been proposed as a more accurate method of estimation of fetal weight. […] The delivery of a macrosomic infant has potentially serious consequences for the infant and the mother. […] The mother is at increased risk for cesarean section, which occurs more commonly in pregnancies complicated by macrosomia. […] Management strategies for suspected fetal macrosomia include elective cesarean section and early induction of labor.

• #43 Fetal Macrosomia | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/delivery-complications/fetal-macrosomia/

  In cases with more risk factors, doctors should closely monitor the pregnancy so that fetal macrosomia can be detected early. […] The mother’s weight gain should also be monitored, to increase the chances of detecting fetal macrosomia in time to intervene and prevent serious complications. If the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy is higher than these targets, then there’s a higher risk that her baby will be born with fetal macrosomia. […] For mothers of babies with fetal macrosomia, there is an increased risk of complications during delivery, including injuries to the mother’s body during delivery, such as significant tearing of the muscles of the perineum or even the anus. […] Babies with fetal macrosomia are also at an increased risk of medical problems, including shoulder dystocia, birth asphyxia, and medical problems later in life, including childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome. […] It’s important for the medical team to be aware of the risks that fetal macrosomia can present, so they can take steps to manage the risks and achieve the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.

• #44 Macrosomia and Birth Injury | ABC Law Centers: Birth Injury Lawyers

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/practice-areas/macrosomia/

  Doctors should advise obese and diabetic women to take certain precautions before attempting to become pregnant, in order to avoid fetal macrosomia and other complications. […] If the physician suspects macrosomia, a vaginal delivery still may be occasionally attempted, but only with the informed consent of the mother. More typically, cesarean section is recommended for suspected macrosomia. […] When risk factors for macrosomia are present, it is essential that the physicians monitor the mother and baby very closely and be prepared for a potential delivery by C-section.

• #45 Prevalence and Associated Factors of Macrosomia Among Newborns Deliver | PHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-macrosomia-among-newborns-deliver-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PHMT

  The prevalence of macrosomia in this study was relatively high. The presence of DM, previous history of macrosomia, GA of 40 weeks and above, and male sex were significant factors associated with macrosomia. So, obstetric caregivers should give attention to early detection and management of mothers with DM, previous macrosomia, and GA of 40 weeks during their ANC visit to prevent macrosomia and its associated complications.

• #46 Fetal Macrosomia | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/delivery-complications/fetal-macrosomia/

  In cases with more risk factors, doctors should closely monitor the pregnancy so that fetal macrosomia can be detected early. […] The mother’s weight gain should also be monitored, to increase the chances of detecting fetal macrosomia in time to intervene and prevent serious complications. If the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy is higher than these targets, then there’s a higher risk that her baby will be born with fetal macrosomia. […] For mothers of babies with fetal macrosomia, there is an increased risk of complications during delivery, including injuries to the mother’s body during delivery, such as significant tearing of the muscles of the perineum or even the anus. […] Babies with fetal macrosomia are also at an increased risk of medical problems, including shoulder dystocia, birth asphyxia, and medical problems later in life, including childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome. […] It’s important for the medical team to be aware of the risks that fetal macrosomia can present, so they can take steps to manage the risks and achieve the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.

• #47 Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses for improving health outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7081118/

  Policies and protocols vary widely for fetal surveillance in a pregnancy where the fetus is suspected to be largeforgestationalage (LGA). […] LGA is known to be associated with increased risks to both the mother and baby. […] We found no randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect of antenatal fetal surveillance regimens of a suspected LGA fetus on important health outcomes for the mother and baby. […] There has been a rise in the prevalence of LGA babies over the past few decades in many countries. Research is therefore required on regimens of antenatal surveillance of suspected LGA infants, in order to guide practice and improve the health outcomes for the mother and infant. […] There is a need for randomised controlled trials in this area in order to inform clinical practice when large babies are identified during a pregnancy, to assess if extra tests or surveillance can improve the health of these women and their babies.

• #48 Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses for improving health outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7081118/

  There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials to evaluate regimens of fetal surveillance for suspected largeforgestationalage (LGA) fetuses to improve health outcomes. […] The absence of randomised controlled trials relating to regimens of fetal surveillance for suspected LGA fetuses to improve health outcomes reveals an area where research is needed.

• #49 Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses for improving health outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7081118/

  There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials to evaluate regimens of fetal surveillance for suspected largeforgestationalage (LGA) fetuses to improve health outcomes. […] The absence of randomised controlled trials relating to regimens of fetal surveillance for suspected LGA fetuses to improve health outcomes reveals an area where research is needed.

• #50 Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses for improving health outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7081118/

  Policies and protocols vary widely for fetal surveillance in a pregnancy where the fetus is suspected to be largeforgestationalage (LGA). […] LGA is known to be associated with increased risks to both the mother and baby. […] We found no randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect of antenatal fetal surveillance regimens of a suspected LGA fetus on important health outcomes for the mother and baby. […] There has been a rise in the prevalence of LGA babies over the past few decades in many countries. Research is therefore required on regimens of antenatal surveillance of suspected LGA infants, in order to guide practice and improve the health outcomes for the mother and infant. […] There is a need for randomised controlled trials in this area in order to inform clinical practice when large babies are identified during a pregnancy, to assess if extra tests or surveillance can improve the health of these women and their babies.

• #51 Fetal macrosomia: Definition, causes, complications, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fetal-macrosomia-definition-causes-complications-and-more

  Fetal macrosomia is the medical term for when a baby is born much larger than the average size for their gestational age. […] The increased size and birth weight of babies with fetal macrosomia can cause complications during delivery that may affect the health of both the birthing parent and the fetus. […] Fetal macrosomia is associated with potentially life threatening complications for both the baby and the birthing parent. […] Fetal macrosomia can cause complications for both the birthing parent and the baby. […] Babies born with fetal macrosomia are at increased risk of trauma and death compared with babies who are a typical weight at birth. […] A baby born with fetal macrosomia may also be at increased risk of the following conditions in later life: obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance.

• #52 Fetal macrosomia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fetal-macrosomia

  Fetal macrosomia refers to growth beyond a specific threshold, regardless of gestational age. In high income countries, the most commonly used threshold is weight above 4500 g (9 lb 15 oz), but weight above 4000 g (8 lb 13 oz) is also commonly used. A grading system has been suggested: grade 1 for infants 4000 to 4499 g, grade 2 for 4500 to 4999 g, and grade 3 for over 5000 g. This system may be useful at term for decision-making regarding forceps- or vacuum-assisted vaginal birth. […] Macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of several complications, particularly maternal and/or fetal trauma during birth and neonatal hypoglycemia and respiratory problems. Long-term adverse effects in these offspring include increased risks for obesity and insulin resistance. […] Generating local tables, when possible, should be considered if the population involved is constitutionally more uniform but different from published tables. Using contemporary country-specific percentile tables is advisable when interpreting estimated fetal and newborn weight, particularly in low and middle income countries. Newborn weights have increased over the past few decades, thus making older tables obsolete. […] Most relatively recent research has shown that White mothers tend to have the largest fetuses, followed by Hispanic mothers, then Black mothers. This may involve both biologic and social determinants of health.

• #53 Fetal Macrosomia | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/delivery-complications/fetal-macrosomia/

  In cases with more risk factors, doctors should closely monitor the pregnancy so that fetal macrosomia can be detected early. […] The mother’s weight gain should also be monitored, to increase the chances of detecting fetal macrosomia in time to intervene and prevent serious complications. If the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy is higher than these targets, then there’s a higher risk that her baby will be born with fetal macrosomia. […] For mothers of babies with fetal macrosomia, there is an increased risk of complications during delivery, including injuries to the mother’s body during delivery, such as significant tearing of the muscles of the perineum or even the anus. […] Babies with fetal macrosomia are also at an increased risk of medical problems, including shoulder dystocia, birth asphyxia, and medical problems later in life, including childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome. […] It’s important for the medical team to be aware of the risks that fetal macrosomia can present, so they can take steps to manage the risks and achieve the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.

• #54 Fetal Macrosomia(Large Baby)

  https://www.birthinjuryhelpcenter.org/birth-injuries/prenatal-problems/fetal-macrosomia/

  With an estimated fetal weight of greater than 4,500 g, a prolonged second stage of labor or arrest of descent in the second stage is an indication for cesarean delivery. […] Vaginal delivery of a macrosomic baby significantly increases the risk of harm to the mother during delivery. […] A major factor contributing to postpartum hemorrhage is uterine atony, which occurs when the uterus fails to contract effectively after childbirth. […] Vaginal delivery of a macrosomic baby greatly increases the risk of tears or other trauma to the perineal during delivery. […] Fetal macrosomia can prolong the second phase of labor and delivery, which increases the chances of something going wrong.

• #55 Fetal macrosomia: Definition, causes, complications, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fetal-macrosomia-definition-causes-complications-and-more

  Fetal macrosomia is the medical term for when a baby is born much larger than the average size for their gestational age. […] The increased size and birth weight of babies with fetal macrosomia can cause complications during delivery that may affect the health of both the birthing parent and the fetus. […] Fetal macrosomia is associated with potentially life threatening complications for both the baby and the birthing parent. […] Fetal macrosomia can cause complications for both the birthing parent and the baby. […] Babies born with fetal macrosomia are at increased risk of trauma and death compared with babies who are a typical weight at birth. […] A baby born with fetal macrosomia may also be at increased risk of the following conditions in later life: obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance.

• #56 Fetal macrosomia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372579

  Fetal macrosomia can cause a baby to become wedged in the birth canal (shoulder dystocia), sustain birth injuries, or require the use of forceps or a vacuum device during delivery (operative vaginal delivery). […] Fetal macrosomia increases the risk that your uterine muscles won’t properly contract after you give birth (uterine atony). […] If you’ve had a prior C-section or major uterine surgery, fetal macrosomia increases the risk of uterine rupture during labor a rare but serious complication in which the uterus tears open along the scar line from the C-section or other uterine surgery. […] A baby diagnosed with fetal macrosomia is more likely to be born with a blood sugar level that’s lower than normal. […] Research suggests that the risk of childhood obesity increases as birth weight increases.

• #57 Fetal Macrosomia: Everything You Need to Know

  https://flo.health/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/fetal-development/fetal-macrosomia

  Complications arising from fetal macrosomia can directly affect the health of both mother and baby. […] Your doctor may need to use forceps or a vacuum suction apparatus to prevent your fetus from getting stuck in the vaginal canal. […] A baby with fetal macrosomia is capable of tearing or damaging the birth canal or your perineum during delivery. […] Fetal macrosomia makes it difficult for your uterine muscles to properly contract and return to pre-pregnancy size and position, sometimes leading to serious bleeding. […] If you’ve had previous C-sections, your uterus could tear open along the scar line, warranting surgery or even a partial hysterectomy. […] Macrosomia complications can affect your child throughout life, and include low blood sugar, childhood obesity, and metabolic syndrome.

• #58 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of macrosomic newborn and maternal and neonatal complications in a high-risk maternity Prevalence of macrosomic newborn and maternal and neonatal complications in a high-risk maternity

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgo/a/wDqmtJ9FHhgNQBhpmbZgsXG/

  Newborns whose mothers had diabetes mellitus had a 78% higher risk of jaundice than those with mothers without diabetes. […] The risk of having a 5-minute APGAR score of less than 7 was about 7 times higher in newborns weighing more than 4500 grams. […] The majority (62%) of newborns had some complication, with jaundice (35%) being the most common. […] Thus, macrosomia is strongly linked to complications, especially neonatal complications.

• #59 Fetal macrosomia: Definition, causes, complications, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fetal-macrosomia-definition-causes-complications-and-more

  Fetal macrosomia is the medical term for when a baby is born much larger than the average size for their gestational age. […] The increased size and birth weight of babies with fetal macrosomia can cause complications during delivery that may affect the health of both the birthing parent and the fetus. […] Fetal macrosomia is associated with potentially life threatening complications for both the baby and the birthing parent. […] Fetal macrosomia can cause complications for both the birthing parent and the baby. […] Babies born with fetal macrosomia are at increased risk of trauma and death compared with babies who are a typical weight at birth. […] A baby born with fetal macrosomia may also be at increased risk of the following conditions in later life: obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance.

• #60 Fetal macrosomia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372579

  Fetal macrosomia can cause a baby to become wedged in the birth canal (shoulder dystocia), sustain birth injuries, or require the use of forceps or a vacuum device during delivery (operative vaginal delivery). […] Fetal macrosomia increases the risk that your uterine muscles won’t properly contract after you give birth (uterine atony). […] If you’ve had a prior C-section or major uterine surgery, fetal macrosomia increases the risk of uterine rupture during labor a rare but serious complication in which the uterus tears open along the scar line from the C-section or other uterine surgery. […] A baby diagnosed with fetal macrosomia is more likely to be born with a blood sugar level that’s lower than normal. […] Research suggests that the risk of childhood obesity increases as birth weight increases.

• #61 Macrosomia: Symptoms, Causes, and Complications

  https://www.healthline.com/health/macrosomia

  About 9 percent of all babies are born with macrosomia. […] Macrosomia can cause a difficult delivery, and increase the risks for a cesarean delivery (C-section) and injury to the baby during birth. […] Macrosomia can cause these problems during delivery: the baby’s shoulder may get stuck in the birth canal, the baby’s clavicle or another bone gets fractured, labor takes longer than normal, forceps or vacuum delivery is needed, cesarean delivery is needed, the baby doesn’t get enough oxygen. […] If your doctor thinks your baby’s size could cause complications during a vaginal delivery, you may need to schedule a cesarean delivery. […] Macrosomia can cause complications to both the mother and baby. […] Babies born large are at risk for these complications in adulthood: diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity.

• #62 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  Fetal macrosomia defined as birth weight of 4000 g and above regardless of gestational age and associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, especially among women in developing countries like Ethiopia. […] Despite the observed burden, there is limited evidence on determinants of fetal macrosomia. […] Recent studies reveal that the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in Ethiopia is estimated from 6.7% to 19.1%. […] Fetal macrosomia is a significant contributor to obstetric morbidity and mortality. […] Despite the above efforts and strategies, fetal macrosomia is still the significant contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. […] Understanding specific modifiable determinants for macrosomia is crucial for health care providers to prevent macrosomia complications and used to design specific cost-effective interventions.

• #63 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  This study identified multiple predictors of fetal macrosomia. These predictors include; male sex, physical exercise, Gestational age, consumption of fruit and dairy products. […] Health care providers can use these factors as a screening tool for fetal macrosomia prediction and early diagnosis that allows timely intervention to prevent adverse maternal and neonatal-associated complications.

• #64 Association between HbA1c Levels and Fetal Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age Babies in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 17,711 Women

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/11/3852

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with serious maternal and fetal complications, in particular, fetal macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA), which predisposes to a higher risk of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. […] Fetal macrosomia is one of the most typical fetal abnormalities associated with GDM, affecting around 15–45% of babies born to women with GDM. […] Early diagnosis of fetal macrosomia could help optimise the delivery time and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. […] This systematic review aimed to determine the association between high HbA1c levels and fetal macrosomia or LGA in women with GDM. […] In this systematic review, we assessed a total of 17,711 women with GDM; 1317 had fetal macrosomia and 2367 had an LGA baby.

• #65 Fetal Macrosomia | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/delivery-complications/fetal-macrosomia/

  In cases with more risk factors, doctors should closely monitor the pregnancy so that fetal macrosomia can be detected early. […] The mother’s weight gain should also be monitored, to increase the chances of detecting fetal macrosomia in time to intervene and prevent serious complications. If the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy is higher than these targets, then there’s a higher risk that her baby will be born with fetal macrosomia. […] For mothers of babies with fetal macrosomia, there is an increased risk of complications during delivery, including injuries to the mother’s body during delivery, such as significant tearing of the muscles of the perineum or even the anus. […] Babies with fetal macrosomia are also at an increased risk of medical problems, including shoulder dystocia, birth asphyxia, and medical problems later in life, including childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome. […] It’s important for the medical team to be aware of the risks that fetal macrosomia can present, so they can take steps to manage the risks and achieve the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.

• #66 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  Fetal macrosomia defined as birth weight of 4000 g and above regardless of gestational age and associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, especially among women in developing countries like Ethiopia. […] Despite the observed burden, there is limited evidence on determinants of fetal macrosomia. […] Recent studies reveal that the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in Ethiopia is estimated from 6.7% to 19.1%. […] Fetal macrosomia is a significant contributor to obstetric morbidity and mortality. […] Despite the above efforts and strategies, fetal macrosomia is still the significant contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. […] Understanding specific modifiable determinants for macrosomia is crucial for health care providers to prevent macrosomia complications and used to design specific cost-effective interventions.

• #67 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  This study identified multiple predictors of fetal macrosomia. These predictors include; male sex, physical exercise, Gestational age, consumption of fruit and dairy products. […] Health care providers can use these factors as a screening tool for fetal macrosomia prediction and early diagnosis that allows timely intervention to prevent adverse maternal and neonatal-associated complications.

• #68 Fetal Macrosomia: What Is It, Causes & Complications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17795-fetal-macrosomia

  If your tests indicate the fetus is big, your prenatal care provider may suggest further testing to monitor fetal health. […] Treatment for macrosomia focuses on controlling any underlying health conditions you have like diabetes or obesity. […] In some cases, a C-section is recommended to reduce the chances of a complication. […] Fetal macrosomia is often unpredictable. […] Promoting good health and a healthy pregnancy can improve the odds. […] Research suggests that large babies are at greater risk of having low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). […] Fetal macrosomia can cause serious complications during childbirth. […] You can reduce your risk of having a large baby by managing these conditions.

• #69 Fetal macrosomia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372579

  If your baby is diagnosed with fetal macrosomia, he or she is at risk of developing metabolic syndrome during childhood. […] Further research is needed to determine whether these effects might increase the risk of adult diabetes, obesity and heart disease. […] You might not be able to prevent fetal macrosomia, but you can promote a healthy pregnancy. […] Research shows that exercising during pregnancy and eating a low-glycemic diet can reduce the risk of macrosomia.

• #70 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  Elective cesarean section for suspected macrosomia has been proposed as a way to spare the parturient an unproductive labor and to prevent birth trauma. […] Given that the fetus continues to gain about 230 g (8.1 oz) per week after the 37th week, elective induction of labor before or near term has been suggested to prevent macrosomia and its complications. […] The medical literature confirms that prediction of fetal macrosomia is difficult. […] The association between maternal weight, weight gain during pregnancy and macrosomia has led to a proposal that the optimization of maternal weight before pregnancy and limitation of weight gain during pregnancy would be useful strategies. […] Macrosomia remains a common complication of pregnancy; its prediction is imperfect, and there are no reliable interventions to improve outcome in uncomplicated pregnancies.

• #71 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  Elective cesarean section for suspected macrosomia has been proposed as a way to spare the parturient an unproductive labor and to prevent birth trauma. […] Given that the fetus continues to gain about 230 g (8.1 oz) per week after the 37th week, elective induction of labor before or near term has been suggested to prevent macrosomia and its complications. […] The medical literature confirms that prediction of fetal macrosomia is difficult. […] The association between maternal weight, weight gain during pregnancy and macrosomia has led to a proposal that the optimization of maternal weight before pregnancy and limitation of weight gain during pregnancy would be useful strategies. […] Macrosomia remains a common complication of pregnancy; its prediction is imperfect, and there are no reliable interventions to improve outcome in uncomplicated pregnancies.

• #72 Fetal Macrosomia | Birth Injury Lawyers

  https://www.nationalbirthinjurylaw.com/macrosomia

  Fetal macrosomia is an obstetric condition that describes a newborn with a higher than normal birth weight. […] The 2017 National Vital Statistics Report showed that about 7.8% of the babies born in the US had a birth weight in excess of 4,000 g, indicating macrosomia. […] Close medical observation and monitoring during pregnancy is important in a high-risk pregnancy when fetal macrosomia is suspected. […] Maternal hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) has been identified as one of the important causes of macrosomia. […] A baby with suspected macrosomia is at a risk of serious metabolic disorders, including hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and fetal acidosis. […] Improved glycemic control (blood sugar control) in expectant mothers with gestational diabetes or pre-pregnancy diabetes with appropriate medical interventions can reduce the risk of birth complications related to fetal macrosomia.

• #73 Fetal macrosomia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-macrosomia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372579

  If your baby is diagnosed with fetal macrosomia, he or she is at risk of developing metabolic syndrome during childhood. […] Further research is needed to determine whether these effects might increase the risk of adult diabetes, obesity and heart disease. […] You might not be able to prevent fetal macrosomia, but you can promote a healthy pregnancy. […] Research shows that exercising during pregnancy and eating a low-glycemic diet can reduce the risk of macrosomia.

• #74 Fetal Macrosomia: What Is It, Causes & Complications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17795-fetal-macrosomia

  If your tests indicate the fetus is big, your prenatal care provider may suggest further testing to monitor fetal health. […] Treatment for macrosomia focuses on controlling any underlying health conditions you have like diabetes or obesity. […] In some cases, a C-section is recommended to reduce the chances of a complication. […] Fetal macrosomia is often unpredictable. […] Promoting good health and a healthy pregnancy can improve the odds. […] Research suggests that large babies are at greater risk of having low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). […] Fetal macrosomia can cause serious complications during childbirth. […] You can reduce your risk of having a large baby by managing these conditions.

• #75 Macrosomia and Birth Injury | ABC Law Centers: Birth Injury Lawyers

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/practice-areas/macrosomia/

  Macrosomia is when an unborn baby is larger than average for their gestational age (how far along the pregnancy is). Babies who are larger than average are referred to as macrosomic. […] Fetal macrosomia makes a pregnancy high risk. Macrosomia is associated with/caused by issues such as maternal obesity and gestational diabetes; these are also high-risk pregnancy conditions. […] In the United States, approximately 8 percent of term babies have macrosomia grade 1, and 1.1 percent have macrosomia grade 2. The prevalence of macrosomia varies greatly by country. […] There are many factors that increase the risk of macrosomia. When any of these risks are present, the physician should closely monitor the mother and baby for macrosomia and its potential complications. […] If macrosomia is suspected, physicians should recommend frequent prenatal testing in order to assess fetal well being and determine whether medical intervention is necessary.

• #76 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  Fetal macrosomia, arbitrarily defined as a birth weight of more than 4,000 g (8 lb, 13 oz) complicates more than 10 percent of all pregnancies in the United States. […] Fetal macrosomia is difficult to predict, and clinical and ultrasonographic estimates of fetal weight are prone to error. […] Pregnancies complicated by fetal macrosomia are best managed expectantly. […] Recognizing the special risks of these pregnancies, clinicians have attempted to find accurate ways of predicting fetal weight and have sought interventions, including elective cesarean section and induction of labor to optimize the maternal and fetal outcomes. […] The most clinically useful definition of macrosomia is a weight below which macrosomic complications, such as shoulder dystocia, do not occur. […] The three major strategies used to predict macrosomia are clinical risk factors, clinician estimation by Leopold’s maneuvers and ultrasonography.

• #77 Fetal Macrosomia(Large Baby)

  https://www.birthinjuryhelpcenter.org/birth-injuries/prenatal-problems/fetal-macrosomia/

  Fetal macrosomia is a relatively common condition affecting about 10% of all pregnancies. […] Fetal macrosomia is even more common for pregnant mothers with gestational diabetes. […] Advance diagnosis of fetal macrosomia is critical to avoiding dangers to both baby and mother, resulting in the need for resuscitation, birth injuries, and even death. […] Accurate diagnosis of fetal macrosomia is usually made based on 2 other indicators: Amniotic Fluid Levels and Fundal Height. […] Another key cause/risk factor for fetal macrosomia is diabetes. […] When fetal macrosomia is timely diagnosed in advance, this problem can easily be avoided simply by delivering the baby via a scheduled C-section. […] Suspected fetal macrosomia is not an indication for induction of labor, because induction does not improve maternal or fetal outcomes.

• #78 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  Elective cesarean section for suspected macrosomia has been proposed as a way to spare the parturient an unproductive labor and to prevent birth trauma. […] Given that the fetus continues to gain about 230 g (8.1 oz) per week after the 37th week, elective induction of labor before or near term has been suggested to prevent macrosomia and its complications. […] The medical literature confirms that prediction of fetal macrosomia is difficult. […] The association between maternal weight, weight gain during pregnancy and macrosomia has led to a proposal that the optimization of maternal weight before pregnancy and limitation of weight gain during pregnancy would be useful strategies. […] Macrosomia remains a common complication of pregnancy; its prediction is imperfect, and there are no reliable interventions to improve outcome in uncomplicated pregnancies.

• #79 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  Elective cesarean section for suspected macrosomia has been proposed as a way to spare the parturient an unproductive labor and to prevent birth trauma. […] Given that the fetus continues to gain about 230 g (8.1 oz) per week after the 37th week, elective induction of labor before or near term has been suggested to prevent macrosomia and its complications. […] The medical literature confirms that prediction of fetal macrosomia is difficult. […] The association between maternal weight, weight gain during pregnancy and macrosomia has led to a proposal that the optimization of maternal weight before pregnancy and limitation of weight gain during pregnancy would be useful strategies. […] Macrosomia remains a common complication of pregnancy; its prediction is imperfect, and there are no reliable interventions to improve outcome in uncomplicated pregnancies.

• #80 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  Fetal macrosomia defined as birth weight of 4000 g and above regardless of gestational age and associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, especially among women in developing countries like Ethiopia. […] Despite the observed burden, there is limited evidence on determinants of fetal macrosomia. […] Recent studies reveal that the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in Ethiopia is estimated from 6.7% to 19.1%. […] Fetal macrosomia is a significant contributor to obstetric morbidity and mortality. […] Despite the above efforts and strategies, fetal macrosomia is still the significant contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. […] Understanding specific modifiable determinants for macrosomia is crucial for health care providers to prevent macrosomia complications and used to design specific cost-effective interventions.

• #81

  https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jomip/article/view/104654

  The rising prevalence and the attendant morbidity and mortality arising from macrosomic births require a good understanding and good management protocol. […] The prevalence of macrosomia was 7.4% (490/6642). […] Multiparous expectant women aged 30-34 years and those with gestational diabetes mellitus are prone to delivering macrosomic babies in this community.

• #82 Risk factors and outcomes of fetal macrosomia in a tertiary centre in Tanzania: a case-control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-016-1044-3

  Fetal macrosomia is defined as birth weight 4000 g. Several risk factors have been shown to be associated with fetal macrosomia. There has been an increased incidence of macrosomic babies delivered and the antecedent complications. […] The prevalence of macrosomic babies was 2.3 % (103 out of 4528 deliveries). […] Maternal weight 80 kg, maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years, multiparity, presence of diabetes mellitus, and gestational age 40 years, previous history of fetal macrosomia and delivery weight 80 kg were significantly associated with fetal macrosomia. […] Fetal macrosomia was an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity at Muhimbili National Hospital. […] The prevalence of fetal macrosomia at MNH was 2.3 % and an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity. Maternal risk factors include multiparity, previous history of macrosomia, presence of diabetes mellitus, gestational age of 40 weeks and above, delivery weight greater than or equal to 80 kg and maternal age ranging between 30 and 39 years. Complications included PPH, 2nd degree perineal lacerations, uterine rupture, and prolonged labor and maternal death. The neonatal complications included birth asphyxia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia and death.

• #83 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  Fetal macrosomia defined as birth weight of 4000 g and above regardless of gestational age and associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, especially among women in developing countries like Ethiopia. […] Despite the observed burden, there is limited evidence on determinants of fetal macrosomia. […] Recent studies reveal that the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in Ethiopia is estimated from 6.7% to 19.1%. […] Fetal macrosomia is a significant contributor to obstetric morbidity and mortality. […] Despite the above efforts and strategies, fetal macrosomia is still the significant contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. […] Understanding specific modifiable determinants for macrosomia is crucial for health care providers to prevent macrosomia complications and used to design specific cost-effective interventions.

• #84 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  Fetal macrosomia defined as birth weight of 4000 g and above regardless of gestational age and associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, especially among women in developing countries like Ethiopia. […] Despite the observed burden, there is limited evidence on determinants of fetal macrosomia. […] Recent studies reveal that the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in Ethiopia is estimated from 6.7% to 19.1%. […] Fetal macrosomia is a significant contributor to obstetric morbidity and mortality. […] Despite the above efforts and strategies, fetal macrosomia is still the significant contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. […] Understanding specific modifiable determinants for macrosomia is crucial for health care providers to prevent macrosomia complications and used to design specific cost-effective interventions.

• #85 Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses for improving health outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7081118/

  Policies and protocols vary widely for fetal surveillance in a pregnancy where the fetus is suspected to be largeforgestationalage (LGA). […] LGA is known to be associated with increased risks to both the mother and baby. […] We found no randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect of antenatal fetal surveillance regimens of a suspected LGA fetus on important health outcomes for the mother and baby. […] There has been a rise in the prevalence of LGA babies over the past few decades in many countries. Research is therefore required on regimens of antenatal surveillance of suspected LGA infants, in order to guide practice and improve the health outcomes for the mother and infant. […] There is a need for randomised controlled trials in this area in order to inform clinical practice when large babies are identified during a pregnancy, to assess if extra tests or surveillance can improve the health of these women and their babies.

• #86 Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses for improving health outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7081118/

  Policies and protocols vary widely for fetal surveillance in a pregnancy where the fetus is suspected to be largeforgestationalage (LGA). […] LGA is known to be associated with increased risks to both the mother and baby. […] We found no randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect of antenatal fetal surveillance regimens of a suspected LGA fetus on important health outcomes for the mother and baby. […] There has been a rise in the prevalence of LGA babies over the past few decades in many countries. Research is therefore required on regimens of antenatal surveillance of suspected LGA infants, in order to guide practice and improve the health outcomes for the mother and infant. […] There is a need for randomised controlled trials in this area in order to inform clinical practice when large babies are identified during a pregnancy, to assess if extra tests or surveillance can improve the health of these women and their babies.

• #87 Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses for improving health outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7081118/

  There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials to evaluate regimens of fetal surveillance for suspected largeforgestationalage (LGA) fetuses to improve health outcomes. […] The absence of randomised controlled trials relating to regimens of fetal surveillance for suspected LGA fetuses to improve health outcomes reveals an area where research is needed.

• #88 Regimens of fetal surveillance of suspected large‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses for improving health outcomes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7081118/

  Policies and protocols vary widely for fetal surveillance in a pregnancy where the fetus is suspected to be largeforgestationalage (LGA). […] LGA is known to be associated with increased risks to both the mother and baby. […] We found no randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect of antenatal fetal surveillance regimens of a suspected LGA fetus on important health outcomes for the mother and baby. […] There has been a rise in the prevalence of LGA babies over the past few decades in many countries. Research is therefore required on regimens of antenatal surveillance of suspected LGA infants, in order to guide practice and improve the health outcomes for the mother and infant. […] There is a need for randomised controlled trials in this area in order to inform clinical practice when large babies are identified during a pregnancy, to assess if extra tests or surveillance can improve the health of these women and their babies.

• #89 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  This study identified multiple predictors of fetal macrosomia. These predictors include; male sex, physical exercise, Gestational age, consumption of fruit and dairy products. […] Health care providers can use these factors as a screening tool for fetal macrosomia prediction and early diagnosis that allows timely intervention to prevent adverse maternal and neonatal-associated complications.

• #90 Prevalence and Associated Factors of Macrosomia Among Newborns Deliver | PHMT

  https://www.dovepress.com/prevalence-and-associated-factors-of-macrosomia-among-newborns-deliver-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PHMT

  The prevalence of macrosomia in this study was relatively high. The presence of DM, previous history of macrosomia, GA of 40 weeks and above, and male sex were significant factors associated with macrosomia. So, obstetric caregivers should give attention to early detection and management of mothers with DM, previous macrosomia, and GA of 40 weeks during their ANC visit to prevent macrosomia and its associated complications.

• #91 Association between HbA1c Levels and Fetal Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age Babies in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 17,711 Women

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/11/3852

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with serious maternal and fetal complications, in particular, fetal macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA), which predisposes to a higher risk of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. […] Fetal macrosomia is one of the most typical fetal abnormalities associated with GDM, affecting around 15–45% of babies born to women with GDM. […] Early diagnosis of fetal macrosomia could help optimise the delivery time and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. […] This systematic review aimed to determine the association between high HbA1c levels and fetal macrosomia or LGA in women with GDM. […] In this systematic review, we assessed a total of 17,711 women with GDM; 1317 had fetal macrosomia and 2367 had an LGA baby.

• #92 Determinants of fetal macrosomia among live births in southern Ethiopia: a matched case–control study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-022-04734-8

  Fetal macrosomia defined as birth weight of 4000 g and above regardless of gestational age and associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, especially among women in developing countries like Ethiopia. […] Despite the observed burden, there is limited evidence on determinants of fetal macrosomia. […] Recent studies reveal that the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in Ethiopia is estimated from 6.7% to 19.1%. […] Fetal macrosomia is a significant contributor to obstetric morbidity and mortality. […] Despite the above efforts and strategies, fetal macrosomia is still the significant contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in Ethiopia. […] Understanding specific modifiable determinants for macrosomia is crucial for health care providers to prevent macrosomia complications and used to design specific cost-effective interventions.

Zobacz więcej