Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prediction and prevention of the macrosomic fetus – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22459652/

  Fetal macrosomia is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity. […] Prevention of fetal macrosomia is entirely dependent upon correct identification of those at risk. Maternal weight, gestational weight gain and glycaemic control are the risk factors for fetal macrosomia that are most amenable to intervention, and have potential maternal health benefits beyond pregnancy and childbirth. […] In this review we outline the contemporary evidence for the prediction and prevention of fetal macrosomia, which is indeed a contemporary dilemma.

• #2 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  Fetal macrosomia, arbitrarily defined as a birth weight of more than 4,000 g (8 lb, 13 oz) complicates more than 10 percent of all pregnancies in the United States. […] Elective cesarean section for suspected macrosomia has been proposed as a way to spare the parturient an unproductive labor and to prevent birth trauma. […] Unfortunately, the difficulties in predicting macrosomia and the favorable outcome for most women who undergo a trial of labor imply that a large number of unnecessary cesarean sections would have to be performed to prevent a single bad outcome in the pregnancy complicated by suspected fetal macrosomia. […] Given that the fetus continues to gain about 230 g (8.1 oz) per week after the 37th week, elective induction of labor before or near term has been suggested to prevent macrosomia and its complications.

• #3 Fetal Macrosomia: What Is It, Causes & Complications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17795-fetal-macrosomia

  Fetal macrosomia is often unpredictable. The diagnosis is made only after your baby has been weighed after delivery. Babies can be born larger than average with or without any known risk factors. […] Promoting good health and a healthy pregnancy can improve the odds: […] Get regular prenatal care. Frequent visits allow you and your healthcare provider to closely follow your baby’s progress and also give you a chance to ask questions. […] Watch your weight. Your weight before pregnancy matters, as does how much weight you gain while you’re pregnant. […] If you have diabetes, take appropriate steps to manage it. Diabetes before your pregnancy and diabetes that happens during your pregnancy (gestational diabetes) are risk factors for fetal macrosomia.

• #4 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Fetal macrosomia | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20372561

  You might not be able to prevent fetal macrosomia, but you can promote a healthy pregnancy. Research shows that exercising during pregnancy and eating a low-glycemic diet can reduce the risk of macrosomia. […] Schedule a preconception appointment. If you’re considering pregnancy, talk with your health care provider. If you’re obese, you might also be referred to another health care provider such as a registered dietitian or an obesity specialist who can help you reach a healthy weight before pregnancy. […] Monitor your weight. Gaining a healthy amount of weight during pregnancy often 25 to 35 pounds (about 11 to 16 kilograms) if you have a normal pre-pregnancy weight supports your baby’s growth and development. Women who weigh more when they get pregnant will have lower recommended pregnancy weight gain. Work with your health care provider to determine what’s right for you.

• #5 Macrosomia Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262679-treatment

  Several potentially useful strategies may be helpful in prevention of macrosomia. Note the following: […] In both diabetic mothers and in those with gestational diabetes, tight control during pregnancy with the use of diet and insulin can reduce the frequency of macrosomia. […] Prevention of maternal obesity before pregnancy may reduce the frequency of macrosomia. However, no clinical randomized trials have validated this hypothesis. Obesity is also associated with other morbidities in pregnancy, including higher rates of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery. […] Maggard et al published data on pregnancy outcome from obese women after bariatric surgery. These results showed improvements in pregnancy outcome, including macrosomia, which was reduced by almost 50%. […] Nonetheless, ACOG recommends counseling patients with class 2 or class 3 obesity regarding the risks and benefits of bariatric surgery prior to pregnancy.

• #6 Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0115/p302.html

  However, observational studies suggest that induction actually increases the cesarean section rate without favorably altering perinatal outcomes. […] The medical literature confirms that prediction of fetal macrosomia is difficult. […] With the exception of optimal blood glucose management in pregnancies complicated by diabetes, little is known about the prevention of macrosomia. […] The association between maternal weight, weight gain during pregnancy and macrosomia has led to a proposal that the optimization of maternal weight before pregnancy and limitation of weight gain during pregnancy would be useful strategies. […] For almost all macrosomic pregnancies including diabetic mothers, previous deliveries with shoulder dystocia, or women considering VBACs, expectant management with vigilance for evidence of fetopelvic disproportion will have optimal results.

• #7 Fetal Macrosomia: What it Means for Your Baby | Birth Injury Guide

  https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/causes/fetal-macrosomia/

  Fetal macrosomia is an unpredictable condition. Sometimes, a diagnosis can only be made at the time of delivery. There are cases where fetal macrosomia occurs for no apparent reason. However, pregnant women can help reduce maternal risk factors by: […] Plan Your Pregnancy: Women who are trying to conceive can reduce the risk of complications like fetal macrosomia by talking to their healthcare provider before conception or early on in the pregnancy. Women who are overweight or obese may be referred to specialists that can help them get or keep their weight under control before or during pregnancy. […] Watching Weight Gain: Although this may be difficult during pregnancy, gaining between 25 to 35 pounds only, the ideal weight gain during pregnancy, is recommended by most doctors. It’s important to note, however, that this is just a general guideline. It doesn’t always apply to everyone. A physician should work closely with you in order to find the ideal weight gain for your pregnancy and work to prevent excessive weight gain.

• #8 Fetal Macrosomia: Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-fetal-macrosomia

  Fetal macrosomia is unforeseeable and isnt diagnosed until after the baby is born. Since a babys weight cant be accurately predicted during pregnancy, its difficult to predict if your baby will have fetal macrosomia. […] A healthy weight can prevent fetal macrosomia. Managing your diet and weight gain before and during pregnancy will help minimize the risk of fetal macrosomia. If youre considering getting pregnant and youre obese, youll likely be referred to a professional who can help get you to a healthy weight for pregnancy. […] Managing your diabetes minimizes the risk of fetal macrosomia. If you have untreated diabetes, gestational or pregestational, the risk of your baby having fetal macrosomia increases.

• #9 SciELO – Public Health – Factors associated with fetal macrosomia Factors associated with fetal macrosomia

  https://www.scielosp.org/article/rsp/2019.v53/100/en/

  Maternal factors such as excess pre-pregnancy weight, excessive weight gain, and diabetes during pregnancy increase the likelihood of macrosomia in the newborn. […] Excess weight changes the intrauterine environment and leads to a higher risk of obstetric and neonatal complications. […] This study indicates that pre-pregnancy excess weight and excessive weight gain have a marked effect on the onset of macrosomia, which is independent of other variables. […] To restrain the spread of epidemic excess weight, women must receive a comprehensive intervention before, during, and after pregnancy. […] These guidelines should be geared towards the prevention and timely intervention of excess weight in women, as well as the prevention of excessive gestational weight gain in pregnant women, regardless of their pre-pregnancy BMI.

• #10 Fetal macrosomia

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20372561

  You might not be able to prevent fetal macrosomia, but you can promote a healthy pregnancy. Research shows that exercising during pregnancy and eating a low-glycemic diet can reduce the risk of macrosomia. […] If you’re considering pregnancy, talk with your health care provider. If you’re obese, you might also be referred to another health care provider such as a registered dietitian or an obesity specialist who can help you reach a healthy weight before pregnancy. […] Gaining a healthy amount of weight during pregnancy often 25 to 35 pounds (about 11 to 16 kilograms) if you have a normal pre-pregnancy weight supports your baby’s growth and development. […] If you had diabetes before pregnancy or if you develop gestational diabetes, work with your health care provider to manage the condition. Controlling your blood sugar level is the best way to prevent complications, including fetal macrosomia. […] Follow your health care provider’s recommendations for physical activity.

• #11 SciELO – Public Health – Factors associated with fetal macrosomia Factors associated with fetal macrosomia

  https://www.scielosp.org/article/rsp/2019.v53/100/en/

  Prenatal control programs and professionals responsible for the care of pregnant woman are called to take the lead in this matter. […] Interventions for pregnant women with excess weight should include: education and nutritional care, physical activity according to maternal health, empowerment of women around their prenatal care and, especially, their weight gain and dietary interventions. […] pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain in pregnancy are modifiable risk factors that are susceptible to nutritional intervention and can contribute to minimizing adverse perinatal outcomes.

• #12 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Fetal macrosomia | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20372561

  Manage diabetes. If you had diabetes before pregnancy or if you develop gestational diabetes, work with your health care provider to manage the condition. Controlling your blood sugar level is the best way to prevent complications, including fetal macrosomia. […] Be active. Follow your health care provider’s recommendations for physical activity.

• #13 Fetal Macrosomia & Big Baby Syndrome | Best Los Angeles OBGYN Care

  https://www.draliabadi.com/obstetrics/high-risk-obstetrics/fetal-macrosomia/

  Even though there are some cases in which fetal macrosomia occurs for no apparent reason, pregnant women can help reduce the chances by: […] Controlling blood sugar during pregnancy is one of the best ways to help prevent fetal macrosomia. […] Prenatal check-ups are crucial during pregnancy as they allow doctors to examine the pregnancy and run tests to ensure everything is normal. It also helps them prepare for your upcoming birth and the steps needed should you show signs of carrying a large infant.

• #14 Large for gestational age – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age

  LGA and fetal macrosomia associated with poor glycemic control can be prevented by effective blood glucose management below a mean blood glucose level of 100 mg/dl before and during pregnancy; additionally, closely monitoring weight gain and diet during pregnancy can help to prevent LGA and fetal macrosomia. […] Women with obesity that undergo weight loss can greatly decrease their chances of having a macrosomic or LGA infant. […] Additionally, regular prenatal care and routine check-ups with one’s physician are important in planning pregnancy, especially if one has obesity, diabetes, hypertension, or other conditions before conception. […] Management of gestational diabetes through dietary modifications and anti-diabetic medications has been shown to decrease the incidence of LGA. […] The use of metformin to control maternal blood glucose levels has shown to be more effective than using insulin alone in reducing the likelihood of fetal macrosomia.

• #15 Large for gestational age – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age

  There is a 20% lower chance of having an LGA baby when using metformin to manage diabetes compared to using insulin. […] Modifiable risk factors that increase the incidence of LGA births, such as gestational weight gain above recommended BMI guidelines, can be managed with lifestyle modifications, including maintaining a balanced diet and exercising. […] Such interventions can help mothers achieve the recommended gestational weight and lower the incidence of fetal macrosomia in obese and overweight women. […] The World Health Organization also recommends that mothers aim for their recommended BMI prior to conception.

• #16 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e320

  In the past, about 60% of babies born to diabetic mothers were above the 95th percentile of the same age group in body weight, but this has recently decreased to 20-30%, due to improvements in gestational diabetes treatment. […] Considering these, prenatal treatment, such as GDM control and maternal weight control, is the most important factor in growth outcomes. […] Preventing in-utero over-nutrition by avoiding maternal overweight and/or controlling gestational diabetes will help to avoid overweight in the newborn and during childhood. […] Careful monitoring and proper strategies for prenatal care, and postnatal feeding and physical activity for catch-down growth may be helpful to prevent later adverse results.

• #17 Association between HbA1c Levels and Fetal Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age Babies in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 17,711 Women

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/11/3852

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with serious maternal and fetal complications, in particular, fetal macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA), which predisposes to a higher risk of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. […] Early prediction and diagnosis of GDM leads to early interventions such as diet and lifestyle, which could mitigate the maternal and fetal complications associated with GDM. […] Thus, we hypothesise that the HbA1c level at around 24 to 28 weeks may predict the development of fetal macrosomia or an LGA baby in women with GDM, which could be useful for better prevention of fetal macrosomia and LGA. […] Early diagnosis of fetal macrosomia could help optimise the delivery time and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. […] Therefore, it is essential to identify potential indicators for fetal macrosomia and LGA babies.

• #18 Association between HbA1c Levels and Fetal Macrosomia and Large for Gestational Age Babies in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 17,711 Women

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/11/3852

  The findings from this study suggest that high HbA1c levels (5.5% or above) between 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, is significantly associated with a future risk of fetal macrosomia or an LGA baby in women with GDM. […] Further research is needed to evaluate the utility of HbA1c levels in predicting the delivery of a baby with fetal macrosomia or LGA in pregnant women.

• #19 Low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy to prevent macrosomia (ROLO study): randomised control trial | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e5605

  Objective To determine if a low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy could reduce the incidence of macrosomia in an at risk group. […] Conclusion A low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy did not reduce the incidence of large for gestational age infants in a group at risk of fetal macrosomia. It did, however, have a significant positive effect on gestational weight gain and maternal glucose intolerance. […] We have found that a low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy had no effect on infants birth weight in a group at risk of fetal macrosomia. It did, however, have a significant positive effect on gestational weight gain and on maternal glucose intolerance. […] Importantly, we identified no adverse outcomes associated with the use of a low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy. Potential benefits were seen, particularly in terms of limiting maternal gestational weight gain to within Institute of Medicine guidelines and an improvement in maternal glucose homoeostasis. These findings were identified after a single formal small group dietetic session in early pregnancy. This suggests that this type of simple dietary intervention is adequate in improving maternal nutrition.

• #20 Low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy to prevent macrosomia (ROLO study): randomised control trial | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e5605

  Although a low glycaemic index diet alone may not be sufficient to combat the problem, it does offer significant maternal benefits. The use of a low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy is a simple, safe, and effective measure to improve maternal glucose homoeostasis and to reduce gestational weight gain.

• #21 Does a Low Glycemic Index Diet in Pregnancy Prevent Macrosomia?

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/does-low-glycemic-index-diet-pregnancy-prevent-macrosomia

  A diet with a low glycemic index has no effect on the incidence of macrosomia in an at-risk group, but a positive effect on maternal outcomes. […] A low glycemic index diet in pregnancy did not reduce the number of large for gestational age infants in a group at risk for fetal macrosomia. […] Gestational weight gain and the incidence of impaired glucose tolerance were significantly less for pregnant women on a low glycemic index diet. […] The use of a low glycemic index diet in pregnancy is a simple, safe, and effective measure to improve maternal glucose homeostasis and to reduce gestational weight gain, conclude the study authors.

• #22 Mediating effect of gestational weight gain on the preventive effect of exercise during pregnancy on macrosomia: a randomized clinical trial | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06527-7

  We sought to investigate the impact of individualized exercise guidance during pregnancy on the incidence of macrosomia and the mediating effect of gestational weight gain (GWG). […] A randomized clinical trial was conducted from December 2021 to September 2022 to compare the effects of standard prenatal care with individualized exercise guidance on the incidence of macrosomia. […] Participants who received individualized exercise guidance had a significantly lower incidence of macrosomia (3.73% vs. 13.61%, P=0.002) and infants large for gestational age (9.94% vs. 19.73%, P=0.015). […] Mediation analysis revealed that GWG mediated the effect of exercise on reducing the incidence of macrosomia. […] Individualized exercise guidance may be a preventive tool for macrosomia, and GWG mediates the effect of exercise on reducing the incidence of macrosomia.

• #23 Mediating effect of gestational weight gain on the preventive effect of exercise during pregnancy on macrosomia: a randomized clinical trial | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06527-7

  Exercise may be a useful method to control weight gain during pregnancy. […] A randomized controlled study revealed that pregnant women who did not exercise were 2.5 times more likely to give birth to newborns with macrosomia. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that exercise during pregnancy could decrease the incidence of macrosomia without affecting the likelihood of having an infant with preterm birth or low birth weight. […] Our study also revealed that individualized exercise guidance could effectively reduce GWG regardless of prepregnancy BMI. […] More importantly, we found that exercise during pregnancy reduces the occurrence of macrosomia by decreasing GWG; that is, GWG mediates the effect of exercise on macrosomia. […] Our study showed that exercise during pregnancy is a protective factor against macrosomia, large for gestational age infants, and excessive gestational weight gain. […] It is also recommended that all pregnant women without contraindications perform physical activity during pregnancy according to their own conditions with management and supervision aided by information technology devices.

• #24 Fetal Macrosomia: Causes, Prevention, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/childrens-health/macrosomia

  You may not be able to prevent fetal macrosomia, but some research suggests that exercising during pregnancy and eating a low glycemic diet can help reduce your risk. […] Some specific steps you can take to help reduce the likelihood of experiencing fetal macrosomia include: eating a healthy diet, eating a low glycemic diet if you have gestational diabetes, following the diet that your doctor, midwife, or diabetes care team has prescribed, staying active during pregnancy, such as by walking every day. […] If you have diabetes before your pregnancy or develop it during your pregnancy, work with your healthcare professional on ways to control your blood sugar levels. Managing your blood sugar levels and keeping them within a healthy range can help reduce the risk of fetal macrosomia and related complications. […] Staying active and exercising during your pregnancy can help promote a moderate weight and make you less likely to develop fetal macrosomia. Talk with your doctor or midwife about what exercises might be best for you.

• #25 Fetal Macrosomia: What it Means for Your Baby | Birth Injury Guide

  https://www.birthinjuryguide.org/causes/fetal-macrosomia/

  Control Diabetes: Controlling blood sugar during pregnancy is one of the best ways to help prevent fetal macrosomia. Make sure your doctor does a gestational diabetes test during pregnancy. […] Keep All Prenatal Appointments: Prenatal check-ups are crucial during pregnancy as it allows doctors to examine the pregnancy and run tests to ensure everything is normal. Prenatal appointments measure fetal growth and overall fetal health. It also helps them prepare for your upcoming birth and the steps needed should you show signs of carrying a large infant. […] Stay Active: As much as you are able to healthily, stay active during your pregnancy. Unless you are restricted to bed rest, a healthy level of activity can help manage weight gain and prepare your body for labor and delivery. Your doctor can advise you on what is a healthy level of activity based on your overall health.

• #26 Prevention, management, and outcomes of macrosomia: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25101904/

  Macrosomia represents an obstetric challenge, and when suspected, there is no general consensus as to whether expectant management, induction of labor, or elective cesarean delivery are the best option. […] With regard to management and outcomes of macrosomia, 12,212 macrosomic neonates can be pooled from 17 articles. […] Perinatal mortality is similar between macrosomic and neonates with normal birth weight at each cutoff of macrosomia. […] Nonetheless, limitations of current literature, which are also discussed in this review, do not allow to drive definitive conclusion about the management of macrosomia.

• #27 Fetal Macrosomia

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/OB/Fetus/FtlMcrsm.htm

  Cesarean delivery for fetal macrosmia indications […] ACOG recommends considering cesarean delivery for fetal weight 5000 g (11 lb) […] ACOG recommends considering cesarean delivery for Gestational Diabetes AND weight 4500 g (9 lb 15 oz) […] However, prior studies did not support early induction or Cesarean Section […] Tight glycemic control […] Decreased Fetal Macrosomia […] Decreased Neonatal Hypoglycemia […] Decreased perinatal mortality.

• #28 dystocia Archives – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/tag/dystocia/

  Suspected Fetal Macrosomia: […] Limit cesarean delivery to […] Without diabetes: Estimated fetal weight ≥5000 grams […] With diabetes: Estimated fetal weight ≥4500 grams. […] Third trimester ultrasonography fetal weight estimate should be used sparingly and with clear indications […] Patients should be counseled that the ultrasound estimation of fetal weight in late gestation is inaccurate […] Weights ≥5000 grams are rare. […] Counseling about appropriate weight gain, diet and exercise is appropriate throughout pregnancy to prevent excessive weight gain.

• #29 Prediction and prevention of the macrosomic fetus.

  https://hse.aws.openrepository.com/handle/10147/248821

  Fetal macrosomia is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity. […] Preventing the vicious cycle effect of fetal macrosomia and childhood obesity is an increasingly pertinent issue. […] Prevention of fetal macrosomia is entirely dependent upon correct identification of those at risk. Maternal weight, gestational weight gain and glycaemic control are the risk factors for fetal macrosomia that are most amenable to intervention, and have potential maternal health benefits beyond pregnancy and childbirth. […] In this review we outline the contemporary evidence for the prediction and prevention of fetal macrosomia, which is indeed a contemporary dilemma.

• #30 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231215/Fetal-macrosomia-may-be-linked-to-overweight-and-obesity-in-early-childhood.aspx

  A new study published in the Journal Reproductive and Developmental Medicine (RDM) has found a strong association between fetal macrosomia (high birth weight) and overweight and obesity in early childhood among the U.S.-born children aged 2-6 years. […] The researchers suggested fetal macrosomia may be a marker of intrauterine overnutrition and metabolic dysregulation, which may predispose children to excess weight gain and obesity later in life. They recommended that prenatal care providers should monitor fetal growth and counsel pregnant women about the potential risks and complications of having a large baby, as well as the importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors for themselves and their children. […] Preventing in-utero over-nutrition and weight gain during pregnancy could be a promising strategy to break the vicious transgenerational cycle of obesity crisis and mitigate the risks towards the subsequent generations, particularly among the population of colors.

• #31

  http://rjdnmd.org/index.php/RJDNMD/article/view/386

  Considering the maternal, fetal and neonatal complications of macrosomia, the counseling, and monitoring of the pregnant women risk group are of particular importance for adopting a low calorie / low glycemic diet and avoiding a sedentary behaviour. […] Long-term follow-up of the mother and the macrosomic baby is required because of the risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome later in life.

• #32 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e320

  Macrosomia was significantly associated with the risk of sepsis, birth injury, obesity and developmental problem especially in a boy born from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Careful monitoring and proper strategies for monitoring growth and development are needed. […] The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of macrosomia in Korea and to identify the growth and developmental outcomes and other neonatal complications that occur with macrosomia. […] This study showed macrosomia remains an issue due to persisting high BMI and poor developmental outcomes, which may lead to complications in adulthood. This study may be a great answer to the big, current health issue concerning childhood or adult metabolic syndrome, and may formulate treatment and prevention strategies.

• #33

  https://en.aig-journal.ru/archive/article/35909

  There is a need for further investigations of the pathogenetic features of the development of macrosomia in order to elaborate new approaches to its early prediction and prevention. […] The review considers the main methods for the diagnosis, prevention, and tactics for management of pregnancy and delivery in fetal macrosomia. […] The improved tactics for management for pregnancy and delivery in this complication will improve maternal and perinatal outcomes.

• #34 Unveiling Macrosomia Risks of Non-Diabetic Women: Insights from Second Trimester Maternal Lipid Profiles

  https://journalaim.com/Article/aim-31914

  Our study emphasizes the importance of early recognition and prevention of macrosomia. […] Structured prospective studies are needed to enhance macrosomia prediction and implement preventive measures, such as dietary modifications. […] These strategies will be crucial in preventing birth-related complications and long-term health risks, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases, associated with macrosomia.

• #35

  https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/onlinefirst/view/16956

  Background and aim: Macrosomia, defined as a birth weight of 3,500 grams, presents significant health risks for both mothers and newborns. […] This study highlights the high prevalence of macrosomia in the Mekong Delta and underscores the importance of maternal weight management and prenatal care. Targeted interventions, including nutritional counseling and early risk assessment, are crucial, especially in rural areas with limited healthcare access. […] The cross-sectional design limits causal inferences, necessitating future longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effects of maternal health interventions and develop effective prevention strategies. Expanding research to other regions in Vietnam and similar low-resource settings can provide a broader perspective on macrosomia prevention and management.

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